适合精读的雅思阅读文章
经济学人文章(四六级雅思精读素材)2020-08-27
The Economist August 29th 2020 Business 55Depending on whom you ask, Califor-nia is a leader in clean energy or a cau-tionary tale. Power outages in August prompted stern critiques from Republi-cans. “In California”, D onald Trump tweeted, “D emocrats have intentionally implemented rolling blackouts—forcing Americans in the dark.” In addition to pro-voking outrage and derision, however, the episode is also likely to inspire investment.The Golden State has long been Ameri-ca’s main testing ground for green compa-nies. Californians buy half of all electric cars sold in America. Theirs is the country’s largest solar market. As California deals with heat waves, fires and a goal of carbon-free electricity by 2045, the need for a reli-able grid is becoming ever more obvious.For years firms competed to generate clean power in California. Now a growing num-ber are vying to store and manage it, too. August’s blackouts have many causes,including poor planning, an unexpected lack of capacity and sweltering heat in not just California but nearby states from which it sometimes imports power. Long before the outages, however, electricity op-erators were anxious about capacity. Cali-fornia’s solar panels become less useful in the evening, when demand peaks. In No-vember state regulators mandated that utilities procure an additional 3.3 gigawatts (gw ) of capacity, including giant batteries that charge when energy is abundant and can sell electricity back to the grid.Too few such projects have come online to cope with the surge in demand for air-conditioning in the scorching summer. But more are sprouting across the state. On Au-gust 19th ls Power, an electricity firm backed by private equity, unveiled a 250-megawatt (mw ) storage project in San Die-go, the largest of its kind in America. In July the county of Monterey said Vistra Energy,a Texan power company, could build as much as 1.2gw of storage.The rooftop solar industry stands to benefit from a new Californian mandate that requires new homes to install panels on their roofs from this year. Sunrun, the market leader, is increasingly pairing such residential installations with batteries. In July, for instance, the company said it had won contracts with energy suppliers in the Bay Area to install 13mw of residential solar and batteries. These could supply power to residents in a blackout or feed power into the grid to help meet peak demand. Sunrunis so confident in its future that it has bid $3.2bn for Vivint Solar,its main rival.Another way to stave offoutages is to curb demand.Enel,a European power company,has contracts with local utilities to work with large commercial and indus-trial clients.When demand rises,Enel pays customers to reduce energy consumption,easing demand on the grid.A company called OhmConnect offers something sim-ilar for homeowners.Even as such offerings scale up,the need for reliability means that fossil fuels will not disappear just yet.On September 1st California’s regulators will vote on whether to delay the retirement of four natural-gas plants in light of the outages.The state remains intent on decarbonising its power system over the next 25years.But progress may not move in a straight line.7NEW YO RKBusinesses compete to battle California’s blackoutsEnergy utilitiesLitMany big companies may be struggling with depressed sales, but these are busy times for bribery-busters. Mexico is abuzz over allegations by an ex-boss of Pe-mex, the state oil giant, that several senior politicians received bungs from compa-nies including Odebrecht, a Brazilian con-struction firm (see Americas section). The scandal is the latest in a string of graft cases to make headlines this year, starting with Airbus’s record $4bn settlement in January over accusations of corruption for making illegal payments in various countries.Corporate bribery is hardly new. In sur-veys, between a third and a half of compa-nies typically claim to have lost business to rivals who won contracts by paying kick-backs. But such perceptions-based re-search has obvious limitations. A new study takes a more rigorous approach, and draws some striking conclusions.Raghavendra Rau of Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge, Yan-Leung Cheung of the Education University of Hong Kong and Aris Stouraitis of Hong Kong Baptist University examined nearly 200 prominent bribery cases in 60 coun-tries between 1975 and 2015. For the firms doing the bribing, they found, the short-term gains were juicy: every dollar of bribe translated into a $6-9 increase in excess re-turns, relative to the overall stockmarket. That, however, does not take account of the chances of getting caught. These have risen as enforcement of America’s 43-year-old anti-bribery law, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (fcpa ), has been stepped up and other countries have passed similar laws. The number of fcpa cases is up sharply since the financial crisis of 2007-09, according to Stanford Law School (see chart). It has dipped a bit under Presi-dent Donald Trump, who has criticised the fcpa for hobbling American firms over-seas, but remains well above historic lev-els. Total fines for fcpa violations were $14bn in 2016-19, 48 times as much as in the four years to 2007.The authors also tested 11hypotheses that emerged from past studies of bribery.They found support for some, for instance that firms pay larger bribes when they ex-pect to receive larger benefits, and that the net benefits of bribing are smaller in places with more public disclosure of politicians’sources of income.But they punctured other bits of re-ceived wisdom. Most striking, they found no link between democracy and graft. This challenges the “Tullock paradox”, which holds that firms can get away with smaller bribes in democracies because politicians and officials have less of a lock on the sys-tem than those in autocratic countries, and so cannot extract as much rent. Such find-ings will doubtless be of interest to corrup-tion investigators and unscrupulous exec-utives alike. 7Bribery pays—if you don’t get caughtBriberyA closer look at greasy palmsBrown envelopes, big chequesUnited States,Foreign Corrupt Practices ActSources:Stanford Law School;Sullivan &Cromwell*Investigations and enforcement actions †To August6543210605040302010020†10152000059095851977Enforcement actionsSanctions, $bnUtilitiesTransport Communications Basic materials Financial services Consumer goods Aerospace & defence TechnologyIndustrials Health care Oil &gas 100806040200Number of cases* by selected industry1977-2020†。
