1999年翻译真题精解版

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1999年考研英语真题阅读详解

1999年阅读真题精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)转载标签：黄涛考研真题答案教育分类：阅读篇1999 Text 1It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute —a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased [B] indifferent[C] puzzling [D] objective核心词汇1. rough 粗糙的，不平坦的；粗野的；tough 艰巨的；艰难的2. step 走3. slip 滑到4. light up 点燃5. burn down 烧毁6. fail to 没有7. lawsuit=suit 起诉；诉讼8. compensate for 为…作出补偿9. jury 陪审团10. hold sb. liable for 让…对…负责11. misfortune 不幸12. respond 做出反响13. warning labels 警告标识14. caution 警告15. while 尽管，而，当…时候16. appropriate 适宜的17. interaction相互作用18. regulation 规那么19. claim 索赔20. side with 支持21. defendant 被告；22. involving 涉及到23. paralyze 瘫痪24. nature 本质；by nature 天性25. carry substantial weight 具有相当的分量26. issue 发布了；发行了27. bombard with 大量提供28. a sea of 大量的29. trivialities 琐事30. end 目的31. have one’s way 得以实现32. legal liability 法律责任33. misfortune难句精解①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example —and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。

99年英语考研阅读问题和选项翻译

12.Manufacturers as mentioned in the 12.文中提及生产厂商往往。
passage tend to.
[A] satisfy customers by writing long [A] 通过在产品上写长长的警示语使
warnings on products
顾客满意
[B] become honest in describing the [B] 诚实描述自己产品不足
[D] some sports games might lose [D] 运动员可能不再热衷于某些体育
popularity with athletes
运动项目
14.The author’s attitude towards the 14.作者对所讨论的问题的态度似乎是。
issue seems to be .
disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect [B] 受伤的顾客有望得到法律体制的
protection from the legal system.
保护。
[C] Companies would avoid being sued by [C] 公司将通过提供新的警示语避免
99 年 Text 1
11.What were things like in 1980s when 11.在 20 世纪 80 年代当发生事故时，
accidents happened?
情况会如何？
[A] Customers might be relieved of their [A] 顾客可以通过诉讼而免受灾难。
safety as their first concern

1999年9月英语中级口译真题答案及听力原文

1999.9上海市英语中级口译资格证书第一阶段考试参考答案:SECTION1: LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation1. the only way2. signal3. mean the same4. the whole truth5. head movements6. up and down7. almost everywhere 8. a yes sign9. blind people 10. meaning no11.from side to side 12. negative reply13. I disagree 14. same way15. gesture 16. use to refuse17. tries to persuade 18. to one side19. moving the head 20. misunderstanding and embarrassmentPart B: Listening Comprehension1-5 D B C B A 6-10 A C D D B11-15 C A B B C 16-20 A C B B D21-25 A C C A C 16-30 A B D A BPart C: Listening and TranslationⅠ.Sentence Translation1.这也许花费很大，但从长计议，你会看到现在这样做的好处。

2.我们让秘书负责安排董事会议。

3.经理说，在他看来，这个项目几乎没有成功的机会。

4.警察准备在失踪商人汤姆·格林曾住过的地方查问当地居民。

这将意味要查问多达7000人。

5.请让我介绍比德库林先生。

他为本公司做管理咨询工作。

Ⅱ.Passage Translation1.昨天上午10点在北方高速公路上，一辆卡车翻了车。

卡车上的电子产品散落在路上。

司机受了伤，被送进医院。

1999年英语一真题翻译

1999 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part II Cloze Test安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之发挥持久效力。

如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。

在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。

成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同。

有些计划强调机械防护。

另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。

还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投人。

但是，要获得最好的效果，每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。

安全计划的价值不容置疑。

单从财政的角度来说，安全计划花钱值得。

工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率也就越高。

这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。

Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1外面的世界是危险的。

出门时你可能在踏脚垫上滑倒摔断一条腿；点燃炉子你可能会烧毁自己的房屋。

幸运的是，如果踏脚垫和火炉这两种产品没有给出危险警告，你可能会赢得一场官司从而获得赔偿。

这种想法大约形成于20世纪80年代早期，从此法庭让越来越多的公司对消费者所遭受的不幸负责。

面对这样的情况，公司做出的反应是撰写冗长的警告标签，以预先标明种种可能发生的事故。

梯子上几英寸长的警告标签会告诉你——让人惊讶的是——你可能摔倒。

印在儿童的“蝙蝠侠”披肩上的标识语也告诫说，本玩具“不可能让使用者飞翔”。

虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，警告药物有相互作用的危险，并且许多都是各州和联邦政府的法规所要求的，但是不清楚的是，当消费者受到伤害时，它们是否能保护制造商和销售商免除责任。

