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经济学人文章(四六级雅思精读素材)2020-08-27

The Economist August 29th 2020 Business 55Depending on whom you ask, Califor-nia is a leader in clean energy or a cau-tionary tale. Power outages in August prompted stern critiques from Republi-cans. “In California”, D onald Trump tweeted, “D emocrats have intentionally implemented rolling blackouts—forcing Americans in the dark.” In addition to pro-voking outrage and derision, however, the episode is also likely to inspire investment.The Golden State has long been Ameri-ca’s main testing ground for green compa-nies. Californians buy half of all electric cars sold in America. Theirs is the country’s largest solar market. As California deals with heat waves, ﬁres and a goal of carbon-free electricity by 2045, the need for a reli-able grid is becoming ever more obvious.For years ﬁrms competed to generate clean power in California. Now a growing num-ber are vying to store and manage it, too. August’s blackouts have many causes,including poor planning, an unexpected lack of capacity and sweltering heat in not just California but nearby states from which it sometimes imports power. Long before the outages, however, electricity op-erators were anxious about capacity. Cali-fornia’s solar panels become less useful in the evening, when demand peaks. In No-vember state regulators mandated that utilities procure an additional 3.3 gigawatts (gw ) of capacity, including giant batteries that charge when energy is abundant and can sell electricity back to the grid.Too few such projects have come online to cope with the surge in demand for air-conditioning in the scorching summer. But more are sprouting across the state. On Au-gust 19th ls Power, an electricity ﬁrm backed by private equity, unveiled a 250-megawatt (mw ) storage project in San Die-go, the largest of its kind in America. In July the county of Monterey said Vistra Energy,a Texan power company, could build as much as 1.2gw of storage.The rooftop solar industry stands to beneﬁt from a new Californian mandate that requires new homes to install panels on their roofs from this year. Sunrun, the market leader, is increasingly pairing such residential installations with batteries. In July, for instance, the company said it had won contracts with energy suppliers in the Bay Area to install 13mw of residential solar and batteries. These could supply power to residents in a blackout or feed power into the grid to help meet peak demand. Sunrunis so conﬁdent in its future that it has bid $3.2bn for Vivint Solar,its main rival.Another way to stave oﬀoutages is to curb demand.Enel,a European power company,has contracts with local utilities to work with large commercial and indus-trial clients.When demand rises,Enel pays customers to reduce energy consumption,easing demand on the grid.A company called OhmConnect oﬀers something sim-ilar for homeowners.Even as such oﬀerings scale up,the need for reliability means that fossil fuels will not disappear just yet.On September 1st California’s regulators will vote on whether to delay the retirement of four natural-gas plants in light of the outages.The state remains intent on decarbonising its power system over the next 25years.But progress may not move in a straight line.7NEW YO RKBusinesses compete to battle California’s blackoutsEnergy utilitiesLitMany big companies may be struggling with depressed sales, but these are busy times for bribery-busters. Mexico is abuzz over allegations by an ex-boss of Pe-mex, the state oil giant, that several senior politicians received bungs from compa-nies including Odebrecht, a Brazilian con-struction ﬁrm (see Americas section). The scandal is the latest in a string of graft cases to make headlines this year, starting with Airbus’s record $4bn settlement in January over accusations of corruption for making illegal payments in various countries.Corporate bribery is hardly new. In sur-veys, between a third and a half of compa-nies typically claim to have lost business to rivals who won contracts by paying kick-backs. But such perceptions-based re-search has obvious limitations. A new study takes a more rigorous approach, and draws some striking conclusions.Raghavendra Rau of Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge, Yan-Leung Cheung of the Education University of Hong Kong and Aris Stouraitis of Hong Kong Baptist University examined nearly 200 prominent bribery cases in 60 coun-tries between 1975 and 2015. For the ﬁrms doing the bribing, they found, the short-term gains were juicy: every dollar of bribe translated into a $6-9 increase in excess re-turns, relative to the overall stockmarket. That, however, does not take account of the chances of getting caught. These have risen as enforcement of America’s 43-year-old anti-bribery law, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (fcpa ), has been stepped up and other countries have passed similar laws. The number of fcpa cases is up sharply since the ﬁnancial crisis of 2007-09, according to Stanford Law School (see chart). It has dipped a bit under Presi-dent Donald Trump, who has criticised the fcpa for hobbling American ﬁrms over-seas, but remains well above historic lev-els. Total ﬁnes for fcpa violations were $14bn in 2016-19, 48 times as much as in the four years to 2007.The authors also tested 11hypotheses that emerged from past studies of bribery.They found support for some, for instance that ﬁrms pay larger bribes when they ex-pect to receive larger beneﬁts, and that the net beneﬁts of bribing are smaller in places with more public disclosure of politicians’sources of income.But they punctured other bits of re-ceived wisdom. Most striking, they found no link between democracy and graft. This challenges the “Tullock paradox”, which holds that ﬁrms can get away with smaller bribes in democracies because politicians and oﬃcials have less of a lock on the sys-tem than those in autocratic countries, and so cannot extract as much rent. Such ﬁnd-ings will doubtless be of interest to corrup-tion investigators and unscrupulous exec-utives alike. 7Bribery pays—if you don’t get caughtBriberyA closer look at greasy palmsBrown envelopes, big chequesUnited States,Foreign Corrupt Practices ActSources:Stanford Law School;Sullivan &Cromwell*Investigations and enforcement actions †To August6543210605040302010020†10152000059095851977Enforcement actionsSanctions, $bnUtilitiesTransport Communications Basic materials Financial services Consumer goods Aerospace & defence TechnologyIndustrials Health care Oil &gas 100806040200Number of cases* by selected industry1977-2020†。