雅思阅读经济类文章精选
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雅思阅读经济类文章精选1The magic of diasporasImmigrant networks are a rare bright spark in the world economy. Rich countries should welcome themTHIS is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised ，and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists in its universities and then expels them， a policy the mayor of New York calls "national suicide".This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries' borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door should consider another factor： the growing economic importance of diasporas， and the contribution they can make to a country's economic growth.Old networks， new communicationsDiaspora networks—of Huguenots， Scots， Jews and many others—have always been a potent economic force，but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-generation migrants around the world： that's 3% of the world'spopulation. If they were a nation， it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have always been found in surprising places—Lebanese in west Africa，Japanese in Brazil and Welsh in Patagonia， for instance—but they have been joined by newer ones， such as west Africans in southern China.These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across borders. They speed the flow of information： a Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a gap in the market for cheap umbrellas will alert his cousin in Shenzhen who knows someone who runs an umbrella factory. Kinship ties foster trust，so they can seal the deal and get the umbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends. Trust matters，especially in emerging markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. That is why so much foreign direct investment in China still passes through the Chinese diaspora. And modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of business.Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world's brightest minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home， taking with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China's technology industry is dominated by "sea turtles" (Chinese who have lived abroad and returned).Diasporas spread money， too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home country. A HarvardBusiness School study shows that American companies that employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a joint venture with a local firm.Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two (mutually incompatible) notions： that because so many migrants claim welfare they are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile.The first is usually not true (in Britain，for instance，immigrants claim benefits less than indigenous people do)， and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University showed that， while immigrants make up an eighth of America's population， they founded a quarter of the country's technology and engineering firms. And，by linking the West with emerging markets， diasporas help rich countries to plug into fast-growing economies.Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears that poor countries will suffer as a result of a "brain drain" are overblown. The prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills， and not allsubsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home，and they often return to set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20% of their university graduates，the brain drain makes poor countries richer.Indian takeawaysGovernment as well as business gains from the spread of ideas through diasporas. Foreign-educated Indians，including the prime minister， Manmohan Singh (Oxford and Cambridge) and his sidekick Montek Ahluwalia (Oxford)， played a big role in bringing economic reform to India in the early 1990s. Some 500，000 Chinese people have studied abroad and returned，mostly in the past decade; they dominate the think-tanks that advise the government，and are moving up the ranks of the Communist Party. Cheng Li of the Brookings Institution，an American think-tank，predicts that they will be 15-17% of its Central Committee next year，up from 6% in 2002. Few sea turtles call openly for democracy. But they have seen how it works in practice，and they know that many countries that practise it are richer， cleaner and more stable than China.As for the old world，its desire to close its borders is understandable but dangerous. Migration brings youth to ageing countries，and allows ideas to circulate in millions of mobile minds. That is good both for those who arrive with suitcases and dreams and for those who should welcome them.