商务英语翻译之法律文体翻译5
商务英语语篇的文体特点及翻译
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商务英语在进行一般叙述时多使用日常用词, 但涉及商 贸活动时则大量使用专业词汇和商贸术语。商务语言在词
汇上的最大特 点就是对专 业词 汇的精确使用 , 且这 些词汇还
具有特定的专业意义, 经常给译者造成理解或传译上 的困
难 。商务语 言灵 活丰富 , 不 同的介词 、 词 序 以及单 复数变化 都会导致词义发生重大变化 , 而不 同搭 配也可能会 给理 解造 成 困难 。我们在翻译 时一 定要对 原文 用词 上的细 微差别 加 以认真分析 , 确保对原 文的 准确解读 , 才能译 出既 忠实 又通
2 . 1 词汇的特 点
的全部问题或要求; 简洁: 商务信函应当在涵盖各种必须陈 述的信息的基础上做到言简意赅、 文字简洁; 具体 : 商务文书 应力求具体、 明确、 形象, 力避含糊、 空泛、 抽象, 在给对方做 出明确反应的信或答复对方的要求或问题的信中尤其需要
做到表述具体化 ; 正确 : 商务 文书 内容必 须 以准 确的语 言和 商务套语加 以表达 , 不得 出半 分差错 , 否则 会给 己方公 司带
2 0 1 3年 9月 第3 2卷第 9期
黑龙江教 育学院学报 J o u na r l o f H e i l o n l  ̄ i a n g C o l l e g e fE o d u c a t i o n
S e p . 2 0 1 3 V0 1 . 3 2 N o . 9
必须再现原 文传 递的所有 内容 以及 原文 的语 气、 文体特征与 专业特点 。
关键词 : 商务英语语篇 ; 文体特点 ; 翻 译 中图分类号 : H 3 1 5 . 9 文献标志码 : A 文章编号 : 1 0 0 1 — 7 8 3 6 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 0 9- 0 1 5 0—0 2
法律文体的翻译
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5. "例外(但书)"的翻译 1)……但《中华人民共和国婚姻法》规定禁止结婚的除 外. …, with the exception of those prohibited from marriage under the provisions of the "Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China". 2) 合营企业也可以按不超过营业额百分之五的比例缴 纳土地使用费,但须经市土地局核定. Joint-ventures may also, subject to approval by the Land Bureau, pay land use fee at a rate of not more than 5 percent of their turnover. 3) 除国家另有规定外,参照本条例执行. Unless otherwise provided for by the People's Republic of China, the present regulations shall apply.
法律文本的翻译要求
1. 用词精当 注意同义词在不同译文中的差别,保持词义在上下 文中的一致,使语句严谨,例如: Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the contract to the satisfaction of the engineer. 除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之外,承包商应严 格按合同施工和竣工,并改正工作中的任何缺陷, 达到工程师满意的程度. 分析:"physical"在哲学上与"mental"相对,表示"物质 的","自然的".但如果译为"物质的"容易产 生歧义,可能与具体的物质材料联系起来.这里译 为"外界条件",即人为以外的条件.
英译汉-文体翻译(2)法律
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第六单元文体翻译第二节法律文体⏹法律文体:法律文体包括宪法、法律、行政法规、条例、条约、合同、协议、契约、保证书等等,是最为严谨、精确和正式的文体。
因为法令、契约等文书需要严格规定义务、权利、行为准则的涵义和范围,所以必须词义准确,文意确凿,丝毫不允许语义的模棱两可。
例:The option period shall be the period of 10 days starting from the 30th day after the execution of this Agreement.译:选择期为本合同执行之日30天后的10天。
改译:?一、法律文体的特点1、用词方面⏹专门术语——明晰性,专业性例:shall action serve⏹外来词语——庄重性,权威性例:estoppel alibi affidavit⏹古词旧词例:hereof whereby aforesaid例:1. He was awarded $500 damages for the injury he suffered in the accident.awarded: 判给damages: 损害赔偿2. The testator died with issue.testator: 立遗嘱的人issue: 子女3. Parties must wait for process to issue from the court.process: 传票2、句式方面⏹句子冗长例:Every person who, himself, is exercising ordinary care, has a right to assume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law; and in the absence of reasonable cause for thinking otherwise, it is not negligence for such a person to fail to anticipate an accident which can be occasioned only by a violation of law or duty by another person.⏹结构复杂例:in accordance withpursuant tosubject to⏹代词很少⏹并列名词例:rules and regulations 规章制度duties and responsibility 职责heirs and devisees 继承人和遗嘱继承人the custody, charge or care 抚养、管教或照看⏹插入状语例:If I shall during the hearing: (a) make default …; or (b) do suffer or omit any act …又如:The Publisher may, if they think fit, decline to publish the Work.⏹被动语态3、格式方面⏹指称间接性⏹专有名词⏹标点符号少4、风格方面⏹严谨缜密⏹正式保守⏹客观冷峻⏹练习:1. The master or the any other person signing this agreement on behalf of the property to be salved is not authorized to make or give and the contractor shall not demand or take, any payment, draft or order for or on account of the remuneration.译文:为待救财产签订本协议,船长或其他人无权签发或给予任何现金、汇票或提款单作为酬金,承包人不得要求或接受上述酬金。
7-法律英语翻译汇总
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在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可以 按照本条约规定提出国际申请。 Applications for the protection of inventions in any of the Contracting States may be filed as international applications under this Treaty.
