GRE作文Argument万能模板教学文稿

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GRE写作argue高分模版

开头：(1)It seems that, at first sight, the author’s reasoning is logical to leadto the proposal/recommendation/prediction/assertion that…(2)However, careful scrutiny of the argument reveals that some assumptionsthis argument depends on are problematic (the evidence this argument contains is inadequate) (additional questions need to be asked in order to fullyevaluate this argument) (some alternative explanations also need to beconsidered).(3)Unless the author could provide more accurate information or criticalevidence, this argument will not be convincing enough to reach its conclusion.替换词：作者author/writer/speaker/arguer/“title”文章argument/editorial/article建议suggest/advise/advocate/recommend/propose预测predict/project/forecast/foresee/expect/anticipate承接Therefore/thus/hence/so/consequently/clearly/moreover/furthermore/besides表明show/imply/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate/point out声称assert/allege/state/claim/contend/maintain声明 assertion/statement/claim/implication/indication/illustration/demonstration证实prove/substantiate/corroborate支持 support/bolster可信度validity/credibility/reliability/feasibility推断 infer/deduce/suggest草率的，鲁莽的 hasty/rash/reckless值得怀疑的，没有说服力的unsubstantiated/unconvincing/unpersuasive/unfounded/unwarranted/suspicious/unreliable /groundless/suspectable/doubtable/questionable/problematic/specious1. 类比 (5, 7, 13)(1) Indicating that … (措施在某地或某公司取得了成功), the author implies that … (该措施在另一地也会成功)(2) This comparison between the two areas/companies/towns (analogy), however, might not be very reasonable on the grounds that the circumstances facing the two areas might be very different.(3) …(列举两者之间可能不同的状况) all might influence the effectiveness of …(措施) at the two places.(4) Therefore, the deduction that the success of …(措施) can be definitely achieved at (另一地) is groundless and unreliable.2. 绝对与相对数量(1) The author mentions … (绝对数量) to illustrate that …, but the author does not address… (总数)(2) If … (总数很大/很小), … (绝对数量) would not seem to be surprisingly high/low.(3)The arguer needs to provide more specific statistics regarding the ratio of… (相对数量)(4) Such data would be of much more value in comparing the relative amounts of…3. 没发现不代表没有(1) The argument treats a lack of proof that … (某事物) had ever been found as sufficient evidence that… (某事物) never existed.(2) One possibility is that… which makes it extremely hard to find trace of the existence of… (某事物) It is also likely that current research methods and technologies are not yet advanced enough to identify(detect) potential evidenceinvol ving the possible existence of …(某事物)(3) Also, if researchers could find … (其他事物), these objects might be used as secondhand evidence to infer that …(某事物) once existed.4. 质疑权威性The author’s citation of … could no t lend strong support to this argument, since the authority (accuracy) of … is questionable. … … Apparently, the author should address more background information about… in order to prove that … are just and objective. Otherwise the claim of … would be dubious.段首句：1.One of the underlying assum ptions that needs evaluation is that…2.The author also hastily assumes that…3.Building upon the implication(assumption) that…通用句型：1.… could not lend strong support to the arguer’s claim/propos al2.The argument treats a lack of proof that…was found as sufficient evidencethat… (没发现不代表没有)3.The arguer fails to convince us that…4.All of these different factors need to be taken into consideration beforemaking an assertion that…5.Without evidence that…, the author’s claim that … is dubious at best.6.The claim that… lacks credibility if the author fails to prove…7.To (further) bolster the editorial’s claims, the author must provide clearevidence that reason A was in fact responsible for (a increase/decline in …)8.…cannot be representative enough to reflect the true/univer sal situationregarding调查／数据：1.The author unfairly/fallaciously/falsely assumes that the result of the citedsurvey/statistics is fully genuine and credible.2.The author cites a survey/study of … to report/explain that…3.Failing to indicate the source of the survey, the author could not convince usabout the credibility of the survey.4.The scope/validity/representativeness/reliability of the survey is doubtable.5.T he sample is too limited/not representative, including only those people who…6.The result of the nationwide survey may not be representative enough to reflectthe true situation in… area.7.Does the survey include respondents from different age groups8.The survey does not provide specific statistics (complete information)concerning the effect of…9.Although the total number of … is high, the per … (capita) number might berelatively low.类比：1.Are the two towns/companies fully comparable at every aspect2.The comparison between A and B might not be very reasonable on the groundsthat…the circumstances facing A and B might be very different.3.Without showing that all other conditions in the two areas/universities havebeen essentially the same, the author cannot convince us that…因果关系：1.Although A and B happens at the same time, no evidence was given tosubstantiate the claim that A contribute to B2.Other possible factors should be considered in order to evaluate the realcauses of…列举他因：1.The author overlooks the possibility that (only a small portion of )…2.The arguer ignores other possible factors that may also leads/contribute to…3.Some other possible solutions to the problem of…, such as…, should not beexcluded from consideration.4.段落结尾：1.In short2.In a word结尾：(1)While … might be beneficial to…, this argument is not stronglypersuasive in the absence of additional supporting details.(2)More research should be conducted in order to determine whether the… isa reasonable recommendation/prediction/choice (the appropriateness andeffectiveness of the recommendation provided).难题：1,2,6,74,79,83,85,91论据论点：1.Problems about surveys(1)quantity of the sample(2)the actual meaning or influence of the survey(3)what questions were asked in the survey(4)are the respondents representative2.Problems about statistics or information(1)vague data(2)completeness3.Flaws in the reasoning line(1)false analogy(2)confusing comparison and variation(3)incomplete comparison/selective comparison(4)hasty generalizationA.unrelated conceptsB.changing scopesC.inferring a future condition from a past condition(5)failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly(6)false dilemma(7)cause-effect fallaciesA.confusing the cause and the effectB.non-causal relationshipC.confusing concurrence with causalityD.confusing with the time relationship4.flaws in the conclusion(1)sufficiency and necessity of the solutionfailing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion(3)。

GRE作文Argument万能模板

Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。

新GRE写作Argument 模板 By Jason Lee

新GRE写作Argument 模板——By Jason Lee﹡审题+提纲：2min﹡开头+结尾模板：5min﹡中间三段：7min*3=21min﹡补完结尾（检查润色）：2min一、开头-In this argument, the author concludes that...-To bolster this conclusion, the author points out that…-Close scrutiny of these supporting evidences, however, reveals that none of them lend any credibility to the author’s conclusion.二、主体段落展开段落一：-Firstly, the author has tried to reach the conclusion that…by pointing out that…but this argument has failed to see some significant factors.-For instance,-Or, another scenario can be that …展开段落二：-Secondly, by analyzing the conclusion of this argument, we can find the unstated assumption that…-However, the validity of this assumption is challenged by some other possibilities.-It is likely that…-It is of equal probability that..展开段落三：-Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions were all confirmed valid, there remain doubts that render the author’s whole reasoning logically flawed.-To be more specific,-Absent evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that…1. Assumptions◆First of all, the author unfairly assumes that…◆After all, the author provides no evidence that…2. Specific Evidences◆The author fails to offer any evidence to warrant this crucial assumption.◆Only if the author could provide the evidence that…can this argument be confirmed valid.◆The assumption cannot be substantiated until the author could provide that…◆As long as the evidence(that/of…) could be offered, the author’s view might be reasonably justified.3. Questions◆The first question of vital prominence could be whether…◆Only if the answer were positive, can the argument be substantiated. In contrast, if the answer were negative, the argument would be considered logically flawed.4. Alternative Explanations◆The explanation offered by the author does not suffice to be evaluated as justifiable based on the given evidence. Alternative explanation could involve that …or that…◆The author’s conclusion unfairly ignores… so a better explanation might be…◆Without considering and ruling out other possible reasons, the author cannot successfully convince me that…*5. 补充一些攻击Flaw的句型(1)样本不足或不具代表性/调查不可靠◆The author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable.◆Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of…◆The survey methodology might be problematic in several respects:◆As a result, the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion in light of the survey until adequate evidence is given to lend credibility to it.(2)错误类比（忽略个体差异）◆The author is drawing a false analogy between A and B. It is entirely possible that A and B own divergent situations. Perhaps…Without taking such differences into consideration, it is unconscionable to claim that…(3)方案并非最佳◆The argument fails to consider other possible options for…Perhaps by…or by…◆In short, without weighing the given suggestion against alternatives, it is unconscionable to claim that…(4)非充分/非必要条件、◆The validity of the view that…is never equivalent to the justifiability of the deduction that…(5)时间顺序混淆为因果关系/普通关联混淆为因果关系◆However, the conclusion that A is exclusively responsible for B based on the fact that B occurred after/ at the same time of A is unjustifiable.◆Yet the correlation alone amounts to scarce evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship.(6)错误推论Absent evidence to warrant this deduction, it is entirely possible thatAny of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that…The fact (that…) accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the recommendation.*6. 段内/段间承接Absent the evidence,If this is the case,Perhaps,Even assuming/Even if……does not necessarily indicate that…三、结尾-In sum, the argument not only is logically unsound but also relies on several doubtful assumptions.-To reinforce the argument, the author must qualify the recommendation by accounting for possible alternatives and providing comprehensive evidence.-To better assess the argument, we would expect the author to provide adequate information with respect to…。

GRE的argument写作万能模板

GRE的argument写作万能模板为了帮助大家备考gre。

了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来GRE 的argument写作万能模板，希望大家喜欢。

GRE 的argument写作万能模板一. 背景介绍-----万能123的诞生它的优势在于：让你用最快的时间找出攻击点，不仅解决攻击语言还解决攻击顺序，还能节省你考试时列提纲的时间我刚开始复习时也是很苦恼，但是当我对着北美范文写了十几篇并日日思索之后，发现了一个万能找茬法。

