生物化学 英文翻译汇总
生化名词中英文互译集合

第一章蛋白质的结构与功能1、蛋白质protein蛋白质(protein) 是由许多氨基酸(amino acid) 通过肽键(peptide bond)相连形成的高分子含氮化合物2、氨基酸 amino acid氨基酸(amino acid)是蛋白质的基本组成单位。
3、肽键 peptide bond蛋白质分子是氨基酸通过肽键连接形成的多肽链。
一份子氨基酸的α-羧基与另一分子氨基酸的α-氨基脱水缩合形成的酰胺键(—CO—NH—)称为肽键。
4、一级结构 primary structure蛋白质分子中,从N端至C端的氨基酸排列顺序称为蛋白质的一级结构。
5、二级结构secondary structure是指蛋白质分子中某一肽链的局部空间结构,即多肽链中主链原子的相对空间排列分布,而不涉及氨基酸残基侧链的空间排布。
6、α-螺旋α-helix多肽链中的主链围绕中心轴有规律的螺旋式上升,螺旋的走向为顺时针方向,称右手螺旋。
氢键是维持α-螺旋结构稳定的主要化学键。
7、β-折叠β-pleated sheetβ-折叠呈折纸状多肽链充分伸展,各个肽单元以Cα为旋转点,依次折叠成锯齿状结构,氨基酸残基侧链交替地位于锯齿状结构的上下方。
8、三级结构 tertiary structure是指整条肽链中全部氨基酸残基的相对空间排布,即整条肽链所有原子在三维空间的排布位置。
主要靠次级键,包括氢键、离子键(盐键)、疏水作用、范德华力、二硫键等。
9、四级结构quaternary structure每一条具有完整三级结构的多肽链,称为亚基(subunit)。
各亚基之间以非共价键相互连接形成特定的三维空间构象,称为蛋白质的四级结构。
维持四级结构的作用力主要是疏水作用,也包括氢键、离子键及范德华力等。
10、变性 denaturation蛋白质在某些理化因素的作用下,空间构象受到破坏,改变理化性质,并失去其生物活性,称为蛋白质的变性。
变性涉及空间结构的改变。
英文版生物化学单词

12fatty acid脂肪酸phospholipid[,fɔsfə'lipid, -'lai-]n. [生化] 磷脂phosphoglyceride磷酸甘油sphingosine['sfiŋɡəsi:n, -sin]鞘胺醇,神经胺sphingomyelin[,sfinɡəu'maiəlin](神经)鞘磷脂glycolipid[,ɡlaikəu'lipid]糖脂类cerebroside['seribrəsaid]脑苷脂ganglioside ['ɡæŋɡliəsaid][生化]神经节苷脂cholesterol[kə'lestərɔl]胆固醇amphipathic molecule[,æmfi'pæθik, 'æmfipɑ:θ]两亲水脂分子lipid bilayer['baileiə]脂质二重层liposome ['lipəusəum, 'lai-]脂质体hydropathy plot[hai'drɔpəθi]水疗法integral membrane protein整合膜蛋白peripheral membrane protein外周膜蛋白lateral diffusion径向扩散fluid mosaic model流动镶嵌模型targeting sequence目标序列receptor-mediated endocytosis [,endəusai'təusis]受体介导的内吞作用14Phototroph['fəutəu,trɔf] (利用光作为代谢能源的)光养生物;[微] 光能利用菌Chemotrop化学营养生物catabolism[kə'tæbəlizəm]分解代谢metabolism or intermediary metabolism[,intə'mi:diəri]新陈代谢或中间代谢anabolism[ə'næbəulizəm] [生化] 合成代谢;同化作用amphibolic pathway[,æmfi'bɔlik][生化]两用代谢途径;[生化]无定向代谢途径coupled reaction偶联反应activated carrier活化载体oxidation-reduction reaction氧化还原反应phosphoryl transfer potential[,fɔs'fɔ:ril; fɔs'fɔ:ril]磷酰基转移电势oxidative phosphorylation['ɔksideitiv,fɔsfəri'leiʃən] 氧化磷酸化ligation reaction[lai'ɡeiʃən]结扎反应isomerization reaction[ai,sɔmərai'zeiʃən, -ri'z-]异构化反应group-transfer reaction基团转移反应hydrolytic reaction水解反应addition to or formation of double-bond reaction增加或形成双键反应energy charge能荷phosphorylation potential[fɔ,sfɔri'leiʃən][有化]磷酸化作用电势16glycolysis[ɡlai'kɔlisis]糖醇解lactic acid fermentation[,fə:men'teiʃən]乳酸发酵alcoholic fermentation酒精发酵gluconeogenesis['ɡlu:kəu,ni:əu'dʒenisis]糖质新生,糖异生ob ligate anaerobe[æ'nεərəub]专性厌氧微生物facultative anaerobe兼性厌氧菌hexokinase[,heksəu'kaineis][生化]己糖激酶kinase['kaineiz, 'ki-]激酶phosphofructokinase (PFK) ['fɔsfəu,frʌktəu'kai,neis, -neiz]磷酸果糖激酶thioester intermediate[,θaiəu'estə]硫代酸酯中间物substrate-level phosphorylation[fɔ,sfɔri'leiʃən]底物水平磷酸化mutase['mju:teis]变位酶enol phosphate['i:nɔl]烯醇磷酸pyruvate kinase[pai'ru:veit, pi-]丙酮酸激酶bifunctional enzyme双功能的酶,双官能团的酶feedforward stimulation正反馈激励committed step[生化]关键步骤pyruvate carboxylase[kɑ:'bɔksileis][生化]丙酮酸羧化酶biotin['baiətin]生物素,维生素H glucose 6-phosphatase 6-磷酸葡萄糖substrate cycle底物周期17citric acid (tricarboxylic acid, TCA; Krebs) cycle['sitrik]柠檬酸(三羧酸,三醋酸纤维素;克雷布斯(姓氏))循环oxidative phosphorylation['ɔksideitiv,fɔsfəri'leiʃən]氧化磷酸化acetyl CoA['æsitil, ə'si:til]乙酰辅酶A flavoprotein['fleivəu'prəuti:n]黄素蛋白pyruvate dehydrogenase complex[pai'ru:veit,pi-][di:'haidrədʒəneis]丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物citrate synthase['sitreit][生化]柠檬酸合成酶iron-sulfur (nonheme iron) protein铁硫蛋白isocitrate dehydrogenase[di:'haidrədʒəneis]异柠檬酸脱氢酶malate synthase['mæleit]苹果酸合成酶a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenas[,ki:təuɡlu:'tɑ:reit]酮戊二酸脱氢酶metabolonanaplerotic reaction[,ænəpli'rɔtik]补给反应glyoxylate cycle[glai'ɔksi,leit]乙醛酸循环glyoxysome [ɡlai'ɔksisəm]乙醛酸循环体beriberi[,beri'beri]脚气病isocitrate lyase['laieis]异柠檬酸裂合酶18oxidative phosphorylation ['ɔksideitiv,fɔsfəri'leiʃən]氧化磷酸化proton-motive force质子原动力cellular respiration [,respə'reiʃən]细胞呼吸作用electron-transport chain电子转移链reduction (redox, oxidation-reduction, E´ 0 ) potential还原(氧化还原剂,氧化还原作用,)电势inverted region反转区coenzyme Q (Q, ubiquinone)辅酶Q(Q,[ju:'bikwi,nəun] 泛醌;辅酶Q(等于coenzyme Q)NADH-Q oxidoreductase (Complex I)['ɔksidəuri'dʌkteis] 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸-Q氧化还原酶(复合物I)flavin mononucleotide (FMN)黄素单核苷酸iron-sulfur (nonheme iron) protein铁硫(非血红素)蛋白cytochrome c (cyt c)细胞色素C succinate-Q reductase (Complex II) ['sʌksineit]琥珀酸盐还原酶Q Q cycle Q周期Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Complex III) ['saitəukrəum]细胞色素氧化还原酶QRieske centercytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV)细胞色素C氧化酶catalase ['kætəleis] 过氧化氢酶superoxide dismutase[dis'mju:teis]超氧化物歧化酶uncoupling protein (UCP)解偶联蛋白ATP synthase (Complex V, F 1 F 0 ATPase)A TP合成酶glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle3-磷酸甘油穿梭途径malate-aspartate shuttle苹果酸-天门冬氨酸穿梭途径ATP-ADP translocase(adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT)ATP-ADP移位酶(腺嘌呤核苷酸移位酶)respiratory (acceptor) control['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]呼吸(受体)控制caspase半胱天冬酶;切冬酶(胱冬肽酶);细胞凋亡蛋白酶programmed cell death (apoptosis)程序化细胞死亡([,æpə'təusis; ,æpəp'təusis]细胞凋亡)20Calvin cycle (dark reactions)卡尔文循环(暗反应)Autotroph自养生物starch淀粉heterotroph ['hetərəutrɔf]异养生物peroxisome[pə'rɔksə,səm]过氧物酶体rubisco (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶photorespiration ['fəutəu,respə'reiʃən]光呼吸thioredoxin [,θaiəu'ri:dɔksin]硫氧还蛋白sucrose ['sju:krəuz, -krəus]蔗糖C 4 pathway C 4 plant C 3 plantCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)景天酸代谢pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶glutathione[,ɡlu:tə'θaiəun]谷胱甘肽transketolase[træns'ki:təuleis, trænz-, trɑ:n-]转酮醇酶transaldolase醛羧移转酶21glycogen phosphorylase糖原磷酸化酶phosphorolysis[,fɔsfə'rɔlisis]磷酸解作用pyridoxal phosphate [,piri'dɔksəl, -æl]吡哆醛磷酸盐(维生素B6)protein kinase A蛋白激酶A phosphorylase kinase磷酸化酶激酶calmodulin ['kælmə,djulin]钙调蛋白epinephrine (adrenaline)肾上腺素glucagon['ɡlu:kəɡɔn]胰高血糖素insulin胰岛素uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPglucose)尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖glycogen synthase糖原合成酶glycogenin protein phosphatase 1蛋白质磷酸酶122triacylglycerol (neutral fat, triacylglyceride)三酰甘油(中性脂肪,三酸甘油酯)bile salt胆汁盐chylomicron [,kailəu'maikrɔn]乳糜微滴acyl adenylate酰基腺苷酸carnitine ['kɑ:niti:n]肉毒碱b-oxidation pathway b氧化途径vitamin B 12(cobalamin)维生素B12['kəubɔ:ləmin] peroxisome[pə'rɔksə,səm]过氧化物酶体ketone body酮体fatty acid synthase脂肪酸合成酶acyl carrier protein (ACP) 酰基载体蛋白质malonyl CoA ['mælənil]丙二酰辅酶Aacetyl CoA carboxylase乙酰辅酶A羧化酶megasynthase polyketide聚酮化合物nonribosomal peptideAMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK)腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶arachidonate[,ærə'kidəneit]花生四烯酸protein phosphatase 2A蛋白质磷酸酶2A prostaglandin[,prɔstə'ɡlændin]前列腺素eicosanoid [ai'kəusə,nɔid]类二十烷酸23ubiquitin [ju:'bikwitin]泛素,泛激酶proteasome蛋白酶体aminotransferase (transaminase)氨基转移酶(转氨酶) glutamate dehydrogenase谷氨酸脱氢酶pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)吡哆醛磷酸盐pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) [piri'dɔksə,mi:n] 吡哆胺(维生素B6)磷酸盐alanine cycle丙氨酸循环urea cycle尿素循环N-acetylglutamate乙酰谷氨酸carbamoyl phosphate synthetase氨基甲酰磷酸盐合成酶ketogenic amino acid[,ki:təu'dʒenik]生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid[,ɡlu:kəu'dʒenik]生成葡萄糖的氨基酸biopterin [,baiəu'pterin]生物嘌呤phenylketonuria ['fenil,ki:tə'njuri:ə, 'fi:-]苯丙酮酸尿24nitrogen fixation固氮作用nitrogenase complex['naitrədʒəneis, nai'trɔdʒəneis]固氮酶复合物essential amino acids必需氨基酸nonessential amino acids非必需氨基酸pyridoxal phosphate[,piri'dɔksəl, -æl]吡哆醛磷酸盐tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸盐S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) [ə,denəsilmə'θaiəni:n] S—腺苷甲硫胺酸activated methyl cycle活化甲基周期substrate channeling底物通道作用committed step关键步骤cumulative feedback inhibition累积反馈抑制作用enzyme multiplicity酶多样性25Nucleoside核苷nucleotide核苷酸pyrimidine嘧啶salvage pathway补救途径carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CSP) [kɑ:'bæmɔil] 氨甲酰磷酸合成酶purine嘌呤ATP-grasp fold orotidylate5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) [,paiərəu'fɔsfeit] 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸inosinate [i'nəusineit] 次黄甙酸盐;肌甙酸盐hypoxanthine[,haipəu'zænθi:n, -θin] 次黄嘌呤glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase谷氨酸磷酸核糖氨基转移酶ribonucleotide reductase核苷酸还原酶thymidylate synthase胸苷酸合成酶dihydrofolate reductase [dai,haidrəu'fɔleit]二氢叶酸还原酶26Phosphatidate磷脂Triacylglycerol三酰甘油phospholipid[,fɔsfə'lipid, -'lai-]磷脂cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol)glyceryl ether phospholipid ['i:θə]甘油乙醚磷脂sphingolipid [,sfinɡəu'lipid, -'laip-]鞘脂类ceramide (N-acyl sphingosine) ['serəmaid](['sfiŋɡəsi:n, -sin]N-酰基鞘氨醇)神经酰胺cerebroside['seribrəsaid]脑苷脂ganglioside['ɡæŋɡliəsaid]神经节苷脂cholesterol[kə'lestərɔl]胆固醇mevalonate [me'væləneit, -nət]甲羟戊醇3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase)3-羟基-5-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate3-煤焦磷酸lipoprotein particles脂蛋白微粒sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)胆固醇元件调节结合蛋白low-density lipoprotein (LDL)低密度脂蛋白high-density lipoprotein (HDL)高密度脂蛋白receptor-mediated endocytosis [,endəusai'təusis]受体调节内吞作用bile salts胆汁盐steroid hormones ['sterɔid, 'stiə-]甾类激素cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ['saitəukrəum][,mɔnəu'ɔksidʒineis,]细胞色素P450单氧酶pregnenolone [preɡ'nenələun] 孕烯醇酮27B-DNA helix B-脱氧核糖核酸螺旋A-DNA helix A-脱氧核糖核酸螺旋major groove【分子生物学】大沟minor groove[生化] 小沟Z-DNA helix Z-脱氧核糖核酸螺旋DNA polymerase DNA聚合酶Template模板Primer原始物helicase解旋酶exonuclease[,eksəu'nju:klieis] [生化] 核酸外切酶supercoil超螺旋linking number (Lk) 耦合数topoisomer拓扑异构体twist (Tw)扭曲writhe (Wr) [raið]翻滚origin of replication复制原点topoisomerase [tɔpɔi'sʌməreiz]拓扑异构酶primase引发酶replication fork复制叉Okazaki fragment [遗] 冈崎片段lagging strand [生化] 后随链leading strand引导链DNA ligase DNA连接酶processivity持续合成能力cell cycle细胞周期telomere ['teləmiə]端粒telomerase [te'lɔməreis]端粒酶recombinase [ri:'kɔmbə,neiz]重组酶Holliday junctionrecombination synapse ['sainæps, 'si-, si'næps]重组突触transition过渡transversion颠换mutagen ['mju:tədʒən] 诱导有机体突变的物质direct repair base-excision repair Ames tesnucleotide-excision repair核苷酸切补修复trinucleotide repeat三核苷酸复制28Transcription转录RNA polymeraseRNA聚合酶promoter sites起始位点transcription factor转录因子footprinting足迹法consensus sequence共有序列sigma subunit 亚组rho (r) protein transcription bubble转录泡TA TA box Enhancer强化剂pre-mRNA前信使RNA5 cap poly(A) tail RNA editingRNA剪接RNA splicingRNA拼接Spliceosome剪接体small nuclear RNA (snRNA)小核RNA alternative splicing可变剪接catalytic RNA催化剂RNA self-splicing自我拼接29Translation翻译Ribosome核糖体transfer RNA (tRNA)转运RNA codon密码子anticodon反密码子aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨酰基-转运RNA合成酶50S subunit 30S subunit Polysome多核糖体Shine-Dalgarno sequence peptidyl transferase center肽基转移酶中心wobble hypothesis['wɔbl][hai'pɔθisis]摆动假说,变偶假说initiation factor起始因子elongation factor延长因子elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu)elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts)elongation factor G (EF-G)molecular mimicry['mimikri]分子模拟release factor释放因子30allosteric interaction变构相互作用covalent modification共价修正glycolysis糖酵解phosphofructokinase ['fɔsfəu,frʌktəu'kai,neis, -neiz]磷酸果糖激酶citric acid cycle三羧酸循环oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径gluconeogenesis ['ɡlu:kəu,ni:əu'dʒenisis]糖异生glycogen synthesis糖原合成glycogen degradation糖原降解glucose 6-phosphate 6-磷酸葡萄糖acetyl CoA乙酰辅酶A pyruvate [pai'ru:veit, pi-]丙酮酸ketone body酮体starved-fed cycle饥饿喂养的周期glucose homeostasis [,həumiəu'steisis]葡萄糖内稳态insulin胰岛素glucagon胰高血糖素caloric homeostasis热量内稳态leptin ['leptin]瘦蛋白creatine phosphate ['kri:əti:n]磷酸肌酸。
(完整版)生物化学专业英语单词