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雅思阅读经济类文章精选1The magic of diasporasImmigrant networks are a rare bright spark in the world economy. Rich countries should welcome themTHIS is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised ，and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists in its universities and then expels them， a policy the mayor of New York calls "national suicide".This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries' borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door should consider another factor： the growing economic importance of diasporas， and the contribution they can make to a country's economic growth.Old networks， new communicationsDiaspora networks—of Huguenots， Scots， Jews and many others—have always been a potent economic force，but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-generation migrants around the world： that's 3% of the world'spopulation. If they were a nation， it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have always been found in surprising places—Lebanese in west Africa，Japanese in Brazil and Welsh in Patagonia， for instance—but they have been joined by newer ones， such as west Africans in southern China.These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across borders. They speed the flow of information： a Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a gap in the market for cheap umbrellas will alert his cousin in Shenzhen who knows someone who runs an umbrella factory. Kinship ties foster trust，so they can seal the deal and get the umbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends. Trust matters，especially in emerging markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. That is why so much foreign direct investment in China still passes through the Chinese diaspora. And modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of business.Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world's brightest minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home， taking with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China's technology industry is dominated by "sea turtles" (Chinese who have lived abroad and returned).Diasporas spread money， too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home country. A HarvardBusiness School study shows that American companies that employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a joint venture with a local firm.Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two (mutually incompatible) notions： that because so many migrants claim welfare they are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile.The first is usually not true (in Britain，for instance，immigrants claim benefits less than indigenous people do)， and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University showed that， while immigrants make up an eighth of America's population， they founded a quarter of the country's technology and engineering firms. And，by linking the West with emerging markets， diasporas help rich countries to plug into fast-growing economies.Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears that poor countries will suffer as a result of a "brain drain" are overblown. The prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills， and not allsubsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home，and they often return to set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20% of their university graduates，the brain drain makes poor countries richer.Indian takeawaysGovernment as well as business gains from the spread of ideas through diasporas. Foreign-educated Indians，including the prime minister， Manmohan Singh (Oxford and Cambridge) and his sidekick Montek Ahluwalia (Oxford)， played a big role in bringing economic reform to India in the early 1990s. Some 500，000 Chinese people have studied abroad and returned，mostly in the past decade; they dominate the think-tanks that advise the government，and are moving up the ranks of the Communist Party. Cheng Li of the Brookings Institution，an American think-tank，predicts that they will be 15-17% of its Central Committee next year，up from 6% in 2002. Few sea turtles call openly for democracy. But they have seen how it works in practice，and they know that many countries that practise it are richer， cleaner and more stable than China.As for the old world，its desire to close its borders is understandable but dangerous. Migration brings youth to ageing countries，and allows ideas to circulate in millions of mobile minds. That is good both for those who arrive with suitcases and dreams and for those who should welcome them.雅思阅读经济类文章精选2Euro zone's unexplodedTHE euro-zone crisis is not solved and is not likely to be solved soon, but the greatest immediate danger has been avoided. Two points worth stressing.1) The euro-zone economy has some "unexplodedordinance" in it that is likely to explode eventually, but no one really knows whether it is a grenade, a 1000kg bomb, or a nuclear device; what leaders did last week and are doing this week is making sure it is NOT a nuclear device.Europe still faces a number of vortices that could pull down the euro zone if allowed to get going: the "Greek" austerity-budget deficit vortex, and the "Lehman vortex" that sucked Dexia below water, as per the diagram below.However, euro-zone leaders seen to have finally rendered the worst vortex inoperable, namely the "Irish" vortex where by shocks pull down banks, banks pull down governments and then the vortex spreads to the next government in line. In this case it would have been Greek restructuring