• A:判断语,根据价值或事实所 作出的判断。 • Acquit • Calculate • Describe • Analyze • Estimate • Assess • characterize
• B:裁定语,表示赞成或反对某 事或某过程。 • Order • Command • Direct • Recommend • Appoint • Dismiss • Nominate • Declare • Announce • Warn • proclaim
• Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege.
语言明确,2)条理清晰,3)行文严谨,4)符合规 范格式。
法律文体的翻译
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• 费用由谁负担: costs and expenses shall be
borne by sb; sth shall be the expense of sb; payment for sth shall be the responsibility of sb; sth shall be (due and) payable by A to B; cost shall be additional to sb; do sth with cost to sb; do sth at cost to sb; at one’s expense • 日期表达: (于某日)as of; dated(自某日起) as of/from; from; starting from; starting on; (截止某日)to/till (在某日之前;提前多少 日) prior to, no later than, on or before, prior to or before • 年龄:years of age (=years old); years of age and above/under
分别定义条款 •“Net Profits and Net Losses” means/shall mean/shall have the meaning of the taxable income and loss of the Venture. •“Baht” or the abbreviation “Bht” refers/shall refer to the then lawful currency of the Kingdom of Thailand. •“Effective Date” shall be construed as the date of execution of the Contract.
商务英语翻译5商务合同的翻译
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第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征
还款或专利申请的 “宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说 “according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” • “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为 “Neither party hereto may assign this contract”, 其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用 “Neither party to the contract”较少。 • • • •
第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征
• 再例如: • “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和 “discharge”意思几乎相同。
第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征
第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征
• “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或 “comprehend a contract”,而不用 “understand a contract”; • “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不 用“think”或“believe”; • “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do” 。
商务英语法律翻译内容
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4. Translate the following paragraphs:
One or the other of the systems is the basis of law in most of the Western world. 在西方世界的大部分地区,其法律不是以 普通法为基础,就是以大陆法为基础。 The civil-law system can be traced back to Roman law, which extended to the limits of the Empire. 大陆法系可追溯到罗马法,它曾在罗马帝 国的疆域内普遍使用。 With the disintegration of Rome, its law lost its universality. 罗马帝国分崩离析,罗马法也随之失去其 普遍性。
Whereas
Whereas 在前文中引出签约背景和目的, 其法律意义在于:在诉讼时是解释合同 本文的依据。通常翻译成“鉴于...”