单词表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Gram-positive 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层(膜)Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degradation 降解Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles 类囊体photosynthesis 光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构Secondary structure 二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate 旋转trans configuration 顺式构象disulfide bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force 静电力salt bridge 盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice 缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic 治疗的Collagen 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon 腱Cartilage 软骨blood vessel 血管mammal 哺乳动物fibrous 纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol 2-巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomerase 异构酶Ligase 连接酶Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
生物化学英文专业词汇

生物化学词汇A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体(不同于B染色体)]A site [核糖体]A部位ABA 脱落酸abasic site 脱碱基位点,无碱基位点abaxial 远轴的abequose 阿比可糖,beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing 异常剪接aberration 象差;畸变;失常abiogenesis 自然发生论,无生源论ablastin 抑殖素(抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体)abnormal distrbution 非正态分布abnormality 异常,失常;畸形,畸变ABO blood group system ABO血型系统aboriginal mouse 原生鼠abortin 流产素abortion 流产,败育abortive egg 败育卵abortive infection 流产(性)感染abortive transduction 流产(性)转导ABP 肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin 相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid 脱落酸abscission 脱落absolute 绝对的absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute counting 绝对测量absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute error 绝对误差absorbance 吸收,吸光度absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbent 吸收剂absorptiometer 吸光计absorptiometry 吸光测定法absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收谱带absorption cell 吸收池absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱;吸收谱absorptive endocytosis 吸收(型)胞吞(作用)absorptive pinocytosis 吸收(型)胞饮(作用)absorptivity 吸光系数;吸收性abundance 丰度abundant 丰富的,高丰度的abundant mRNAs 高丰度mRNA abzyme 抗体酶acaricidin 杀螨剂accedent variation 偶然变异accelerated flow method 加速流动法accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor 接纳体,(接)受体acceptor site 接纳位点,接受位点acceptor splicing site 剪接受体acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎accessible 可及的accessible promoter 可及启动子accessible surface 可及表面accessory 零件,附件;辅助的accessory cell 佐细胞accessory chromosome 副染色体accessory factor 辅助因子accessory nucleus 副核accessory pigment 辅助色素accessory protein 辅助蛋白(质)accommodation 顺应accumulation 积累,累积accuracy 准确度acenaphthene 二氢苊acene 并苯acentric 无着丝粒的acentric fragment 无着丝粒断片acentric ring 无着丝粒环acetal 缩醛acetaldehyde 乙醛acetalresin 缩醛树脂acetamidase 乙酰胺酶acetamide 乙酰胺acetate 乙酸盐acetic acid 乙酸,醋酸acetic acid bacteria 乙酸菌,醋酸菌acetic anhydride 乙酸酐acetification 乙酸化作用,醋化作用acetin 乙酸甘油酯,三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid 乙酰乙酸Acetobacter 醋杆菌属acetogen 产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria 产乙酸菌acetome body 酮体acetome powder 丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物] acetomitrile 乙腈acetone 丙酮acetyl 乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist 乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor 乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene 乙炔acetylene reduction test 乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetylglutamate synthetase 乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate 乙酰水杨酸;乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin 乙酰螺旋霉素AchE 乙酰胆碱酯酶achiral 非手性的acholeplasma 无胆甾原体AchR 乙酰胆碱受体achromatic 消色的;消色差的achromatic color 无色achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatin 非染色质acid catalysis 酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor 酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin 酸性品红acid glycoprotein 酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein 酸水解酪蛋白acid medium 酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶acid protease 酸性蛋白酶acid solvent 酸性溶剂acidic 酸性的acidic amino acid 酸性氨基酸acidic protein 酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白acidification 酸化(作用)acidifying 酸化(作用)acidolysis 酸解acidophilia 嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌acidophilous milk 酸奶aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素acoelomata 无体腔动物acomitic acid 乌头酸aconitase 顺乌头酸酶aconitate 乌头酸;乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine 乌头碱aconitum alkaloid 乌头属生物碱ACP 酰基载体蛋白acquired character 获得性状acquired immunity 获得性免疫acridine 吖啶acridine alkaloid 吖啶(类)生物碱acridine dye 吖啶燃料acridine orange 吖啶橙acridine yellow 吖啶黄acriflavine 吖啶黄素acroblast 原顶体acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝染色体acrolein 丙烯醛acrolein polymer 丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin 丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation 向顶运输acrosin 顶体蛋白acrosomal protease 顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction 顶体反应acrosome 顶体acrosome reaction 顶体反应acrosomic granule 原顶体acrosyndesis 端部联会acrylamide 丙烯酰胺acrylate 丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid 丙烯酸acrylic polymer 丙烯酸(酯)类聚合物acrylic resin 丙烯酸(酯)类树脂acrylketone 丙烯酮acrylonitrile 丙烯腈actidione 放线(菌)酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin 肌动蛋白actin filament 肌动蛋白丝actinin 辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种,beta蛋白即加帽蛋白]actinmicrofilament 肌动蛋白微丝actinometer 化学光度计actinomorphy 辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycin D 放线菌素Dactinospectacin 放线壮观素,壮观霉素,奇霉素action 作用action current 动作电流action potential 动作电位action spectrum 动作光谱activated sludge 活性污泥activated support 活化支持体activating group 活化基团activating transcription factor 转录激活因子activation 激活;活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activator 激活物,激活剂,激活蛋白activator protein 激活蛋白active absorption 主动吸收active biomass 活生物质active carbon 活性碳active center 活性中心active chromatin 活性染色质active dry yeast 活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid 氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen 活性氢active immunity 主动免疫active oxygen 活性氧active site 活性部位,活性中心active transport 主动转运active uptake 主动吸收activin 活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity 活性,活度,(放射性)活度actomyosin 肌动球蛋白actophorin 载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute 急性的acute infection 急性感染acute phase 急性期acute phase protein 急性期蛋白,急相蛋白acute phase reaction 急性期反应,急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactive protein 急性期反应蛋白,急相反应蛋白acute phase response 急性期反应,急相反应acute toxicity 急性毒性ACV 无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide 无环核苷酸acycloguanosine 无环鸟苷,9-(2-羟乙氧甲基)鸟嘌呤acyclovir 无环鸟苷acyl 酰基acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白acyl cation 酰(基)正离子acyl chloride 酰氯acyl CoA 脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A 脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride 酰氟acyl halide 酰卤acylamino acid 酰基氨基酸acylase 酰基转移酶acylating agent 酰化剂acylation 酰化acylazide 酰叠氮acylbromide 酰溴acyloin 偶姻acyltransferase 酰基转移酶adamantanamine 金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane 金刚烷adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adapter 衔接头;衔接子adapter protein 衔接蛋白质adaptin 衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior 适应性行为adaptive enzyme 适应酶adaptive molecule 衔接分子adaptive response 适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor 衔接头;衔接子adaxial 近轴的addition 加成addition compound 加成化合物addition haploid 附加单倍体addition line 附加系additive 添加物,添加剂additive effect 加性效应additive genetic variance 加性遗传方差additive recombination 插入重组,加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组] addressin 地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体,与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin 内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白,可与钙调蛋白结合]adduct 加合物,加成化合物adduct ion 加合离子adenine 腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside 啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma 腺瘤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷,腺苷adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate 腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate 腺苷(一磷)酸adenosine phosphosulfate 腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase 腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenovirus 腺病毒adenylate 腺苷酸;腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge 腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid 腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation 腺苷酰化adherence 粘着,粘附,粘连;贴壁adherent cell 贴壁细胞;粘着(性)细胞,粘附(性)细胞adherent culture 贴壁培养adhering junction 粘着连接adhesin 粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion 吸附,结合,粘合;粘着,粘附,粘连adhesion factor 粘着因子,粘附因子adhesion molecule 粘着分子,粘附分子adhesion plaque 粘着斑adhesion protein 粘着蛋白,吸附蛋白adhesion receptor 粘着受体adhesion zone 粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive 粘合剂,胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein 粘着糖蛋白adipic acid 己二酸,肥酸adipocyte 脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone 脂动激素[见于昆虫]adipose tissue 脂肪组织adjust [动]调节,调整;修正adjustable 可调的adjustable miropipettor 可调微量移液管adjustable spanner 活动扳手adjusted retention time 调整保留时间adjusted retention volume 调整保留体积adjuvant 佐剂adjuvant cytokine 佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide 佐剂肽adjuvanticity 佐剂(活)性adoptive immunity 过继免疫adoptive transfer 过继转移ADP ribosylation ADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factor ADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferase ADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline 肾上腺素adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter 肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin 肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin 阿霉素,亚德里亚霉素adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption catalysis 吸附催化adsorption center 吸附中心adsorption chromatography 吸附层析adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isobar 吸附等压线adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption layer 吸附层adsorption potential 吸附电势adsorption precipitation 吸附沉淀adsorption quantity 吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus 成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation 高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终产物adventitious 不定的,无定形的adverse effect 反效果,副作用aecidiospore 锈孢子,春孢子aeciospore 锈孢子,春孢子aequorin 水母蛋白,水母素aeration 通气aerator 加气仪,加气装置aerial mycelium 气生菌丝体aerobe 需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁殖的细菌] aerobic 需氧的aerobic bacteria 需氧(细)菌aerobic cultivation 需氧培养aerobic glycolysis 有氧酵解aerobic metabolism 有氧代谢aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment 需氧废物处理aerobiosis 需氧生活aerogel 气凝胶aerogen 产气菌aerolysin 气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas 气单胞菌属aerosol 气溶胶aerosol gene delivery 气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization 气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis 趋氧性[(细胞)随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动]aerotolerant bacteria 耐氧菌[不受氧毒害的厌氧菌]aerotropism 向氧性aesculin 七叶苷,七叶灵aetiology 病原学afferent nerve 传入神经affinity 亲和,亲和性affinity adsorbent 亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography 亲和层析affinity coelectrophoresis 亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白]affinity column 亲和柱affinity coupling 亲和偶联affinity electron microscopy 亲和电镜(术)[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction 亲和提取,亲和萃取affinity filtration 亲和过滤affinity labeling 亲和标记affinity ligand 亲和配体affinity maturation 亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育]affinity partitioning 亲和分配affinity precipitation 亲和沉淀affinity purification 亲和纯化(法)affinity tag (附加)亲和标记物aflatoxin 黄曲酶毒素agar 琼脂agar diffusion test 琼脂扩散试验agar gel 琼脂胶agar plate 琼脂平板agar slant 琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的,装有固体培养基的一种试管培养基;也指斜面培养基上生长出的菌苔]agarase 琼脂糖酶agarfitine 伞菌氨酸agaricin 蘑菇素agaricinic acid 蘑菇酸agaropectin 琼脂胶agarose 琼脂糖agarose gel 琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis 琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate 琼脂糖平板age pigment 老年色素agent 剂;介质agglutination 