pulling down banks that forced nationalisation that forced downgrades that drove up yields which then made the governments insolvent. As this might rapidly have reached Italy and Spain, the "nuclear" outcome was truly scary—the sort of thing that had Charles Wyplosz talking about 1930s-like outcomes.The first revelation is that they have now finally 三立在线 that backstopping the banks is absolutely essential, mostly via recapitalisation. I’d guess that they’ll flub the job at the EU and G20 summits but that doesn’t really matter. They are now at "battle stations" when it comes to the banks, so we won’t have a Lehman-like moment that then brings down the world’s third largest debtor (Italy). Either national governments, or the EFSF will make sure the banks remain intact regardless.The second revelation is that regardless of what they do to scale up the EFSF, it won’t be big enough to backstop sovereigns in a way that will prevent contagion. However, this doesn’t matter as the ECB will be forced to step in—just as itdid in August and for exactly the same reason. Contagion spreading to Italy, Spain, Belgium, Malta, France etc would spell a very rapid and very ugly end to the euro zone. Besides, they have the ready excuse that they employed in August about orderly markets and monetary policy. But not all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. The law of unintended consequences will be fully enforced.雅思阅读经济类文章精选3雅思阅读：Whose lost decade?Japan's economy works better than pessimists think—at least for the elderly.THE Japanese say they suffer from an economic disease called "structural pessimism". Overseas too， there is a tendency to see Japan as a harbinger of all that is doomed in the economies of the euro zone and America—even though figures released on November 14th show its economy grew by an annualised 6% in the third quarter， rebounding quickly from the March tsunami and nuclear disaster.Look dispassionately at Japan's economic performance over the past ten years， though， and "the second lost decade"， if not the first，is a misnomer. Much of what tarnishes Japan's image is the result of demography—more than half its population is over 45—as well as its poor policy in dealing with it. Even so， most Japanese have grown richer over the decade.In aggregate，Japan's economy grew at half the pace of America's between 2001 and 2010. Yet if judged by growth in GDP per person over the same period，then Japan has outperformed America and the euro zone (see chart 1). In part this is because its population has shrunk whereas America's population has increased.Though growth in labour productivity fell slightly short of America's from 2000 to 2008，total factor productivity， a measure of how a country uses capital and labour， grew faster，according to the T okyo-based Asian Productivity Organisation. Japan's unemployment rate is higher than in 2000，yet it remains about half the level of America and Europe (see chart 2).Besides supposed stagnation， the two other curses of the Japanese economy are debt and deflation. Yet these also partly reflect demography and can be overstated. People often think of Japan as an indebted country. In fact， it is the world's biggest creditor nation，boasting ￥253 trillion ($3.3 trillion) in net foreign assets.To be sure， its government is a large debtor; its net debt as a share of GDP is one of the highest in the OECD. However， the public debt has been accrued not primarily through wasteful spending or "bridges to nowhere"，but because of ageing，says the IMF. Social-security expenditure doubled as a share of GDP between 1990 and 2010 to pay rising pensions and health-care costs. Over the same period tax revenues have shrunk.Falling tax revenues are a problem. The flip side， though，is that Japan has the lowest tax take of any country in the OECD，at just 17% of GDP. That gives it plenty of room to manoeuvre. Takatoshi Ito，an economist at the University of T okyo，says increasing the consumption tax by 20 percentage points from its current 5%—putting it at the level of a high-tax European country—would raise ￥50 trillion and immediately wipe out Japan's fiscal deficit.That sounds draconian. But here again， demography plays a role. Officials say the elderly resist higher taxes or benefit cuts，and the young， who are in a minority， do not have the politicalpower to push for what is in their long-term interest. David Weinstein，professor of Japanese economy at Columbia University in New York，says the elderly would rather give money to their children than pay it in taxes. Ultimately that may mean that benefits may shrink in the future. "If you want benefits to grow in line with income，as they are now，you need a massive increase in taxes of about 10% of GDP，" he says.Demography helps explain Japan's stubborn deflation， too，he says. After all， falling prices give savers—most of whom are elderly—positive real yields even when nominal interest rates are close to zero. Up until now，holding government bonds has been a good bet. Domestic savers remain willing to roll them over，which enables the government to fund its deficits. Yet this comes at a cost to the rest of the economy.In short， Japan's economy works better for those middle-aged and older than it does for the young. But it is not yet in crisis， and economists say there is plenty it could do to raise its potential growth rate， as well as to lower its debt burden.Last weekend Yoshihiko Noda， the prime minister， took a brave shot at promoting reform when he said Japan planned to start consultations towards joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This is an