雅思阅读经济类文章精选2Euro zone's unexplodedTHE euro-zone crisis is not solved and is not likely to be solved soon, but the greatest immediate danger has been avoided. Two points worth stressing.1) The euro-zone economy has some "unexplodedordinance" in it that is likely to explode eventually, but no one really knows whether it is a grenade, a 1000kg bomb, or a nuclear device; what leaders did last week and are doing this week is making sure it is NOT a nuclear device.Europe still faces a number of vortices that could pull down the euro zone if allowed to get going: the "Greek" austerity-budget deficit vortex, and the "Lehman vortex" that sucked Dexia below water, as per the diagram below.However, euro-zone leaders seen to have finally rendered the worst vortex inoperable, namely the "Irish" vortex where by shocks pull down banks, banks pull down governments and then the vortex spreads to the next government in line. In this case it would have been Greek restructuring pulling down banks that forced nationalisation that forced downgrades that drove up yields which then made the governments insolvent. As this might rapidly have reached Italy and Spain, the "nuclear" outcome was truly scary—the sort of thing that had Charles Wyplosz talking about 1930s-like outcomes.The first revelation is that they have now finally 三立在线 that backstopping the banks is absolutely essential, mostly via recapitalisation. I’d guess that they’ll flub the job at the EU and G20 summits but that doesn’t really matter. They are now at "battle stations" when it comes to the banks, so we won’t have a Lehman-like moment that then brings down the world’s third largest debtor (Italy). Either national governments, or the EFSF will make sure the banks remain intact regardless.The second revelation is that regardless of what they do to scale up the EFSF, it won’t be big enough to backstop sovereigns in a way that will prevent contagion. However, this doesn’t matter as the ECB will be forced to step in—just as itdid in August and for exactly the same reason. Contagion spreading to Italy, Spain, Belgium, Malta, France etc would spell a very rapid and very ugly end to the euro zone. Besides, they have the ready excuse that they employed in August about orderly markets and monetary policy. But not all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. The law of unintended consequences will be fully enforced.雅思阅读经济类文章精选3雅思阅读：Whose lost decade?Japan's economy works better than pessimists think—at least for the elderly.THE Japanese say they suffer from an economic disease called "structural pessimism". Overseas too， there is a tendency to see Japan as a harbinger of all that is doomed in the economies of the euro zone and America—even though figures released on November 14th show its economy grew by an annualised 6% in the third quarter， rebounding quickly from the March tsunami and nuclear disaster.Look dispassionately at Japan's economic performance over the past ten years， though， and "the second lost decade"， if not the first，is a misnomer. Much of what tarnishes Japan's image is the result of demography—more than half its population is over 45—as well as its poor policy in dealing with it. Even so， most Japanese have grown richer over the decade.In aggregate，Japan's economy grew at half the pace of America's between 2001 and 2010. Yet if judged by growth in GDP per person over the same period，then Japan has outperformed America and the euro zone (see chart 1). In part this is because its population has shrunk whereas America's population has increased.Though growth in labour productivity fell slightly short of America's from 2000 to 2008，total factor productivity， a measure of how a country uses capital and labour， grew faster，according to the T okyo-based Asian Productivity Organisation. Japan's unemployment rate is higher than in 2000，yet it remains about half the level of America and Europe (see chart 2).Besides supposed stagnation， the two other curses of the Japanese economy are debt and deflation. Yet these also partly reflect demography and can be overstated. People often think of Japan as an indebted country. In fact， it is the world's biggest creditor nation，boasting ￥253 trillion ($3.3 trillion) in net foreign assets.To be sure， its government is a large debtor; its net debt as a share of GDP is one of the highest in the OECD. However， the public debt has been accrued not primarily through wasteful spending or "bridges to nowhere"，but because of ageing，says the IMF. Social-security expenditure doubled as a share of GDP between 1990 and 2010 to pay rising pensions and health-care costs. Over the same period tax revenues have shrunk.Falling tax revenues are a problem. The flip side， though，is that Japan has the lowest tax take of any country in the OECD，at just 17% of GDP. That gives it plenty of room to manoeuvre. Takatoshi Ito，an economist at the University of T okyo，says increasing the consumption tax by 20 percentage points from its current 5%—putting it at the level of a high-tax European country—would raise ￥50 trillion and immediately wipe out Japan's fiscal deficit.That sounds draconian. But here again， demography plays a role. Officials say the elderly resist higher taxes or benefit cuts，and the young， who are in a minority， do not have the politicalpower to push for what is in their long-term interest. David Weinstein，professor of Japanese economy at Columbia University in New York，says the elderly would rather give money to their children than pay it in taxes. Ultimately that may mean that benefits may shrink in the future. "If you want benefits to grow in line with income，as they are now，you need a massive increase in taxes of about 10% of GDP，" he says.Demography helps explain Japan's stubborn deflation， too，he says. After all， falling prices give savers—most of whom are elderly—positive real yields even when nominal interest rates are close to zero. Up until now，holding government bonds has been a good bet. Domestic savers remain willing to roll them over，which enables the government to fund its deficits. Yet this comes at a cost to the rest of the economy.In short， Japan's economy works better for those middle-aged and older than