电子科大数字信号处理课件
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The above power series converges to: 1 X ( z) , for z 1 1 1 z 1 ROC is the annular region |z| > |α|.
10
n
n 0
Definition and Properties
22
ROC of a Rational z-transform
• Moreover, if the ROC of a ztransform includes the unit circle, the DTFT of the sequence is obtained by simply evaluating the z-transform on the unit circle. • ROC of z-transform of the impulse sequence of a causal, stable LTI discrete time system.
• Example - The z-transform (z) of the unit step sequence [n] can be obtained from:
X ( z) 1 , for z 1 1 1 z 1
by setting a = 1,
( z)
1 1 z
•
4
Definition and Properties
• For a given sequence g[n], its ztransform G(z) is defined as:
G( z )
n
g [n ] z n
where z= Re(z) + jIm(z) is a complex variable.
7
n
Definition and Properties
• From our earlier discussion on the uniform convergence of the DTFT, it follows that the series：
G ( r e ) g[ n] r
6
Definition and Properties
• Like the DTFT, there are conditions on the convergence of the infinite series： n g [n ] z • For a given sequence, the set R of values of z for which its ztransform converges is called the region of convergence (ROC)
9
Definition and Properties
• Example - Determine the ztransform X(z) of the causal sequence x[n]=n[n] and its ROC. • Now X ( z ) n[n] z n n z n
, for z 1 1 1
11
ROC is the annular region 1 z .
Definition and Properties
• Example - Consider the anti-causal sequence: y[n] n[n 1] • Its z-transform is given by:
2
z-Transform
• The DTFT provides a frequencydomain representation of discretetime signals and LTI discrete-time systems • Because of the convergence condition, in many cases, the DTFT of a sequence may not exist.
P( z ) p0 p1z 1 .... pM 1z ( M 1) pM z M G( z ) D( z ) d0 d1z 1 .... d N 1z ( N 1) d N z N
15
Rational z-Transform
• A rational z-transform can be alternately written in factored form as: M 1 p0 1(1 z )
17
Rational z-Transform
• Consider:
G( z )
M ( N M ) p0 1( z ) z N d 0 1( z )
Note G(z) has M finite zeros and N finite poles: • If N > M there are additional N M zeros at z = 0 (the origin in the z-plane) • If N < M there are additional M - N poles at z = 0.
Chapter6 z-Transform
Definition ROC (Region of Converges) z-Transform Properties Transfer Function
1
z-Transform
• In continuous signal system, we use S-Transform and FT as the tools to process problems in the transform domain; so in discrete signal system, we use z-Transform and DFT. • z-Transform can make the solution for discrete time systems very simple.
1
Y ( z) z
n
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
n n
m1
m m
z
1 1 , for z 1 1 1 z
ROC is the annular region
z
12
Definition and Properties
• Note: The unit step sequence [n] is not absolutely summable, and hence its DTFT does not converge uniformly. • Note: Only way an unique sequence can be associated with a z-transform is by specifying its ROC.
18
Rational z-Transform
• Example - The z-transform ( z)
1 1 z
1
, for z 1
has a zero at z = 0 and a pole at z = 1.
19
Rational z-Transform
• A physical interpretation of the concepts of poles and zeros can be given by plotting the log-magnitude 20log10|G(z)| as shown on next figure for:
5
Definition and Properties
• If we let z=rej, then the z-transform reduces to: j n j n
G ( r e ) g[ n] r
n
e
• For r = 1 (i.e., |z| = 1), z-transform reduces to its DTFT, provided the latter exists。The contour |z| = 1 is a circle in the z-plane of unity radius and is called the unit circle。
n j n j n
e
converges if {g[n]r-n} is absolutely summable, i.e., if：
n
g [n ] r
n
8
Definition and Properties
• In general, the ROC of a ztransform of a sequence g[n] is an annular region of the z-plane: Rg z Rg where 0 Rg Rg • Note: The z-transform is a form of a Laurent series and is an analytic function at every point in the ROC。
3
6.1 Definition and Properties
• DTFT defined by： X (e j ) x[n] e j n
n
leads to the z-transform。 z-transform may exist for many sequences for which the DTFT does not exist。
• ROC of a z-transform is an important concept. • Without the discussion of the ROC, there is no unique relationship between a sequence and its ztransform. • Hence, the z-transform must always be specified with its ROC.
1 2.4 z 1 2.88 z 2 G(z)= 1 2 1 0.8 z 0.64 z
20
Rational z-Transform
poles z=0.4±j0.6928, zeros z=1.2±j1.2.
21
6.3 ROC of a Rational z-transform
G( z )
N d 0 1(1 z 1 )
z( N M )
M p0 1( z ) N d 0 1( z )
16
Rational z-Transform
• At a root z=l of the numerator polynomial G(l)=0 and as a result, these values of z are known as the zeros of G(z). • At a root z= l of the denominator polynomial G(l), and as a result, these values of z are known as the poles of G(z).
