语言学第四章课后练习
语言学Chapter-4--Exercises-含答案
语言学C h a p t e r-4--E x e r c i s e s-含答案(总10页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, butthere is no limit to the number of sentences nativespeakers of that language are able to produce andcomprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headedconstruction because it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another withoutloss of grammaticality belong to the same syntacticcategory.5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories arecommonly recognized and discussed, namely, nounphrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliaryphrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization ofEnglish sentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at thesame time structurally alone is known as an f__________clause3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or averb phrase and which says something about the subjectis grammatically called p_________.4. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinateclause is normally called an e_______ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sensethat new words are constantly added.7. G_________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase andsentence8. A a__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s__________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10. A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4. complex5. embedded6. open7. grammatical8. simple9. sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is__________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city and Rome 2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phrase “on the half” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that__________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrasesto form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “They were wan ted to remain quiet and notto expose themselves” is a ____________sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complex Answers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis forshort, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of itsimmediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake ofconvenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure thatgroups words into structural constituents and shows thesyntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach Illustrate them with examplesAnswers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences.They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of asingle clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John readsextensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word that is called coordinatingconjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for herhistory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to oneof its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small childrenwith children as its head. The exocentric construction,opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as aconstruction whose distribution is not functionallyequivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3.略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. Theyare simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a singleclause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John readsextensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word that is called coordinatingconjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. Thetwo clauses in a complex sentence do not have equalstatus, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.。
语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案教学文案
语言学C h a p t e r4课后练习答案Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determin e a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear priorto the conjunction.2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type ofthe elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdvThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN NMary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPNYou know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royce d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellentSurface Structure: CPC SDeep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNHerbert bought a house that she loved ec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NP13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure: CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the window。
(完整版)语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案
Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there isno limit to the number of sentencesnative speakers of thatlanguage are able to produce and comprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headed constructionbecause it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonlyrecognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase,infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization of Englishsentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the directobject usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s _________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same timestructurally alone is known as an f _____________ clause3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verbphrase and which says something about the subject isgrammatically called p _______ .4. A c __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e ________ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added.7. G ________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase and sentence8. A a __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s ___________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, questionor command.10. A s ___________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4. complex5. embedded6. open7. grammatical 8. simple 9. sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Markthe choice that can best complete the statement :1 The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is ___________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city andRome2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to theintroductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have _____ properties.B. grammatical D. functionalA. recursiveC. social4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understandA. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phrase “ on the half ” belongs to _________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact thatA. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is _______ .A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The _______ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not toexposethemselves ” is a___________ s entenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complexAnswers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short,refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constitue nts -word groups (phrases), which are in turn an alyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups wordsinto structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ？Answers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complexsentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause whichcontains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its ownsentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for herhistory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in acomplex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate tothe other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Maryshowed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head.The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is definednegatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3. 略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause whichcontains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its ownsentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that iscalled coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". Forexample: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.。
语言学第四章课后练习
8、The following phrases include a head, a plement, and in some cases a specifier、Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases、a、rich in mineralsAPRich in mineralsb、often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA NOften read detective storiesc、the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalsd、already above the windowPPQual P NPDet Nalready above the window9、The following sentences contain modifiers of various types、For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures、a、A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution、Infl P(S)NP Infl VPV NP PPDet AP N None pstDet N P NPAAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb、A huge moon hung in the black sky、Infl P (s)NP Infl VPDet AP N V PPP NPADet AP NAA huge moon hung in the black skyC. The man examined his car carefully yesterday、Infl P(S)NP infl VPDet N pst V NP Adv AdvDet NThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd、A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm、Infl P (S)NP Infl VPDet AP N PP V PPP NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm10、The following sentences all contain conjoined categories、Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences、a、Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants、InflP(=S)NP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants orInflP(=S)NP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b、Helen put on her clothes and went out、InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPpstVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc、Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics、InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics ORInflP(=S)InflNP VPnonpstVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsa.11. The following sentences all contain contain embedded clauses that function as plements ofa verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun、Draw a tree structure for each sentence、b.You know that I hate war、SNP VPN V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watORSNP Infl VPN Nonpst V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watc.Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam、SNP VPN VP NPNP CPV C SDet N NP VPN V NPDet A NGerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English examd.Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce、SNP VPN V A CPC SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e.The children argued over whether bats had wings、SNP VPDet N VP CPV P C SNP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12、a、The essay that he wrote was excellent、Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP Infl VPV NPN NThe essay he wrote that was too longSurface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPV NPN N NThe essay that he was too longb、Hebert bought a house that she loved、Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN V NPNHebert bought a house she loved that Surface structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N V NPNHebert bought a housec、The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics、Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP VPNPN V NThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP NP VPNPN N V NThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13、a、Would you e tomorrow?Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V AdvPAdvYou would e tomorrowSurface structureCPC SInfl NP VPAdvtomorrowb、What did Helen bring to the party?Deep structureCPC SNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet NHelen did bring what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SN InflNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet Nbring e to the partyc、Who broke the window?Deep structure。
语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案
d) already above the window
PP
DegP NP
already abovethe window
9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types.For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.