it does for the young. But it is not yet in crisis， and economists say there is plenty it could do to raise its potential growth rate， as well as to lower its debt burden.Last weekend Yoshihiko Noda， the prime minister， took a brave shot at promoting reform when he said Japan planned to start consultations towards joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This is an American-backed free-trade zone that could lead to a lowering of tariffs on a huge swath of goods and services. Predictably it is elderly farmers， doctors and small businessmen who are most against it.Reforms to other areas， such as the tax and benefit system，might be easier if the government could tell the Japanese a different story： not that their economy is mired in stagnation，but that its performance reflects the ups and downs of an ageing society，and that the old as well as the young need to makesacrifices.The trouble is that the downbeat narrative is deeply ingrained. The current crop of leading Japanese politicians，bureaucrats and businessmen are themselves well past middle age. Many think they have sacrificed enough since the glory days of the 1980s， when Japan's economy seemed unstoppable. Mr Weinstein says they suffer from "diminished-giant syndrome"，nervously watching the economic rise of China. If they compared themselves instead with America and Europe， they might feel heartened enough to make some of the tough choices needed.Immigrant networks are a rare bright spark in the world economy. Rich countries should welcome themTHIS is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised ，and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists in its universities and then expels them， a policy the mayor of New York calls "national suicide".This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries' borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door should consider another factor： the growing economic importance of diasporas， and the contribution they can make to a country's economic growth.Old networks， new communicationsDiaspora networks—of Huguenots， Scots， Jews and manyothers—have always been a potent economic force，but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-generation migrants around the world： that's 3% of the world's population. If they were a nation， it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have always been found in surprising places—Lebanese in west Africa，Japanese in Brazil and Welsh in Patagonia， for instance—but they have been joined by newer ones， such as west Africans in southern China.These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across borders. They speed the flow of information： a Chinese trader in Indonesia who spots a gap in the market for cheap umbrellas will alert his cousin in Shenzhen who knows someone who runs an umbrella factory. Kinship ties foster trust，so they can seal the deal and get the umbrellas to Jakarta before the rainy season ends. Trust matters，especially in emerging markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. That is why so much foreign direct investment in China still passes through the Chinese diaspora. And modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of business.Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world's brightest minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home， taking with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China's technology industry is dominated by "sea turtles" (Chinese whohave lived abroad and returned).Diasporas spread money， too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home country. A Harvard Business School study shows that American companies that employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a joint venture with a local firm.Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two (mutually incompatible) notions： that because so many migrants claim welfare they are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile.The first is usually not true (in Britain，for instance，immigrants claim benefits less than indigenous people do)， and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University showed that， while immigrants make up an eighth of America's population， they founded a quarter of the country's technology and engineering firms. And，by linking the West with emerging markets， diasporas help rich countries to plug into fast-growing economies.Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears that poor countries will suffer as a result of a "brain drain" are overblown. The prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills， and not all subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home，and they often return to set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20% of their university graduates，the brain drain makes poor countries richer.Indian takeawaysGovernment as well as business gains from the spread of ideas through diasporas. Foreign-educated Indians，including the prime minister， Manmohan Singh (Oxford and Cambridge) and his sidekick Montek Ahluwalia (Oxford)， played a big role in bringing economic reform to India in the early 1990s. Some 500，000 Chinese people have studied abroad and returned，mostly in the past decade; they dominate the think-tanks that advise the government，and are moving up the ranks of the Communist Party. Cheng Li of the Brookings Institution，an American think-tank，predicts that they will be 15-17% of its Central Committee next year，up from 6% in 2002. Few sea turtles call openly for democracy. But they have seen how it works in practice，and they know that many countries that practise it are richer， cleaner and more stable than China.As for the old world，its desire to close its borders is understandable but dangerous. Migration brings youth to ageing countries，and allows ideas to circulate in millions of mobile minds. That is good both for those who arrive with suitcases and dreams and for those who should welcome them.。