如果受到伤害的消费者将他们告上法庭，大约50%的公司会败诉。

现在这种情况仿佛正在发生变化。

个人受伤索赔的案子如从前一样开审，然而法庭开始站在被告一边，特别是在有警告标签也不能避免事故的情况下。

今年5月，伊利诺斯州Schutt体育用品公司总裁Julie Nimmons就打赢了一场官司，案件涉及一个橄榄球运动员戴着Schutt公司生产的头盔在比赛中受伤并导致了瘫痪。

考研英语翻译和完型精讲：99年试题分析

99年的题目是比较困难的，难就难在题目的不规范和题目本身的错误，还好，值得我们考生庆幸的是在04年之后，题目已经比较的规范，也可以遵循很明显的规律来进行。

Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rulesor regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basicideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone,safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49, the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at _50__or at a loss.我们先读首句，直接的理解是工业革命不仅仅发生。

1999年3月英语中级口译真题答案及听力原文

1999.3上海市英语中级口译资格证书第一阶段考试参考答案:SECTION1: LISTENING TESTPart A: Spot Dictation1. tastes or preference2. values3. type of attitude4. indicate5. upset6. rather than7. include 8. public places9. feel very strongly 10. our personality11. important things 12. get on with13. all the time 14. objects or events15. complete ideas 16. statements17. simply stating 18. so rude19. deeply held view 20. no matter whoPart B: Listening Comprehension1-5 AABBB 6-10 DCDBD11-15 DACCA 16-20 DACBD21-25 DCCBD 26-30 ACDBBPart C: Listening and TranslationⅠ.Sentence Translation1.天然材料通常要比人工产品昂贵的多。

2.我很遗憾，你必须至少提前14天预定机票，才能打到七折/减30%票价。

3.既然我们在技术上不能和他们相比，我们决意在热情和苦干方面胜过他们。

4.我因为已经约好看牙医，所以不能出席明天的董事会议。

5.在这里外事办公室的人员千方百计尽可能地帮助你。

我们会帮你解决护照或签证问题、财政问题，乃至个人问题。

Ⅱ.Passage Translation1.妇女解放运动已成功地清除了那些曾经将妇女阻挡在（专门）职业外的障碍。

然而在劳动大军中还存在着一个阻止非大学学历妇女得到平等待遇的障碍----“粉红领”障碍。

1999年

1999年41.After _____ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel manager's office.A. thatB. whatC. thereD. it[参考译文]在经历了一场似乎永无休止的等待后，终于轮到她进入人事经理的办公室了。

[详细解答]B这里需要填一个关系代词，引导一个宾语从句，作介词after的宾语，同时这一关系代词还是宾语从句的主语。

在这四个选项中，只有what既可以引导从句，也可以作主语。

42.The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _____ by the police each time.A. had been capturedB. being always capturedC. only to be capturedD. unfortunately captured[参考译文]那三个人多次企图偷越边境进入邻国，结果每次都被警察抓住了。

[详细解答] C当动词不定式作状语时，可用来说明前面分句描述的行为所产生的结果。

43.Professor Johnson is said _____ some significant advance in his research in the past year.A. having madeB. makingC. to have madeD. to make[参考译文]据说Johnson教授去年的研究取得了重大进展。

[详细解答] C当动作发生在谓语动词之前时，应用不定式的完成时表示。

本句中的Professor Johnson去年的研究取得重大进展先于谓语动词“据说”之前，故应用动词不定式的完成式。

44.Fat cannot change into muscle _____ muscle changes into fat.A. any more thanB. no less thanC. no more thanD. much more than[参考译文]脂肪不能转换为肌肉，正像肌肉不能转换成脂肪一样。

