2021年高考英语专题复习：分词专项讲解

2021年高考英语专题复习：分词专项讲解

分词是一种非谓语动词形式。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词既具有动词的一些特征，可自带状语，有自己的逻辑主语，现在分词还可以带宾语，有时态和语态的变化。它同时又具有形容词和副词的句法功能，可以作表语、定语、状语，也可以用于复合结构作宾语补足语等。

现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态如下表(如动词do为例)：

否定式：not + 分词

现在分词

一、现在分词的特性：

现在分词:

二、现在分词的形式：

三、现在分词的功能：

A: 做定语（分析分词与____________的关系）

a. 现在分词表示主动及进行的含义，相当于定语从句。

a sleeping boy

a boy sleeping on the bed （= a boy who is sleeping on the bed）

注意：1。单个的现在分词做定语，放在被修饰词的前面，即：前置

现在分词短语做定语，放在被修饰词的后面，即：后置

2。在定语从句中，若关系代词做主语且谓语动词为be动词+分词，则可以把关系代词和be动词一起省略

b. 现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，或表

示某个经常的动作或状态.

A rolling stone gathers no moss.

The gentleman standing over there is our principal.

注意:1. 现在分词完成式一般不做定语。表示发生在位于动词之前的动作，用定语从句。

The girl having won the race is my deskmate.( ×)

The girl who has won the match is my deskmate.( √)

2. 现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。

The expert coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.( ×)

The expert who came here yesterday will give us a lecture..( √)

B：做表语：现在分词作表语表示主语的性质或特征

（相当于一个adj）(分析分词与_________的关系)

有些动词（并非所有动词）的现在分词和过去分词相当于一个形容词

如：动词interest的现在分词interesting和过去分词interested 已经可直接是adj 做表语了，eg:

The book is interesting.

I am interested (in the book).

这些动词有：

excite → exciting → excited puzzle → puzzling → puzzled

move → moving →moved frighten→ frightening →frightened

tire→ tiring →tired bore → boring → bored

touch → touching→ touched disappoint → disappointing → disappointed surprise → surprising → surprised shock → shocking → shocked

astonish → astonishing → astonished amaze → amazing → amazed

C: 做宾补：（分析分词与________的关系）

I found him lying on the grass.(him为lying的逻辑主语）

在下列短语中，现在分词都做宾补的成分：

see

hear/ look at

notice / watch/ observe sb. doing

feel

find / have / keep

eg, I saw the little boy playing on the seaside just now.

D. 做状语：（分析分词与_______的关系）

●做时间状语（相当于一个时间状语从句）

eg, Hearing the news, he began to cry.

(=______________________________________ )

●做原因状语（相当于一个原因状语从句）

eg, Having no money, he didn’t buy the dress.

(=________________________________________.)

●做条件状语（相当于一个条件状语从句）

eg, Turning to the left, you will find the farm.

(= ________________________________________.)

对比：

______ to the left, and you will find the farm.. (用turn的适当形式填空)

●做伴随状语 (分词短语搁在句前或句后均可)

eg, Following his father, he entered the room.

Or : He entered the room, following his father.

●做结果状语

eg, His parents died in the accident, leaving him an orphan.

四．现在分词的时态语态：

对比：

Hearing the news, he began to cry.

一般式

Having heard the news, he began to cry.

完成时：（强调“听到”的动作发生在谓语动作“开始”之前。）

The new school being built now is ours.

A.现在分词的时态

1. 现在分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；或一个动作发生后，另一个动作紧接着发生。分词的一般式常在书面语中用作背景的描写。例如：

Walking down the street, I ran into Lily.

Hearing the news, I jumped with joy.

Switching off the lights, I turned over and buried my head in the pillow.

Living in the country, we had few social engagements.

2. 现在分词完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us.

Having passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car.

I was able to buy my first car, having passed my driving test.

3.现在分词一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的动作，但在说话人心中，用一般式把2个动作看做是几乎同时发生，用完成式则强调2个动作的先后。例如：

Locking the door, she went out.