(全)英语阅读精读之雅思8含译文
英语阅读精读之雅思8含译文AJapan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales.日本的数学平均分，是英国和威尔士望尘莫及的。
Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.20世纪60年代起国际间，大量的学生成绩对比显示：日本13岁孩子们不但比英国同龄孩子的平均分更高，而且他们高低分差距（分值波动）也比他们小很多。
The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?两个国家在教育中的投资比率相似，为何日本数学能持续取得稳定高分？BLower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15).日本的初中从7年级到9年级共三年。
(完整版)雅思经典阅读ThebirthofscientificEnglish
The birth of scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language -John Wall's and John Wilkins - helped Found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations.Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author' . This growing concern about intellectual properly rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though intenational, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.A third reason why the wriling of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entitiesFortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28____ It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29 ____In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30 ____ nor the 31 ____ to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32 ____ set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by 33 ____, it developed again in the (9th century as a direct result of the 34 ____.。
william henry perkin雅思阅读原文
william henry perkin雅思阅读原文摘要：I.引言- 介绍William Henry Perkin- 提到他的重要发现II.合成染料的诞生- 描述Perkin如何发现合成染料- 解释mauveine的制备过程和性质III.合成染料对纺织业的影响- 分析Perkin的发现如何改变纺织业- 描述合成染料的优点IV.结论- 总结Perkin的贡献- 强调他的发现对现代社会的重要性正文：I.引言William Henry Perkin, an English chemist, made a groundbreaking discovery in 1856 that would revolutionize the textile industry.His invention, the first synthetic dye, was named mauveine and would forever change the way we dye clothing.II.合成染料的诞生Perkin"s discovery of synthetic dye was a happy accident.While attempting to create a cure for malaria, he synthesized aniline, a compound found in coal tar.Perkin then mixed aniline with other chemicals and, to his surprise, produced a purple dye.This dye, which he named mauveine, was later used to dye clothing.Mauveine was the first synthetic dye ever created, and its properties were remarkable.It was colorfast, meaning it did not fade easily, and it could be used to dye a wide range of materials, from silk to cotton.III.合成染料对纺织业的影响Perkin"s discovery had a profound impact on the textile industry.Before mauveine, dyes were derived from natural sources such as plants and animals, which were limited in quantity and often expensive.With the advent of synthetic dyes, manufacturers could now produce colors inexpensively and in vast quantities.This development led to a rapid expansion of the textile industry, as companies could now offer a wider range of colors and patterns to consumers.Synthetic dyes also had other advantages, such as being more resistant to fading and washing.IV.结论William Henry Perkin"s discovery of the first synthetic dye, mauveine, was a significant milestone in the history of chemistry and the textile industry.His invention not only transformed the way textileswere produced but also laid the foundation for the development of many other synthetic dyes.Today, synthetic dyes are an integral part of our daily lives, and Perkin"s contribution is remembered for its profound impact on modern society.。
阅读及答案4雅思阅读真题及答案
阅读及答案4 雅思阅读真题及答案人们对它的误解。
麻雀素有“家雀”之誉。
它适应力强，能飞善跳，喜爱群居，乐于与人类为伴。
①麻雀的巢如同半个皮球那么大，通常筑在房顶，瓦头檐槽之间的空隙里，也有的筑在灌木或草丛旁，栖息在乡村和公园里的麻雀，很少飞离老家三里之外。
人们常用“自投罗网”形容麻雀的愚蠢。
一位研究麻雀的科学家认为，麻雀在鸟类中是比较聪明的。
在一次实验中，只有3%的麻雀一次被捉，有的麻雀甚至在一旁等待敏捷的小山雀在罗网里把饵叼出来，然后“半路打劫”。
世界著名心理学家波尔特，通过对麻雀的测验，发现它的记忆能力竟能和猴子相比拟。
麻雀虽然在播种时或农作物成熟时糟蹋粮食，但在其他季节及城市里，则是消灭害虫杂草的能手。
特别是在幼雏期，麻雀更是大量捕捉害虫哺养幼雀。
这里有两个例子能说明麻雀的功过：18世纪时，普鲁士国王曾因麻雀啄食他所喜欢吃的桃子，悬赏在全国消灭麻雀。
由于麻雀被捕灭得所剩无几，结果毛虫泛滥成灾。
②19世纪时，美国波士顿的毛虫给庄稼造成了极大的危害。
人们为消灭毛虫，从欧洲引进麻雀专门对付毛虫，使庄稼得以摆脱虫患。
为此，人们在当地建起了一座“麻雀纪念碑”。
我国现在的问题不是麻雀多了，某些地方甚至听不到麻雀叽叽喳喳的声音，这应当引起我们的注意。
1．第二自然段概括了麻雀的特点是（）。
2．请你根据文中信息进行判断（对的画√，错的画ⅹ）（1）在一次实验中，有97%的麻雀不会二次被捉。
（）（2）麻雀其实是一种愚蠢的鸟。
（）（3）麻雀素有“家雀”之誉，它们很少飞离老家两三里之外。
（）3．科学家认为麻雀是“比较聪明的”，这种说法的根据是4．请写出画线部分运用了何种说明方法。
①②（二）人的一生中，总会出现困境。
每当陷入困境时，我就会不由自主地想起那次迷路。
那是暑假期间，我与好友李强到一处森林旅游，因贪恋景色，不知不觉走进了森林腹地。
迷路时，天色已晚。
我们在山脊上走，开始路还相当宽阔，后来越走越窄。
根据经验估计，我们左右都是无底的深渊。
雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年
雅思阅读真题解析与答案2023年雅思（IELTS）阅读考试是国际英语语言测试系统的一部分，用于评估考生在阅读理解方面的能力。
考生在备考过程中，需要熟悉真题，并进行解析和答案的掌握。
本文将为大家提供2023年雅思阅读真题解析与答案。
第一篇真题及答案解析：文章主题：环境保护题目：Environmentally Friendly Travel Options原文摘录：In recent years, many people have become more aware ofthe negative impact of air travel on the environment. As a result, individuals and organizations have been looking for alternative, environmentallyfriendly travel options. One such option gaining popularity is train travel.答案解析：这篇文章主要讨论了环境友好型旅行方式，解决了人们对空中旅行对环境的负面影响的担忧。
其中提到铁路旅行作为一种环境友好型的旅行方式备受青睐。
第二篇真题及答案解析：文章主题：社会问题题目：The Impact of Social Media原文摘录：Social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others. However, it also has its downsides. One majorimpact of social media is the increased feeling of isolation and loneliness among individuals.答案解析：这篇文章主要探讨了社交媒体的影响。
雅思考试阅读理解范文
雅思考试阅读理解范文雅思考试是国际英语语言测试系统（International English Language Testing System）的简称，广泛应用于世界各地的大学和移民机构。
其中，阅读理解是考试的一个重要部分，考察考生对英文文章的理解和分析能力。
下面将为大家提供一篇适用于雅思考试阅读理解的范文，帮助考生更好地备考。