它的精髓就在于教你写一套属于自己的万能123模板，这个模板不仅解决你语言，攻击顺序，更你提高你的效率，即给你一个找茬的火眼金睛，又给你一个呼之欲出的思路。

我考前一天把我自己的模板背了又背了一遍，考的那篇文章我虽没写过，但是我在issue和argument 中场休息的1分钟之内把我的万能123找茬写在草稿纸上，题目出来后仅仅花了1分钟在万能123找茬勾出题目中题目中的错误点，这样连提纲都省了，还非常有条理。

我考之前把这个提纲发给我一同学让她好好背。

现在拿出来和大家分享，还准备发一份给那个作文老师，以提高他的教学质量。

二. 精华部分---万能123找茬1. 从整体来说：开头结尾不是最重点，中间部分才是重中之重2. 就中间部分来说：具体的语言不是最重点，攻击思路才是重中之重结论就是，攻击思路是重中之重，所以万能123找茬才是重中之重，比万能123模板(语言文字)及开头结尾给重要。

三.精华部分的注释这里是注释：(对照序号看)① 一因为此调查或研究没有提到样本sample，所以可以攻击其样本可能不具代表性，例如1。

样本太小不具代表性2。

样本特殊不具代表性二有了样本仍然可攻击样本没有代表性，例如1。

样本太小不具代表性2。

样本的倾向性问题，即某类人群比其他多数人更愿意参加调查或研究三没有论据的声称其实是很万能的，多用于攻击一些不是调查也不是研究的论据(具体可参照我的例文)② 一这个嘛虽然被某些新东方老师分为3大类，其实本质还是一样的，就是一个群体的特征推到另一个群体身上。

GRE Argue 模板

Argument 1_ 杀虫公司In this memo the vice president of the food distribution company recommends selecting Buzzoff Company the best mean to save money. To support this recommendation, the vice president cites the fact that the worthy of the food destroyed in the warehouse which Fly-Away Pest Control Company is in charge of is higher last month. His account of this fact, however, reveals several absent of critical evidence needed to evaluate the judgment. Together, these problems serve to undermine the speaker’s argument.First, the vice president assumes that the result of this certain survey deserves enough credit and is representative of the future 水平of Fly-Away Pest Control Company. However, the president fails to provide any evidence to justify the 权威性of the method they adopted in the survey. Thus it is equally possible that the so-called “damaged” they defined as “caused by pest damage”is the ramification of other kind of causes, such as improper storage conditions. Besides, the data acquired merely in a month is not an adequate indicator of the ability of the Fly-Away Pest Control Company either. Maybe there has been a major 虫灾in the city last month. Since the memo fails to account for this alternative explanation, the president cannot convince me that the result of the food damage survey is capable of reflecting the Fly-Away Pest Control Company’s inferiority. Moreover, without ruling out the possibility that Fly-Away Pest Control Company is working on a more effective way to control pest and the company will be more 有效in the future, the validity of the president’s claim will be deminished.Secondly, even if the survey’s result is reliable, it is not fair to compare the two companies which protected food in two different cities. In order for the justifiability of this comparison, one must assume that all the other relevant circumstances involving the food protection are exactly the same. Unfortunately, this assumption is unwarranted. Perhaps, the Palm city where the Fly-Away Pest Control Company is in charge of has a more suitable environment for the pest’s prosperity. Or, perhaps the warehouse in Palm City is significantly larger than the one in the Wintervale and stores much larger amount of the food. Thus the 20,000 dollars loss does not necessarily demonstrate the Fly-Away Pest Control Company’s disability, if the warehouse in the Palm City is to be protected by Buzzoff Company, the loss might be even bigger.Thirdly, even though the Buzzoff Company is in fact more efficient to control the pest, without providing any information about the prices the two companies charge, the president cannot safely conclude that choosing Buzzoff Company can save more money. If the price they charge is so high that it exceeds the amount saved from food damage by abandoning Fly-Away Pest Control Company, this choice will be inadvisable and inexpedient.In sum, the fact that the recommendation lacks certain essential evidences renders it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation the vice president must provide clear evidence that the result of the survey is correct and representative and that the relevant conditions in two cities is almost identical so that the superiority of the Buzzoff is explicit. To better assess the recommendation, I would also need to know the exact prices both companies charges as well as the estimated loss after the adopting of one of the companies.。

英语写作资料：给GRE班学生的Argument模版

给GRE班学生的Argument模版第一部分：Diction Variety，写Argument的时候遣词的多样性。

Author：author, writer, arguer, speaker, …Concludes that：[reaches/arrives at/comes to] the conclusion that, advocates that, claims that, …Recommends：suggests that, recommends that, …Expects：predict, anticipate, expect, …Support：support, strengthen, bolster, enhance, uphold, fortify, corroborate, …Show Assumption：argues that, claims that, assumes that, reasons that, …Show Evidence：provide, cite, point out, present, produce, …Statistical Evidence：survey, poll, statistics, study, research, …Flawed：groundless, unwarranted, unreliable, untenable, questionable, problematic, unfounded, open todoubt, indefensible, ambiguous, flawed, fraught, …第二部分：Sentence Variety，造句的多样性（6-9因为句式单一，反面教材）。

1. In this argument, the arguer recommends that…To justify the claim, the arguer provides the evidence that…In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that…2. In this argument, the arguer advocates that…This recommendation is based on the observation that…Meanwhile, the arguer assumes that…3. The conclusion in this argument is that…In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that…Moreover, the arguer assumes that…4. In an attempt to…, the article claims that…. The evidence cited is that…Additionally, the author points out that ...5. In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that.... The basis for this recommendation is that.... An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that...The author also cites...as an example in support of this recommendation.6. The conclusion of this argument is that .The author employs several lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. In the first, the author reasons that…In the second, the author points out that…7. The speaker proposes that…, and N reasons are offered in support of this argument. First, ... Second, …8. In this argument, the author concludes that…The author's line of reasoning is that…9. In this argument, the author concludes that…The author bases this conclusion on the following claims about XXXXX: ……第三部分：你的结论（7-10因为承认了原文的部分正确性，反面教材）1. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.2. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.3. This argument is problematic (questionable) for a couple of reasons.4. The argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.5. The argument is unfounded because the speaker oversimplifies the problem and its solutions.6. This argument is unconvincing because several questionable assumptions must be made for the stated evidence to support the author’s conclusion.7. At first glance, the argument appears to be somehow plausible, but further reflection reveals that it suffers from at least XX logic flaws.8. At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.9. At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons.10. While the author's argument has some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.附：Structure Variety（可以在结构上做出变化）1. [Citing facts from… / Based on the fact that…], the arguer concludes that…2. The author’s conclusion that…is flawed because it relies on the dubious assumption that…Further, the author assumes that…And we also do not know whether…3. The idea that…is based on N questionable assumptions: In the first place, it can be shown that…; In the second place, it can be shown that…It is, therefore, most likely that…下面是四个开头的例子，仅供参考：•Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, theauthor argues that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costsand thus maximize profits in the future. In support of this conclusion theauthor cites the general principle that "as organizations learn how to dothings better, they become more efficient." This principle, coupled with thefact that Olympic Foods has had 25 years of experience in thefood-processing industry, leads to the author's rosy prediction. Thisargument is unconvincing because it suffers from two critical flaws.•In this argument the author concludes that the city should allocate some of its arts funding to public television. The conclusion is based on two facts:(1) attendance at the city's art museum has increased proportionally withincreases in visual-arts program viewing on public television, and (2) publictelevision is being threatened by severe cuts in corporate funding. While thisargument is somewhat convincing, a few concerns need to be addressed.• A newspaper publisher is recommending that the price of its paper, The Mercury, be reduced below the price of a competing newspaper The Bugle.This recommendation is in response to a severe decline in circulation of The Mercury during the 5 -year period following the introduction of The Bugle.The publisher's line of reasoning is that lowering the price of The Mercurywill increase its readership, thereby increasing profits because a widerreadership attracts more advertisers. This line of reasoning is problematic in two critical respects.The editorial recommends that the school board of Nova High spend agreater portion of available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum. Tworeasons are offered in support of this recommendation. First, theintroduction of interactive computer instruction in three academic subjects was immediately followed by a decline in the school dropout rate. Second,impressive achievements in college were experienced by last year's graduates.This argument is unconvincing for two reasons.第四部分：结尾的模版1. In conclusion, the arguer fails to validate the conclusion that A. To solidify the argument, the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to [demonstrate/prove] that B. In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the abovementioned possibilities that would undermine the arguer’s claim.2. To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. [To make the argument more convincing/solidify the argument], the arguer would have to provide [more/specific] [information/evidence] concerning A.3. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer should demonstrate that A. Additionally, the arguer should provide more evidence to [validate/substantiate] the conclusion.4. To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the claim, the arguer should present more substantial facts to prove that A. Besides, to better access the argument, we still need more information concerning B.5. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more [convincing/persuasive], the arguer would have to prove that A. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that B.6. In sum, the author fails to validate the conclusion that D. To make it logically acceptable, the author should demonstrate that A and that B. In addition, the arguer would have to provide more concrete evidence, especially the information concerning C, to rule out the abovementioned possibility that would undermine the author's claim.附：结尾的例子（观点总结）1. In conclusion, each of the studies cited by the author bases its findings on evidence that does not represent dieters in general; for this reason, neither premise of this argument is a reliable generalization. Consequently, I am not convinced that dieters are better off consuming sugar instead of aspartame.下面是六个Possible Improvement：1. In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that Apogee should close field offices and centralize, this author must provide a thorough cost-¬benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than decentralization that might be affecting current profits negatively.2. In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the recommendation that the manager of the purchasing department be replaced, the author would have to demonstrate that the falling revenues were a result of the delays in manufacturing. Additionally, the author would have to show that knowledge of the properties of metals is a prerequisite for planning in purchasing metals.3. In conclusion, this argument is unacceptable. To strengthen the argument the author would have to provide evidence that the population of younger consumers will remain relatively constant over the next decade.4. In conclusion, the recommendation that Nova High spend a greater portion of available funds on the purchase of additional computers and adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the curriculum is ill-founded. To strengthen this recommendation the author would have to demonstrate that the decline in the dropout rate and the impressive performance of recent graduates came about as a result of the use of computer-interactive instruction. All that has been shown so far is a correlation between these events.第五部分：逻辑错误攻击模版1、可疑数据之Respondent•The statistical evidence cited in the argument is problematic because the repondents’views are not necessarily representative of the views of A ingeneral. For example, because the survey has to do with B , it makes sense that only those who BB would respond to it, thereby distorting the overall pictureof B among A Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it isimpossible to assess whether or not this is the case.2、可疑数据之模糊信息•[The information provided in this program / The poll cited by the author] is [too vague to be informative / described in the vaguest possible terms]. Theclaim does not indicate who conducted this survey, who responded, or when,where and how the survey was conducted. {Lacking information about thenumber of people surveyed and the number of the respondent, it is impossible to [assess / evaluate] the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons are surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that …would be highlysuspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kindof [interpretation / explanation],} [until / Until] these questions are answered,the results of the survey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.3、Hasty Generalization•The author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization in assuming that A will automatically [result in / lead to] B. The author does not provide sufficientevidence to support the claim. The example cited, while suggestive in trends, is insufficient to warrant its truth because there is no reason to believe that Bwill occur automatically. For instance, …Thus, there is no guarantee of …4、Post hoc, ergo propter hoc（时间先后和因果混淆）•The author commits a fallacy of “Post hoc, ergo propter hoc”in assuming that A is the cause of B. The only evidence offered to support the claim is thatA occurred before B. However, the evidence is insufficient to establish theclaim in question because a mere chronological relationship is only one ofthe indicators of a causal relationship and, therefore, does not necessarilyprove a causal relationship. To establish a general causal relationshipbetween A and B, other factors that could result in B should be consideredand eliminated. For example, …The author’s failure to investigate or even consider other possible explanations for B renders the conclusion based uponit highly suspect.5、 Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc（同时发生和因果关系混淆）•The author commits the fallacy of “Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc”in assuming that A is the sole reason behind B. However, the evidence offered isinsufficient to support the claim: A mere positive correlation between A andB does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. To establish a generalcausal relationship between A and B, other factors that could result in Bshould be considered and eliminated. For example, …The author’sfailure to investigate or even consider the possible explanations for B rendersthe conclusion based upon it highly suspect.6、False Analogy•The author commits a fallacy of false analogy in assuming that A will achieve the same result as B does (if …). The reasoning is questionablebecause similarities between two events, and the environments in whichthey are hold, may not be sufficient enough to warrant this claim. [Forexample, …/ While A …, B …] Apparently, differences between A andB clearly outweigh the surface similarities, thus making the analogyuntenable. The author’s failure to prove or even consider the comparabilitybetween A and B renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect.7、False Dilemma•The author commits a fallacy of false dilemma in assuming that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground.However, the author does not provide any evidence to support this claim. [For example, …/ Common sense informs us that …/ It accords with common sense that…](, and we can easily provide better results by adjusting both A and B). Without evidences that can rule out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that …。