凝集(作用)agglutinin 凝集素agglutinogen 凝集原aggrecan 聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate 聚集体;凝聚体aggregation 聚集(作用)aggressin 攻击素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity 攻击力aging 衰老,老化,陈化agitation 振荡,振摇,搅拌agitator 振荡器,搅拌器aglycone 苷元,糖苷配基agonist 兴奋剂,激动剂,刺激物;竞争剂;拮抗剂agranulocyte 无粒细胞agravitropism 无向重力性agretope [抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类主要组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol 农产品(制)酒精agricultural waste 农业废物,农业垃圾agrin 集聚蛋白,集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin 农杆菌素,土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium 农杆菌属,土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes 毛根农杆菌,毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems 根癌农杆菌,根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical 农用化学品[如除草剂,杀虫剂等]agrocin 农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素(不是蛋白质)] agrocinopine 农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection 农杆菌感染(法)agropine 农杆氨酸,农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid 农杆鸟氨酸,鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble 气泡air drying 风干air filter 空气滤器air monitering 空气监测air peak 空气峰,气泡峰air sterilization 空气除菌airflow 气流airflow meter 气流计airflow moniter 气流显示器,气流监控仪airlift bioreactor 气升式生物反应器airlift fermentation 气升式发酵airlift fermentor 气升式发酵罐airlock 气锁akaryote 无核细胞akinetic chromosome 无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment 无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion 无着丝粒倒位alamethicin 丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽,富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine 丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸转氨酶alarm 警报器,定时钟albinism 白化病albizziin 合欢氨酸,脲基丙氨酸albumin 白蛋白,清蛋白alcohol 醇;乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase 醇脱氢酶;乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation 生醇发酵aldehyde 醛;乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase 醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase 醛氧化酶aldimine 醛亚胺alditol 糖醛aldol 羟醛aldol condensation 羟醛缩合aldolase 醛缩酶aldonic acid 醛糖酸aldose 醛糖aldosterome 醛固醇alduronic acid 糖醛酸aleurome 糊粉aleurome grain 糊粉粒aleurome layer 糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus 苜蓿花叶病毒alga 藻类(单)algae 藻类algicide 杀藻剂algin 藻胶alginate 藻酸盐alginic acid 藻酸algocyan 藻蓝素algorithm 算法,公式alicyclic amine 脂肪胺alicyclic compound 脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon 脂环烃alignment 顺序;排列;[序列]对比alimentary canal 消化管aliphatic 脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid 脂(肪)族胺(类)生物碱aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物aliquot 小份,等份,等分部分alizarin 茜素alkali 碱,强碱alkali metal 碱金属alkaline 碱的,强碱的alkaline amino acid 碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation 碱变性法alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis 碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis 碱水解(作用)alkaline lysis 碱裂解(法)alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein 碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve 碱储备[如血液中的碳酸氢钠]alkalization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkane 烷alkene 烯alkyl 烷基alkylating agent 烷化剂alkylation 烷(基)化alkyne 炔all or none 全或无all or nothing 全或无all transconfiguration 全反构型allantoic acid 尿囊酸allantoin 尿囊素allatostatin 咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌]allatotropin 促咽侧体素[促进保幼激素的分泌]allele 等位基因allele linkage analysis 等位基因连锁反应allelic complement 等位(基因)互补allelic diversity 等位(基因)多样化allelic exclusion 等位(基因)排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象,有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation 等位(基因)失活allelic inclusion 等位(基因)相容allelic replacement 等位(基因)置换allelic variation 等位(基因)变异allelism 等位性allelomorph 等位基因allelomorphism 等位性allelopathic substance 异柱克生物质,异种克生物质allelopathy 异柱克生(现象),异种克生(现象)allergen 变应原allergic 变应性的allergic disease 变应性疾病allergy 变态反应alloantibody 同种抗体alloantigen 同种抗原allodiploid 异源二倍体allodiploidy 异源二倍性allodiplomonosome 异源二倍单体allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原,同种异体抗原allograft 同种异体移植allograft rejection 同种异体移植排斥allogroup 同种异型组allohaploid 异源单倍体alloheteroploid 异源异倍体allophycocyanin 别藻蓝蛋白,别藻蓝素alloploid 异源倍体alloploidy 异源倍性allopolyhaploid 异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid 异源多倍体allopurinol 别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide 别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity 同种异体反应性allorecognition 同种(异体)识别allose 阿洛糖allosome 异染色体allosteric activation 别构激活,别构活化allosteric activator 别构激活剂,别构活化剂allosteric control 别构调节allosteric effect 别构效应allosteric effector 别构剂allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric inbibition 别构抑制allosteric inbibitor 别构抑制剂allosteric interaction 别构作用allosteric ligand 别构配体allosteric protein 别构蛋白allosteric regulation 别构调节allosteric site 别构部位allosteric transition 别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋白质构象变化] allosterism 别构,变构allostery 别构性allosynapsis 异源联会allotope 同种异型位allotrope 同素异形体allotrtraploid 异源四倍体allotype 同种异型allotypic antigen 同种异型抗原allotypic determinant 同种异型决定簇allotypic marker 同种异型标记allotypy 同种异型性alloxan 四氧嘧啶allozyme 同种异型酶allyl 烯丙基allyl resin 烯丙基树脂allysine 醛(基)赖氨酸alphavirus 甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation 相间分离alternating copolymer 交替共聚物alternating copolymerization 交替共聚合alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 另一种的,交替的,备择的alternative complement pathway 补体旁路alternative pathway of complement 补体旁路(途径)alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing 可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing 可变RNA剪接,旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing 可变剪接,旁路剪接alternative splicing factor 可变剪接因子alternative transcription 可变转录alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA 可变剪接的mRNAaltrose 阿卓糖Alu family Alu家族alum 矾,明矾aluminia 氧化铝,矾土alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质alytensin 产婆蟾(紧张)肽Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病,老年性痴呆amaerobic 厌氧的amalgam 汞齐amalgam electrode 汞齐电极amanin 鹅膏素amanitine 鹅膏毒环肽amantadine 金刚胺amanullin 鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid 石蒜科生物碱amastatin 氨肽酶抑制剂,抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin 鹅膏毒素amber codon 琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant 琥珀突变体,琥珀突变型amber mutation 琥珀突变amber suppression 琥珀抑制amber suppressor 琥珀(突变)抑制基因,琥珀(突变)抑制因子Amberlite resin [商]Amberlite树脂,琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子交换树脂的商品名]ambident 两可的ambident ion 两可离子ambient 周围的ambient temperature 环境温度,室温ambiguous codon 多义密码子ambisense 双义ambisense genome 双义基因组ambisense RNA 双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper 双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体]ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素amensalism 偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection 美国模式培养物保藏所amerol 杀草强,氨基三唑Ames test 埃姆斯试验amethopterin 氨甲蝶呤amicetin 友菌素amicillin resistance 氨苄青霉素抗性amidase 酰胺酶amidated peptide 酰胺(化)肽amide 酰胺amidine 脒amido black 酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond 酰胺键amido link 酰胺键amido linkage 酰胺键amidomycin 胺霉素amidotrizoate 3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride 氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination 氨基化amine 胺amine bormones 胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system 胺前体摄取(和)脱羧系统,APUD 系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter 胺转运蛋白Aminex resin [商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子交换树脂的商品名,一类HPLC级球形介质,是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino 氨基amino acid arm 氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency 氨基酸(使用)频率amino acid preference 氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue 氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact 氨基酸残基接触(面)amino acid transport 氨基酸转运amino acid transporter 氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage 氨基酸使用amino alkyl indole 氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite 氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen 氨基氮aminoacyl 氨酰基aminoacyl esterase 氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol 氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site 氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA 氨酰tRNAaminoacylation 氨酰化aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid 氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl 氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan 氨乙基硫醇,巯基乙胺aminoglucose 氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics 氨基糖苷(类)抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase 氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine 氨基胍aminolink 氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端,便于与其他配体偶联]aminolysis 氨解aminomycin 氨基霉素,缬氨霉素aminooimidazole 氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid 氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase 氨肽酶aminophylline 氨茶碱aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopurine 氨基嘌呤aminotransferase 氨基转移酶,转氨酶aminotriazole 氨基三唑,杀草强amiodarone 乙胺碘呋酮amitosis 无丝分裂amixis 无融合ammonia 氨ammonification 氨化(作用)ammonio 铵基ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵,氨水ammonium persulfate 过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation 硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation 硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism 排氨型代谢amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺(术)amnion 羊膜amniota 羊膜动物amoeba 变形虫,阿米巴amoeboid movement 变形运动amorphous material 无定形物,非晶态amphi position 远位amphiastral mitosis 双星有丝分裂amphibia 两栖纲amphibivalent 双二价体amphibolic pathway 两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成] amphidiploid 双二倍体amphidiploidy 双二倍性amphigenesis 两性生殖amphiglycan 双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞] amphihaploidy 双倍体amphimixix 两性融合amphion 两性离子amphipathic 两亲的amphipathicity 两亲性amphipathy 两亲性amphiphilic 两亲的amphiphilicity 两亲性[一个分子中一部分亲水,另一部分疏水] amphipolyploid 双多倍体amphipolyploidy 双多倍性amphiprotic 两性的amphiregulin 双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调节蛋白]amphitrophy 兼性营养amphivalency 异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine [商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品,可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte 两性物,两性电解质ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric character 兼性性质amphoteric characteristics 兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid 兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier 兼性乳化剂,两性乳化剂amphoteric ion 兼性离子amphotericin 两性霉素amphoterics 兼性表面活性剂amphotropic retrovirus 兼嗜性逆转录病毒,双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引起产毒性感染]ampicillin 氨苄青霉素amplicon 扩增子amplification 扩增amplimer 扩增引物ampoule 安瓿瓶amycin 阿霉素amygdalin 扁桃苷,苦杏仁苷amylase 淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin 糊精amylo process 阿明露法,淀粉发酵法,霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化,发酵生产酒精]amylodextrin 极限糊精amyloglucosidase 淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor 淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring 淀粉质环amylolytic activity 淀粉分解活性amylopectin 支链淀粉amyloplast 造粉(质)体amyloplastid 造粉粒amylose 直链淀粉anabolism 合成代谢anaerobe 厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶,须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁殖的微生物]anaerobic bacteria 厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养室anaerobic contact digestor 厌氧接触(型)消化器anaerobic cultivation 厌氧培养anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation 厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system 厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor 厌氧膜生物反应器anaerobiosis 厌氧生活,无氧生活anaerogen 不产气菌anaeroic digestor 厌氧消化器analgesic 止痛药analgesis 镇痛analog 类似物analogous 类似的,模拟的analogous organ 同功器官analogous protein 