American-backed free-trade zone that could lead to a lowering of tariffs on a huge swath of goods and services. Predictably it is elderly farmers， doctors and small businessmen who are most against it.Reforms to other areas， such as the tax and benefit system，might be easier if the government could tell the Japanese a different story： not that their economy is mired in stagnation，but that its performance reflects the ups and downs of an ageing society，and that the old as well as the young need to makesacrifices.The trouble is that the downbeat narrative is deeply ingrained. The current crop of leading Japanese politicians，bureaucrats and businessmen are themselves well past middle age. Many think they have sacrificed enough since the glory days of the 1980s， when Japan's economy seemed unstoppable. Mr Weinstein says they suffer from "diminished-giant syndrome"，nervously watching the economic rise of China. If they compared themselves instead with America and Europe， they might feel heartened enough to make some of the tough choices needed.Immigrant networks are a rare bright spark in the world economy. Rich countries should welcome themTHIS is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised ，and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists in its universities and then expels them， a policy the mayor of New York calls "national suicide".This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries' borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door should consider another factor： the growing economic importance of diasporas， and the contribution they can make to a country's economic growth.Old networks， new communicationsDiaspora networks—of Huguenots， Scots， Jews and manyothers—have always been a potent economic force，but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-generation migrants around the world： that's 3% of the world's population. If they were a nation， it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have always been found in surprising places—Lebanese in west Africa，Japanese in Brazil and Welsh in Patagonia， for instance—but they have been joined by newer ones， such as west Africans in southern China.These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across borders. They speed the flow of information： a Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a gap in the market for cheap umbrellas will alert his cousin in Shenzhen who knows someone who runs an umbrella factory. Kinship ties foster trust，so they can seal the deal and get the umbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends. Trust matters，especially in emerging markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. That is why so much foreign direct investment in China still passes through the Chinese diaspora. And modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of business.Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world's brightest minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home， taking with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China's technology industry is dominated by "sea turtles" (Chinese whohave lived abroad and returned).Diasporas spread money， too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home country. A Harvard Business School study shows that American companies that employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a joint venture with a local firm.Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two (mutually incompatible) notions： that because so many migrants claim welfare they are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile.The first is usually not true (in Britain，for instance，immigrants claim benefits less than indigenous people do)， and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University showed that， while immigrants make up an eighth of America's population， they founded a quarter of the country's technology and engineering firms. And，by linking the West with emerging markets， diasporas help rich countries to plug into fast-growing economies.Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears that poor countries will suffer as a result of a "brain drain" are overblown. The prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills， and not all subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home，and they often return to set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20% of their university graduates，the brain drain makes poor countries richer.Indian takeawaysGovernment as well as business gains from the spread of ideas through diasporas. Foreign-educated Indians，including the prime minister， Manmohan Singh (Oxford and Cambridge) and his sidekick Montek Ahluwalia (Oxford)， played a big role in bringing economic reform to India in the early 1990s. Some 500，000 Chinese people have studied abroad and returned，mostly in the past decade; they dominate the think-tanks that advise the government，and are moving up the ranks of the Communist Party. Cheng Li of the Brookings Institution，an American think-tank，predicts that they will be 15-17% of its Central Committee next year，up from 6% in 2002. Few sea turtles call openly for democracy. But they have seen how it works in practice，and they know that many countries that practise it are richer， cleaner and more stable than China.As for the old world，its desire to close its borders is understandable but dangerous. Migration brings youth to ageing countries，and allows ideas to circulate in millions of mobile minds. That is good both for those who arrive with suitcases and dreams and for those who should welcome them.。