考研英语一真题原文翻译1999

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r t I I C l o z eT e s t安全生产并不是偶然事件:事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划,努力付诸实施,并且不断使之发挥持久效力㊂如果这项工作做得好,就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围㊂在这种环境里,因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度㊂成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同㊂有些计划强调机械防护㊂另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业㊂还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投人㊂但是,要获得最好的效果,每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想㊂安全计划的价值不容置疑㊂单从财政的角度来说,安全计划花钱值得㊂工伤索赔越少,工人的保险率也就越高㊂这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m pr e h e n s i o n P a s s a ge 1外面的世界是危险的㊂出门时你可能在踏脚垫上滑倒摔断一条腿;点燃炉子你可能会烧毁自己的房屋㊂幸运的是,如果踏脚垫和火炉这两种产品没有给出危险警告,你可能会赢得一场官司从而获得赔偿㊂这种想法大约形成于20世纪80年代早期,从此法庭让越来越多的公司对消费者所遭受的不幸负责㊂面对这样的情况,公司做出的反应是撰写冗长的警告标签,以预先标明种种可能发生的事故㊂梯子上几英寸长的警告标签会告诉你让人惊讶的是你可能摔倒㊂印在儿童的蝙蝠侠披肩上的标识语也告诫说,本玩具不可能让使用者飞翔㊂虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的,警告药物有相互作用的危险,并且许多都是各州和联邦政府的法规所要求的,但是不清楚的是,当消费者受到伤害时,它们是否能保护制造商和销售商免除责任㊂如果受到伤害的消费者将他们告上法庭,大约50%的公司会败诉㊂现在这种情况仿佛正在发生变化㊂个人受伤索赔的案子如从前一样开审,然而法庭开始站在被告一边,特别是在有警告标签也不能避免事故的情况下㊂今年5月,伊利诺斯州S c h u t t 体育用品公司总裁J u l i eN i mm o n s 就打赢了一场官司,案件涉及一个橄榄球运动员戴着S c h u t t 公司生产的头盔在比赛中受伤并导致了瘫痪㊂N i mm o n s 说对他的瘫痪我们深感遗憾,但头盔并不是用来避免这种事故的㊂陪审团也认为是这种运动的性质造成了球员受伤,而不是头盔㊂同时,美国法律学会一个由法官㊁律师和研究人员组成的团体,他们的意见有一定的分量公布了有关民事侵权法的新准则,指出公司不必警告消费者注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再提醒他们注意可能会发生的危险㊂重要的事项可能会被一些无关紧要的信息掩盖, 百度官方认证店铺：考研资料分享考研资料，助力考研成功！。

99年5月上海高级口译考试真题（B卷）

⼀、⼝语题 Directions： Talk on the following topic for at least 5 minutes. Be sure to make your points clear and supporting details adequate. You should also be ready to answer any questions raised by the examiners during your talk. You need to have your name and registration number recorded. Start your talk with “My name is……”“My registration number is……” 1、Topic： The Discuss what constitutes a healthy way of life 2、Question for Reference： 1. What 1. Define a healthy way of life in terms of both physical and mental well-being. 2. What contributes to a healthy way of life？ What can man do to help live a healthy way of life？ 3. What factors do you think will prevent one from living such a life？ . ⼆、⼝译题 1、Part A （英译中） Passage 1： The In an era dominated by electronics and telecommunications， we can never emphasize too much the importance of change. Motorola defines “change” as challenge and opportunity. The past decade has seen Motorola seize the opportunities opened up by changes in China and build itself into one of the most successful American investors in the country. ∥ With a firm commitment and substantial investment， we promote technological progress in China. By doing so，Motorola's brand has become a household name in China. China is both an opportunity and a challenge. We have laid a lot of groundwork， and helped China to implement its own strategy. We will reinvest and bring new technology into China. Passage 2： For most people， almost any place can become a tourist destination as long as it is different from the place where the traveler usually lives. London may not be a tourist attraction to a Londoner， but for a New Yorker it may have many charms. Many big cities offer a unique atmosphere and history. The Great Wall and the Palace Museum of Beijing， and the cable cars of San Francisco are part of the unusual atmosphere of those cities.∥ Smaller and yet well-known towns and rural areas throughout the world may also have attractions of this kind that tourists visit. An excellent example is the small village town of Stratford， Shakespeare's birthplace. Of course， natural scenery has always been an attraction for tourists. Millions of people have visited Niagara Falls， for example. Its reputation as a place for a honeymoon resort is world-famous. 2、Part B（中译英） Passage1：现代化的交通、电信与⼤众传媒⼿段使世界变得越来越⼩，国际社会如同⼀个地球村，居住在地球村⾥的各国⼈民在⽂化交流中彼此尊重、共求发展。