GRE写作Argument高分范文

GRE写作Argument满分范文题目：“The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice of any music student. First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training, so students typically begin their training at a very young age. Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date professional equipment. Also, its faculty includes some of the most distinguished music teachers in the world. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to be the most renowned and most highly paid musicians in the nation.”范文：This argument concludes that the Mozart School should be the first choice of any music student based on (1) its intensive practice requirements for students of all ages, (2) its outstanding facilities, up-to-date equipment, and distinguished faculty, and (3) the accomplishments of its graduates. The evidence provided indicates that the Mozart School of Music should, in fact, be the first choice but the argument has several fatal flaws.First, while The Mozart School of Music is known for its intensive practice and training regimen, the school might only be suitable for new, young students. Perhaps the methods would be a shock for students already familiar with alternative styles of instruction. For that matter, many older students with other interests and activities may find the intensity and time commitment troubling.Secondly, if the claims are true that the outstanding facilities, equipment, and faculty are offered, it may follow that the cost for these benefits is passed on to students in the form of high tuition. Thus the argument assumes that for all prospective music students’ money is no object—a more affordable school may, in fact, be the first choice for music students.Thirdly, while many alumni have moved on to become rich and famous, the argument doesn’t offer a relevant connection between the graduates and potential students. For example, perhaps the earlier, successful graduates benefitted from market trends that have since changes. Therefore, it would stand to reason that any students with the same type of training would no longer fit the bill. Maybe another school provides the technical training that could better prepare students for emerging opportunities in the music scene.In sum, The Mozart School of Music, while it may certainly be a very good school, can not claim to be the number one choice for any music student—the claim is too sweeping and the evidence too general. To strengthen the argument, its proponent must demonstrate, at the very least, that the school would be affordable to any prospective student. To better assess the argument the audience needs more information about how various aged students with unique educational backgrounds will be treated. And finally, an audience must be provided with a basic understanding of the music industry in order to determine if the contributing factors that led to the success of alumni have gone unchanged.满分因素剖析一、语言表达1. This argument concludes that... based on (1) , (2), (3).(标志性的GRE argument 开头段首句，提出原文的conclusion, 同时非谓语动词短语based on后面引出原文为了支撑结论所引用的evidence) The evidence provided indicates that the Mozart School of Music should, in fact, be the first choice but the argument has several fatal flaws.(标志性的GRE argument开头段结尾，提出原文存在逻辑上的Flaw)2. First, while The Mozart School of Music is known for its intensive practice and training regimen, the school might only be suitable for new, young students. Perhaps the methods would ... . For that matter, ... .标志性的GRE argument 错误因果分析段写法，现提出文章中的错误因果，然后提出其他可能性二、逻辑结构本文是非常严谨的开头段-正文段1-正文段2--正文段3-结尾段的的五段论逻辑体系。

GRE作文argument参考范文

GRE作文argument参考范文第1篇：GRE作文argument参考范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingwaswrittenasapartofanapplicationforasmallbu sinessloanbyagroupofdevelopersinthecityofmonroe.ajazzmusicclubinmonroewouldbeatremendouslyprofitablee nterprise.currently,thenearestjazzclubis65milesaway;thus,ourpro posedclub,thecnote,wouldhavethelocalmarketalltoitself.plus,jazz isextremelypopularinmonroe:over100,000peopleattendedmonro esjaz*estivallastsummer,severalwell-knownjazzmusiciansliveinmonroe,andthehighest-ratedradioprograminmonroeisjazznightly,whichairseveryweekni ght.finally,anationwidest未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofabatavianews paper.thedepartmentofagricultureinbataviareportsthatthenumb erofdairyfarmsthroughoutthecountryisnow25percentgreatertha nitwas10yearsago.duringthissametimeperiod,however,thepriceo fmilkatthelocalexcellofoodmarkethasincreasedfrom$1.50toover$ 3.00pergallon.topreventfarmersfromcontinuingtoreceiveexcessiv eprofitsonanapparentlyincreasedsupplyofmilk,thebataviagovern mentshouldbegintoregulateretailmilkprices.suchregulationisnec essarytoensurebothlowerpricesanda未完，继续阅读 >第3篇：GMAT考试：Argument写作范文参考inthiseditorialtheauthorassertsthatopinionpollsarelittlebette rthanrandomguessestopredictingoutesofpresidentialelections.theauthorsbasisforthisassertionisthatopinionpollsmeasureonlythe preferencesofvotersatthetimeofthepollandthatmanyvoterschang etheirpreferencesseveraltimebeforevoting?someremainingunde cideduntilthemomenttheycasttheirvote.theauthorsreasoningisu nconvincingintwocriticalrespects.firstofaltthepredictionsbasedonrandomguessingaresuchthat thegreaterthenumberofcandidates,thelesslikelythepredictionwill becorrect.thereasonforthisisobvious:ran未完，继续阅读 >第4篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文赏析discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.inastudyofreadinghabitsofleevillecitizensconductedbytheuni versityofleeville,mostrespondentssaidtheypreferredliteraryclassi csasreadingmaterial.however,afollow-upstudyconductedbythesameresearchersfoundthatthetypeofbo okmostfrequentlycheckedoutofeachofthepubliclibrariesinleeville wasthemysterynovel.therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattherespond entsinthefirststudyhadmisrepresentedtheirreadinghabits.arecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofnortha mericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicd epre未完，继续阅读 >第5篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT真题四４４、thefollowingistakenfromanadvertisementplacedinaweeklybusine ssmagazinebythedickensacademy.wedistributedasurveytoseniormanagementatinternationalm ega-publishing,inc.theresultofthesurveyclearlyindicatesthatmanyemp loyeeswerewellpreparedinbusinessknowledgeandputerskills,butlackedinterpersonalskillstointeractgracefullywithcustomers.intern ationalmega-publishingdecidedtoimprovecustomersatisfactionbysendingthei rnewlyhiredemployeestoourone-dayseminars.sincetakingadvantageofourprogram,internationalm ega-publishinghasseenasharpincreaseinsales,anindicatio 未完，继续阅读 >第6篇：GRE作文精选：Argumentgre作文精选：argumentdiscusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythevicepr esidentofnature'sway,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandotherh ealth-relatedproducts."previousexperiencehasshownthatourstoresaremostprofitab leinareaswhereresidentsarehighlyconcernedwithleadinghealthyli ves.weshouldthereforebuildournextnewstoreinpainesville,which hasmanysuchresidents.painesvillemerchantsreportthatsalesofru nningshoesandexerciseclothingareatall-timehighs.thelocalhealthclub,whichnearlyclosedfiveyearsagodue tolackofbusiness,has未完，继续阅读 >第7篇：GMAT Argument作文备考方案范本参考不难看出，gmatargument作文主要考察的是考生的逻辑分析和判断能力，而提高此能力不妨结合cr部分；同时，考生也需要熟悉题库，力求对题目素材预先进行分析从而培养良好的判断和推论能力，并且多对行文结构和切入点有所构思甚至是设计，如此一来，便容易在考场上轻松写出一篇出*的文章了。