(全)英语阅读精读之雅思8含译文

英语阅读精读之雅思8含译文AJapan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales.日本的数学平均分，是英国和威尔士望尘莫及的。

Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.20世纪60年代起国际间，大量的学生成绩对比显示：日本13岁孩子们不但比英国同龄孩子的平均分更高，而且他们高低分差距（分值波动）也比他们小很多。

The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?两个国家在教育中的投资比率相似，为何日本数学能持续取得稳定高分？BLower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15).日本的初中从7年级到9年级共三年。

(完整版)雅思经典阅读ThebirthofscientificEnglish

The birth of scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language -John Wall's and John Wilkins - helped Found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations.Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author' . This growing concern about intellectual properly rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though intenational, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.A third reason why the wriling of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entitiesFortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28____ It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29 ____In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30 ____ nor the 31 ____ to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32 ____ set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by 33 ____, it developed again in the (9th century as a direct result of the 34 ____.。

william henry perkin雅思阅读原文

william henry perkin雅思阅读原文摘要：I.引言- 介绍William Henry Perkin- 提到他的重要发现II.合成染料的诞生- 描述Perkin如何发现合成染料- 解释mauveine的制备过程和性质III.合成染料对纺织业的影响- 分析Perkin的发现如何改变纺织业- 描述合成染料的优点IV.结论- 总结Perkin的贡献- 强调他的发现对现代社会的重要性正文：I.引言William Henry Perkin, an English chemist, made a groundbreaking discovery in 1856 that would revolutionize the textile industry.His invention, the first synthetic dye, was named mauveine and would forever change the way we dye clothing.II.合成染料的诞生Perkin"s discovery of synthetic dye was a happy accident.While attempting to create a cure for malaria, he synthesized aniline, a compound found in coal tar.Perkin then mixed aniline with other chemicals and, to his surprise, produced a purple dye.This dye, which he named mauveine, was later used to dye clothing.Mauveine was the first synthetic dye ever created, and its properties were remarkable.It was colorfast, meaning it did not fade easily, and it could be used to dye a wide range of materials, from silk to cotton.III.合成染料对纺织业的影响Perkin"s discovery had a profound impact on the textile industry.Before mauveine, dyes were derived from natural sources such as plants and animals, which were limited in quantity and often expensive.With the advent of synthetic dyes, manufacturers could now produce colors inexpensively and in vast quantities.This development led to a rapid expansion of the textile industry, as companies could now offer a wider range of colors and patterns to consumers.Synthetic dyes also had other advantages, such as being more resistant to fading and washing.IV.结论William Henry Perkin"s discovery of the first synthetic dye, mauveine, was a significant milestone in the history of chemistry and the textile industry.His invention not only transformed the way textileswere produced but also laid the foundation for the development of many other synthetic dyes.Today, synthetic dyes are an integral part of our daily lives, and Perkin"s contribution is remembered for its profound impact on modern society.。