类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白] analogue 类似物analogy 模拟,类似analogy model 模拟模型analyte 分析物analytical 分析的analytical chromatography 分析型层析analytical column 分析柱analytical reagent 分析纯试剂anaphase [细胞分裂]后期anaphylactic 过敏性的anaphylactic reaction 过敏反应anaphylatoxin 过敏毒素anaphylaxis 过敏性,过敏(反应)anaplerotic reaction 添补反应anastral mitosis 无星有丝分裂ancestor 祖先,始祖ancestry 祖先,始祖anchimeric assistance 邻助作用anchor 锚anchor catalyst 锚定催化剂anchor primer 锚定引物anchorage 固着,锚定anchored PCR 锚式聚合酶链(式)反应,锚式PCRanchorin 锚定蛋白anchoring 锚着,锚定ancovenin 血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte 雄(母)细胞androecium 雄蕊群androgamete 雄配子androgen 雄激素androgen binding protein 雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis 孤雄发育,单雄生殖,雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis 产雄孤雌生殖androgonium 雄原细胞androgynism 雌雄同柱,雌雄同体andromedotoxin 梫木毒素andrometoxin 雄核卵块发育androplasm 雄质androsome 限雄染色体androspore 产雄孢子;小孢子androsterone 雄酮anemia 贫血anemoentomophily 风虫媒anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophilous pollination 风媒传粉anemophily 风媒anergy 无反应性[用于细胞免疫学] anesthesia 麻醉aneucentric chromosome 非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid 非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy 非整倍单倍性aneuploid 非整倍性aneuploid cell line 非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy 非整倍性angiogenesis factor 血管生成因子angiogenin 血管生成素angioplasty 血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm 被子植物angiotensin 血管紧张肽angiotensinase 血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen 血管紧张肽原angle rotor 角转头angstrom 埃anguidin 蛇形毒素angular methyl 角甲基anhydrase 脱水酶anhydride 酸酐anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acetonitrile 无水乙腈aniline 苯胺aniline blue 苯胺蓝animal cell line 动物细胞系anion 阴离子anion base 阴离子碱anion channel 阴离子通道anion respiration 阴离子呼吸anionic acid 阴离子酸anionic detergent 阴离子(型)去污剂anisodamine 山莨菪anisodine 樟柳碱anisogamete 异型配子anisogamy 异配生殖anisol 苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA 异形DNAanisomycin 茴香霉素anisopolyploid 奇(数)多倍体anisospore 异形孢子anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropic membrane 各向异性膜anisotropy 各向异性[物理参数随方向的变化而变化]anitbacterial immunization 抗(细)菌免疫ankyrin 锚蛋白ankyrin repeat 锚蛋白重复序列anlage 原基annealing 退火Annelita 环节动物门annexin 膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白,参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依赖于钙调蛋白的活动,分为I II III等多种。
《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照

《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照碳水化合物(carbohydrate)单糖(monosaccharide)寡糖(oligosaccharide)多糖(polysaccharide)醛糖(aldose)酮糖(ketose)蔗糖(sucrose)乳糖(lactose)麦芽糖(maltose)纤维二糖(cellobiose)多糖(polysaccharides)淀粉(starch)直链淀粉(amylose)支链淀粉(amylopectin)纤维素(cellulose)半纤维素(hemicellulose)糖原(glycogen)几丁质(chitin)糖胺聚糖(glycosaminolgycan)脂类(lipids)脂肪酸(fatty acid)甘油三酯(glycerol triester)亲水脂类(amphipathic lipids)蜡(wax)磷酸甘油脂(phosphoglyceride)甘油磷脂(glycerophospholipid)磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine)磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine)磷脂酰丝氨酸(phoshatidylserine)磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)肌醇三磷酸(inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate,IP3)二脂酰甘油(diacylglycerol,DAG)磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)磷脂酶A2(phospholipase A2,PLA2)磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC)磷脂酶D(phospholipase D,PLD)溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin)神经酰胺(ceramide)类固醇(steroids)萜类(terpenes)胆固醇(cholesterol)麦角固醇(ergosterol)蛋白质protein简单蛋白质simple protein氨基酸amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽polypeptide肽peptide肽键peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力van der waals force层析法chromatography吸附层析法adsorption chromatography分配系数partition or distribution confficient活性肽active peptide二硫键disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构primary structure疏水效应hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳(capillary eletrophoresis, CE)离子交换层析ion exchange chromatography 同源蛋白homologous protein构象conformation构象角conformatiomal angle糖脂(glycolipid)糖基甘油酯(glycosylglyceride)鞘糖脂(glycosphingolipid)脑苷脂(cerebroside)N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid)神经节苷脂(ganglioside)硫酸脑苷脂(cerebroside sulfate)糖蛋白(glycoproteins)蛋白聚糖(proteoglycans)生物膜(biomembrane)膜脂(membrane lipids)膜蛋白(membrane proteins)脂质双层分子(lipid bilayers)外周蛋白(peripheral protein)外源性(extrinsic protein)内在蛋白(integral protein)内源性蛋白(intrinsic protein)跨膜蛋白(transmembrane proteins)流动镶嵌模型(fluid mosaic model)简单扩散(simple diffusion)协助扩散(facilitated diffusion)被动运输(passive transport)主动运输(active transport)介导性运输(mediated transport)非介导性运输(nonmediated transport)载体蛋白(carrier protein)通道蛋白(channel protein)离子通道(ionic channel)离子载体(ionophore)内吞作用(endocytosis)胞饮作用”(pinocytosis)外排作用(exocytosis)基团转移(group translocation)脂蛋白(lipoprotein)染色体(chromosome)染色质(chromatin)组蛋白(histone)核小体(nucleosome)病毒(virus)噬菌体(bacteriophage或简称phage)变性denaturation沉降系数(S)Svedberg(S)抗体antibody亲和层析法affinity chromatography 盐溶salting in盐析salting out二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structureα-螺旋α-helix超二级结构super-secondaery structure 结构域structure domain氢键hydrogen bend疏水相互作用hydrophoblic interaction 肌红蛋白myoglobin寡聚蛋白质oligomeric protein无规则卷曲randon coil复性renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anermia 酶(enzyme)酶的专一性(specificity)单体酶(monomeric enzyme)寡聚酶(oligomeric enzyme)多酶复合体系(multienzyme system)酶活性中心(active center of enzyme)催化基团(catalytic site)酶原(zymogen or proenzyme)诱导契合(induced-fit theory)抗体酶(abzyme)酸碱催化(acid-base catalysis)共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂(activator)抑制剂(inhibitor)可逆抑制(reversible inhibition)竞争性抑制作用(competitive inhibition)非竞争性抑制作用(noncompetitive inhibition)调节酶(modulator)别构酶(allosteric enzyme)同配位效应(isosteric effect)变构效应(allosteric effect)变构激活(allosteric activation )正协同效应(positive cooperative effect)负协同效应(negative cooperative effect)效应物(effector)维生素(vitamin)维生素缺少症(avitaminosis)调节中心(regulatory center)催化亚基(catalytic subunit)调节亚基(regulatory subunit)诱导酶(induced enzyme)结构酶(structural enzyme)核酶(ribozyme)辅酶(coenzyme)比活力(specific activity)脱氧核酶(deoxyribozyme)酶工程(enzyme engineering)酶纯度(purity of enzyme)酶活力(enzyme activity)α-淀粉酶(α-amylase)β-淀粉酶(β-amylase)脱支酶(debranching enzyme)淀粉的磷酸化酶(amylophosphorylase)糖酵解(glycolysis)三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA)磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway,PPP)生物氧化(biological oxidation)烟酰胺脱氢酶类(nicotinamide dehydrogenase)黄素脱氢酶类(flavin dehydrogenase)铁硫蛋白类(iron-sulfur protein)泛醌(ubiquinone)细胞色素类(cytochromes)细胞色素氧化酶(cytochromeoxidase)鱼藤酮(rotenone)安密妥(amytal)杀粉蝶菌素(piericidine)抗霉素A(antimycin A)底物水平磷酸化(substrate-level phosphorylation)氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)化学渗透假说(chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis)化学偶联假说(chemical coupling hypothesis)构象偶联假说(conformational coupling hypothesis)甘油-磷酸穿梭途径(glycerophosphate shuttle)苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径(malate- aspartate shuttle)异柠檬酸穿梭途径(isocitrate shuttle)能荷(energy charge)肉碱(肉毒碱,carnitine)乙醛酸体(乙醛酸循环体,glyoxysome)乙醛酸循环(glyoxylate cycle)酮体(ketone bodies)饱和脂肪酸的从头合成(de novo synthesis)谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH)转氨基作用(transamination)转氨酶(transaminase)磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal phosphate,PLP)谷丙转氨酶(glutamic pyruvic transaminase,GPT或alanine transaminase,ALT)谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,GOT或aspartate transaminase,AST)γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase,γ-ECS)谷胱甘肽(glutathione)谷胱甘肽合成酶(glutathione synthetase)生物固氮(biological nitrogen fixation)固氮酶(nitrogenase)自身固氮微生物(diazatrophs)共生固氮微生物(symbiotic microorganism)硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase,NR)亚硝酸还原酶(nitrite reductase,NiR)谷氨酸合酶(glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase,GOGA T)谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS)腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐(adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate,APS)3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸(3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate,PAPS)5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸(phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet,PRPP)天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶(aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase)腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase,APRT)黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase,HGPRT)谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase,GR)谷氧还蛋白(glutaredoxin)谷氧还蛋白还原酶(glutaredoxin reductase)胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶(thymidylate synthase)DNA复制(DNA replication)中心法则(central dogma)冈崎片段(Okazaki fragement)前导链(leading strand)滞后链(lagging strand)引物(primer)复制叉(replication fork)半保留式复制(semiconservative replication)模板(template)反转录(reverse transcription)转换(transition)颠换(transversion)错配修复(mismatch repair)核苷酸切除修复(nucleotide excision repair)碱基切除修复(base excision repair)同源重组(homologous recombination)特异性重组(site-specific recombination)转座子(transposon)启动子(promoter)限制性内切酶(restriction endonuclease )修饰(modification)单链结合蛋白(single stranded binding proteins, SSB)遗传密码(genetic code)读码框架(reading frame)移码突变(frame-shift mutation)简并性(degeneracy)同义密码子(synonymous codon)起始密码子(initiatlon codon)终止密码子(termination codon)摆动假说(wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA(isoaccepting tRNA)反密码子(anticodon)多核糖体(polyribisome)氨酰-tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase)Shine –Dalgarno序列(Shine –Dalgarno sequence)起始因子(initiation factor)延伸因子(elongation factor)释放因子(release factor)转肽(transpeptidation)移位(translocation)分子伴侣(molecular chapeones)共翻译转移(co-translational translocation)翻译后转移(post-translational translocation)信号肽(signal sequence)信号识别颗粒(signal recognition particle SPR)代谢(metabolism)代谢调节(metabolic regulation)共价修饰(covalent modification)反馈抑制(feedback inhibition)操纵子模型(operon model)衰减作用(attenuation)级联放大作用(amplification cascade)变(别)构效应(allosteric effect)诱导和阻遏(induction and repression)蛋白激酶C (protein kinase C,PKC)第二信使(second messenger)受体(receptor)G 蛋白(guanosine triphosphate-binding protein)信号转导(signal transduction)钙调素(calmodulin,CaM)磷酯酶(phospholipase C,PLC)。
生物化学英文专业词汇

