whitman 7美国文学惠特曼

Its significance lies in advocating individualism. Physiology focuses on the whole body while physiognomy only aims at the face. Modern man is not confined to any dated rules but sacred laws, therefore he/she can live his/her life to the full.
哦，船长，我的船长！

我们的船长不作回答，他的双唇惨白、寂静， 我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂，他已没有脉搏、没有生 命， 我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊，航行已完成，已告终， 胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来，我们寻求的已赢得手中。 欢呼，哦，海岸！轰鸣，哦，洪钟！ 可是，我却轻移悲伤的步履， 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。
哦，船长，我的船长！

哦，船长，我的船长！我们险恶的航程已经告终， 我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪，我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手 中。 港口已经不远，钟声我已听见，万千人众在欢呼呐喊， 目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们的船威严而且勇敢。 可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！ 哦．殷红的血滴流泻， 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。
Emerson’s Influence on Whitman



Whitman, "I was simmering, simmering, Emerson brought me to a boil." Echoing Emerson’s call for Independent culture: “The United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem.” Echoing Emerson’s assertion of the universal position for the American poet: “I am large, I contain multitudes.”
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
Key Facts about His Life



Among the following celebrities, who have exerted a great influence on him? Emerson, Lincoln, Paine What disaster befalls him in his later years? Divorce, bankruptcy, paralysis



我是一条天狗呀! 我把月来吞了, 我把日来吞了, 我把一切的星球来吞了, 我把全宇宙来吞了, 我便是我了!...... 郭沫若《天狗》1920 Free verse: its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form—that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak-and strong-stressed syllables. Most free verse also has irregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only sporadically.
哦，船长，我的船长！

哦，船长，我的船长！起来吧，请听听这钟声， 起来，——旌旗，为你招展——号角，为你长鸣。 为你，岸上挤满了人群——为你，无数花束、彩带、 花环。 为你，熙攘的群众在呼唤，转动着多少殷切的脸。 这里，船长！亲爱的父亲！ 你头颅下边是我的手臂！ 这是甲板上的一场梦啊， 你已倒下，已死去，已冷却。
Answer to the Questions


The capitalization is adopted for respect. The poem compares America to the ship, and Lincoln to her captain. People are cheering for the victory of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, yet the speaker is moaning for the death of their respected leader.
Quotes




Keep your face always toward the sunshine - and shadows will fall behind you. I am as bad as the worst, but, thank God, I am as good as the best. Now I see the secret of making the best person: it is to grow in the open air and to eat and sleep with the earth. I exist as I am, that is enough. I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journeywork of the stars.


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我歌唱自我，歌唱每个简单又独立的人， 不过要用民主与全面这样的字眼来歌唱。 我歌唱从头到脚的人体， 我认为除了面容与头脑之外，整个形体更值得 歌唱， 我歌唱男人，也同样歌唱女人。 我歌唱现代的人， 他们饱含激情、冲劲与力量， 他们乐观向上，在神圣法律的约束下享有最自 由的行动权。
Answer to the Questions
Whitman’s Poetic Style

The use of free verse The use of the poetic “I” Parallelism Phonetic recurrence “I celebrate myself, and sing myself”
我歌唱自我
Critical responses to 1st edition of Leaves of Grass



“noxious weeds”; “poetry of barbarism”; “a mass of stupid filth” I am not blind to the worth of the wonderful gift of Leaves of Grass. I find it the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed. (Emerson) Still remember Emerson’s attitude towards Longfellow?
Background

19世纪以来美国南部的庄园主大量使用黑奴并扩张其 政治经济势力，引起南北美之间的矛盾，从而导致南 北战争（1861-1865）。北美在总统林肯的领导下取 得了胜利，颁布了解放黑奴的宣言，进行了一场资产 阶级民主革命。在举国欢庆的日子里，总统林肯却于 1864年4月14日被暗杀。 诗歌在欢庆胜利的背景下描写人民失去领袖的哀痛。 诗中把战后的美国比作驶过危险航程的一艘巨轮，巨 轮胜利抵达了海岸，但受人爱戴的船长却牺牲了。