gre高频argument及提纲范文

1. The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine."A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.以下是14的范文，请大家读完后，将它改写为argument 118Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.注意尽管题目要求不同但是结构和内容基本一致只需要在措辞上进行调整The article argues that companies should hire people who need less sleep because these employees are more likely to succeed based on a survey of 300 advertising executives. A number of assumptions have been made about the generalisability of the survey result, the reliability of the reported need of sleep and other related issues. We need to examine the assumptions carefully in order to assess the argument.To begin with, the assumption that the survey results can be applied more broadly may not hold true. The subjects of the survey are all from a single industry, namely, advertising. Maybe it is important for people in this field to burn the midnight’s oil to prosper. But this rule may not apply to other industries, for example, insurance or manufacturing. In addition, the surveyonly asks the executives who may have to work extra hours to lead the companies. But for employees at lower level sleeping less may not be very helpful for achieving success.In addition, it is assumed that the executives actually need little sleep as reported in the survey. In other words, the assumption is that the subjectswere telling the truth about their lifestyles during the survey. It is possible that the survey respondents just want to impress others or show their attitudes towards sleep when answering the questions. Without further data to verify the reliability of the survey results, it is not reasonable to apply the finding in the hiring processes.Another assumption being made is that the need of less sleep is the main reason why the executives were successful. As we all know, correlation does not necessarily imply causation. A host of other factors unrelated to sleep may have caused the success of the executives. For example, they might happen to have a good team of people working efficiently towards their goals. Or they were lucky enough to meet some clients who were willing to pay higher fees which boosted the profit margins and the growth rates. Without looking intohow they achieved success, it is too hasty to attribute their accomplishments to their sleep patterns.Finally, it is also assumed that executives with less need for sleep can succeed in the long term. Maybe they manage to accomplish more than their peers with their abilities to sleep less. But we do not know how the relatively small amount of sleep would have any negative impact on their health and their performancein the long term. We also do not know how their lifestyles may affect the overall job satisfaction of themselves and their co-workers. If their abilities to sleepless would enable them to work overtime, maybe they would also force their colleagues to work overtime, which may not benefit the long-term success of a company.In conclusion, it is not reasonable to recommend hiring people who need less sleep based on this survey on a relatively small group of executives from a single industry. More information is needed before we can check the assumptions discussed above and make a more reasonable hiring policy.2.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previouslybeen found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea andtherefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently,however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancientvillage across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad,and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Paleanboats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets werenot uniquely Palean.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.Outlinefocus on whether the river could be crossed by people without any help: not sodeep and broad; frozen in winterdiscuss the possible bridges and boats which might not survive the timeexplore the possibility of the baskets being carried by waterAccording to this argument, the Palean baskets may have been made by peoplefrom areas other than Palea as the baskets have been found in the adjacentvillage. We need more evidence about geographical information of the area, thetechnologies of building boats and bridges and the characteristics of the basketsin order to evaluate the argument.While the author assumes that the baskets could only have been carried by boats which had not been found, there are other possible scenarios. For example, maybe the river at the time was not as deep and broad as it is now. Ifthe river was shallow and narrow, people in Palea and Lithos could be tradingbaskets by walking across the river. On the other hand, maybe the weather was extremely cold at the time and the river was frozen during the winter. Again the people from the two villages could simply walk across the river to trade. So weneed more information about the geography and climate in the area at the timeto assess how likely the scenarios discussed above were.We also need to know more about the technologies of Palean and Lithoian people at the time for building boats and bridges. Specifically, we want to knowwhether they were able to build boats and bridges and if they could what materials they used. Maybe they could build boats or bridges to cross the riverbut the materials they used could not survive the time and left no traces forarchaeologists to locate. The absence of any tangible traces of boats or bridgesdoes not necessarily imply no boats or bridges were available then. More information regarding these issues is needed.Another importance piece of evidence we need is the materials being used tomake the baskets. Specifically, we want to know whether the baskets couldfloat in the water. It is possible that some of the baskets had been dumped byPalean people to the river and carried by the water to the other side of the riverand then picked up by Lithoian people. To assess how likely this scenario is, weneed to know the density of the materials of the baskets along with some otherphysical characteristics.In conclusion, it is difficult to decide whether people from Lithos may have learned to make the baskets. More information about different issues discussedabove has to be gathered to assess the strength of the argument.25分钟conclusion; Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean; other villages can produce similar basketskey question: are the newly found baskets locally produced or transported fromPaleanwhether the river was that deep and broad at the timeboats from other villages? what materials were available for making boats; canthey survivepossible bridge?trading relationship?3. Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed toevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions.They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the courseof the year.Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on whichthey feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations aredeclining.Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deerpopulations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.P1: more evidence about the ac curacy of the hunters’ reports- whether the hunters had scared away the deer with their guns- whether the hunters had visited the area in a particular point in time when thedeer were less active- how many hunters had reported the deer population; the number was small-less reliableP2: more evidence about the sea ice in arctic region- whether the sea ice in arctic region had melted (global warming trend does notmean local warming)- whether more food was available near the habitat due to the climate change(then no need to travel)P3: evidence that may provide other explanations for the decline of deer population- any pollution that may threaten the deer population- overhunting4. The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times."Traffic here in Waymarsh is becoming a problem. Although just three years agoa state traffic survey showed that the typical driving commuter took 20 minutesto get to work, the commute now takes closer to 40 minutes, according to thesurvey just completed. Members of the town council already have suggestedmore road building to address the problem, but as well as being expensive, thenew construction will surely disrupt some of our residential neighborhoods. Itwould be better to follow the example of the nearby city of Garville. Last yearGarville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work,giving them coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Garville have dropped sincethe policy was implemented, and people from Garville tell me that commutingtimes have fallen considerably. There is no reason why a policy like Garville'sshouldn't work equally well in Waymarsh."Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed toevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken orstrengthen the argument.全文示范部分同学写这篇的时候问题较多。

GRE Argument范文

NO4 IssueThe best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.The speaker maintains that it is preferable for teachers to pay more attention to students' positive actions rather than their flaws. Given compliments can stimulate students' enthusiasm of learning, I agree insofar as give more encouragement to students, undue neglection£¨¿ÉÒÔÕâÑùÓÃ£© of their flaws, however, may also defeat the original purpose of the education.It is universally acknowledged that interest is the best teacher of students for only by developing a habit of pursuing knowledge should a student go further in his or her study, therefore, giving more compliments to students are good for the teenagers. First of all, by praising their good behaviour,(un) a congenial and pleasant context will be formed, in which will benefit students' physical and mental health. Furthermore, since students are born to curious and tend to ask questions, giving them compliments when they raise good questions will also enhance their creativity and ingenuity. And it is those qualities that help them go further in their career. In addition, students will become more confident and self-assured when more compliments are given, this, of course will help them to communicate well with other students.As for ignoring negative actions, I agree that minor flaws, which have little detriments to their studies, can be ignored, for it is a normal thing for human to make mistakes, let alone the curious£¨ÖØ¸´ÓÃ´Ê£¡£© students. And teachers should not scold students for every false answer or premature act. Nevertheless, turning a blind eye to all of their mistakes, may also cause some problems. First and foremost, too much compliments will make them patronizing, which may make them stop going on their study. Second, if teacher do not point out their mistakes when seeing them, students will not learn from their mistakes, which are regarded vital significant in the development of one's growth. All of these will jeopardize students' healthy growth.As far as I am concerned, both compliments and condemnations are essential in students' education, and two of them should be appropriately and evenhandedly administrated. Only in this way, will the students develop a good sense of wonder and curiosity.Ð¡½á£ºacknowledge universally when ÀÏÊÇ´ò´í£¡×ÖÊýÒÀ¾ÉÆ«ÉÙ£¬ÕâÆªÊ±¼äÃ»ÓÃÍêÄãµÄ×÷ÎÄÊµÔÚÌ«²îÁË£¡ÐèÒªÒ»¸öÌáÉý£¡Ç×£¡。

高分学生自行整理：GRE Argument写作模板

The argument wrongly attributed A to BThe argument simply equates becoming famous and getting highly paid to attaining real musical achievements.A might pose a negative impact on B, as opposed to the benign consequences conceived by the author. Installing the software may actually pose negative effects on the employees ’morale, rather than the bett er work ethic which is conceived by the author.A is not a good indication of B.The sales of recorded music are not a good indication of the popularity of rock and roll.解释他因：1. The author oversimplifies the factors that could …2. The author fails to incorporate other possible causes that can also3. Any of these scenarios, if true would cast considerable doubt on the argument ’s conclusion that..想不出类型的时候可以这么说：1. We may well ask that is A a good indication of B?2. Another question that should be addressed is: can the consumers reliably distinguish products that aremade with CCC’s copper?3. 示例段落模板 :The author suggests that we should apply the same(A’s) method to B. To evaluate this recommendation, we may well ask that are A and B comparable? As we know, A and B might differ/divide in 。