13
Commonly Used z-transform
14
6.2 Rational z-Transform
• In the case of LTI discrete-time systems we are concerned with in this course, all pertinent ztransforms are rational functions of z-1. • That is, they are ratios of two polynomials in z-1 :
10
n
n 0
Definition and Properties
22
ROC of a Rational z-transform
• Moreover, if the ROC of a ztransform includes the unit circle, the DTFT of the sequence is obtained by simply evaluating the z-transform on the unit circle. • ROC of z-transform of the impulse sequence of a causal, stable LTI discrete time system.
• Example - The z-transform (z) of the unit step sequence [n] can be obtained from:
X ( z) 1 , for z 1 1 1 z 1
by setting a = 1,
( z)
1 1 z
•
4
Definition and Properties
• For a given sequence g[n], its ztransform G(z) is defined as:
G( z )
n
g [n ] z n
where z= Re(z) + jIm(z) is a complex variable.
7
n
Definition and Properties
• From our earlier discussion on the uniform convergence of the DTFT, it follows that the series：
G ( r e ) g[ n] r
6
Definition and Properties
• Like the DTFT, there are conditions on the convergence of the infinite series： n g [n ] z • For a given sequence, the set R of values of z for which its ztransform converges is called the region of convergence (ROC)
9
Definition and Properties
• Example - Determine the ztransform X(z) of the causal sequence x[n]=n[n] and its ROC. • Now X ( z ) n[n] z n n z n
, for z 1 1 1
11
ROC is the annular region 1 z .
Definition and Properties
• Example - Consider the anti-causal sequence: y[n] n[n 1] • Its z-transform is given by:
2
z-Transform
• The DTFT provides a frequencydomain representation of discretetime signals and LTI discrete-time systems • Because of the convergence condition, in many cases, the DTFT of a sequence may not exist.
P( z ) p0 p1z 1 .... pM 1z ( M 1) pM z M G( z ) D( z ) d0 d1z 1 .... d N 1z ( N 1) d N z N
15
Rational z-Transform
• A rational z-transform can be alternately written in factored form as: M 1 p0 1(1 z )
17
Rational z-Transform
• Consider:
G( z )
M ( N M ) p0 1( z ) z N d 0 1( z )
Note G(z) has M finite zeros and N finite poles: • If N > M there are additional N M zeros at z = 0 (the origin in the z-plane) • If N < M there are additional M - N poles at z = 0.
Chapter6 z-Transform
Definition ROC (Region of Converges) z-Transform Properties Transfer Function
1
z-Transform
• In continuous signal system, we use S-Transform and FT as the tools to process problems in the transform domain; so in discrete signal system, we use z-Transform and DFT. • z-Transform can make the solution for discrete time systems very simple.
1
Y ( z) z
n
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
n n
m1
m m
z
1 1 , for z 1 1 1 z
ROC is the annular region
z
12
Definition and Properties
• Note: The unit step sequence [n] is not absolutely summable, and hence its DTFT does not converge uniformly. • Note: Only way an unique sequence can be associated with a z-transform is by specifying its ROC.
18
Rational z-Transform
• Example - The z-transform ( z)
1 1 z
1
, for z 1
has a zero at z = 0 and a pole at z = 1.
19
Rational z-Transform
• A physical interpretation of the concepts of poles and zeros can be given by plotting the log-magnitude 20log10|G(z)| as shown on next figure for:
5
Definition and Properties
• If we let z=rej, then the z-transform reduces to: j n j n
G ( r e ) g[ n] r
n
e
• For r = 1 (i.e., |z| = 1), z-transform reduces to its DTFT, provided the latter exists。The contour |z| = 1 is a circle in the z-plane of unity radius and is called the unit circle。
n j n j n
e
converges if {g[n]r-n} is absolutely summable, i.e., if：
n
g [n ] r
n
8
Definition and Properties
• In general, the ROC of a ztransform of a sequence g[n] is an annular region of the z-plane: Rg z Rg where 0 Rg Rg • Note: The z-transform is a form of a Laurent series and is an analytic function at every point in the ROC。
3
6.1 Definition and Properties
• DTFT defined by： X (e j ) x[n] e j n
n
leads to the z-transform。 z-transform may exist for many sequences for which the DTFT does not exist。
• ROC of a z-transform is an important concept. • Without the discussion of the ROC, there is no unique relationship between a sequence and its ztransform. • Hence, the z-transform must always be specified with its ROC.
1 2.4 z 1 2.88 z 2 G(z)= 1 2 1 0.8 z 0.64 z
20
Rational z-Transform
poles z=0.4±j0.6928, zeros z=1.2±j1.2.
21
6.3 ROC of a Rational z-transform
G( z )
N d 0 1(1 z 1 )
z( N M )
M p0 1( z ) N d 0 1( z )
16
Rational z-Transform
• At a root z=l of the numerator polynomial G(l)=0 and as a result, these values of z are known as the zeros of G(z). • At a root z= l of the denominator polynomial G(l), and as a result, these values of z are known as the poles of G(z).
13
Commonly Used z-transform
14
6.2 Rational z-Transform
• In the case of LTI discrete-time systems we are concerned with in this course, all pertinent ztransforms are rational functions of z-1. • That is, they are ratios of two polynomials in z-1 :