5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?
A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement.Sometimes italso contains another kind of element termed modifier.
APN
A
Acrippledpassengerlandedthe airplane with extreme caution
b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.
Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)
S
NP Infl VP
A PPA PP
P NPP NP
NN
Maryis fondof literature but tired of statistics
11.The following sentences all containembedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun.Draw a tree structure for each sentence.
语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear priorto the conjunction.2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type ofthe elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (orS-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP N A huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPN You know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NA Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royce d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellentb) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that loved ec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure:CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the partySurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the partyc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。
语言学第四章课后答案
语言学第四章课后答案1、“桌子”，“书包”都属于名词，这体现了语法的什么性质（）。
[单选题] *A.抽象性(正确答案)B.递归性C.系统性D.稳定性答案解析：“桌子”、“书包”等词语，虽然意思不同，但根据某种共同特点——大都能受数量词的修饰，就可以建立“名词”这个类：这就是词的用法对语法单位类别的抽象。
这体现了语法的抽象性。
2、语法规则的“系统性”是指（）。
[单选题] *A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释(正确答案)D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案解析：所谓“系统”，指的是语法规则具有推导性和解释性。
3、“三思而后行”在今天读来依旧朗朗上口，体现了语法的什么性质（）。
[单选题] *A.抽象性B.递归性C.系统性D.稳定性(正确答案)答案解析：“三思而后行”这句话产生在古代，现在依旧适用，体现语法的稳定性。
4、下列不属于共时语法的是（）。
[单选题] *A.现代汉语语法B.先秦汉语语法C.汉语语法的演化(正确答案)D.近代汉语语法答案解析：共时语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象横向地静态地研究语法。
因此A、B、D选项都属于共时语法。
汉语语法的演化属于历时语法的体现。
5、以下关于“教学语法和信息语法”的内容说法有误的一项是（）。
[单选题] *A.这是根据语法研究的用途区分的语法B.教学语法研究的结果面对的是人，或者说这种语法系统要充分考虑人的特点C.信息语法也叫“计算机语法”D.语法规则体系，方便计算机处理信息。
其特点是精确可靠，定义和规则具有可推导性和可开发性(正确答案)答案解析：教学语法和信息语法是根据语法研究的用途区分的语法。
教学语法研究的结果面对的是人，或者说这种语法系统要充分考虑人的特点；信息语法也叫“计算机语法”，其研究结果服务的是机器，即建立一套可以自动识别和操作的语法规则体系，方便计算机处理信息。
其特点是精确可靠，定义和规则具有可推导性和可验证性。
语言学-Chapter4-课后练习答案
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V , A or P.The XP rule: XP →(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word ’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of aconjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1) there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to theconjunction.2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP ) can be coordinated.3) coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elementsbeing conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary. Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposalsd) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black sky c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterday d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPN NMary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPNYou know that I hate warb) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Roll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellent b) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved that Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that she loved e c) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPS P NPN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure: CPC SAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrow b) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the party c) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:C SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the window Surface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。
文化语言学第四章课后题
文化语言学第四章课后题第一部分基础知识一、用“”划去下列词语中不恰当的字。
脱(朝潮) (底高)头八十(有载柏树裁)而归属于沙(滩摊) (拣捡)贝壳兴奋(极级急)了二、给加点的字挑选恰当的读音。
似(sìshì)乎兴(xīngxìng)奋逃走(cuànchuān)暑假(jiàjiǎ)三、根据意思写出课文中相应的词语。
1、海边的人在涨潮时，至海边回去抓取或丢弃海鱼、海蟹之类的东西。
( )2、到处逃跑乱窜。
( )3、比喻无法逃脱或无力抵抗。
( )三、照样子，写句子。
每当我唱出这一支歌，便想到童年伯德角的事。
每当……便……第二部分写作认知拾贝壳我一向讨厌贝壳，吵着必须阿姨带我去滚贝壳，阿姨应允了。
我们来到海边，啊，这里的景色真美，浪花轻轻拍打着海岸，发出“哗哗哗“的响声;蓝色的海面上航行着小小的帆船和”突突突“的`汽艇。
我望着无边无际的大海，心情十分舒畅。
在海滩上我们划破裤管放低身子举起贝壳去这里到处就是五颜六色的贝壳再有的大的细长的圆的施明德的各种形状各种色泽真实千奇百怪它们在阳光下闪闪发光忽然，阿姨叫道：“小红，快来，这个贝壳多好看!“我跑过去一看，果真是一个好贝壳，它有小碗那么大，身上印着一条一条棕色花纹，和老虎身上的花纹一样。
我急忙接过来，掏出手帕，小心翼翼地把它包好。
渐渐地，大篮子装进了贝壳，我们高高兴兴地准备工作回家。
离开海滩时，我不时回过头去，啊!我爱美丽的贝壳，我爱金色的沙滩，我更爱祖国蓝色的海洋!1、照样子，写下几个则表示声音的词。
哗哗哗2、给第3自然段中画“”的地方加之最合适的标点符号。
二3、阅读短文后填空。
(1)“我”和阿姨回去滚贝壳，先走进，再走进，最后返回。
(2)阿姨说这是一个好贝壳，是因为第三部分开拓提升1、小朋友，回忆一下，哪次活动你玩得最开心?你能先说给爸爸、妈妈听一听，再写成一段话。
好吗?12、荷花第一部分基础知识一、看看拼音写下汉字。
新编简明语言学教程第二版第四章课后习题答案
Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?A special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement ofelements that make up a phrase is called phrase structure rule.3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language. A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflection and distribution. Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. Words of different categories take different inflection. Distribution is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction.Conjunction exhibits four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear priorto the conjunction.2)a category at any level can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type ofthe elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?3 elements: head, specifier, complement.The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head.Head: Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier: Specifer has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement: Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure: The first one is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.The second one is corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surfacestructure.7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.1) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Adv2) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det NAdv V P Det N3) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det N4) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrase include a head, a complement , and in some case a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases.a. rich in mineralsAPA PPP NPNRich in mineralsb. often read detective stories.VPQual V NPA NOften read detective storiesc. the argument against the proposals.NPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalsd. already above the windowPPQual P NPDet Nalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Infl P(s)NP Infl VPDet AP N None pst V NP PPA Det N P NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b. A huge moon hung in the black sky.Infl P(s)NP Infl VPDet AP N V PPA P NPDet AP NAA huge moon hung in the black skyc. The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Infl P(s)NP Infl VPDet N pst V NP Adv AdvDet NThe man examined his car carefully yesterday.d. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Infl P(s)NP Infl VPDet AP N PP V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.Infl P(=S)NP VPN Aux V NPDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb. Helen put on her clothes and went out.Infl P(=S)NP VPN VP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.Infl P(=S)NP VPN VP CON VPVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentence.a. You know that I hate war.SNP VPN V CPC SNP VPN V NPNYou know that I hate warSb. Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.NP VPN VP NPV NP CPDet N C SNP VPN V NPDet A NGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam c. Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP VPN V A CPC SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det Nhis father bought himd. The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP VPDet N VP CPV P C SNP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12.Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and surface structure for each of these sentences.a. The essay that he wrote was excellent.CPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S PNP NP Infl VPN N V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellent(surface structure)CPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S PNP Infl VPN V NPNThe essayhe wrote thatwas excellent. (deep structure)b. Herbert bought a house that she lovedCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP NP VPN N V NPNHerbert bought a loved e(surface structure)CPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN V NPNHerbert bought a house she loved that. (deep structure)c. The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.CPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP NP VPN N V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics (surface structure)CPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP VPN V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguistics (deep structure)13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.a. Would you come tomorrow?CPC SNP VPN Infl V AdvPAdv(surface structure) you Would come tomorrowCPC SInfl NP VPN Infl V AdvPAdv(deep structure) Would you e come tomorrowb. What did Helen bring to the party?CPC SNP VPN Infl V NP PPN P NPDet N (surface structure) Helen did bring what to the partyCPNP C SInfl NP VPN Infl V NP PPN P NPDet N (deep structure) what did e to thec. Who broke the window?(surface structure)CPC SNP NP Infl VPN Pst NPVe broke the window(deep structure)CPC SNP VPDet N Infl VThe window was broken。
第四章练习答案