例1
WHEREAS the Licensor(许可方) possesses know-how for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of … ; WHEREAS the Licensor has the right and desires to transfer the above-signed know-how to the Licensee(受让方) ; NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual convenants , through consultation , the Licensor and Licensee agree to enter into this contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows : 鉴于许可方拥有专有技术的所有权,有权设计、生产、 安装以及销售… … 鉴于许可方有权且愿意将以上专有技术转让给受让方; 因此,根据以上情况及双方的意愿,经双方协商,达成 如下合同条款:
各种法律类文书、公文翻译(中-英文版)
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举证通知书(English V ersion)-法律英语翻译-法律文书翻译The People’s Republic of ChinaHefei Intermediate People’s Court of Anhui ProvinceNotice to Produce EvidenceNo. XXXTo: AAAAccording to the Civil Procedural Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Severa l Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Evidences for Civil Actions, you are responsible for producing evidences to prove the facts on which your claims are based or the facts on which the claims of the other party are rebutted.1. Y ou shall, as required by the Instructions for Producing Evidences of this Court submit evidence materials to this Court within thirty (30) days after the day of the receiving this notice.2. Evidences submitted by the parties to the people’s court shall be the origina ls, or copies or replicas checked and found in conformity with the originals by the people’s court. The submitted evidence materials shall be classified and numbered one by one. It is required to briefly describe the sources, facts to be proved and contents of the evidence materials. Copies shall be provided according to the number of the parties of the opposing side.3. Where it is really difficult for you to submit evidence materials within the evidence producing term, you may apply with this Court for extension before its expiration.4. Y our failure to submit evidence materials within the evidence producing term shall be deemed as waiver of the right to produce evidences. For the evidence materials not submitted on time, the people’s court won’t arra nge cross examination during trial, unless the other party agrees to cross examination.5. Where you intend to apply for authentication, increase or variation of the claims or file a counterclaim, you shall do the same prior to the expiration of the evidence producing term.6. Where you apply for appearance of a witness to testify, you shall file an application with this Court ten (10) days before expiration of the evidence producing term.7. Where an evidence provided by you has come into being outsi de the territory of the People’s Republic of China, such evidence shall be certified by a notarial authority of the country in which such evidence has come into being and certified by an embassy or consulate of the People’s Republic of China in that country, or it is required to perform the certifying procedures prescribed by related treaties between the People’s Republic of China and that country.Where an evidence provided by you has come into being in the region of Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, related certifying procedures shall be performed.Hefei Intermediate People’s Court of Anhui Province (seal)Date:举证通知书(中文版)×××人民法院举证通知书(××××)×××字第××号×××:根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》和最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》,现将有关举证事项通知如下:一、当事人应当对自己提出的诉讼请求所依据的事实或者反驳对方诉讼请求所依?据的事实承担举证责任。
商务文体翻译
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• 现另封寄上我方价格单,望能使贵方感兴趣。
• We are now pleased to send you, under separate cover, our price list which we hope might be of interest to you/ might interest you.
• a. When his dad died, Pete had to get another job. • 老皮他爹一死,他只好换个事干。 • b. After his father’s death, Peter had to change
his job. • 他父亲死后,彼得不得不改变一下工作。 • c. On the decease of his father, Mr. Brown was
• As requested, we are sending our quotation sheet in triplicate, and wish you would place your (long-term) order with us as soon as possible.
• 我方报价是经精确计算而且相当合适的。由于产 品质量优异,在欧洲市场上十分畅销,我们已按 此价格与其他客户做成了可观的生意。
• 本报盘有效期五天。
• This offer holds good/ remains firm/open/valid for 5 days.
• 在实盘情况下,我们通常保留有效期三天。
• In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers open for 3 days.
• 以上报盘为虚盘(无约束力),所有订货将以我 方书面接受为准。
商务英语翻译之法律文体翻译5
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体现译入语的语域特征
甲方兹保证所供应之货物系在中华人 民共和国内制造。 “特许产品”系指本协议所属所有装 置和产品以及全部改进和改造的产品 或与之有关的研制产品。
Party A hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in the People’s Republic of China. “Licensed Products” means all the devices and products described in the Agreement annexed hereto, together with all improvement and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.
外籍职工的工资、薪金所得, 减半征 收所的税。 A foreign employee’s wage/salary-income is taxable 50% less.
任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者 以其他形式非法转让土地。 No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise transfer land unlawfully.
法律翻译的基本原则
对于法律翻译,译者不宜片面追求形 式上的对等,要求译文的词类、语序 和句子结构与原文基本保持一致。 法律文件的翻译质量必须用译文读者 对译文的反映程度来衡量。法律文体 的翻译应该遵循奈达提出的“功能对 等”翻译原则,即“译文读者对译文 的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。
商务英语翻译
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In no way can the contract be put to an immediate end.
无法立即终止合同。 The plan for removing the barrier lake(堰塞湖) has been approved, and a flood relief channel (泄流槽), measuring 5 meters wide and 8 meters deep, will be excavated on the top of the barrier. 清除堰塞湖的计划已经得到审批,将在堰塞体顶部开凿一个宽5 米、深8米的泄流槽。
An acceptance (承诺)may be withdrawn. The withdrawl notice of the acceptance shall reach the offeror(要约人) before or at the same time as the acceptance notice (承诺通 知)reaches the offeror.
被动句式(1):译成汉语的主动式 ⑥ 以it为形式主语的被动句的翻译 有些以it为形式主语的英语被动式句子,在翻译成汉语的 时候常要改变成主动形式。译文有时不用加主语,有时则 需要加入一些不确定的主语,比如:“大家、有人、人们、 我们”等,或者将其处理成独立句。例如: It was rumored that Dec. 31 of 2012 would be the world’s doomed day
Passengers are requested to line up to get on board. 乘客请排队上车(船)。
Greece was offered financial support from other EU member nations.