Travel Destinations for Nature LoversIn recent years, eco-tourism has become increasingly popular as people are more aware of the importance of protecting the environment. For nature lovers who seek to appreciate the beauty of untouched natural landscapes, here are three travel destinations recommended for you.Destination 1: The Galapagos IslandsLocated off the western coast of South America, the Galapagos Islands are famous for their unique and diverse ecosystems. With its stunning volcanic landscapes, crystal-clear waters, and diverse wildlife, the Galapagos Islands have long been a paradise for nature enthusiasts. Visitors can explore the islands by boat, snorkeling or diving, and observe the famous Galapagos tortoises, sea lions, and marine iguanas. The Galapagos Islands offer a once-in-a-lifetime experience for those who are passionate about nature and conservation.Destination 2: Banff National Park, CanadaNestled in the heart of the Canadian Rockies, Banff National Park is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts. Known for its breathtaking mountain scenery,emerald lakes, and abundant wildlife, Banff offers endless opportunities for hiking, camping, and wildlife spotting. Visitors can explore the famous Lake Louise, hike to the stunning Moraine Lake, or take a scenic drive along the Icefields Parkway. Banff National Park provides a tranquil escape for those who want to immerse themselves in the beauty of nature.Destination 3: The Amazon Rainforest, BrazilCovering a vast area in South America, the Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It is home to an incredible array of plant and animal species, many of which cannot be found anywhere else on Earth. Exploring the Amazon Rainforest offers a unique chance to witness the wonders of biodiversity and learn about the delicate balance of nature. From guided jungle tours to river cruises, visitors can discover the rich flora and fauna while experiencing the local indigenous cultures. The Amazon Rainforest is truly a treasure trove for nature lovers and adventure seekers.In conclusion, these three travel destinations – the Galapagos Islands, Banff National Park, and the Amazon Rainforest – offer unparalleled experiences for nature lovers. Whether you are fascinated by wildlife, majestic mountains, or lush rainforests, these destinations provide opportunities to appreciate and protect our natural world. So, pack your bags, grab your camera, and embark on a journey of discovery and wonder!。
雅思阅读真题文章：失落城市
雅思阅读真题文章：失落城市（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作报告、致辞讲话、条据书信、合同范本、规章制度、应急预案、心得体会、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays, such as work reports, speeches, policy letters, contract templates, rules and regulations, emergency plans, insights, teaching materials, essay encyclopedias, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!雅思阅读真题文章：失落城市为了帮助大家在备考雅思的时候能够练习到更多的真题材料，下面本店铺给大家带来雅思阅读真题文章：失落城市，望喜欢！雅思阅读真题文章：失落城市文章标题失落城市Lost of the city文章大意讲多少年前什么个地方科学家感兴趣，怎样用电子设备探测考古的。
雅思阅读篇
济南新航道学校IELTS READING雅思阅读高分必备习题集注：本习题集仅供济南新航道内部学员使用，严禁翻印，传阅。
Contents1.Amateur naturalist 业余自然学家（P3）municating Styles and Conflict 交流的方式与冲突(P6)3.Health in the Wild 野生动物自愈.(p10)4.The Rainmaker 人工造雨(P13)5.Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter 舒梅克彗星撞木星(P16)6. A second look at twin studies 双胞胎研究(P19)7.Transit of Venus 金星凌日(P22)8.Placebo Effect—The Power of Nothing安慰剂效应(P25)9.The origins of Laughter 笑的起源(P29)10.Rainwater Harvesting 雨水收集(P32)11.Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists科学偶然性(P36)12.T erminated! Dinosaur Era! 恐龙时代的终结(P40) ADDICTION 电视上瘾(P43)14.E I nino and Seabirds 厄尔尼诺和水鸟(P46)15.T he extinct grass in Britain 英国灭绝的某种草(P50)16.E ducation philosophy教育的哲学(P53)17.T he secret of Yawn打哈欠的秘密(P57)18.c onsecutive and simultaneous translation交替传译和同声传译(P60)19.N umeracy: can animals tell numbers?动物会数数么？(P63)20.G oing nowhere fast(P66)21.T he seedhunters种子收集者(P69)22.T he conquest of Malaria in Italy意大利征服疟疾(P72)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.文章背景：业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人，平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长，养蜂过程，气候变化，等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据，这种数据叫做“amateur data”. 本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用，以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据，其可信度有多少等问题。
雅思阅读原文翻译
雅思阅读原文翻译雅思阅读是衡量考生英语阅读能力的重要环节，其原文通常选自各类学术文章，涉及广泛的话题。
为了帮助大家更好地理解雅思阅读原文，提高阅读水平，本文将选取一些具有代表性的雅思阅读原文进行翻译和解析。
一、生物科学类原文：The discovery of the structure of DNA was one of the most important scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century.This breakthrough has had a profound impact on biology, leading to significant advances in fields such as genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology.翻译：发现DNA结构是20世纪最重要的科学突破之一。
这一突破对生物学产生了深远的影响，推动了遗传学、分子生物学和生物技术等领域的重大进步。
二、环境科学类原文：Climate change is a pressing global issue that demands urgent attention.Rising global temperatures have led to more frequent and severe natural disasters, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods.These disasters have had a devastating impact on both human lives and the natural environment.翻译：气候变化是一个紧迫的全球性问题，需要紧急关注。
全球气温上升导致自然灾害更加频繁和严重，如飓风、干旱和洪水。
这些灾害对人类生活和自然环境造成了毁灭性的影响。
(完整版)雅思经典阅读ThebirthofscientificEnglish
The birth of scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language -John Wall's and John Wilkins - helped Found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations.Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author' . This growing concern about intellectual properly rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though intenational, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.A third reason why the wriling of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entitiesFortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28____ It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29 ____In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30 ____ nor the 31 ____ to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32 ____ set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by 33 ____, it developed again in the (9th century as a direct result of the 34 ____.。