[GRE]arguement 模板

In this argument, the arguer advocates that [main idea].✓·in order to 好/boost (sagging) profits/improve the economic health✓·A should emulate B’s measures✓To bolster the conclusion,✓the arguer provides the evidence/statistics that...,✓points out that...✓cites the result of a resent survey that... indicated a preference for...✓cites data collected during a recent study, suggesting that ...✓along with the fact that .../ based on which he assumes that ...✓In addition/Furthermore/Meanwhile,✓he projects/predicts thatAlthough this argument might seem reasonable at first glance, it is in fact ill-conceived. The reasons are stated as follows.In the first place/In the second place/The last but not the least✓the threshold problem with this argument is that ……✓the argument depends on a dubious assumption that……✓the arguer assumes that no factor other than .... is responsible for/gives birth to……✓even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer just simply assumes that……✓Although this is entirely possible, the arguer offers no evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption.✓Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case, and the arguer does not supply any evidence to confirm this assumption.✓and neither any conclusive scientific evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption.✓It is very likely that✓It is possible that……✓It is reasonable to doubt that what the arguer assumes will not happen in reality. It is just as possible that……✓An appropriate example is not very far to seek.✓To illustrate this point clearly, let us take a look at the following representative example.✓The arguer's reasoning is flawed unless the arguer can convince me that these and other possible scenarios are unlikely.✓Without accounting for and ruling out these and other alternative explanations, the arguer cannot bolster the recommendation.✓Without patching these logical flaws /better evidence that the study/survey is statistically reliable the arguer cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions.✓To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain either why none of these alternatives is available or why none of them is able to sustain.✓To reach the cited conclusion,the arguer should account for and rule out these possibilities. ✓the following deductions appear to be precarious since the most important premise proves to be unwarranted.To sum up, the conclusion reached by the arguer lacks credibility since the argument has several flaws which render it logically unpersuasive as it stands. In order to draw a better conclusion, the arguer should✓first further develop his argument by ……✓reason more convincingly, cite some evidence that is more persuasive to show the****.✓And also, he should eliminate the possible influences interrupting the analogy experiment.✓At last he should discreetly reconsider the proposal for ……✓Additionally, the author would provide more information to show that ……, and take every possible consideration into account.Therefore, if the author had considered the given factors discussed above, the argument would have been more through and acceptable.两个东西不相关From the outset,the author has failed to build a strong connection concerning the secondary infections and the problems faced by the two groups of patients. Considering the few information the author has provided me with, I am not sure the two groups of patients have even been infected for a second time.In addition, the doctors have limited the secondary infections on the severe muscle strain. It is somehow different form the normal muscle injuries and the author has also omitted the possible distinctions here. Since the secondary infections may not inflict the patients, the following deductions appear to be precarious since the most important premise proves to be unwarranted.Sample 不可信From the outset, what is the most fatal, the author's overall view is based on a precarious sample. /The arguer provides no evidence that survey’s respondents are representative of the overall group of ...Twenty five infants cannot well represent a truth generally for the relatively small number of individuals is dubious for scientific observation.This argument contains neither sign of random sampling nor the specific way how the study was conducted.Nor to mention the author has failed to convince me by providing with enough details focusing on the individual characteristics, necessarily including the personality of the parents, the circumstance they were facing since they were born and so on. Possibly, the twenty five infants all belong to a specific type of people; that is to say, their formation of the personalities cannot well illustrate a common truth withheld by all the infants.调查不可信Since the survey is a telephone survey, the reliability of its result is suspicious at many aspects, e.g. the size of the sample, who responded to the survey, if therespondents could exactly understand the questions, if the respondents were forthright when answering the questions, etc.没有对比，无法定义And also, the unfamiliar stimuli, as the author claims, can probably have the same effects on most of the infants. As we all know, it is the human instinct to be scared by the unknown; such characteristics may intensively appear on the infants. Maybe every infant tend to be distressful confronting the unfamiliar, somehow unpleasing stimuli as the infants in the group; therefore there is no reason to believe the distress only exist in the group. Since there is not a control group, which can eliminate such possibility, the author's evidence pointing out the special distress displayed by the group of infants has no strong bases. The comparison is deadly needed since the evidence presented here is a threshold process in verifying the effects of melatonin.还有其他的原因，不是就这一个Even if I admit, the group of the infants can accurately and precisely reflect the special signs of distress,is that to say the production of melatonin is the true reason leading to the result? As I have mentioned above, the genetic inheritance, the environment the infants have faced since the birth and many other factors can also contribute to the distress. Moreover, melatonin may not be the only hormone in effect; there can be a wide varieties of stimuli engendered by their mothers, correspondingly effect the infants; and thus there is no reason to believe a single hormone is the only effective factor, instead of a possible cooperative result. Still the author should provide some control teams eliminating the unrelated influences.错上加错In addition ，the follow-up studying doesn't help to explain and compensate for the fallacies mentioned above;on contrast it further aggravates the confusions made by the author. The author has mentioned a research made in the group of infants who are now teenagers. The relation is not accurate or strong enough to relate the signs to their condition as infants, while categorizing them into the shyness in strictly medical sense. The different conditions in growing up, can be more effective factor deciding what they are when they are teenagers; in fact, if an individual grows up without brother or sister, he can be a silent person since he never get used to talking to others. Such continuation cannot be truly verified, considering the murky information in observing the overall growing process of the infants.类比有错误Even if I admit that the two groups of patients are confronting the secondary infections as the author has stated, the author's analogy appears to be dubious.First and the foremost the author failed to illustrate with detailed information focusing on the patients. If the patients being to the first group treated by Dr. Newland are much stronger on average than that in the second group then the comparison is of little meaning.As a common sense in experiment the scientist should control unrelated factors as much as possible;besides the worries mentioned above, the factors say the age, the gender, or even the live style can also lead to a distinction in recovery. Secondly, if I omit the fallacies above, the author should illustrate his evidence, detailing the difference of two doctors and their treating method. Possibly, Dr. Newland is an expert in muscle injuries and Dr.Alton has a wider scope in his major and therefore, Dr. Alton doesn't have performance as excellent as Dr. Newland. And the treating condition and environment can also be divergent;a specifist may have better and more fitful medical utility dealing with the problem. Thus to blame the secondary infections for the delay in recovery is highly reckless while not ruling out all the alternative explanation all mentioned above.两个东西不能比，有差别In the ** place,Another trouble with the argument is that no clear evidence is provided to substantiate that the endemic/national statistics about the *** can be applied equally to other regions in the country. Adimittedly this might be possible that these town County embrace same characteristic to some extent,however,an inherent distinctions between every regions will inform us the exitence of another ability that……,which perhaps is very different from other regions in the country.逻辑错误调查错误·the sampling of the study is reliable.It is very likely that the experimental and the control groups of the study were not randomly chosen.For example, they are just ... which could not represent a diverse cross section of the population. 画蛇添足·it is necessary that过去·be responsible for/contribute to/ give birth to未来·this trend in... will continue in the future空间变化·the similar strategy will carry a similar result at ...另起炉灶·no course of action other than the proposed one will contribute to the problem.It is just as possible that other proposals might also solve the problem.For example, there are ...负面影响· there is no possible detrimental effect of...例子核心词汇such as/ especially if/人口因素·A has experienced a large growth in its population管理因素·imprudent (pricing and distribution) strategies or poor management偶然因素... was an aberration先天因素·... was more relatively healthy/relatively bright than average to begin with.For example, they exercise regularly and eat healthily司机因素... do not have enough security knowledge in mind or do not keep alert all the time.For example, a large portion of A, who enjoy the feeling of freedom and high speed, are bold and careless, which may be the lurking danger for accidents.时间因素were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight地形因素the geographic features of ... are more conductive to cause accidents.For example, ... has many sharp turns天气因素poor weather价格因素the price of... has been cut down in order to tout consumers旅游因素A is a tour resort, so the customers who ... are mainly tourists instead of local residents.宴会因素most of th e consumption is from the big company’s invitation banquet品牌因素A has some special advantage thatB do not have - and that it cannot duplicate in any other types. 供求因素Property values are a function of supply and demand.It is at least likely that the demand for housing in the area happens to rocket dramatically due to an influx of major employers.In addition, it is possible that the supply of housing has decreased.竞争因素A’s competitive opponent firms and companies move to other cities. (go bankrupt)成本因素the cost for ... may has gone up rapidly, which will have to be included in the retail price of ...市场因素consumption of other similar products have also declined during that time,the amount of which might even exceed that of ...价格因素the earlier products are prohibitively expensive for most consumers改革因素the university built more laboratories in the past two years, and then, it is obvious that more money would spend on the new projects.教授因素there are too few professors of botany in the university and the students, although lack of interest, have no choice but to attend Thomas's class必修因素the classes she teaches are requirements for every science student.老师因素the school hired more effective teachers whose outstanding teaching methods contributed to theimprovement of……新旧因素... has to update its trucks, which are old and out of service, rather than add to its new...规模因素the size of the farms has shrinked.For example, a farm which has 30 cows producing more milk than two farms each of which has 10 cows.质量因素... is not so good, so people are unwilling to go to ... when they ...顾客因素many customers are indeed disgruntled about..., but too busy to take time and effort to formally complain.领导因素college career-planning staff provides students with little information about the current job market. 竞争因素·they have already attended a similar coursethere are cheaper but highly-qualified products from the formidable opponents/ the surrounding areas coming in the instant future insomuch as these products will tout more customers and make the future’s sales sharply down;习惯原因the consumer tastes and habits have become so well entrenched that consumers would not be glad to change.流行因素It is well known that the taste of the public especially when it comes to such vogue cases as ... shifts quicker than anyone can imagine. Today’s hot issue may well be in tomorrow’s landfill. Maybe at that time ... are in the fashion due to... other than...个人因素many unemployed residents are unwilling to go to work if offered the chance, for their handsome welfare can support their families。