商务英语翻译法律文体翻译
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• 三、严谨性 • 法律语言的严谨性,是指法律文体中所用的词句
在意义上必须准确严密、无懈可击。法律语言必 须要表述的完备周密,无任何歧义。 • (一)大量使用介词短语 • 介词短语词小作用大,无固定规律可循,使用灵 活。常用的介词短语有: • In testimony whereof 为了作证 At this request 应其要求 • By the right of representation 根据代理权 • upon the termination of the trust 在信托终止时
商务英语翻译法律文体翻译
常用词的特殊用法
常用词 Deed Prejudice Satisfaction Alienation Execution Subject matter
一般文体中 行为 偏见 满意 疏远 执行 主题
法律文体中 文据、契约证书
损害、侵害 清偿、补偿
转让 签订 标的物
商务英语翻译法律文体翻译
商务英语翻译法律文体翻译
…shall be held responsible for… • ……对…...承担责任。 Unless otherwise stipulated in ... • 除非在……另有规定
Policy of insurance witness that... • 特立本保险单……
商务英语翻译法律文体翻译
• 使用法律术语和行话、套话。一个科学领域内, 一个术语只表达一个概念,同一个概念只用一个 术语来表达。术语最突出的特点是词义单一而固 定,每个专业术语所表示的都是一个特定的法律 概念,在使用时其他任何词语都不能代替。例如: “termination(终止)”不能用 “finish”代替; “peremptory(最高)”不能用“supreme”代 替;“a material breach(重大违约)”不能用 “a serious breach”代替.其他,letters patent (专利证书),reasonable doubt(合理的怀 疑),contributory negligence(与有过失), 等等。
公文和法律文体翻译
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的语体, 所以在翻译法律英语时应坚持“直译”的原则, 尽量 采取“一对一 一对一”式的翻译。但必须符合中文文体要求。 一对一
NOW THEREFOR, in consideration of the premises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows…
最后关注一下表达
•并非看懂原文就足以做好翻译,译文表达也 必须符合 符合中文的公文和法律文体规范 文体规范。 符合 文体规范 NOW THEREFOR, in consideration of the premises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows…
句子冗长, 句子冗长 晦涩难懂 Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation (MFN) clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations’ imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. 关贸总协定的第一 条是著名的最惠国 ( MFN ) 条 款 , 按 照该条款,每一个 成员国给予其它成 员国进出口货物的 待遇至少应和给予 最惠国的待遇一样 优惠。
正式语体文本
公文与法律文本翻译
法律文书翻译
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法律文书翻译一、定义(Definition of legal instrument)Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document.二、分类(Categories)Examples include a certificate, deed, bond, contract, will, legislative act, notarial act, court writ or process, or any law passed by a competent legislative body in municipal (domestic) or international law.三、基本原则(Basic principles)对于法律翻译,译者不宜片面追求形式上的对等,要求译文的词类、语序和句子结构与原文基本保持一致。
法律文件的翻译质量必须用译员对译文的反映程度来衡量。
法律文体的翻译应该遵循奈达提出的“功能对等”翻译原则,即“译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。
1. 公正性(impartiality)是法律专业人员要遵守的最为基本的原则。
2. 准确性( veracity):要求语言使用者对法律概念及所涉及的行为进行严格表达。
3. 合适性(appropriateness):合适性反映翻译的度,主要是对文本原意传达的充分程度。
4. 简洁,精练(conciseness):The simplest, most concise English is the best for legislation:四、用词的基本特点(Features of words )1. 措词精确、避免歧义(precise words)原文:自9月20日起,甲方无权接受任何订单或收据。
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外籍职工的工资、薪金所得, 减半征收所 的税。 Individual income tax on his/her wages or salary of foreign employees shall be allowed a fifty percent reduction. 任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者以 其他形式非法转让土地。 No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means.
惯用副词
hereafter = after this time; 今后 hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此 herein = in this; 此中,于此 hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文 thereafter = afterwards; 此后,后来 thereby = by that means; 因此;由此;在那方 面 therein = from that; 在那里;在那点上 thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下; 在下文 whereby = by what; by which; 由是;凭那个 wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里;在哪点 上
措词精确、避免歧义 原文:自9月20日起,甲方以无权接受任 何订单或收据 译文:Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders to collect any account after September 20. 改译: Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders to collect any account on and after September 20.