生物化学词汇A band A带A chromosome A染色体[二倍体染色体组中的正常染色体(不同于B染色体)]A site [核糖体]A部位ABA 脱落酸abasic site 脱碱基位点,无碱基位点abaxial 远轴的abequose 阿比可糖,beta脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing 异常剪接aberration 象差;畸变;失常abiogenesis 自然发生论,无生源论ablastin 抑殖素(抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体)abnormal distrbution 非正态分布abnormality 异常,失常;畸形,畸变ABO blood group system ABO血型系统aboriginal mouse 原生鼠abortin 流产素abortion 流产,败育abortive egg 败育卵abortive infection 流产(性)感染abortive transduction 流产(性)转导ABP 肌动蛋白结合蛋白abrin 相思豆毒蛋白abscisic acid 脱落酸abscission 脱落absolute 绝对的absolute configuration 绝对构型absolute counting 绝对测量absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute error 绝对误差absorbance 吸收,吸光度absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbent 吸收剂absorptiometer 吸光计absorptiometry 吸光测定法absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收谱带absorption cell 吸收池absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption spectroscopy 吸收光谱法absorption spectrum 吸收光谱;吸收谱absorptive endocytosis 吸收(型)胞吞(作用)absorptive pinocytosis 吸收(型)胞饮(作用)absorptivity 吸光系数;吸收性abundance 丰度abundant 丰富的,高丰度的abundant mRNAs 高丰度mRNA abzyme 抗体酶acaricidin 杀螨剂accedent variation 偶然变异accelerated flow method 加速流动法accepting arm [tRNA的]接纳臂acceptor 接纳体,(接)受体acceptor site 接纳位点,接受位点acceptor splicing site 剪接受体acceptor stem [tRNA的]接纳茎accessible 可及的accessible promoter 可及启动子accessible surface 可及表面accessory 零件,附件;辅助的accessory cell 佐细胞accessory chromosome 副染色体accessory factor 辅助因子accessory nucleus 副核accessory pigment 辅助色素accessory protein 辅助蛋白(质)accommodation 顺应accumulation 积累,累积accuracy 准确度acenaphthene 二氢苊acene 并苯acentric 无着丝粒的acentric fragment 无着丝粒断片acentric ring 无着丝粒环acetal 缩醛acetaldehyde 乙醛acetalresin 缩醛树脂acetamidase 乙酰胺酶acetamide 乙酰胺acetate 乙酸盐acetic acid 乙酸,醋酸acetic acid bacteria 乙酸菌,醋酸菌acetic anhydride 乙酸酐acetification 乙酸化作用,醋化作用acetin 乙酸甘油酯,三乙酰甘油酯acetoacetic acid 乙酰乙酸Acetobacter 醋杆菌属acetogen 产乙酸菌acetogenic bacteria 产乙酸菌acetome body 酮体acetome powder 丙酮制粉[在-30度以下加丙酮制成的蛋白质匀浆物] acetomitrile 乙腈acetone 丙酮acetyl 乙酰基acetyl coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶Aacetylcholine 乙酰胆碱acetylcholine agonist 乙酰胆碱拮抗剂acetylcholine receptor 乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylene 乙炔acetylene reduction test 乙炔还原试验[检查生物体的固氮能力] acetylglucosaminidase 乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶acetylglutamate synthetase 乙酰谷氨酸合成酶acetylsalicylate 乙酰水杨酸;乙酰水杨酸盐、酯、根acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acetylspiramycin 乙酰螺旋霉素AchE 乙酰胆碱酯酶achiral 非手性的acholeplasma 无胆甾原体AchR 乙酰胆碱受体achromatic 消色的;消色差的achromatic color 无色achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatin 非染色质acid catalysis 酸催化acid fibroblast growth factor 酸性成纤维细胞生长因子acid fuchsin 酸性品红acid glycoprotein 酸性糖蛋白acid hydrolyzed casein 酸水解酪蛋白acid medium 酸性培养基acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶acid protease 酸性蛋白酶acid solvent 酸性溶剂acidic 酸性的acidic amino acid 酸性氨基酸acidic protein 酸性蛋白质[有时特指非组蛋白]acidic transactivator 酸性反式激活蛋白acidic transcription activator 酸性转录激活蛋白acidification 酸化(作用)acidifying 酸化(作用)acidolysis 酸解acidophilia 嗜酸性acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌acidophilous milk 酸奶aclacinomycin 阿克拉霉素acoelomata 无体腔动物acomitic acid 乌头酸aconitase 顺乌头酸酶aconitate 乌头酸;乌头酸盐、酯、根aconitine 乌头碱aconitum alkaloid 乌头属生物碱ACP 酰基载体蛋白acquired character 获得性状acquired immunity 获得性免疫acridine 吖啶acridine alkaloid 吖啶(类)生物碱acridine dye 吖啶燃料acridine orange 吖啶橙acridine yellow 吖啶黄acriflavine 吖啶黄素acroblast 原顶体acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝染色体acrolein 丙烯醛acrolein polymer 丙烯醛类聚合物acrolein resin 丙烯醛树脂acropetal translocation 向顶运输acrosin 顶体蛋白acrosomal protease 顶体蛋白酶acrosomal reaction 顶体反应acrosome 顶体acrosome reaction 顶体反应acrosomic granule 原顶体acrosyndesis 端部联会acrylamide 丙烯酰胺acrylate 丙烯酸酯、盐acrylic acid 丙烯酸acrylic polymer 丙烯酸(酯)类聚合物acrylic resin 丙烯酸(酯)类树脂acrylketone 丙烯酮acrylonitrile 丙烯腈actidione 放线(菌)酮[即环己酰亚胺]actin 肌动蛋白actin filament 肌动蛋白丝actinin 辅肌动蛋白[分为alfa、beta两种,beta蛋白即加帽蛋白]actinmicrofilament 肌动蛋白微丝actinometer 化学光度计actinomorphy 辐射对称[用于描述植物的花]actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycin D 放线菌素Dactinospectacin 放线壮观素,壮观霉素,奇霉素action 作用action current 动作电流action potential 动作电位action spectrum 动作光谱activated sludge 活性污泥activated support 活化支持体activating group 活化基团activating transcription factor 转录激活因子activation 激活;活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activator 激活物,激活剂,激活蛋白activator protein 激活蛋白active absorption 主动吸收active biomass 活生物质active carbon 活性碳active center 活性中心active chromatin 活性染色质active dry yeast 活性干酵母active dydrogen compounds 活性氢化合物active ester of amino acid 氨基酸的活化酯active hydrogen 活性氢active immunity 主动免疫active oxygen 活性氧active site 活性部位,活性中心active transport 主动转运active uptake 主动吸收activin 活化素[由垂体合成并由睾丸和卵巢分泌的性激素]activity 活性,活度,(放射性)活度actomyosin 肌动球蛋白actophorin 载肌动蛋白[一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白]acute 急性的acute infection 急性感染acute phase 急性期acute phase protein 急性期蛋白,急相蛋白acute phase reaction 急性期反应,急相反应[炎症反应急性期机体的防御反应] acute phase reactive protein 急性期反应蛋白,急相反应蛋白acute phase response 急性期反应,急相反应acute toxicity 急性毒性ACV 无环鸟苷acyclic nucleotide 无环核苷酸acycloguanosine 无环鸟苷,9-(2-羟乙氧甲基)鸟嘌呤acyclovir 无环鸟苷acyl 酰基acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白acyl cation 酰(基)正离子acyl chloride 酰氯acyl CoA 脂酰辅酶Aacyl coenzyem A 脂酰辅酶Aacyl fluoride 酰氟acyl halide 酰卤acylamino acid 酰基氨基酸acylase 酰基转移酶acylating agent 酰化剂acylation 酰化acylazide 酰叠氮acylbromide 酰溴acyloin 偶姻acyltransferase 酰基转移酶adamantanamine 金刚烷胺[曾用作抗病毒剂]adamantane 金刚烷adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adapter 衔接头;衔接子adapter protein 衔接蛋白质adaptin 衔接蛋白[衔接网格蛋白与其他蛋白的胞质区]adaptive behavior 适应性行为adaptive enzyme 适应酶adaptive molecule 衔接分子adaptive response 适应反应[大肠杆菌中的DNA修复系统]adaptor 衔接头;衔接子adaxial 近轴的addition 加成addition compound 加成化合物addition haploid 附加单倍体addition line 附加系additive 添加物,添加剂additive effect 加性效应additive genetic variance 加性遗传方差additive recombination 插入重组,加插重组[因DNA插入而引起的基因重组] addressin 地址素[选择蛋白(selectin)的寡糖配体,与淋巴细胞归巢有关] adducin 内收蛋白[一种细胞膜骨架蛋白,可与钙调蛋白结合]adduct 加合物,加成化合物adduct ion 加合离子adenine 腺嘌呤adenine arabinoside 啊糖腺苷adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶adenoma 腺瘤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷,腺苷adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶adenosine diphoshate 腺苷二磷酸adenosine monophosphate 腺苷(一磷)酸adenosine phosphosulfate 腺苷酰硫酸adenosine triphosphatase 腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphate 腺苷三磷酸adenovirus 腺病毒adenylate 腺苷酸;腺苷酸盐、酯、根adenylate cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylate energy charge 腺苷酸能荷adenylate kinase 腺苷酸激酶adenylic acid 腺苷酸adenylyl cyclase 腺苷酸环化酶adenylylation 腺苷酰化adherence 粘着,粘附,粘连;贴壁adherent cell 贴壁细胞;粘着(性)细胞,粘附(性)细胞adherent culture 贴壁培养adhering junction 粘着连接adhesin 粘附素[如见于大肠杆菌]adhesion 吸附,结合,粘合;粘着,粘附,粘连adhesion factor 粘着因子,粘附因子adhesion molecule 粘着分子,粘附分子adhesion plaque 粘着斑adhesion protein 粘着蛋白,吸附蛋白adhesion receptor 粘着受体adhesion zone 粘着带[如见于细菌壁膜之间]adhesive 粘合剂,胶粘剂adhesive glycoprotein 粘着糖蛋白adipic acid 己二酸,肥酸adipocyte 脂肪细胞adipokinetic hormone 脂动激素[见于昆虫]adipose tissue 脂肪组织adjust [动]调节,调整;修正adjustable 可调的adjustable miropipettor 可调微量移液管adjustable spanner 活动扳手adjusted retention time 调整保留时间adjusted retention volume 调整保留体积adjuvant 佐剂adjuvant cytokine 佐剂细胞因子adjuvant peptide 佐剂肽adjuvanticity 佐剂(活)性adoptive immunity 过继免疫adoptive transfer 过继转移ADP ribosylation ADP核糖基化ADP ribosylation factor ADP核糖基化因子ADP ribosyltransferase ADP核糖基转移酶adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenaline 肾上腺素adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素能受体adrenocepter 肾上腺素受体adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质(激)素adrenodoxin 肾上腺皮质铁氧还蛋白adriamycin 阿霉素,亚德里亚霉素adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption catalysis 吸附催化adsorption center 吸附中心adsorption chromatography 吸附层析adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isobar 吸附等压线adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption layer 吸附层adsorption potential 吸附电势adsorption precipitation 吸附沉淀adsorption quantity 吸附量adult diarrhea rotavirus 成人腹泻轮状病毒advanced glycosylation 高级糖基化advanced glycosylation end product 高级糖基化终产物adventitious 不定的,无定形的adverse effect 反效果,副作用aecidiospore 锈孢子,春孢子aeciospore 锈孢子,春孢子aequorin 水母蛋白,水母素aeration 通气aerator 加气仪,加气装置aerial mycelium 气生菌丝体aerobe 需氧菌[利用分子氧进行呼吸产能并维持正常生长繁殖的细菌] aerobic 需氧的aerobic bacteria 需氧(细)菌aerobic cultivation 需氧培养aerobic glycolysis 有氧酵解aerobic metabolism 有氧代谢aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸aerobic waste treatment 需氧废物处理aerobiosis 需氧生活aerogel 气凝胶aerogen 产气菌aerolysin 气单胞菌溶素Aeromonas 气单胞菌属aerosol 气溶胶aerosol gene delivery 气溶胶基因送递aerospray ionization 气喷射离子化作用aerotaxis 趋氧性[(细胞)随环境中氧浓度梯度进行定向运动]aerotolerant bacteria 耐氧菌[不受氧毒害的厌氧菌]aerotropism 向氧性aesculin 七叶苷,七叶灵aetiology 病原学afferent nerve 传入神经affinity 亲和,亲和性affinity adsorbent 亲和吸附剂affinity chromatography 亲和层析affinity coelectrophoresis 亲和共电泳[用于研究DNA结合蛋白]affinity column 亲和柱affinity coupling 亲和偶联affinity electron microscopy 亲和电镜(术)[用亲和配体包被铜网]affinity extraction 亲和提取,亲和萃取affinity filtration 亲和过滤affinity labeling 亲和标记affinity ligand 亲和配体affinity maturation 亲和力成熟[见于体液免疫系统的发育]affinity partitioning 亲和分配affinity precipitation 亲和沉淀affinity purification 亲和纯化(法)affinity tag (附加)亲和标记物aflatoxin 黄曲酶毒素agar 琼脂agar diffusion test 琼脂扩散试验agar gel 琼脂胶agar plate 琼脂平板agar slant 琼脂斜面[固化时斜放的,装有固体培养基的一种试管培养基;也指斜面培养基上生长出的菌苔]agarase 琼脂糖酶agarfitine 伞菌氨酸agaricin 蘑菇素agaricinic acid 蘑菇酸agaropectin 琼脂胶agarose 琼脂糖agarose gel 琼脂糖凝胶agarose gel electrophoresis 琼脂糖凝胶电泳agarose plate 琼脂糖平板age pigment 老年色素agent 剂;介质agglutination 凝集(作用)agglutinin 凝集素agglutinogen 凝集原aggrecan 聚集蛋白聚糖[来自软骨]aggregate 聚集体;凝聚体aggregation 聚集(作用)aggressin 攻击素[细菌分泌的一种有助于侵染宿主细胞的化学物质]aggressivity 攻击力aging 衰老,老化,陈化agitation 振荡,振摇,搅拌agitator 振荡器,搅拌器aglycone 苷元,糖苷配基agonist 兴奋剂,激动剂,刺激物;竞争剂;拮抗剂agranulocyte 无粒细胞agravitropism 无向重力性agretope [抗原]限制位[抗原上识别并结合二类主要组织相容性复合体的部位]agricultural alcohol 农产品(制)酒精agricultural waste 农业废物,农业垃圾agrin 集聚蛋白,集聚素[由运动神经分泌并可诱导肌纤维的乙酰胆碱酯酶和乙酰胆碱受体发生聚集]agrobacteriocin 农杆菌素,土壤杆菌素Agrobacterium 农杆菌属,土壤杆菌属Agrobacterium rhizogenes 毛根农杆菌,毛根土壤杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciems 根癌农杆菌,根瘤土壤杆菌agrochemical 农用化学品[如除草剂,杀虫剂等]agrocin 农杆素[由某些农杆菌所产生并作用于另一些农杆菌的抗生素(不是蛋白质)] agrocinopine 农杆糖酯[一种糖磷酸二酯]agroinfection 农杆菌感染(法)agropine 农杆氨酸,农杆碱[见于毛根]agropinic acid 农杆鸟氨酸,鸟氨农杆碱[见于毛根]air bubble 气泡air drying 风干air filter 空气滤器air monitering 空气监测air peak 空气峰,气泡峰air sterilization 空气除菌airflow 气流airflow meter 气流计airflow moniter 气流显示器,气流监控仪airlift bioreactor 气升式生物反应器airlift fermentation 气升式发酵airlift fermentor 气升式发酵罐airlock 气锁akaryote 无核细胞akinetic chromosome 无着丝粒染色体akinetic fragment 无着丝粒断片akinetic inversion 无着丝粒倒位alamethicin 丙甲甘肽[来自绿色木酶的一种小肽,富含beta氨基异丁酸] alanine 丙氨酸alanine aminotransferase 丙氨酸转氨酶alarm 警报器,定时钟albinism 白化病albizziin 合欢氨酸,脲基丙氨酸albumin 白蛋白,清蛋白alcohol 醇;乙醇alcohol dehydrogenase 醇脱氢酶;乙醇脱氢酶alcoholic fermentation 生醇发酵aldehyde 醛;乙醛aldehyde dehydrogenase 醛脱氢酶aldehyde oxidase 醛氧化酶aldimine 醛亚胺alditol 糖醛aldol 羟醛aldol condensation 羟醛缩合aldolase 醛缩酶aldonic acid 醛糖酸aldose 醛糖aldosterome 醛固醇alduronic acid 糖醛酸aleurome 糊粉aleurome grain 糊粉粒aleurome layer 糊粉层alfalfa mosaic virus 苜蓿花叶病毒alga 藻类(单)algae 藻类algicide 杀藻剂algin 藻胶alginate 藻酸盐alginic acid 藻酸algocyan 藻蓝素algorithm 算法,公式alicyclic amine 脂肪胺alicyclic compound 脂环化合物alicyclic hydrocarbon 脂环烃alignment 顺序;排列;[序列]对比alimentary canal 消化管aliphatic 脂肪族的aliphatic amine alkaloid 脂(肪)族胺(类)生物碱aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物aliquot 小份,等份,等分部分alizarin 茜素alkali 碱,强碱alkali metal 碱金属alkaline 碱的,强碱的alkaline amino acid 碱性氨基酸alkaline denaturation 碱变性法alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline gel electrophoresis 碱性凝胶电泳alkaline hydrolysis 碱水解(作用)alkaline lysis 碱裂解(法)alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶alkaline protein 碱性蛋白质alkaline reserve 碱储备[如血液中的碳酸氢钠]alkalization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkane 烷alkene 烯alkyl 烷基alkylating agent 烷化剂alkylation 烷(基)化alkyne 炔all or none 全或无all or nothing 全或无all transconfiguration 全反构型allantoic acid 尿囊酸allantoin 尿囊素allatostatin 咽侧体抑制素[抑制保幼激素的分泌]allatotropin 促咽侧体素[促进保幼激素的分泌]allele 等位基因allele linkage analysis 等位基因连锁反应allelic complement 等位(基因)互补allelic diversity 等位(基因)多样化allelic exclusion 等位(基因)排斥[一个杂合子表现其任一异型性状的现象,有时特指成熟的B细胞只产生一种抗体而其等位结构不表达]allelic inactivation 等位(基因)失活allelic inclusion 等位(基因)相容allelic replacement 等位(基因)置换allelic variation 等位(基因)变异allelism 等位性allelomorph 等位基因allelomorphism 等位性allelopathic substance 异柱克生物质,异种克生物质allelopathy 异柱克生(现象),异种克生(现象)allergen 变应原allergic 变应性的allergic disease 变应性疾病allergy 变态反应alloantibody 同种抗体alloantigen 同种抗原allodiploid 异源二倍体allodiploidy 异源二倍性allodiplomonosome 异源二倍单体allogenic antigen 同种异型抗原,同种异体抗原allograft 同种异体移植allograft rejection 同种异体移植排斥allogroup 同种异型组allohaploid 异源单倍体alloheteroploid 异源异倍体allophycocyanin 别藻蓝蛋白,别藻蓝素alloploid 异源倍体alloploidy 异源倍性allopolyhaploid 异源多倍单倍体allopolyploid 异源多倍体allopurinol 别嘌呤醇allopurinol nucleotide 别嘌呤醇核苷酸alloreactivity 同种异体反应性allorecognition 同种(异体)识别allose 阿洛糖allosome 异染色体allosteric activation 别构激活,别构活化allosteric activator 别构激活剂,别构活化剂allosteric control 别构调节allosteric effect 别构效应allosteric effector 别构剂allosteric enzyme 别构酶allosteric inbibition 别构抑制allosteric inbibitor 别构抑制剂allosteric interaction 别构作用allosteric ligand 别构配体allosteric protein 别构蛋白allosteric regulation 别构调节allosteric site 别构部位allosteric transition 别构转换[由别构剂所引起的蛋白质构象变化] allosterism 别构,变构allostery 别构性allosynapsis 异源联会allotope 