语言学概论第四章第2-6题练习答案1. Define the following terms:syntaxco-occurrenceconstructionconstituentendocentricexocentriccoordinationsubordinationcategoryagreementembeddingrecursivenessgrammatical subject &logical subjectcohesion[Answer]1.syntax:the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.co-occurrence:It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. For instance, what can precede a noun (dog) is usually the determiners and adjectives, and what can follow it when it takes the position of subject will be predicators such as bark, bite, run, etc. In short, co-occurrence is the syntactic environment in which a construction, with its relevant elements, can appear grammatically and conventionally. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.construction:it refers to any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use construct contains. It can be further divided into the external and internal properties. Take sentence The boy kicked the ball as an example, we will determine the external syntax as an independent clause, while NP (“the boy”), VP (“kicked”) and NP (“the ball”) will be assigned respectively to the different elements in this clause.constituent:Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence The boy ate the apple, S (A), the boy (B), ate the apple(C), each part is a constituent. Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units. If two constituents, in the case of the example above, B (the boy) and C (ate the apple), are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A (“S”, here a sentence), then B and C are said to be immediate constituents of A.endocentric:Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable Centre or Head. In the phrase two pretty girls, girls is the Centre or Head of this phrase or word group.exocentric:Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable "Centre" or "Head" inside the group. Exocentric construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be + complement) construction. In the sentence The boy smiled, neither constituent can substitute for the sentence structure as a whole.coordination:A common syntactic pattern in English and other languages is formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but or or. This phenomenon is known as coordination. In the construction the lady or the tiger, both NPs the lady and the tiger have equivalent syntactic status, each of the separate constituents can stand for the original construction functionally.subordination:Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In the phrase swimming in the lake, swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head.category:The term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g., noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender, case and countability; and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect, voice, and so on.agreement:Agreement (or concord) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue:--Whose is this pen?--Oh, it’s the one I lost.embedding:Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in another clause in syntactic subordination. E.g., I saw the man who had visited you last year.recursiveness:it mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within (i.e., be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. For example, “I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new”.grammatical subject & logical subject:Grammatical and logical subjects are two terms accounting for the case of subject in passive voice. Take the sentences a dog bit John and John was bitten by a dog as examples. Since the core object noun (John in this case) sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies; the core subject (a dog), now the object of a preposition (by a dog), is called a logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does: it performs an action. cohesion:Cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. The cohesive devices usually include: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, and so on. In the following example, the cohesive device is “Reference”, that is, “it” refers back to the door: He couldn't open the door. It was locked tight.2. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences(Hint: It may help to refer back to section 4.2.2) ex. [S [NP the boy] [VPsmiles ]](a) The instructor told the students to study.(b) The customer requested for a cold beer.(c) The pilot landed the jet.(d) These dead trees must be removed.(e) That glass suddenly broke.[Answer]2. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences(Hint: It may help to refer back to section 4.2.2)(1) The instructor told the students to study.[NP(det.+n.)+V+NP(det.+n.)+inf.](2) The customer requested for a cold beer.[NP(det+n.)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)](3) The pilot landed the jet.[NP(det+n)+V+NP(det+n.)](4) These dead trees must be removed.[NP(det+adj.+n.)