(完整word版)雅思经典阅读及题解Advantages of Public Transport
Advantages of Public TransportA new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system. The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live. According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live. Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that 'the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'. Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly' cities considered — Amsterdam and Copenhagen —were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'. It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'. When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.AIn fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.BIn the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with peopleavoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.CThere is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars –creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.DNewman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.EIt was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'Questions 11-13Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below Match each city with the correct description, A–F.Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 Perth12 Auckland13 PortlandList of DescriptionsA successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environmentB successful public transport system despite cold wintersC profitably moved from road to light rail transport systemD hilly and inappropriate for rail transport systemE heavily dependent on cars despite widespread povertyF inefficient due to a limited public transport system题解：The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director,pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city.。
精选雅思阅读考试题及答案解析
精选雅思阅读考试题及答案解析1. 题目：The Benefits of Bilingualism阅读理解：双语的好处解析：本文主要介绍了双语对个人和社会的好处。
首先，双语人士更容易找到工作，因为他们可以胜任双语工作岗位。
其次，双语人士在跨文化交流中更加得心应手，能够更好地理解不同文化之间的差异。
此外，双语人士在认知能力方面也具有优势，他们更善于处理信息和解决问题。
因此，研究第二语言对个人和社会发展都是有益的。
2. 题目：The Importance of Sleep阅读理解：睡眠的重要性解析：本文主要介绍了睡眠对身体和大脑的重要性。
睡眠对身体恢复和健康至关重要。
不良的睡眠惯可能导致多种健康问题，如肥胖、心脏疾病和免疫系统功能下降。
此外，睡眠对大脑功能也有重要影响。
充足的睡眠可以提高记忆力、注意力和创造力。
因此，为了保持身体和大脑的健康，我们应该重视睡眠。
3. 题目：The Impact of Social Media阅读理解：社交媒体的影响解析：本文主要探讨了社交媒体对个人和社会的影响。
社交媒体的普及改变了人们的沟通方式，使得信息传播更加迅速和广泛。
然而，社交媒体也带来了一些负面影响。
首先，过度使用社交媒体可能导致沉迷和时间浪费，影响个人的研究和工作。
其次，社交媒体也可能导致隐私泄露和网络欺凌等问题。
因此，人们需要理性使用社交媒体，注意维护个人信息安全和网络礼仪。
4. 题目：The Benefits of Exercise阅读理解：锻炼的好处解析：本文介绍了锻炼对身体和心理健康的好处。
锻炼可以帮助人们保持健康的体重、增强心肺功能和提高肌肉力量。
此外，锻炼还能改善心理健康，减少焦虑和抑郁症状，增强自信心和幸福感。
因此，每个人都应该定期进行适量的锻炼，以提高身体素质和生活质量。
5. 题目：The Impact of Climate Change阅读理解：气候变化的影响解析：本文主要讨论了气候变化对地球的影响。
雅思英语考试阅读理解满分练习及答案解析
雅思英语考试阅读理解满分练习及答案解析雅思英语考试阅读理解满分练习及答案解析Diligence is the mother of good plough deep while shuggards sleep,you will have corn to sell and to keep.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的雅思英语考试阅读理解满分练习及答案解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!【Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?】AEconomists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.BA few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell University and colleagues havedemonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods" to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new science.CBut critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues? Aren't these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His plan to stop the new science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions" is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive biology below.DAnd this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and ourancestors endured long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."EAlthough most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive. The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions each tell us "something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.FWhat is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontallobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.GOur difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly, ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the "wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.HIn essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.Question 14-20The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answersheet.14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to bea waste of fund18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains20 One description that listed the human emotional categoriesQuestion 21-25Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.Question 26Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happinessA Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.文章题目：科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗篇章结构体裁议论文题目科学家可以告诉我们什么是幸福吗结构(一句话概括每段大意)A段: 关于幸福的早期心理学研究主流是负面情绪B段: 少数心理学家研究正面情感带给人的益处C段: 批评家质疑用积极思考来研究幸福的合理性D段: 冰河世纪的古人类惯用消极思维模式E段: 消极想法更容易被牢记F段: 积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础G段: 区分喜欢和欲望是研究幸福的难点H段: 消极情绪是人类生存的基础试题分析Question 14-26题目类型：题号定位词文中对应点题目解析14Three groupsB段第2句B段讲述了少数心理学家对积极情绪的研究。
雅思阅读 必看文章10篇
最后一题是跨国公司语言资源管理相关的。最后表扬了德国人民的das auto
9海草恢复要用十年时间T
ASQ：
其中有个是这个动物像什么应该是dolphin
好像有在1992年之前有多少海牛死了。文中好像是说刚开始有1750，后来只盛下70，然后我就计算得出1680，不知对不对？
Name一个和dugon类似的动物,我文章第三段中间有句话说他像sea pigs(因为他吃草都是连根拔起,拱的)而不像sea cows
third way：如果翻译不是专业的，他们会雇佣人来翻译assumption
finally：language training is along-term，而且比较costly
S：句子填空2 words
一个人的理论认为，language-training在经济不景气的时候，是一种unnecessary luxuries,这个词组有引号；训练语言用90个小时每个personnel department，最少需要6-9monthsmodel，只有一些以前学过的，只要通过refresher（course）就可以更快速有效掌握。这两个不同，是在90个小时之前，应该是6 levels吧，要想training比较有效，要at leastthree years
说美国的N打头的有关探星计划在国会通过遭到一些议员的反对NG（原文只说通过了）
说一旦接受到外星生物发射的信号应尽早回应NO（原文明确说了不宜马上回复，因为涉及一系列问题）
carnivore 雅思阅读文章