同种异型位allotrope 同素异形体allotrtraploid 异源四倍体allotype 同种异型allotypic antigen 同种异型抗原allotypic determinant 同种异型决定簇allotypic marker 同种异型标记allotypy 同种异型性alloxan 四氧嘧啶allozyme 同种异型酶allyl 烯丙基allyl resin 烯丙基树脂allysine 醛(基)赖氨酸alphavirus 甲病毒属[属于披膜病毒科]alternate segregation 相间分离alternating copolymer 交替共聚物alternating copolymerization 交替共聚合alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 另一种的,交替的,备择的alternative complement pathway 补体旁路alternative pathway of complement 补体旁路(途径)alternative polyadenylation 可变聚腺苷酸化alternative RNA processing 可变RNA加工alternative RNA splicing 可变RNA剪接,旁路RNA剪接alternative splicing 可变剪接,旁路剪接alternative splicing factor 可变剪接因子alternative transcription 可变转录alternative transcription initiation 可变转录起始alternatively spliced mRNA 可变剪接的mRNAaltrose 阿卓糖Alu family Alu家族alum 矾,明矾aluminia 氧化铝,矾土alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质alytensin 产婆蟾(紧张)肽Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病,老年性痴呆amaerobic 厌氧的amalgam 汞齐amalgam electrode 汞齐电极amanin 鹅膏素amanitine 鹅膏毒环肽amantadine 金刚胺amanullin 鹅膏无毒环肽amaryllidaceae alkaloid 石蒜科生物碱amastatin 氨肽酶抑制剂,抑氨肽酶肽amatoxin 鹅膏毒素amber codon 琥珀密码子[即UAA终止密码子]amber mutant 琥珀突变体,琥珀突变型amber mutation 琥珀突变amber suppression 琥珀抑制amber suppressor 琥珀(突变)抑制基因,琥珀(突变)抑制因子Amberlite resin [商]Amberlite树脂,琥石树脂[Rohm&Haas公司离子交换树脂的商品名]ambident 两可的ambident ion 两可离子ambient 周围的ambient temperature 环境温度,室温ambiguous codon 多义密码子ambisense 双义ambisense genome 双义基因组ambisense RNA 双义RNA[同时编码蛋白质的病毒正链与负链RNA]amboceper 双纳体[既有绵羊红细胞结合位点又有补体结合位点的抗体]ambutyrosin 氨丁苷菌素amensalism 偏害共栖American Type Culture Collection 美国模式培养物保藏所amerol 杀草强,氨基三唑Ames test 埃姆斯试验amethopterin 氨甲蝶呤amicetin 友菌素amicillin resistance 氨苄青霉素抗性amidase 酰胺酶amidated peptide 酰胺(化)肽amide 酰胺amidine 脒amido black 酰胺黑[可用于蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的染色]amido bond 酰胺键amido link 酰胺键amido linkage 酰胺键amidomycin 胺霉素amidotrizoate 3,5-双乙酰氨基-2,4,6-三碘苯甲酸盐amiloride 氨氯吡嗪脒[利尿药]amination 氨基化amine 胺amine bormones 胺类激素amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system 胺前体摄取(和)脱羧系统,APUD 系统[可提取胺前体并进行脱羧而产生肽类或活性胺的细胞系统]amine transporter 胺转运蛋白Aminex resin [商]Aminex树脂[Bio-Rad公司离子交换树脂的商品名,一类HPLC级球形介质,是带功能基的苯乙烯—二乙烯苯共聚物]amino 氨基amino acid arm 氨基酸臂[位于tRNA上]amino acid frequency 氨基酸(使用)频率amino acid preference 氨基酸偏爱性amino acid residue 氨基酸残基amino acid residue contact 氨基酸残基接触(面)amino acid transport 氨基酸转运amino acid transporter 氨基酸转运蛋白amino acid usage 氨基酸使用amino alkyl indole 氨烷基吲哚amino alkyl phosphoramidite 氨烷基亚磷酰胺amino nigrogen 氨基氮aminoacyl 氨酰基aminoacyl esterase 氨酰酯酶aminoacyl phosphatidylglycerol 氨酰磷脂酰甘油aminoacyl site 氨酰基位aminoacyl tRNA 氨酰tRNAaminoacylation 氨酰化aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯甲酸aminocephalosporinic acid 氨基头孢菌酸aminoethyl 氨乙基aminoethyl mercaptan 氨乙基硫醇,巯基乙胺aminoglucose 氨基葡糖aminoglycoside antibiotics 氨基糖苷(类)抗生素aminoglycoside phosphotransferase 氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶aminoguanidine 氨基胍aminolink 氨基连接臂[例如附于合成寡核苷酸的5'端,便于与其他配体偶联]aminolysis 氨解aminomycin 氨基霉素,缬氨霉素aminooimidazole 氨基咪唑aminopenicillanic acid 氨基青酶烷酸aminopeptidase 氨肽酶aminophylline 氨茶碱aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopurine 氨基嘌呤aminotransferase 氨基转移酶,转氨酶aminotriazole 氨基三唑,杀草强amiodarone 乙胺碘呋酮amitosis 无丝分裂amixis 无融合ammonia 氨ammonification 氨化(作用)ammonio 铵基ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵,氨水ammonium persulfate 过硫酸氨ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfate fractionation 硫酸铵分级分离ammonium sulfate precipitation 硫酸铵沉淀ammonotelism 排氨型代谢amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺(术)amnion 羊膜amniota 羊膜动物amoeba 变形虫,阿米巴amoeboid movement 变形运动amorphous material 无定形物,非晶态amphi position 远位amphiastral mitosis 双星有丝分裂amphibia 两栖纲amphibivalent 双二价体amphibolic pathway 两用代谢途径[即可用于代谢物分解又可用于合成] amphidiploid 双二倍体amphidiploidy 双二倍性amphigenesis 两性生殖amphiglycan 双栖蛋白聚糖[同时见于上皮及成纤维细胞] amphihaploidy 双倍体amphimixix 两性融合amphion 两性离子amphipathic 两亲的amphipathicity 两亲性amphipathy 两亲性amphiphilic 两亲的amphiphilicity 两亲性[一个分子中一部分亲水,另一部分疏水] amphipolyploid 双多倍体amphipolyploidy 双多倍性amphiprotic 两性的amphiregulin 双调蛋白[与EGF家族同源的一种双功能生长调节蛋白]amphitrophy 兼性营养amphivalency 异配现象[用于配位化学]ampholine [商]两性电解质Ampholine[Pharmacia公司商品,可用于等电聚焦]ampholyte 两性物,两性电解质ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric character 兼性性质amphoteric characteristics 兼性性质[兼有酸碱性或正负电贺]amphoteric colloid 兼性胶体amphoteric emulsifier 兼性乳化剂,两性乳化剂amphoteric ion 兼性离子amphotericin 两性霉素amphoterics 兼性表面活性剂amphotropic retrovirus 兼嗜性逆转录病毒,双嗜性逆转录病毒[既能在宿主细胞又能在异种细胞上引起产毒性感染]ampicillin 氨苄青霉素amplicon 扩增子amplification 扩增amplimer 扩增引物ampoule 安瓿瓶amycin 阿霉素amygdalin 扁桃苷,苦杏仁苷amylase 淀粉酶[包括糖化酶和麦芽糖化酶]amylin 糊精amylo process 阿明露法,淀粉发酵法,霉菌糖化法[由根酶及酵母菌同时生长糖化,发酵生产酒精]amylodextrin 极限糊精amyloglucosidase 淀粉葡糖苷酶amyloid protein precursor 淀粉样蛋白前体amyloid ring 淀粉质环amylolytic activity 淀粉分解活性amylopectin 支链淀粉amyloplast 造粉(质)体amyloplastid 造粉粒amylose 直链淀粉anabolism 合成代谢anaerobe 厌氧菌[缺乏超氧化物岐化酶,须在无氧或低氧化还原电势的条件下才能正常生长繁殖的微生物]anaerobic bacteria 厌氧细菌anaerobic chamber 厌氧培养室anaerobic contact digestor 厌氧接触(型)消化器anaerobic cultivation 厌氧培养anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化anaerobic fermentation 厌氧发酵anaerobic filter system 厌氧过滤系统anaerobic membrane bioreactor 厌氧膜生物反应器anaerobiosis 厌氧生活,无氧生活anaerogen 不产气菌anaeroic digestor 厌氧消化器analgesic 止痛药analgesis 镇痛analog 类似物analogous 类似的,模拟的analogous organ 同功器官analogous protein 类似蛋白质[有时特指由趋同进化而产生的相似蛋白] analogue 类似物analogy 模拟,类似analogy model 模拟模型analyte 分析物analytical 分析的analytical chromatography 分析型层析analytical column 分析柱analytical reagent 分析纯试剂anaphase [细胞分裂]后期anaphylactic 过敏性的anaphylactic reaction 过敏反应anaphylatoxin 过敏毒素anaphylaxis 过敏性,过敏(反应)anaplerotic reaction 添补反应anastral mitosis 无星有丝分裂ancestor 祖先,始祖ancestry 祖先,始祖anchimeric assistance 邻助作用anchor 锚anchor catalyst 锚定催化剂anchor primer 锚定引物anchorage 固着,锚定anchored PCR 锚式聚合酶链(式)反应,锚式PCRanchorin 锚定蛋白anchoring 锚着,锚定ancovenin 血管紧张肽转化酶抑制肽androcyte 雄(母)细胞androecium 雄蕊群androgamete 雄配子androgen 雄激素androgen binding protein 雄激素结合蛋白androgenesis 孤雄发育,单雄生殖,雄核发育androgenetic parthenogenesis 产雄孤雌生殖androgonium 雄原细胞androgynism 雌雄同柱,雌雄同体andromedotoxin 梫木毒素andrometoxin 雄核卵块发育androplasm 雄质androsome 限雄染色体androspore 产雄孢子;小孢子androsterone 雄酮anemia 贫血anemoentomophily 风虫媒anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophilous pollination 风媒传粉anemophily 风媒anergy 无反应性[用于细胞免疫学] anesthesia 麻醉aneucentric chromosome 非单着丝粒染色体aneuhaploid 非整倍单倍体aneuhaploidy 非整倍单倍性aneuploid 非整倍性aneuploid cell line 非整倍体细胞系aneuploidy 非整倍性angiogenesis factor 血管生成因子angiogenin 血管生成素angioplasty 血管成形术[可用于基因转移] angiosperm 被子植物angiotensin 血管紧张肽angiotensinase 血管紧张肽酶angiotensinogen 血管紧张肽原angle rotor 角转头angstrom 埃anguidin 蛇形毒素angular methyl 角甲基anhydrase 脱水酶anhydride 酸酐anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acetonitrile 无水乙腈aniline 苯胺aniline blue 苯胺蓝animal cell line 动物细胞系anion 阴离子anion base 阴离子碱anion channel 阴离子通道anion respiration 阴离子呼吸anionic acid 阴离子酸anionic detergent 阴离子(型)去污剂anisodamine 山莨菪anisodine 樟柳碱anisogamete 异型配子anisogamy 异配生殖anisol 苯甲醚anisomorphic DNA 异形DNAanisomycin 茴香霉素anisopolyploid 奇(数)多倍体anisospore 异形孢子anisotropic 各向异性的anisotropic membrane 各向异性膜anisotropy 各向异性[物理参数随方向的变化而变化]anitbacterial immunization 抗(细)菌免疫ankyrin 锚蛋白ankyrin repeat 锚蛋白重复序列anlage 原基annealing 退火Annelita 环节动物门annexin 膜联蛋白[一类被钙离子活化后可与膜磷脂结合的蛋白,参与膜转运及膜表面其他一系列依赖于钙调蛋白的活动,分为I II III等多种。
生物化学专业术语英文解释

Active center. 活性中心A specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. Many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.Adenylyl cyclase. 腺苷酸环化酶An enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic AMP from ATP in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.Alanine-glucose cycle. 丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环A cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.albumin. 清蛋白Albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. Another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.Allosteric enzyme. 变构酶Allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of allosteric effectors at an allosteric site. Allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an eff ect on enzymes.Allosteric regulation. 变构调节A type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. Allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. 氨基酰tRNA合成酶The enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific tRNA.Anticodon. 反密码子The template-recognition site on tRNA is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mRNA.Apoprotein. 载脂蛋白The protein moiety of a lipoprotein. They mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.Apoptosis. 细胞凋亡Programmed cell death. The programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. Typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. One or more endonucleases degrade DNA, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete DNA fragment on electrophoresis.Bile salts. 胆汁酸盐Salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. Since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the pH is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”Biotin. 生物素A cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. Most enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent addition of CO2 to a substrate (like acetyl-CoA carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.Calcitonin. 降钙素A 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. The dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. The hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of PTH-mediated calcium resorption.Calcium-binding protein. 钙结合蛋白1,25(OH)2-D3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mRNA that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “Calbindin”. Three distinct vitamin D-induced “Calbindin” have been isolated. Two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.Calmodulin. 钙调蛋白A ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. The binding of Ca2+ tomultiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. Activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.cAMP. 环化腺苷一磷酸Second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Increased cAMP levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. Increases in the cAMP concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.cAMP-dependent protein kinase,PKA. 依赖cAMP的蛋白激酶Most effects of cyclic AMP in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. This key enzyme is called protein kinase A or cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.Capping. 帽子生成Putting a 7-meth ylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mRNA molecule. Capping is involved in the recognition of mRNA and may increase the stability of the RNA by preventing the attack of 5’exonucleases.Carnitine shuttle. 肉碱穿梭Gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. Fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to make fatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. Once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to CoA and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.Catabolic pathway.分解代谢途径Degradative metabolism. Catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.Catabolic repression. 分解代谢阻遏Catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.Catabolite gene activator protein, CAP. 分解(代谢)物基因激活蛋白A cAMP-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. It consists of two subunits, each of which contains a DNA-binding domain and a cAMP binding domain.cDNA library. cDNA文库A library is a collection of recombinant clones. cDNA library represents the population of mRNA in a tissue. See also cDNA. cDNA. 互补DNAComplementary DNA. cDNA copies from a population of cytoplasmic mRNA using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cDNA single strands to double-stranded DNA. The reverse transcriptase copies RNA templates into DNA-RNA hybrids. After the RNA in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded DNA may be produced by DNA polymerase. cDNA is a copy of an mRNA so that it contains only the exon sequences.cis-acting element. 