GRE写作 ARGUMENT 模版

开头In the argument (memo, the article , ....), the athor (the editor , the president , the major....) claims ( concludes, predicts , recommends )that. It seems to be true that ......when going through what the author provides at first sight. However , further considerations show thatA 证据：to better evaluate the argument , there is much evidence which is not provided but is needed.First of all ,we need more detailed information which can give the real cause of the rise of grades.........with out better evidence that .....the ...will be convincing.Secondly, we need the evidence from which we can know that whether it is rational to appl.......so, if the fact is that ,......it will lend a support to the ......Last but not the least,the evidence that can show the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure is needed..............therefore, if evidence prove that ......the ...will be seriously weakened.B 假设：the conclusion( prediction, claim, recommendation, ) is based on a series of assumptions which are need to be more examined .First of all , the author assumes that the accidents in and around Centerville involving teenage drivers happen very frequently according to the evidence provided in the argument and they are all teenage drivers' fault..........thus, if the assumption can not be warranted, the argument will be unpersuasive.Secondly, the argument relies on the assumption that the mandatory program sponsored by the high school will sure to be effective,there is no evidence can lend a support,however.......so, if the fact is that ,the assumption will be unwarranted, thus making the ...less convincing.Last but not the least,the argument rests on a assumption that most of the video-game players owns a most up-to-date computer which allows them to play the games provide livelike graphics......therefore , if the assumption can not be substantiated, the argument will be seriously weakened.is rooted in/depend onC 问题：to better evaluate the recommendation (advice ,prediction), there are many questions to be answered in advance.First of all ,whether is it rational to take Apex Theater which is located outside the town as an example tolead to the conclusion that the Rialto Movie Theater which has a downtown location needs the same changes?......thus , without a clear answer, the ...will be unpersuasive.Secondly, whether is it reasonable to apply the result of the survey which is in the northeastern United States cities to infer the market condition of the whole nation? So ,if the fact is ,.....it will lend a support to ......Last but not the least,can the evidence ,which show that the average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months and they most value Dura-Sock's stylish appearance and availability in many colors,indicant that customers care little about the durability ? Therefore, if the answer is ....the argument will be seriously weakened.D 解释：there are other explanations that can alternatively,and even better , account for the facts presented.First of all , the ........may result from the fact that ..............thus, if this is the fact, the argument will be unpersuasive.Secondly, the reason why.......maybe that , rather than.....,which is provided by the author.so ,since the existence of this explanation ,the argument is be unconvising.Last but not the least, maybe , the ........is due to the fact that ....therefore,since there is no evidance provided to rule out this explanation, the argument is seriously weakened.结尾：In sum, it may be true that .........However the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are far from convincing when merely according to what the author offers. Since there is......, we can not agree with the .....如果来不及写结尾：In sum , merely according to what the author provies, we can not agree with him.1 调查（有些人抱怨）In the argument , the author provides no relevant information to show how many people were surveyed and how many actully responded .Nor does the author offer any evidence to prove that the sample was represantative of the whole (patrons).What is known to all is that the smaller the sample,the less reliable the survey;the less representative the sample ,the more inaccurate the result. Perhaps , only a few old peole whoparticipated the survey and not all of them gave their answers.For this matter,it is entirely possible that the truth of the fact is completely the contrary:the outcry comes from only a few people ,while others, which are of the greatest proportion of the whole customers , were nonchalance towards what the company did. ......as a result ,the Endure manufacturing process is actually a guarantee of profits rather than a waste of money.In the argument , the author only says that commuters are complaining about the increase in the rash-hour traffic on Blue Highway. But , what actually all the commuters think? Since the author provides no relevant information to show how many people actually complained ,nor does the author offer any evidence to prove that the people he refers were represantative of the whole (patrons)Maybe there is merely a few people complained ,and most of the commuters are saitisfied with the traffic on the highway.For this matter,it is entirely possible that the truth of the fact is completely the contrary:......Thus , an additional lane will be unnecessary.2 类比As we know that only comparison between objects which are essencially the same in other primary aspects can it have the chace making sense . In the argument , unfortunatly,the author dosen't give any information about the Alpha University(AU) can show that the teaching level and the abilities of students are almost the same as the OU so that students should have been the same competent when find jobs. And the argument also lacks the most siginificant information that whether the AU also adopts the students' evaluation of the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. If there is evidence tells that students in AU are the most exellante in the county even in the whole nation , although students in OU have not been as successful as them , these student may still be very successful. And if the students in AU also evaluate their teachers, the comparison will be more meaningless.takes the latter highway for example to prove that3 部分代整体(1与5)Thirdly,whether is it reasonable to apply the result of the survey which is in the northeastern United States cities to infer the market condition of the whole nation? Forasmuch as what experience tells us that the preferences of people vary widely from one place to another, there is a possibility that even the result is accurate which is from a reliable survey in the northeastern United States cities,the fact in other places may be the contrary:As the result of the fact that whether this method to estimate the general market condition is acceptable is unclear,the conclusion is dubious.4 盈亏问题It is know to all that profitbality is function of both revenue and expense. We are not provided any information that can show the price of the fabric supplies and other facilities needed for the production . Nor dose we offerred evidence which shows the scope and the degree of the rise of the clothing prices. Perhaps even other kind of clothes increase in prices, the alpaca overcoat particularlly on the contrary decrease. Even it may be true that the price of the overcoat will increase ,but if the total costs increase much more significant than the revenue the overcoat brings, this kind of overcoat will unlikely to be profitable,no matter how huge the revenue will be. Thus , the assumption is not rational , and it weakens the argument.High price keeps patrons away while lower one makes the revenue even less than expense,no matter how huge the revenue will be.5 以去年的推测现在或以后的the argument is rooted in the assumption that people today are still in favor of the alpaca overcoat and are willing to buy new ones . As we all know that fashions and people's needs are always changing. It maybe true that the alpaca overcoat is popular among people five years ago, but it is not rational to use people's previous propensity to predict what people will prefer today. It is entirely possible that people today have been fed up with seeing this kind of overcoat and few of them are willing to purchase one .6 增加减少的基数不知道7 一些专家，一些领导他们的话可不可信Sencondly , there should be an assumption that what the experts say are rational to be applied to infer that the fatigue and sleep deprivation are significant factors which lead to the on-the-job accidents at QM. On one hand , whether is what the experts say convincing? If their theory do not match the truth , it will be useless to cite what they discover here. On the other hand , even if the experts tell the truth , there is no realible evidence the president provides can indicate that the workers are now all faced with the problems ,fatigue and sleep deprivation, the theory may also be of no use here.T hus , if the president combine a convicing theory with an reliabe survey among works of their physical condition to lend a support to the assumption , the argument may be more persuative8 有没有其他的选择？就只能选这个公司？9 有没有副作用？或者好处？（肯定理由，但是质疑结论）10 一种措施等的改变考虑结果的时候时间是否够，有没有别的原因、Secondly, the answer to the question that does the changes of the Apex Theater prove to be worthy that it has brought big profits should be solved. It is true that the AT has done something special , but no evidence shows that he benefits greatly due to what he did.Maybe when residents choose a theater , they seldom take the carpeting , seats and even the videoarcade into considertation but the other factors such as the security of the theaters. Even if the new equipments really can attract more people to come , but as the profitability is a function of both revenue and expense, it is entirely possible that the increased revenue, no matter how huge it is , is still much less than the expense .As a consquence , the answer that can tell the result of the new equipments brought is necessary .11 新进了设备，工作人员怎么样有助于怎么样按照内容分：A 道路.If we are provided with the information that the Blue Highway is located in the contryside and has a smooth surface while the Green Highway is near to the center of the city and its pavement is rough, the same measures taken among these two highways will be more likely to result in different outcomes.As a consqeunce , before adopting the recommendation , the evidence which can more specificly describe the two highways is needed.B 电视节目C 公司的比较，员工，效率，收费等等D 教育问题E 我们公司的策略问题F对argument，第一段，the ....offers no....Nor does..第二段，however，the ....is more likely to be false. ........for one thing , for another ,,,,,,,in addition.......第三段，the facts may not match what the author think. Perhaps , or perhaps.......关于每段展开，必要的三要素：作者没有交代，作者错误理解；可能的情况；这样的后果（这点很重要，分析）。

GRE作文模板ARGUMENT部分

The conclusion of this argument is that …The author employs several lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. In the first, the author reasons that...In the second,the author points out that … At the first sight, the author ’s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have a look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. The argument is problematic for the following reasons.The argument assumes that A is typical of all AAA, as a group. However, this is not necessarily the case; …might ….If so, then the argument has failed to discredit the prediction for the industry as a whole./ In the first place, the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless it can be shown that A is representative of AAA, the conclusion that …is completely unwarranted. In fact ,in the face of such limited evidence it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide statistics about C applies equally to place B. Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps ….,or perhaps …. Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that ….The Xth reason rests on the assumption that M is analogous to N. This assumption is weak, since …,there are many dissimilarities as well. For example…H owever, the same may be true of..;it is possible that ….For additional support the author points out that …. However, this disparity is explainable by other plausible factors, such as ….The author assumes that A is due to B. However, the only evidence offered to support this conclusion is the fact that A preceded B. But the mere fact that A before B occurred is insufficient grounds to conclude that it was responsible for B. Many other factors could bring about this same result. Lacking a detailed analysis of …, it would be sheer folly to attribute B to A.The author assumes too hastily that A is attributed to B —rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps ….Or perhaps …. without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for B, the editorial ’s author cannot convince me that A leads to B.The argument depends on the assumption that A has caused B. However, just because A can be statistically correlated with B, this does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B.Theauthor assumes thatA andB are mutually exclusivealternatives. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/or choice. Adjustment both A and B might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A .Another problem with the argument is that it unfairly assumes that A do not benefit from B. it is entirely possible that …. It is also possible that …. Without considering such potential benefits, the author cannot reasonably conclude that …/the author falsely assumes that a ban on A is both necessary and sufficient to achieve the three stated objectives. Perhaps …by another mean as well—for example, by ….We have strong reasons to question the credibility and neutrality of the survey in which the conductor has invested interest and,In further support of her claim the author points out that …. However, this evidence shows only that …, not that…. Moreover, it is possible that…, rendering any conclusion about … based on these … is unfair.In conclusion, the arguer fails to validate the conclusion that AAAA. To solidify the argument, the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to demonstrate that BBBB. In addition, the arguer have to rule out the abovementioned possibilities that would undermine the arguer’s claim.In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports(swimming, boating and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river's water and the river's smell.In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason e of the river for water sports is therefore sure to increase.The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year's budget to riverside recreational facilities.。