carnivore 雅思阅读文章Carnivores are animals that primarily consume meat or other animal tissues as their main source of nutrition. They are generally known for their sharp teeth, claws, and hunting skills. Carnivores can be found among a wide range of animal species, ranging from mammals to reptiles and even some insects. In this article, we will explore various aspects of carnivores, including their characteristics, feeding habits, and role in the ecosystem.Firstly, carnivores possess several distinct physical features that enable them to efficiently capture and consume their prey. One key characteristic of carnivores is their sharp and pointed teeth, which are designed for tearing and ripping flesh. For example, lions have large canines and sharp molars, allowing them to bite and chew meat effectively. Additionally, venomous carnivores like snakes have specialized fangs that inject venom into their prey to immobilize or kill them.Another important feature of carnivores is their well-developed senses, particularly their sight and hearing. These senses help carnivores locate and track their prey, especially in low-light conditions. For instance, owls have excellent night vision and acute hearing, enabling them to detect and catch small mammals efficiently.Feeding habits vary among carnivores, depending on their species and habitat. Some carnivores are classified as obligate carnivores, meaning they require a diet consisting solely of meat to survive. Examples include big cats like lions and tigers. On the other hand, there are facultative carnivores that can consume both meat andplant matter. Bears are a good example of facultative carnivores, as they are known to eat fish, small mammals, and berries.Carnivores employ various hunting techniques to capture their prey. Some carnivores, such as cheetahs, are known for their speed and ability to chase down fast-moving prey. Wolves, on the other hand, exhibit pack hunting behavior, working together to bring down larger herbivores like deer. Carnivores like crocodiles and alligators utilize ambush hunting, lying in wait for potential prey to approach their vicinity before launching a surprise attack.The presence of carnivores in ecosystems plays a vital role in maintaining balance and biodiversity. These animals are often at the top of the food chain and serve as regulators of prey populations. By consuming herbivores, carnivores help control their numbers and prevent overgrazing, which can lead to the depletion of vegetation resources. This, in turn, affects other organisms in the ecosystem that depend on plants for shelter and food.In addition to herbivore control, carnivores also contribute to nutrient cycling in ecosystems. As carnivores consume prey, they eliminate older or weaker individuals, allowing for a healthier and more resilient prey population. This selective predation helps in maintaining the overall health and genetic diversity of certain species. Moreover, carnivores produce fecal matter, which acts as a fertilizer, enriching the soil with essential nutrients for plant growth.In conclusion, carnivores are an integral part of the animalkingdom, possessing distinct physical features and feeding habits that suit their meat-based diet. Their hunting techniques, role in ecosystem regulation, and contribution to nutrient cycling make them crucial players in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. Understanding carnivores and their interactions with the environment is essential for conserving these fascinating and powerful creatures.。
09雅思阅读题源精读 | PAPYRUS-纸莎草系列【2】
09雅思阅读题源精读 | PAPYRUS-纸莎草系列【2】雅思阅读Vol.09PAPYRUS————————————前情回顾：之前江鸟大哥对于下面的这篇纸莎草已经分析完了开头段，如果感兴趣，可以戳《PAPYRUS-纸莎草系列【2】Used by the ancient Egyptians to make paper, the papyrus plant hashelped to shape the world we live in上篇文章我们分析了开头2段，逻辑流动是：【step 1】从第一句的回溯历史，各种documents文献记录都非常重要。
【step 2】于是提出记录的载体是非常重要的。
【step 3】进而引出不同时间段，不同文明选用的记录载体【step 3】最后引出纸莎草的重要性。
【第三段】既然前两段已经吊足了读者胃口，从过去古文明，到纸莎草的重要性，接下来我们的主角就要闪亮登场：纸莎草Papyrus is strongly associated with Egyptianculture, although all the ancient civilization around the Mediterranean usedit.译文：尽管地中海周边所有的古文明都在使用纸莎草，但是它一般都是与埃及文化息息相关。
The papyrus sedge is a tall grass-like plant.It was harvested from shallow water and swamplands on the banks of the RiverNile. Manufacturing sheets of papyrus from papyrus sedge was a complex, messyprocess. Pith from inside the plant’s stem was cut into long strips that werelaid side by side. These were then covered with a second layer of strips whichwere laid at right angles to the first, then soaked in water and hammeredtogether. The sheet was then crushed to extract the water, dried and thenpolished to produce a high-quality writing surface. Individual sheets could beglued together and rolled up to make scrolls or folded and bound toform books.The papyrus sedge is a tall grass-like plant.莎草是一个像草一样的高植株*莎草：纸莎草的原料接下来的这些句子，单词就有些难度。
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剑桥官方目前已经有9册雅思书籍面世，文章总量已经达到9*4*3了108篇，要想把每一篇文章都精读，那是费时费力，且效果未必如人所愿的。
那么究竟哪些文章适合进行精读呢？笔者认为，雅思阅读中和雅思写作中最受瞩目的话题，应该是重中之重，如：C4T1P1关于热带雨林的环境类话题；C6T2P2关于老年人健康的社会类话题等等；其次，应该注意雅思阅读中得常考话题，如自然科学类、家庭教育类、任务传记类、科学实验类等等。
为了让考生有个明确的精读概念，本人在此做一详细列表以供考生参考。
文章代码话题类型难易程度选取原因
C3T1P1 火箭的发明中等长句、难句较多
C3T1P2 抽烟危害中下社会类健康话题/写作常见
C3T2P2 环境保护中等政府在环境保护方面的职能类
C3T3P2 环境开发类中等环境类话题/写作常见
C3T4P1 空气污染类中下环境类空气污染话题/写作常见
C4T1P1 热带雨林的保护中上长难句较多，且环境类话题
C4T2P1 小语种消失中上小语种灭绝与拯救/写作中的语言文化类话题
C4T3P1 企业资助流浪儿童中等长难句+儿童教育类话题
C4T4P1 体育运动类中等体育类话题
C4T4P3 资源分配中下政府职能问题
C5T1P3 环境类中等环境保护类
C5T3P1 学前教育中上长难句+儿童学前教育问题
C5T3P3 人工智能中等科技类话题
C5T4P1 荒野旅游中等长难句+旅游类话题
C6T1P2 货物运输中等运输类话题
C6T2P1 公共交通中等公共交通类/写作社会类交通话题
C6T2P2 老年人健康中等写作社会类老年人话题
C6T3P2 员工管理中等长难句
C6T4P2 家庭教育中上长难句+社会类妇女儿童话题
C6T4P3 学校欺凌行为中下教育类不良行为问题
C7T1P2 水资源中等长难句+环境类水资源话题
C7T3P3 拯救欧洲森林中等长难句+衔接+环境类
C8T3P2 天才中上长难句
以上笔者总计选取了23篇文章建议考生进行精读。
当然，最终的选择还是因人而异的，考生可以根据自己的语言基础、复习时间、话题的喜好等因素，选择符合个人语言难度和个人兴趣的文章加以精读分析。