顺式作用元件This word described the regulatory interactions between two DNA sequences on the same gene. An enhancer or repressor sequence in the DNA is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.cistron. 顺反子A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.Clone. 克隆Group of cells or sequences of DNA that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.Coding strand. 编码链The coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as that of the RNA transcript except for T in place of U. It is so-called because it matches the RNA transcript that encodes the protein. The coding strand is also known as the sense strand.codon. 密码子Each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mRNA sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.Coenzyme. 辅酶A molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. The coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groupsthat are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.Competitive inhibition. 竞争性抑制Substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and result in raising the apparent Km for the substrate.. In competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.Configuration. 构型The stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.Conformation. 构象Differences in rotation around bonds. The conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.Conjugated bilirubin. 结合胆红素Adding glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin. Hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.Cosmid vector. 柯斯质粒载体A special class o f artificially constructed E.coli plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.Creatine kinase. 肌酸激酶Kinases incorporate phosphate from ATP into the substrate. Creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.de novo synthesis. 从头合成Biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.degenerate. 简并More than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.Denaturation. 变性Destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, DNA, or RNA molecule.DNA damage. DNA损伤DNA damage is that changes in the DNA sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens,which alters one or more nucleotides in DNA.DNA polymerase. DNA聚合酶The principal synthetic enzyme, DNA polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing add ition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phosphates to the primer 3’ends. Synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.DNA Replication. DNA复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Domain. 结构域Some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. These compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s structures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.Effector. 效应剂A class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. The binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.Enhancer. 增强子The sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. Enhancers have no promoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.Enterohepatic circulation. 肠肝循环The primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. The secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) . 表皮生长因子Epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Essential amino acid. 必需氨基酸The amino acids that humans can not synthesize. The human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.exon. 外显子Regions that are retained in the mature RNA.FAD. 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. FAD is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions.Fat. 脂肪Mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. The adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. The fatty acids are then transported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.Feedback inhibition . 反馈抑制Feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.Ferritin. 铁蛋白Intracellular form of iron storage. It stores iron that can be used as condition requires.FH4. 四氢叶酸Tetrahydrofolate. A reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.Gene. 基因A stretch of DNA that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron. Also see cistron.Genome. 基因组Total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.Genomic DNA library. 基因组DNA文库Fragments of DNA from the genome of some organism. They are prepared from the total DNA of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total DNA with a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA frequently. It contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in DNA.Glucogenic amino acid. 生糖氨基酸The amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.Gluconeogenesis. 糖异生Making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. The term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.Glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle. a-磷酸甘油穿梭Get electron from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 2 ATPs can be made by oxidation of the NADH. The enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chain via a flavoprotein.Glycolysis. 酵解Metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. In the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.Gout. 痛风It is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. Though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT), it is not sole cause of the disease.Growth factor. 生长因子Small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. The factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. Examples of secreted cytokines are EGF (epidermal growth factor), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.Guide RNA. 指导RNAGuide RNA is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mRNA.Hairpin structure. 发夹结构A double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of DNA or RNA.Helicase. 解链酶An enzyme whose activity involved in DNA replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.Heme. 血红素A cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. Heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. Heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome P450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site. Hemoglobin. 血红蛋白Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.Hexokinase. 己糖激酶Responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.hnRNA. 不均一核内RNAHeterogeneous nuclear RNA. They are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mRNA, which has both the intron and exon sequences.Hormone response element, HRE. 激素反应元件A specific DNA sequences capable of binding activated receptors. These elements regulate the gene expression. Both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through HREs, but the initial reactions are different.Housekeeping gene. 管家基因The genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.Induction. 诱导Synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. For example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.Intron. 内含子The mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. The primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mRNA. Regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.Isoelectric point. 等电点The pH at which a molecule has a net zero charge.Isomerase. 异构酶An enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.Isozyme. 同工酶Distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. Separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.Jaundice. 黄疸When bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues,which then became yellow. The condition is called jaundice.Ketogenic amino acid. 生酮氨基酸An amino acid that yields only acetyl-CoA. They can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.Ketone bodies. 酮体Acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. At high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. The former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone. Ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.Km. 米氏常数If an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the Km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.Ligase. 连接酶A ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of DNA covalently. DNA ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.Lipids. 脂类Lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth. It is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.Malate-Aspartate shuttle. 苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭Gets electrons from cytoplasmic NADH into the mitochondria so that 3 ATPs can be produced by oxidation of the NADH.Mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( MAPK). 有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.Messenger RNA (mRNA). 信使RNAThe RNA in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. The primary RNA transcript is processed to mRNA by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.NAD+-NADH. 辅酶INicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADH is an electron carrier. NAD+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three ATPs and H2O.Nicotinic acid. 尼克酸A vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of NAD+ and NADP+. Dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. Humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan. Non-competitive inhibition. 非竞争性抑制In non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal Km.Nucleosides. 核苷A nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose. Nucleotides. 核苷酸A nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. Phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.Okazaki fragment. 冈崎片段The short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by DNA ligase, are called Okazaki fragment after their discoverer. Oncogene. 癌基因Oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. Many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.Operator. 操纵序列The operator is a DNA segment adjacent to the structural genes. The binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.Operon. 操纵子A collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the DNA. This arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed fora common job. It should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.Osteomalacia. 软骨病Osteomalacia is caused by vitamin D deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.Oxidation. 氧化When something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. With removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. So oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.Oxidative phosphorylation. 氧化磷酸化The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.Parathyroid hormone (PTH) . 甲状旁腺素Parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. The biological actions of PTH are related to regulate calcium metabolism.Pentose phosphate pathway. 磷酸戊糖途径An alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. The pathway generates both NADPH for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.Peptide bond. 肽键The bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.Phospholipase C. 磷脂酶CThe activation of the phospholipase C is mediated by G protein. The active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase C. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.Plasmid. 质粒Independently replicating circular pieces of DNA whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.Platelet-derived growth factor. 血小板源生长因子Platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells. Also see “growth factor”.Point mutation. 点突变It is cause by a single base change of DNA gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger RNA, a structural abnormality of gene expression.Polycistronic mRNA. 