1999年考研英语真题答案及解析

32.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
33.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 34.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。 35.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
1999 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析
Part ⅠCloze Test
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8.C 9. A 10. D
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Passage 1
11. B 12. C 13.A 14. D
定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
二、试题具体解析 1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。难度：0.36 本题空格处的介词和 low accident rates 搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰 companies。选项中只有 at 和 with 能与 rate 搭配，at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.（她一分钟能读 100 个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除 at。with 意为“具有，带有”，用来表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故发生率低的公司”。 2.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.32 空格处的结构为 keep（动词）them（宾语）2（宾补）and active（宾补），其中 them 指代前面的 safety programs，该空的形容词应与 active 在语义上一致，并且可以修饰 safety programs（安全计划）。选项中 alive 的常用义为“活着的，有活力的”，但它与 keep 搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians. （政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。放入文中，keep safety programs alive 从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。 3.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：上下文逻辑语义 + 名词词义辨析。难度：0.08 解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语 accident free operations 意为“无事故操作”，free 此处意为“无…的，免…的”，如：a nuclear weapon free zone（无核武器区）；其次要理解条件从句 When the work is well done 的含义，根据上文，可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。根据逻辑判断，建立规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。其它两个选项中，climate 可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如： a climate of unrest （不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。干扰项是 circumstance，它也可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。 4.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。难度：0.38 空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：a climate of accident free operations is established（一个无事故操作的工作氛围被建立起来）和 time lost is kept at a minimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度），这时空格处填入的词只有两种可能：一是连词，来表明两者之间的逻辑关系；一是关系代词或关系副词，把后面句子变成前面句子的从句。选项中惟一的连词是 unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。那么接下来可以肯定空格连接的是一个从句。所在句子可简化为 a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先行词 climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词，因此排除关系代词 what，关系副词 how 也排除，因为 how 不能引导定语从句（详解见下面知识点补充）；只有 where 可以使句子结构合理，它相当于 in which，在句中代替 in the climate，引导定语从句。从句的完整结构是 time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。知识点补充：关系副词 when，where 和 why 可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。它们的意思相当于“介词+which 结构”，其中 when=at/in/on/during which，where=in/at which，why=for which。关系副词 how 不能引导定语从句，像 This is the way how he behaves 这样的句子是错误的。如果要用 how，句子中就不能有先行词，如：This is how he behaves. 5.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.53 本题首先考核动词与介词 in 的搭配。四个选项中，alter 和 distinguish 不能和 in 搭配，首先应该排除；shift in 表示“在… 里移动，变换位置”，如：He shifted impatiently in his seat（他不耐烦地在椅子里动来动去），显然这个含义不符合文意需要；differ 能与 in 搭配，意为“在…方面不同”，如：My brother and I differ in many ways.（我和我兄弟在许多方

19981999年英语专业八级考试真题翻译及参考译

1998 1999年英语专业八级考试真题翻译及参考译1998年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文C-E原文：1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。

我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。

望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多…这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。

虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。

在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。

世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。

跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。

日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我一同在思索…参考译文：The current visit to Taiwan for exchange,brief and cursory as it is,has enabled us to see many places,to visit oldfriends while making new acquaintances.Whenever people gather together,an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21stcentury.Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan livein different social contexts(environments/milieus),with their individually different experiences of life,in the innermost recessesof their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditionsof the Chinese culture.They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation(They share the same ideal to rejuvenate theChinese nation).In this great epoch at the turn of the century,our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness.People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cau se of reunification of themotherland.The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground(forefront)of the historical arena(stage).At this transitional phase between the two millennia,in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is aquestion to which we have to seek an answer.E-C原文：I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader.American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly,mistaking prominence for uniqueness.They do over-phrase their own literature,or certainly its minor figures.And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate,imitative deference.But then,the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals.Moreover,in fields where they are not pre-eminent-e.g.in painting and music-they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent.How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris；how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an"English tradition"after all.To speak of American literature,then,is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of Europe.Broadly speaking,America and Europe have kept step.At any given moment the traveler could find examplesin both of the same architecture,the same styles in dress,the same books on the shelves.Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise,though sometimes more slowly.When Irefer to American habit,thoughts,etc.,I intend some sort of qualification to precedethe word,for frequently the difference between America andEurope(especially England)will be one of degree,sometimes only of asmall degree.The amount of divergence is asubtle affair,liable to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America.He is looking at acountry which in important senses grew out of his own,which in several ways still resembles his own-and which is yet aforeign country.There are odd overlappin gs and abrupt unfamiliarities；kinship yields to asudden alienation,as when we hail aperson across the street,only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken astranger for afriend.参考译文：那么，要谈论美国文学，倒并非意欲断言，它与欧洲文学全然大相径庭。

1999考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1999 Text 1Paragraph 11、It's a rough world out there. 外面是一个危险的世界。

1.1 rough 棘手的，粗糙的，大约use2、Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。

如果你点燃炉灶，可能会把房子烧掉。

2.1 remarkable progress显著的进步mat 垫子carpet ['kɑːpɪt]毛毯，地毯slip滑到，滑了一跤，小纸条，小错误lignt 光，光线sunlight阳光moonlight月光the light of candle烛光light点燃light the cigar点燃雪茄light the candle点燃蜡烛light up the stove点燃炉子burn down the house 烧掉房子3、Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. 幸运的是，但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。

3.1 fortunately=luckily幸运的是fail to =cannot 未能，没能the coming weekend即将到来的周末the coming disaster即将到来的/可能发生的灾难3.2 warn sb of the coming disaster警告某人即将到来的灾难warn 警告，警示suit 诉讼sue 诉讼trial ['tra ɪəl] 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼审判side with sb站在某人一边，支持某人3.2 plaintiff['pleɪntɪf]原告complain/complaint 抱怨defendant[dɪ'fend(ə)nt]被告defend证明……合情合理合法compensate弥补，赔偿compensate sb for his/her trouble 赔偿某人的损失4、Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.大约自80年代初以来人这种想法就有了，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。

1999年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译

1999年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故整理组Text 1外面是一个危险的世界。

迈出家门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上，而摔伤一条腿。

点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。

不过还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。

这种想法大约自20世纪80年代初开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。

由于感到了威胁，公司方面做出了反应：写出越来越长的警示语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。

如今，活梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。

虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的（如警告药物有相互作用的危险），并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。

被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。

现在这种趋势似乎正在转变。

尽管个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。

五月份,伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利•尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。

一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。

尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防这类伤害的。

”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。

与此同时，美国法学会——一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者——发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。

康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。

如果该法律团体的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是为保护消费者利益而提供了。

1999年1月大学英语四级阅读参考译文

洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌Passage One译文山谷中一个小巧玲珑的村庄，村庄中一座茅草屋顶的小房子围绕着教堂；一条穿过两旁漆成粉色或白色的茅草屋顶村舍的狭窄小道，起伏的山丘上的一排排美丽的茅草屋顶农场建筑--这些仍是英格兰一些地区的常见的景观。

大多数人会同意茅草屋顶的英国乡村所具魅力的最重要的一部分。

实际上盖茅草屋顶是英伦诸岛建筑工艺中最古老的一种。

虽然茅草一直用于盖村舍和农场建筑物，也曾一度用于建筑城堡和教堂。

盖茅草屋顶是一项独特的工艺，常常是家庭世代相传的。

像现在我们所使用的茅草屋顶工艺从中世纪以来几乎就没有什么变化。

现在英格兰、威尔士有800多名专职盖茅草屋顶的工人，他们不但维修和更换老屋顶，还盖新屋顶。

许多房主选择茅草屋顶不仅是为了美观，而且还因为他们知道茅草能使他们冬暖夏凉。

事实上如果我们看看发展国家，世界半数以上的人口居住在茅草屋顶下，但他们的做法则不同。

发展中国家的人经常不愿意用传统材料，而更喜欢现代建筑。

然而，他们可能没有钱进口必需的材料。

临时搭建的野草屋顶的土屋常常只能维持半年。

用英国工艺制做的茅草屋顶能维修20年到60年之久，而且能有效地防暑。

Passage Two译文柯立芝总统说，“美国的事业就是工商业”，今天这句话仍然指出了一个很重要的真理：工商业机构在美国社会比任何其他组织，包括美国政府，威望更高。