阅读及答案4雅思阅读真题及答案

阅读及答案4 雅思阅读真题及答案人们对它的误解。

麻雀素有“家雀”之誉。

它适应力强，能飞善跳，喜爱群居，乐于与人类为伴。

①麻雀的巢如同半个皮球那么大，通常筑在房顶，瓦头檐槽之间的空隙里，也有的筑在灌木或草丛旁，栖息在乡村和公园里的麻雀，很少飞离老家三里之外。

人们常用“自投罗网”形容麻雀的愚蠢。

一位研究麻雀的科学家认为，麻雀在鸟类中是比较聪明的。

在一次实验中，只有3%的麻雀一次被捉，有的麻雀甚至在一旁等待敏捷的小山雀在罗网里把饵叼出来，然后“半路打劫”。

世界著名心理学家波尔特，通过对麻雀的测验，发现它的记忆能力竟能和猴子相比拟。

麻雀虽然在播种时或农作物成熟时糟蹋粮食，但在其他季节及城市里，则是消灭害虫杂草的能手。

特别是在幼雏期，麻雀更是大量捕捉害虫哺养幼雀。

这里有两个例子能说明麻雀的功过：18世纪时，普鲁士国王曾因麻雀啄食他所喜欢吃的桃子，悬赏在全国消灭麻雀。

由于麻雀被捕灭得所剩无几，结果毛虫泛滥成灾。

②19世纪时，美国波士顿的毛虫给庄稼造成了极大的危害。

人们为消灭毛虫，从欧洲引进麻雀专门对付毛虫，使庄稼得以摆脱虫患。

为此，人们在当地建起了一座“麻雀纪念碑”。

我国现在的问题不是麻雀多了，某些地方甚至听不到麻雀叽叽喳喳的声音，这应当引起我们的注意。

1．第二自然段概括了麻雀的特点是（）。

2．请你根据文中信息进行判断（对的画√，错的画ⅹ）（1）在一次实验中，有97%的麻雀不会二次被捉。

（）（2）麻雀其实是一种愚蠢的鸟。

（）（3）麻雀素有“家雀”之誉，它们很少飞离老家两三里之外。

（）3．科学家认为麻雀是“比较聪明的”，这种说法的根据是4．请写出画线部分运用了何种说明方法。

①②（二）人的一生中，总会出现困境。

每当陷入困境时，我就会不由自主地想起那次迷路。

那是暑假期间，我与好友李强到一处森林旅游，因贪恋景色，不知不觉走进了森林腹地。

迷路时，天色已晚。

我们在山脊上走，开始路还相当宽阔，后来越走越窄。

根据经验估计，我们左右都是无底的深渊。

雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年

雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年雅思（IELTS）阅读考试是国际英语语言测试系统的一部分，用于评估考生在阅读理解方面的能力。

考生在备考过程中，需要熟悉真题，并进行解析和答案的掌握。

本文将为大家提供2023年雅思阅读真题解析与答案。

第一篇真题及答案解析：文章主题：环境保护题目：Environmentally Friendly Travel Options原文摘录：In recent years, many people have become more aware ofthe negative impact of air travel on the environment. As a result, individuals and organizations have been looking for alternative, environmentallyfriendly travel options. One such option gaining popularity is train travel.答案解析：这篇文章主要讨论了环境友好型旅行方式，解决了人们对空中旅行对环境的负面影响的担忧。

其中提到铁路旅行作为一种环境友好型的旅行方式备受青睐。

第二篇真题及答案解析：文章主题：社会问题题目：The Impact of Social Media原文摘录：Social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others. However, it also has its downsides. One majorimpact of social media is the increased feeling of isolation and loneliness among individuals.答案解析：这篇文章主要探讨了社交媒体的影响。

雅思考试阅读理解范文

雅思考试阅读理解范文雅思考试是国际英语语言测试系统（International English Language Testing System）的简称，广泛应用于世界各地的大学和移民机构。