新GRE分析性写作Arguement官方范文

Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response – Score 6While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author's argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident's love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the author's argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident's lack of river use and the river's current state is not effectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river's water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage. If the river's water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be afffected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river's quality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city's property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author's argument is not likely significantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6This insightful response identifies important assumptions and thoroughly examines their implications. The proposal to spend more on riverside recreational facilities rests on three questionable assumptions, namely:●that the survey provides a reliable basis for budget planning●that the river’s pollution and odor are the only reasons for its limited recreationaluse●that efforts to clean the water and remove the odor will be successfulBy showing that each assumption is highly suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the entire argument. For example, paragraph 2 points out that the survey might not have used a representative sample, might have offered limited choices, and might have contained very few questions on water sports.Paragraph 3 examines the tenuous connection between complaints and limited use of the river for recreation. Complaints about water quality and odor may be coming from only a few people and, even if such complaints are numerous, other completely different factors may be much more significant in reducing river usage. Finally, paragraph 4 explains that certain geologic features may prevent effective river clean-up. Details such as these provide compelling support.In addition, careful organization ensures that each new point builds upon the previous ones. For example, note the clear transitions at the beginning of paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the logical sequence of sentences within paragraphs (specifically paragraph 4).Although this essay does contain minor errors, it still conveys ideas fluently. Note the effective word choices (e.g., “rife with…assumptions”and “may have swayed residents”). In addition, sentences are not merely varied; they also display skillful embedding of subordinate elements. For example, note the sustained parallelism in the first sentence of the concluding paragraph.Since this response offers cogent examination of the argument and conveysmeaning skillfully, it earns a score of 6.Essay Response – Score 5The author of this proposal to increase the budget for Mason City riverside recreational facilities offers an interesting argument but to move forward on the proposal would definitely require more information and thought. While the correlations stated are logical and probable, there may be hidden factors that prevent the City from diverting resources to this project.For example, consider the survey rankings among Mason City residents. The thought is that such high regard for water sports will translate into usage. But, survey responses can hardly be used as indicators of actual behavior. Many surveys conducted after the winter holidays reveal people who list exercise and weight loss as a top priority. Yet every profession does not equal a new gym membership. Even the wording of the survey results remain ambiguous and vague. While water sports may be among the residents' favorite activities, this allows for many other favorites. What remains unknown is the priorities of the general public. Do they favor these water sports above a softball field or soccer field? Are they willing to sacrifice the municipal golf course for better riverside facilities? Indeed the survey hardly provides enough information to discern future use of improved facilities.Closely linked to the surveys is the bold assumption that a cleaner river will result in increased usage. While it is not illogical to expect some increase, at what level will people begin to use the river? The answer to this question requires a survey to find out the reasons our residents use or do not use the river. Is river water quality the primary limiting factor to usage or the lack of docks and piers? Are people more interested in water sports than the recreational activities that they are already engaged in? These questions will help the city government forecast how much river usage will increase and to assign a proportional increase to the budget.Likewise, the author is optimistic regarding the state promise to clean the river. We need to hear the source of the voices and consider any ulterior motives. Is this a campaign year and the plans a campaign promise from the state representative? What is the timeline for the clean-up effort? Will the state fully fund this project? We canimagine the misuse of funds in renovating the riverside facilities only to watch the new buildings fall into dilapidation while the state drags the river clean-up.Last, the author does not consider where these additional funds will be diverted from. The current budget situation must be assessed to determine if this increase can be afforded. In a sense, the City may not be willing to draw money away from other key projects from road improvements to schools and education. The author naively assumes that the money can simply appear without forethought on where it will come from.Examining all the various angles and factors involved with improving riverside recreational facilities, the argument does not justify increasing the budget. While the proposal does highlight a possibility, more information is required to warrant any action.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5Each paragraph in the body of this perceptive essay identifies and examines an unstated assumption that is crucial to the argument. The major assumptions discussed are:●that a survey can accurately predict behavior●that cleaning the river will, in itself, increase recreational usage●that state plans to clean the river will actually be realized●that Mason City can afford to spend more on riverside recreational facilities Support within each paragraph is both thoughtful and thorough. For example, paragraph 2 points out vagueness in the wording of the survey: Even if water sports rank among the favorite recreational activities of Mason City residents, other sports may still be much more popular. Thus, if the first assumption proves unwarranted, the argument to fund riverside facilities —rather than soccer fields or golf courses —becomes much weaker. Paragraph 4 considers several reasons why river clean-up plans may not be successful (the plans may be nothing more than campaign promises or funding may not be adequate). Thus, the weakness of the third assumptionundermines the argument that river recreation will increase and riverside improvements will be needed at all.Instead of dismissing each assumption in isolation, this response places them in a logical order and considers their connections. Note the appropriate transitions between and within paragraphs, clarifying the links among the assumptions (e.g., “Closely linked to the surveys…” or “The answer to this question requires...”). Along with strong development, this response also displays facility with language. Minor errors in punctuation are present, but word choices are apt and sentences suitably varied in pattern and length. The response uses a number of rhetorical questions, but the implied answers are always clear enough to support the points being made.Thus, the response satisfies all requirements for a score of 5, but its development is not thorough or compelling enough for a 6.Essay Response – Score 4The problem with the arguement is the assumption that if the Mason River were cleaned up, that people would use it for water sports and recreation. This is not necessarily true, as people may rank water sports among their favorite recreational activities, but that does not mean that those same people have the financial ability, time or equipment to pursue those interests.However, even if the writer of the arguement is correct in assuming that the Mason River will be used more by the city's residents, the arguement does not say why the recreational facilities need more money. If recreational facilities already exist along the Mason River, why should the city allot more money to fund them? If the recreational facilities already in existence will be used more in the coming years, then they will be making more money for themselves, eliminating the need for the city government to devote more money to them.According to the arguement, the reason people are not using the Mason River for water sports is because of the smell and the quality of water, not because the recreational facilities are unacceptable.If the city government alloted more money to the recreational facilities, then the budget is being cut from some other important city project. Also, if the assumptions proved unwarranted, and more people did not use the river for recreation, then much money has been wasted, not only the money for the recreational facilities, but also the money that was used to clean up the river to attract more people in the first place.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 4This competent response identifies two unstated assumptions:●that cleaning up the Mason River will lead to increased recreational use●that existing facilities along the river need more fundingParagraph 1 offers reasons why the first assumption is questionable (e.g., residents may not have the necessary time or money for water sports). Similarly, paragraphs 2 and 3 explain that riverside recreational facilities may already be adequate and may, infact, produce additional income if usage increases. Thus, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to show how the argument depends on questionable assumptions.However, this essay does not rise to a score of 5 because it fails to consider several other unstated assumptions (e.g., that the survey is reliable or that the efforts to clean the river will be successful). Furthermore, the final paragraph makes some extraneous, unsupported assertions of its own. Mason City may actually have a budget surplus so that cuts to other projects will not be necessary, and cleaning the river may provide other real benefits even if it is not used more for water sports.This response is generally free of errors in grammar and usage and displays sufficient control of language to support a score of 4.Essay Response – Score 3Surveys are created to speak for the people; however, surveys do not always speak for the whole community. A survey completed by Mason City residents concluded that the residents enjoy water sports as a form of recreation. If that is so evident, why has the river not been used? The blame can not be soley be placed on the city park department. The city park department can only do as much as they observe. The real issue is not the residents use of the river, but their desire for a more pleasant smell and a more pleasant sight. If the city government cleans the river, it might take years for the smell to go away. If the budget is changed to accomodate the clean up of the Mason River, other problems will arise. The residents will then begin to complain about other issues in their city that will be ignored because of the great emphasis being placed on Mason River. If more money is taken out of the budget to clean the river an assumption can be made. This assumption is that the budget for another part of cit maintenance or building will be tapped into to. In addition, to the budget being used to clean up Mason River, it will also be allocated in increasing riverside recreational facilites. The government is trying to appease its residents, and one can warrant that the role of the government is to please the people. There are many assumptions being made; however, the government can not make the assumption that people want the river to be cleaned so that they can use it for recreational water activities. The government has to realize the long term effects that their decision will have on the monetary value of their budget.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3Even though much of this essay is tangential, it offers some relevant examination of the argument’s assumptions. The early sentences mention a questionable assumption (that the survey results are reliable) but do not explain how the survey might have been flawed. Then the response drifts to irrelevant matters —a defense of the city park department, a prediction of budget problems and the problem of pleasing city residents.Some statements even introduce unwarranted assumptions that are not part of the original argument (e.g., “The residents will then begin to complain about other issues" and "This assumption is that the budget for another part of city maintenance or building will be tapped into”). Near the end, the response does correctly note that city government should not assume that residents want to use the river for recreation. Hence, the proposal to increase funding for riverside recreational facilities may not be justified.In summary, the language in this response is reasonably clear, but its examination of unstated assumptions remains limited and therefore earns a score of 3.This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical.First, this statement mentions raking water sports as their favorite recreational activities at the first sentence. However, it seems to have a ralation between the first sentence and the setence which mentions that increase the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. This is a wrong cause and result to solve the problem. Second, as a reponse to the complaints from residents, the state plan to clean up the river. As a result, the state expects that water sports will increase. When you look at two sentences, the result is not appropriate for the cause.Third, the last statement is the conclusion. However, even though residents rank water sports, the city government might devote the budget to another issue. This statement is also a wrong cause and result.In summary, the statement is not logical because there are some errors in it. The supporting setences are not strong enough to support this issue.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2Although this essay appears to be carefully organized, it does not follow the directions for the assigned task. In his/her vague references to causal fallacies, the writer attempts logical analysis but never refers to any unstated assumptions. Furthermore, several errors in grammar and sentence structure interfere with meaning (e.g., “This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical”).Because this response “does not follow the d irections for the assigned task”and contains errors in sentence structure and logical development, it earns a score of 2.The statement assumes that everyone in Mason City enjoys some sort of recreational activity, which may not be necessarily true. They statement also assumes that if the state cleans up the river, the use of the river for water sports will definitely increase.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1The brevity of this two-sentence response makes it fundamentally deficient. Sentence 1 states an assumption that is actually not present in the argument, and sentence 2 correctly states an assumption but provides no discussion of its implications. Although the response may begin to address the assigned task, it offers no development. As such, it is clearly "extremely brief ... providing little evidence of an organized response" and should earn a score of 1.Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response – Score 6It might seem logical, at first glance, to agree with the argument in pr. Karp's article that children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study is not as valid as an interview-centered one). However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need to have a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid. In order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn. The first piece of evidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp'sclaims is information about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group have changed significantly in the past 20 years. Dr. Field conducted his observational study 20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changed significantly since then. For example, if we had evidence that in teh intervening years Westerners had settled on the island and they introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it w certainly weaken Dr. Karp's argument. In that case, the original study could have been accurate, and Dr. Karp's study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr. Field's method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.Another piece of evidence that might help us evaluate this claim involves the exact locations where Dr. Karp's interviews took place. According to this article, Dr. Karp and his graduate students conducted interviews of "children living in the group of island that includes Tertia." If we were to learn that they never interviewed a single Tertian child, it would significantly weaken the conclusion. It could turn out to be the case, for example, that children on Tertia are raised communally, whereas children on other islands nearby are raised by their biological parents.In order to fully evaluate this article, we would also need to learn more about the interview questions that Dr. Karp's team used. What exactly did they ask? We don't know, nor do we know what the children's responses actually were. What did they say about their biological parents? The mere fact that they speak more frequently about their biological parents than they do about other adults does not meant hat they are raised by their biological parents. It would significantly undermine Dr. Karp's argument if it turned out that the children said things like how much they missed their parents or how their parents had left them in a communal environment. Without knowing WHAT the children said, it is hard to accept Dr. Karp's conclusion.It is slightly more difficult to discuss teh evidence we might need in order to evaluate the more interesting claims in Dr. Karp's article, namely his extension of the results of his study to a conclusion that interview-centered methods are inherently more valid than observational-centered approaches. In order to fully evaluate this claim, in fact, we would need to look at many more examples of interview-based and observation-based anthropological studies and we would also need to look intodifferent study designs. Perhaps Dr. Field did not conduct an effective observational study, but other observational approaches could be effective. In order to make such grandiose claims, Dr. Karp really needs a lot of additional evidence (ideally a meta- analysis of hundreds of anthropological studies).Clearly, then, we need to have additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Dr. Karp's article. We need to know about Tertia and the surrounding islands, whether or not they have changed over the past 20 years. We also need to know about study design (Dr. Karp's and Dr. Field's). And we really need a lot more information if we want to extend the results of a study about one island culture to all anthropological fieldwork.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6This outstanding response clearly addresses the specific task directions and presents a cogent, insightful analysis by specifically detailing the impact that different pieces of evidence would have on the argument. The introductory paragraph sets up the organization of the response, and each body paragraph provides the sort of compelling development typical in responses that receive a score of 6. For example, after the writer discusses possible evidence that Tertian child rearing practices have changed over the past 20 years, he or she clearly explains the impact information about those changes might have on the argument, saying, "In that case, the original study could have been accurate, and Dr. Karp's study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr. Field's method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.” Not only is this argument compelling, but it also demonstrates sophisticated syntax and facility with language. There is more insightful development in the fifth paragraph, in which the miter examines Dr. Karp's claims about interview-based studies. Although there are a few typos and minor errors here, nothing in the response distracts from the overall fluency of the writing. Sentences like this one demonstrate the fluent and precise diction and varied syntax that are evident throughout the response: "It could turn out to be the case, for example, that children on Tertia are raised communally,whereas children on other islands nearby are raised by their biological parents." Because of its compelling and insightful development and fluent and precise language, this response fits all of the bu1let points for a 6.Essay Response – Score 5There seems to be an abundance of evidence that, if we were to examine it closely, might make us reconsider Dr. Karp’s argument here. I f we look first at the evidence that might weaken this argument, we can see a lot of the problems with Dr. Karp’s article. It would certainly weaken the argument if we were to discover that Dr. Karp and his students did not actually conduct any of their interviews on the island of Tertia itself. Looking closely at the article, we see that Dr. Karp claims the interviews were conducted with children from the island group that includes Tertia. There is no evidence that they interviewed Tertian children. It would definitely weaken the argument if we were to learn that they interviewed children only on islands close to Tertia. Those islands may or may not have similar child-rearing traditions, and geographic proximity does not guarantee societal similarity.Another piece of evidence that would weaken the argument could come from transcripts of the interviews themselves. Dr. Karp’s a rticle makes the claim that the children “spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults,” but he gives no indication of what exactly they say about their biological parents. After all, the children may be talking about how they never see their parents.One more important piece of evidence that might undermine the argument Dr. Karp is making in this article. He admits that twenty year s have passed since Dr. Field’s study was conducted, but he does not provide evidence that proves child-rearing techniques have not changed significantly in that time. Any number of factors could have led to a significant shift in how children are raised. Influences from other cultures, significant catastrophic events, or a change in government structures could have led to a change in family dynamics. Any evidence of such changes would clearly undermine Dr. Karp’s argument.If we went looking for evidence that could strengthen the argument, we might also find something interesting. Obviously, some of the evidence above might strengthen the argument if they were NOT as discussed above (e.g., if there were evidence thatthe Tertian islands have NOT changed since Dr. Field’s stu dy or if there were transcripts that showed the children spoke about how much they loved living with their biological parents). However, if we discovered that there are numerous interview-based studies that confirm Dr. Karp’s findings, it would go a long way toward bolstering his claim about Tertian child-rearing AND his claim about interview-centered studies being more effective. Another piece of evidence that would st rengthen Dr. Karp’s argument is undermining Dr. Field’s original study. Maybe Dr. Field was sloppy, for example.Dr. Karp’s article, then, ends up looking like something of an empty shell. Depending on the evidence we find to fill it out, we may discover that it is quite convincing, or we could determine that he is full of hot air.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5This strong response presents a generally thoughtful and well-developed analysis of the argument, and it follows the specific task directions quite clearly. This writer approaches the task by first discussing the evidence that m ight weaken Dr. Karp’s argument and then, in somewhat less depth, considering the evidence that could strengthen it. In both cases the writer analyzes the ways in which the evidence would bear on the argument. For example, the writer notes, “Influences f rom other cultures, significant catastrophic events, or a change in government structures could have led to a change in family dynamics. Any evidence of such changes would clearly undermine Dr. Karp’s argument.” Although the development presented here i s strong, the response does not present the compelling development required for a 6. For instance, in the first paragraph there is some repetition, and in the third paragraph the reader must fill in the implications of potential “changes” in Tertia, which are not fully fleshed out. How could a catastrophic event or a change in governmental structure have led to changes in child rearing traditions? The development, then, is strong but not outstanding. Also, the response demonstrates some facility with language, though it does not convey meaning skillfully enough to merit a score of 6. In general, the。