为什么商机机构有这么大的威望呢？一个原因就是美国人把工商业视为比社会任何其他机构都更坚定地以竞争目标为基础。

既然竞争被美国人看作是进步和繁荣的主要源泉，竞争的工商业机构就受人尊敬。

不仅竞争本身是好的，它还是保护美国其他价值观念，如个人自由、机会平等、勤奋工作等的手段。

竞争通过保证没有权力垄断而保护个人自由。

与全能的政府不同，许多工商机构为了利润而互相竞争。

从理论上讲，如果一个工商企业想不公平地占顾客的便宜，那它就会输给较公平地对待顾客的竞争对手。

凡是有许多工商企业为嫌顾客的钱而竞争的地方，它们都不敢像对待下级或奴隶那样来对待顾客。

1999阅读理解真题译文

1999阅读理解真题译文
99(1)
外面是一个危险的世界。

如果你走出去，可能会滑倒在门垫上，摔伤一条腿。

如果你点燃炉灶，可能会把房子烧掉。

但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害，那幺你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼，成功地获得赔偿。

大约自80代初以来人们就不再（guang xian注：此处“不再”二字应删除！）这样认为了，当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。

公司因此感到了威胁，便做出了反应，写出越来越长的警示标识语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。

现在，梯子上警告标签有几英寸长，除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！印在儿童编幅侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。

虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语，并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于责任，这还很难说。

被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半的情况是公司败诉。

2016考研英语：1999翻译真题精练精讲

2016考研英语：1999翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method，”frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.二、翻译题解（71）Whiletherearealmost as many definitions of historyastherearehistorians, modern practice most closelyconformsto onethatseeshistory as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.句子拆分：拆分点参考：从属连词，标点符号，While there are almost as many definitions of history //as there are historians, // modern practice most closely conforms to one // that sees history //as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.解析：（1）主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。

99年5月上海高级口译考试真题(A卷)

99年5月上海高级口译考试真题(A卷)一、口语题Directions：Talk on the following topic for at least 5 minutes. Be sure to make your points clear and supporting details adequate. You should also be ready to answer any questions raised by the examiners during your talk. You need to have your name and registration number recorded. Start your talk with “My name is……”“My registration number is……”1、Topic：The advantages and/or disadvantages in introducing family cars into big cities in China2、Question for Reference：1. What are the merits and demerits of owning a family car in a big city？2. What contributions can the introduction of family cars make to the development of our national economy？3. Which do you prefer as a city resident，a family car，a bicycle or other means of transportation？Cite reasons for your choice.二、口译题1、Part A （英译中）Passage 1：The electronic network industry，which was virtually unknown years ago，has become a vital part of a country's national life. More and more people are making use of what is popularly known as the “information superhighway”。

1999年考研英语真题阅读详解

1999年阅读真题精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)转载标签：黄涛考研真题答案教育分类：阅读篇1999 Text 1It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute —a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased [B] indifferent[C] puzzling [D] objective核心词汇1. rough 粗糙的，不平坦的；粗野的；tough 艰巨的；艰难的2. step 走3. slip 滑到4. light up 点燃5. burn down 烧毁6. fail to 没有7. lawsuit=suit 起诉；诉讼8. compensate for 为…作出补偿9. jury 陪审团10. hold sb. liable for 让…对…负责11. misfortune 不幸12. respond 做出反应13. warning labels 警告标识14. caution 警告15. while 尽管，而，当…时候16. appropriate 合适的17. interaction相互作用18. regulation 规则19. claim 索赔20. side with 支持21. defendant 被告；22. involving 涉及到23. paralyze 瘫痪24. nature 本质；by nature 天性25. carry substantial weight 具有相当的分量26. issue 发布了；发行了27. bombard with 大量提供28. a sea of 大量的29. trivialities 琐事30. end 目的31. have one’s way 得以实现32. legal liability 法律责任33. misfortune难句精解①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example —and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.▲在这个主从复合句中，前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句，这个从句由两个并列句组成，中间用and连接。