其中，阅读理解是考试的一个重要部分，考察考生对英文文章的理解和分析能力。

下面将为大家提供一篇适用于雅思考试阅读理解的范文，帮助考生更好地备考。

Travel Destinations for Nature LoversIn recent years, eco-tourism has become increasingly popular as people are more aware of the importance of protecting the environment. For nature lovers who seek to appreciate the beauty of untouched natural landscapes, here are three travel destinations recommended for you.Destination 1: The Galapagos IslandsLocated off the western coast of South America, the Galapagos Islands are famous for their unique and diverse ecosystems. With its stunning volcanic landscapes, crystal-clear waters, and diverse wildlife, the Galapagos Islands have long been a paradise for nature enthusiasts. Visitors can explore the islands by boat, snorkeling or diving, and observe the famous Galapagos tortoises, sea lions, and marine iguanas. The Galapagos Islands offer a once-in-a-lifetime experience for those who are passionate about nature and conservation.Destination 2: Banff National Park, CanadaNestled in the heart of the Canadian Rockies, Banff National Park is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts. Known for its breathtaking mountain scenery,emerald lakes, and abundant wildlife, Banff offers endless opportunities for hiking, camping, and wildlife spotting. Visitors can explore the famous Lake Louise, hike to the stunning Moraine Lake, or take a scenic drive along the Icefields Parkway. Banff National Park provides a tranquil escape for those who want to immerse themselves in the beauty of nature.Destination 3: The Amazon Rainforest, BrazilCovering a vast area in South America, the Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It is home to an incredible array of plant and animal species, many of which cannot be found anywhere else on Earth. Exploring the Amazon Rainforest offers a unique chance to witness the wonders of biodiversity and learn about the delicate balance of nature. From guided jungle tours to river cruises, visitors can discover the rich flora and fauna while experiencing the local indigenous cultures. The Amazon Rainforest is truly a treasure trove for nature lovers and adventure seekers.In conclusion, these three travel destinations – the Galapagos Islands, Banff National Park, and the Amazon Rainforest – offer unparalleled experiences for nature lovers. Whether you are fascinated by wildlife, majestic mountains, or lush rainforests, these destinations provide opportunities to appreciate and protect our natural world. So, pack your bags, grab your camera, and embark on a journey of discovery and wonder!。

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剑桥官方目前已经有9册雅思书籍面世，文章总量已经达到9*4*3了108篇，要想把每一篇文章都精读，那是费时费力，且效果未必如人所愿的。

那么究竟哪些文章适合进行精读呢？笔者认为，雅思阅读中和雅思写作中最受瞩目的话题，应该是重中之重，如：C4T1P1关于热带雨林的环境类话题；C6T2P2关于老年人健康的社会类话题等等；其次，应该注意雅思阅读中得常考话题，如自然科学类、家庭教育类、任务传记类、科学实验类等等。

为了让考生有个明确的精读概念，本人在此做一详细列表以供考生参考。

文章代码话题类型难易程度选取原因
C3T1P1 火箭的发明中等长句、难句较多
C3T1P2 抽烟危害中下社会类健康话题/写作常见
C3T2P2 环境保护中等政府在环境保护方面的职能类
C3T3P2 环境开发类中等环境类话题/写作常见
C3T4P1 空气污染类中下环境类空气污染话题/写作常见
C4T1P1 热带雨林的保护中上长难句较多，且环境类话题
C4T2P1 小语种消失中上小语种灭绝与拯救/写作中的语言文化类话题
C4T3P1 企业资助流浪儿童中等长难句+儿童教育类话题
C4T4P1 体育运动类中等体育类话题
C4T4P3 资源分配中下政府职能问题
C5T1P3 环境类中等环境保护类
C5T3P1 学前教育中上长难句+儿童学前教育问题
C5T3P3 人工智能中等科技类话题
C5T4P1 荒野旅游中等长难句+旅游类话题
C6T1P2 货物运输中等运输类话题
C6T2P1 公共交通中等公共交通类/写作社会类交通话题
C6T2P2 老年人健康中等写作社会类老年人话题
C6T3P2 员工管理中等长难句
C6T4P2 家庭教育中上长难句+社会类妇女儿童话题
C6T4P3 学校欺凌行为中下教育类不良行为问题
C7T1P2 水资源中等长难句+环境类水资源话题
C7T3P3 拯救欧洲森林中等长难句+衔接+环境类
C8T3P2 天才中上长难句
以上笔者总计选取了23篇文章建议考生进行精读。

当然，最终的选择还是因人而异的，考生可以根据自己的语言基础、复习时间、话题的喜好等因素，选择符合个人语言难度和个人兴趣的文章加以精读分析。