GRE 作文满分模板Arguement

GRE ARGUMENT 1On the other hand, Ii n the follow-up study the版权声明: 文书的刊登已经过顾客的授权许可, 详情请参见我们的隐私条款, 如果您的文书在经过我们的修改润色后成功帮助您申请到心仪的学校, 您也可以选择将您的申请文书授权给我们, 我们将把您的文书加入到此栏目中, 和更多的同学一起分享. 同时我们对愿意提供给我们做范文的客户会有一定的回馈活动, 具体活动请联系客服详询, 更多修改范文, 欢迎随时来电来函咨询！say. To fix this problem, use clearer words and write more directly with as few words as possible to get your meaning across.I think you can add more to your last 2 paragraphs. The second to last paragraph is only2 sentences, and your argument isn’t really developed (see my comment on the side). If you cannot think of anything else to add, maybe you could delete this paragraph. Your last paragraph, the conclusion, could be improved by going over the rest of yourarguments and summarizing them. Keep the last 2 sentences, though, because they are good for ending.版权声明这篇范文的刊登已经过顾客的授权许可，Best Writing 拥有此篇范文的版权。

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文Argument
能模板
谢谢2 In this argument，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites ….In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that ….This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. / However,close scrutiny of the argument reveals several logical problems,which render it unconvincing as it stands. PE(paragraph ending)：Lacking clearer evidence that …,the author cannot expect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that … Without addressing this issue/ considering other factors that might contribute to …/ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to … In short,the author must provide some evidence of …before I can accept the author’s final conclusion that … (接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) … 正1→小样本、代表性、随机性、权威性 (1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability of the survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of …as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. （小样本、代表性）
谢谢4 (1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps ….For that matter, ….PE. (2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine … (3)The fact that …lends no/little credible/scant support to … (4)A problem involves the definition of ….The author fails to define this critical term.If …is defined as …,then ….In short, without a clear definition of …it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument. 正5→错误推测（过去推将来、现在推过去） The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring the factor of time which perhaps can change everything including …. Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situation 正6→错误类比(成功不可复制) One problem why I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted to infer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps ….In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the …are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,region 正7→其他因素、非此即彼
谢谢5 The argument suffers from “either-or” reasoning.Based on the fact that …,the author unfairly concludes that….However,the author overlooks the possibility… Another problem with the argument is that it overlooks other factors that …/the possibility that A is not the only factor affecting B.For instance,perhaps …/It is entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE. 正8→言行不一 The author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise. 结尾：In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …
谢谢3 (2) …are rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. From the survey quoted in this argument,we find no sign of such procedures for random samplings and have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides, …provides no information about what percentage of …responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study’s conclusion.（随机性、代表性）结尾总结用To better evaluate the reliability of the study upon which the author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study’s sample. 正2→对比试验 The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion. 正3→错误因果、错误假设 (1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot … (2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable to cking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the author provides no evidence that ….PE. 正4→差异概念、无理假设、缺少证据、定义不清（强调不一定,not necessary）