If during the hiring Party A ascertains that Party B has made a false statement in this offer or in relation thereto or that Party B is now or hereafter a convicted person or if Party B shall during the hiring: (a) makes default in any payment or commits any breach hereunder; or (b) does suffer or omits any act , matter or thing which in the opinion of Party A is prejudicial to Party A’s interest in the Goods or Party A’s rights hereunder, then and in any such event Party A shall become entitled to mediate possession of the Goods, subject to any rights conferred up Party B by law to resume the hiring, and may retake possession thereof and upon such repossession the hiring shall terminate.
公正性(impartiality)
法律专业人员要遵守的最为基本的原则。 法律翻译是法律行业工作的一部分,因此 公正性也应是法律翻译的最为基本的原则。 就法庭翻译来看,译员是在讲话人双方之 间传达信息,是双方共同的沟通渠道。表 面看来,公正性似乎不成问题,但在很多 情况下,译员被看成发言人的“语言和心 理的避难所”,就是说发言人力求从译员 获取支持,或者寻取解脱,译员也难受到 一定的影响。
法律文体翻译
基本理论(分类 翻译原则等) 词法特点及翻译 句法特点及翻译 程式特点及翻译
律者
追求公理、维护正义 清洗谎言,寻找真相 要有说服力,要简洁、 明确 简洁、准确、平淡 严肃≠死板
译者
中介者 创新主动者 公正 准确 合适 简洁,精练 体现译入语的语域特征
体现译入语的语域特征
甲方兹保证所供应之货物系在中华人 民共和国内制造。 “特许产品”系指本协议所属所有装 置和产品以及全部改进和改造的产品 或与之有关的研制产品。
Party A hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in the People’s Republic of China. “Licensed Products” means all the devices and products described in the Agreement annexed hereto, together with all improvement and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.
用词比较准确。 用词比较正式、拘谨。比如,不用before 而用prior,不用but而用provided that,不 用after而用sequent,不用tell而用advise, 不用begin或start而用commence,不用use 而用employ,不用according to而用in accordance with,不用show而用 demonstrate,等等。 shall的使用
公正性(impartiality)
另一方面,译员也有可能主动地扮演 保护者的角色,偏向一方。这时他们 不仅仅是在为讲话人传达信息,而是 在自己讲话。不论译员或当事人有多 充分的理由支持译员超越权限,从全 面的职业要求看,译员仍然从原则上 坚持公正性,作到不偏不倚。法庭口 译如此,书面翻译亦如此。
改译:Exports
manufactured by, unless other regulated by the state, foreign-invested enterprises in the New Area are duty-free.
Persons who violate this law… 乙 Persons violating this law… 丙 Violators of this law…
普通名词大写有修辞及表意功能.合同中出现仅 指合同所规定的对象
法律翻译分类
法律翻译
书面翻译
口译
权威性翻译
非权威性翻译
权威性翻译 (如判决书的翻译)
非权威性翻译
描述性翻译 (用于提供信息)
效用性翻译 (如证言的翻译)
解释性翻 (用于阐释)
参考性翻译 (如法庭论辩的翻译)
法律英语用词的基本特点及翻译
外商投资企业生产的产品,除国家另 有规定的产品之外,免征关税。 原译:Export products manufactured by foreign invested enterprises in the New Area, except those under other existing regulations by the State, shall be exempted from custom duty.
外籍职工的工资、薪金所得, 减半征 收所的税。 A foreign employee’s wage/salary-income is taxable 50% less.
任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者 以其他形式非法转让土地。 No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise transfer land unlawfully.
常用词的特殊用法
常用词 一般文体中 行为 法律文体中
Deed Prejudice
偏见
文据、契约证 书 损害、侵害
Satisfaction
Alienation Execution Subject matter
满意
疏远 执行 主题
清偿、补偿
转让 签订 标的物
大量使用外来词语,特别是拉丁词语。比如,de facto(事实上的),in re(关于),inter alia (除了别的因素以外;特别),alibi(不在犯罪 现场),bona fide(真正的,真诚的),quasi (好像;准),per se(自身), ad hoc(专门 的;专门地),等等。 使用具有不同意义的常用词。比如,action (诉讼),avoid(取消),consideration(对 价),execute(签署),prejudice(损害), save(除了,除……外),serve(送达),said (上述,该),minor(未成年)或major(已成 年),instrument(法律文件),等等。 少用形容词;不用加强性的副词(如very, rather)
法律翻译的基本原则
对于法律翻译,译者不宜片面追求形 式上的对等,要求译文的词类、语序 和句子结构与原文基本保持一致。 法律文件的翻译质量必须用译文读者 对译文的反映程度来衡量。法律文体 的翻译应该遵循奈达提出的“功能对 等”翻译原则,即“译文读者对译文 的反应等值于原文读者对原文的反应。