多顺反子mRNAA single mRNA that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mRNA, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.Polypeptide chain. 多肽链Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, i.e. N-terminal and C-terminal respectively.Polyribosome. 多核糖体An mRNA molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. Many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA simultaneously.Primary transcript. 初级转录本Primary transcript is the original unmodified RNA product corresponding to a transcription unit.Primase. 引物酶Primase catalyzes polymerization of ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form RNA primers. The sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of DNA and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.Promoter. 启动子Promoter is a region of DNA involved in binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.Prosthetic group. 辅基Many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. Such a unit is called aprosthetic group.Protease. 蛋白酶An enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. Most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.Proto-oncogene. 原癌基因Normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. These genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.Pyridoxal phosphate. 磷酸吡多醛All transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. The important functional groups of the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a Schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination. Rate-limiting enzyme. 限速酶Enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.Receptor. 受体All of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.Recombinant DNA. 重组DNAInformation exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal DNA. Recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.Reduction. 还原Chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. It follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.Replication. 复制Generation of a new copy of double-stranded DNA from a parental DNA molecule.Residue. 残基In a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.Respiratory chain. 呼吸链Exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. The respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.Restriction endonuclease. 限制性内切核酸酶The classes of endonucleases cut DNA at specific DNA sequences within the molecule.Reverse transcriptase. 反转录酶An RNA-directed DNA polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making DNA complementary to an RNA.Reverse transcription. 反转录RNA-directed synthesis of DNA, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.Ribosomes. 核糖体Complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. Translation of mRNA occurs on it.Ribozyme. 核酶A class of RNAs that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. These catalytic RNAs catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in RNAs and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mRNA. Rickets. 佝偻病Vitamin D deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.RNA editing. RNA 编辑The information content of some mRNA is altered following transcription by process other than RNA splicing.RNA Polymerase. RNA聚合酶RNA Polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template.rRNA. 核蛋白体rRNARibosomal RNA. Structural components of ribosomes. There are several discrete size classes of rRNA, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and28S in eucaryotic cells.S-adenosyl methionine, SAM. S腺苷蛋氨酸SAM is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-THF and homocysteine by a vitamin B12-dependent reaction.Salting out. 盐析The solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”. It can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.Salvage pathway. 补救合成途径The pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with PRPP and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. Corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using NADPH as the reducing agent.Semiconservative replication. 半保留复制DNA replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, i.e., one of the strands of each daughter DNA molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent DNA molecule.Sigma factor. σ因子Sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase needed for initiation. It is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).Signal transduction. 信号转导The process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response. For example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.snRNA. 小核RNASmall nuclear RNA. They have roles in RNA processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.Splicing. 剪接Splicing describes the removal of introns and joining of exons in RNA; thus introns are spliced out, while exons are spliced together.Substrate. 底物Reagent in a catalytic reaction by an enzyme.Synthase. 合酶A synthase is an enzyme that makes somet hing but doesn’t directly require the hydrolysis of ATP to do it.Synthetase. 合成酶A synthetase requires the hydrolysis of ATP to make the reaction go.Telomere. 端粒Specialized structure at the ends of chromosomes that allows replication of the extreme 5’ ends of the DNA without loss of genetic information.Template strand. 模板链The template strand, also known as the antisense strand, is one strand that the genetic information resides in the sequence of nucleotides in the double-stranded DNA molecules. This is the strand of DNA that is copied during nucleic acid synthesis. Terminator. 终止子Terminator is a sequence of DNA , represented at the end of the transcript, that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription.Thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP. 焦磷酸硫胺素It is derived from the vitamin thiamine, which is required for decarboxylation of a-keto acids and also involved in some transfer reactions of aldehyde derivatives.Topoisomerase. 拓扑异构酶Enzymes that catalyze topologic changes of DNA are called topoisomerases, which can relax or insert supercoils.。
(完整版)生物化学专业英语单词

(完整版)生物化学专业英语单词单词表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Gram-positive 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层(膜)Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degradation 降解Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles 类囊体photosynthesis 光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体T etrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构Secondary structure 二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate 旋转trans configuration 顺式构象disulfide bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force 静电力salt bridge 盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice 缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic 治疗的Collagen 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon 腱Cartilage 软骨blood vessel 血管mammal 哺乳动物fibrous 纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol 2-巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomerase 异构酶Ligase 连接酶Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素。
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第十九章氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化——第三部分郭雪飞学号:201400140095 19.7光的吸收可见光是指电磁波谱中波长在400nm到700nm之间的光波,是从红光到紫光,它仅占整个电磁波谱的一小部分(图19.39)。
紫光末端的光子(光的量子)的能量要比红光末端的能量更高、波长更短、频率更高。
可见光的1摩尔光子(1爱因斯坦=61023个光子)的能量是170千焦到300千焦。
它可以有下面的普朗克方程式得到:E=hv,(其中h是普朗克常数(6.6261034J),v是光的波长)。
这些能量的数量级要比由ADP和磷酸合成ATP所需要的30到50kJ的能量更大。
当一个光子被吸收之后,光和色素(发色团)中的一个电子将会被释放到一个更高的能量级中。
这是一个偶联的过程,一个还有能量的光子被吸收后,就一定会促使电子转换。
吸收光子后的分子处于一个活跃的状态,这时的分子是极不稳定的。
一个被激发到高能量级的分子将会迅速滑落到低能量级上,激发态的分子也会衰退到稳定的基态,量子携带的能量将会被用于发光、发热或者是用于化学反应。
伴随着受激分子的衰退,也就是荧光而发射的光要比吸收时的光的波长要长,也就是能量较小(看表格12.2)。
在光合作用中一种重要的光衰退方式是将能量从激发态分子到临近分子的直接输入。
就想光子是光能的量子,这个激子是从激发态分子到临近分子转移能量的量子,这个转移过程我们成为激子转移。
叶绿素吸收光能进行光合作用类囊体膜上最重要的吸光色素是叶绿素。
它是一种类似血红蛋白中原卟啉的多环平面结构(见图5.1),只不过是处于中间位置的不是铁离子而是镁离子 (图19-40)。
叶绿素中有四个内取向的氮原子与Mg2协调配合。
所有叶绿素都有一条很长的叶绿醇侧链,它的羟基被四吡咯环上的羧基取代基酯化,叶绿素中也存在亚铁血红素中不存在的环状结构。
围绕在镁离子周围的杂五环系统能扩展成单键和双键交替出现的多烯结构。
这种多烯式结构决定了叶绿素在光谱的可见光区域具有强烈的吸光度(图19-41)。
叶绿素具有异常高的摩尔消光系数,因此特别适合于吸收在光合作用中的可见光。
叶绿体总是包含叶绿素a和叶绿素b(图19-40a)。
虽然都是绿色的,其吸收光谱却极为不同(图19-41)。
它们两者对于可见光的吸收恰好相互补充、相得益彰。
大多数植物包含的叶绿素a是叶绿素b 的两倍。
藻类和光合细菌的色素(叶绿素)与植物色素稍有不同。
叶绿素总是与特定的结合蛋白相互关联,形成捕光复合物(LHC)。
叶绿素、蛋白质、类囊体膜都有特定的结合模式。
获光复合物的详细的结构可以通过x射线衍射晶体学获得(图19-42)。
它包含七分子叶绿素a、五分子叶绿素b和两分子的辅助色素叶黄素(见下文)。
蓝细菌和红藻将藻红素、藻青素这样的藻胆色素最为它们自己的光和色素。
它们的开链四吡咯也能延伸成多烯结构,不过没有了环状结构和中心镁离子。
藻胆色素以特定的共价键与蛋白质相连形成藻胆蛋白,这是一个高度有序结合的蛋白复合物(图19-13),它组成了微生物中最主要的光捕获结构。
辅助色素可以扩展光的吸收范围除了叶绿素以外,叶绿体的类囊体薄膜上还有次级色素或者是辅助色素,比如类胡萝卜素。
类胡萝卜素可以是红色的、橙色的,也有可能是黄色的,其中最重要的是橙红色的胡萝卜素(类异戊二烯)和黄色的叶黄素(图19-40中的cd)。
类胡萝卜素可以吸收叶绿素不能吸收的波长的光,因此它是一种补充性质的光受体。
在促进光合作用的过程中对于不同颜色的光的吸收效率可以通过实验测定,制成吸收光谱,这对识别促使某种化学反应的色素种类十分有效。
通过捕捉光谱中不能被其他生物利用的光,这个生物需要一个独特的生态位。
比如蓝细菌和红藻中的藻胆色素可以吸收520到630nm的光,这种物质可以使它们占据更长或更短的波长的光已经被上层的其他生物或者是水本身吸收后的生态位。
叶绿体通过激子转换将吸收的能量转移到反应中心类囊体膜或者是细菌细胞膜上的叶绿素排列成一个个为光系统的功能集团。
比如在菠菜的叶绿体中,每一个光系统会含有200分子的叶绿素和50分子的类胡萝卜素。
一个光系统中的所有色素分子都可以吸收光子,但是只有几个结合在光系统中心的叶绿素分子才会有将光能装化为化学能的能力。
光系统中的其他色素分子成为捕光分子或者是天线分子,因为他们只能负责捕获光能然后运输到光系统中心。
捕光复合物中的叶绿素分子与那些自由存在的叶绿素分子在光吸收性质上稍有差别。
当分离的叶绿体分子在体外收到光的刺激时,吸收的能量很快以荧光火热的形式释放,但是在完整叶片中的叶绿素分子收到可见光的刺激时(19-43)很少能观察到荧光的产生。
相反,激发后的天线叶绿素分子能将能量直接传递给一个临近的叶绿素分子(2),当第一个分子回到基态时,后者就变成了激发态分子,这种能量传递我们称为激子转移,它可以继续连续到第三个、第四个,直到光反应中心的特殊的叶绿素a被激活为止。
在这个受激活的叶绿素分子中,一个电子被推到更高能级的轨道上,然后将该电子传给作为电子传递连一部分的临近电子受体,在叶绿素上留下一个空轨道(4)。
在这个传递过程中电子受体获得一个负电荷,反应中心的叶绿体失去一个电子,并被临近电子供体的一个电子所补充(5),后者因此携带正电荷。
通过这种方式,由关所引起的激发导致电荷分离,并开启了一个电子传递链。
第十九章第七节总结绿色植物叶绿体的光和磷酸化以及蓝细菌都会涉及到借助一系列膜电子载体的电子传递过程。
在绿色植物光反应的过程中,对光子的吸收会激发叶绿素分子和其他色素分子将能量转移到类囊体薄膜上的化学反应中心。
在反应中心中,光子激发可以导致电荷分离,从而产生一个电子供体和一个电子受体。
19.8中心的光化学反应——光驱动的电子流光合作用过程中光驱动的电子移动是通过类囊体薄膜上的酶系统来实现的。
现在关于光合作用机制的研究是针对细菌和蓝藻的研究来综合确立的。
对细菌光合作用复合体分子结构的测定(X射线衍射)使我们对光合作用中发生的分子事件有了深刻的了解。
细菌具有两类关化学反应中心中的一种对光和系统的研究的一种实在1952年发现的。
Louis发现了一种紫色细菌在特定波长的照射下导致了在同一波长下的光吸收的较少。
我们说被减退了。
后来,kok和witt的研究表明,680纳米和700nm的光也可以发挥类似的效用。
除此之外,加入非生物来源的电子受体Fe(CN)6]3_也会引起这种效应。
因此,色素的漂白是由于光化学反应中心的一个电子的失去导致的。
根据这些色素的漂白波长命名为p870、P680、P700。
光合细菌具有相对简单的光传导装置。
一种类型是将电子通过脱镁叶绿素传递给醌。
另一种是将电子通过醌传递给铁硫还蛋白。
蓝细菌和高等植物具有两种类型的光系统,他们串连在一起发挥作用。
对细菌光传导的装置的生物化学和生物物理研究揭示了反应中心的许多分子细节。
因此,这些细菌系统充当了高等植物中更为复杂的光传导装置。
细菌脱硫叶绿素—醌反应中心紫细菌中的光合作用细苗中的光合作用系统是由3个部分所组成的。
这3个部分:一个单一的反应中心(P870)、一个类似的于线粒体电子传递链中复合体三的细胞色素bc1电子传递链复合体和一个也很类似的线粒体的ATP合成酶。
光照驱动电子通过脱镁叶绿素和醌传到细胞色素bc1复合体;穿过该复合物之后,电子流过细胞色素c2返回到反应中心,回复到光照前的位置。
这个光驱动的循环式电子流为细胞色素bc1复合体泵送质子提供能量。
在所产生的质子梯度提供能量的情况下,ATP合酶分子催化ATP的合成,这与线粒体中所发生的完全一样。
通过X射线晶体学方法测出的紫细菌(绿色红假单包菌和球形红细菌)反应中心的三维机构为阐明光传导在细菌脱镁叶绿素反应中心如何发生解释了清楚。
绿色红假单胞菌的反应中心是一种大的蛋白质复合体,含有4种多肽链亚基和13种辅助因子。
图19-45b中所显示的电子按照顺序的快速转移是通过对细菌脱镁叶绿素-醌反应中心的物理学研究而阐明的,应用的方法是以光的短暂闪烁来激发光传递以及利用一系列的光谱学技术跟踪电子通过几种不同的载体的过程。
一对细菌叶绿素“特别对”是细菌反应中心的原初光化学反应化学位点。
由围绕反应中心周围的许多天线叶绿素分子中的一个叶绿素分子吸收一个光子所产生的能量通过激子转移传递给细菌的叶绿素a。
当这两个叶绿素分子一起吸收光子的时候,其中一个不再与电子结合松散,这一对电子就会闯过临近的叶绿素到达脱镁叶绿素分子。
这样的话可以产生两个自由基,一个带正电荷,一个带负电荷。
这之后细菌脱镁叶绿素将他的电子传递给一个紧密结合的醌分子,就会形成一个醌自由基,这个自由基将剩下的电子传递给第二个松散结合的醌分子。
经过两次的电子传递,就形成了QBH2,在磷脂双分子层中自由扩散,离开反应中心:QBH2的化学键中蕴含着光子激发P870的部分能量,他进入到分散的膜中,然后西东到细胞色素bc1复合体。
就像线粒体中的同源复合物一样,紫细菌的细胞色素bc1复合体将电子从一个苯醌供体传递一个电子受体,同时利用电子传递释放的能量泵送质子跨国细胞膜,产生一种质子驱动力,电子流经这个复合体的传递与电子流经过线粒体复合体三的路径是比较相似的。
紫细菌的最终电子受体是少一个电子的p780,然后流经极性细胞色素分子。
电子传递的过程完成了整个循环,是反应中心又回复到不漂白的状态,重新做好了从天线分子吸收另一个光子的准备。
铁硫反应中心绿硫细菌的光合作用有与紫细菌相同的3个组成成分,但是二者存在差异在几个方面。
这种类型的光合作用过程包含更多的酶促反应。
激子引起一个电子从反应中心经由一个苯醌电子载体转移到细胞色素bc1复合体。
电子流经过这一复合体的过程就是质子运输提供了动力,产生了用于ATP合成的质子驱动力。
这与紫细菌是一样的。
但是,与紫细菌不同的是,一些电子从反应中心流向一种铁硫蛋白——铁氧还蛋白,然后这种蛋白质可以将电子传递给NAD+的电子被硫化氢氧化成硫酸释放的电子补充,这是一个用以界定绿硫细菌的反应。
细菌中的硫化氢的这种氧化在化学上与高等植物中水的氧化是相似的。
防止内部转变导致能量散失的动力学和热力学因素反应中心复杂的结构是使光合作用更加有效的主要手段。
激发态原则上可以通过内部转变而衰减到基态,这是一个非常快速的过程,在这个过程中所吸收的光子的能量被变为热能。
反应中心能够防止这种变化导致的无效循环。
反应中心的蛋白质将细菌叶绿素、细菌脱镁叶绿素和苯醌以一定的顺序结构固定在一起。
因此在这些组分之间的光化学反应实际上就是一个固定的,这就是反应高效和快速的原因。
激子从天线色素带反应的中心特殊叶绿素对的传递效率大于90%。
在p870的3ps时间内的激发态,细菌脱镁叶绿素接受一个电子成为带负电的自由基。
200ps时间后,电子到达QB。