+mv(modal verb)+be(auxiliary verb)+Past Participle](5) That glass suddenly broke.[NP(det+n)+adv.+V]3. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.Ex. ((I) ((rode) (back))) ((when) ((it) ((was) (dark)))).(a) The boy was crying.(b) Shut the door.(c) Open the door quickly.(d) The happy teacher in that class was beaming away.(e) He bought an old car with his first pay cheque.[Answer]3. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.(a) ((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)).(b) (Shut) ((the) (door)).(c) ((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly).(d) ((The) (((happy) (teacher)) ((in) ((that) (class))))) ((was) ((beaming) (away))).(e) (He) (((bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay) (cheque)))))).4. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following:(1) State whether it is headed or non-headed.(2) If headed, state its headword.(3) Name the type of constructions.Ex. His son will be keenly competing.Answer: headed, headword—competing; verbal group(a) Ducks quack.(b) The ladder in the shed is long enough.(c) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(d) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.(e) His handsome face appeared in the magazine.(f) A lady of great beauty came out.(g) He enjoys climbing high mountains.(h) The man nodded patiently.(i) A man roused by the insult drew his sword.[Answer]4. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following:(1) State whether it is headed or non-headed.(2) If headed, state its headword.(3) Name the type of constructions.Ex. His son will be keenly competing.Answer: headed, headword—competing; verbal group(a) Ducks quack. (non-headed, independent clause)(b) The ladder in the shed is long enough. (non-headed, prepositional phrase)(c) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair. (headed; headword—damaged; adjectival group)(d) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries. (headed; headword—singing; gerundial phrase)(e) His handsome face appeared in the magazine. (headed; headword—face; nominal group)(f) A lady of great beauty came out. (non-headed; prepositional phrase)(g) He enjoys climbing high mountains. (headed; headword—climbing; gerundial phrase)(h)The man nodded patiently. (non-headed; a sentence)(i) A man roused by the insult drew his sword. (headed; headword—roused; adjectival phrase)5. In the pairs of sentences that follow,indicate with “N” those that need not follow a particular order when they are joined by “and”. Indicate with “Y” those that need to be ordered. Aside from the examples below, in your opinion, which type is more relevant.(a) The sun is shining. The wind is blowing.(b) Susie went to sleep. She had a dream.(c) John came in. He closed the door.(d) He came in. John closed the door.(e) She felt embarrassed. She blushed.(f) The sky is blue. The grass is green.(g) He walked away. He got up.(h) He enjoyed the meal. He loved the pickles.[Answer]5. In the pairs of sentences that follow,indicate with “N” those that need not follow a particular order when they are joined by “and”. Indicate with “Y” those that need to be ordered. Aside from the examples below, in your opinion, which type is more relevant?(a) The sun is shining. The wind is blowing. N(b) Susie went to sleep. She had a dream. Y(c) John came in. He closed the door. Y(d) He came in. John closed the door. Y(e) She felt embarrassed. She blushed. Y(f) The sky is blue. The grass is green. N(g) He walked away. He got up. Y(h) He enjoyed the meal. He loved the pickles. N6. Combine the following pairs of sentences.Make the second sentence of each pair into a relative clause, and then embed it into the first.(1) The comet appears every twenty years. Dr. Okada discovered the comet.(2) Everyone respected the quarterback. The quarterback refused to give up.(3) The most valuable experiences were small ones. I had the experiences on my trip to Europe.(4) Chil dren will probably become abusers of drugs or alcohol. Children’s parents abuse alcohol.(5) Many nations are restricting emissions of noxious gases. The noxious gases threaten the atmosphere.[Answer]6. Combine the following pairs of sentences.Make the second sentence of each pair into a relative clause, and then embed it into the first.(1) The comet appears every twenty years. Dr. Okada discovered the comet.The comet that Dr. Okada discovered appears every twenty years.(2) Everyone respected the quarterback. The quarterback refused to give up.Everyone respected the quarterback who refused to give up.(3) The most valuable experiences were small ones. I had the experiences on my trip to Europe.The most valuable experiences that I had on my trip to Europe were small ones.(4) Children will probably become abusers of drugs or alcohol. Children’s parents abuse alcohol. Children whose parents abuse alcohol will probably become abusers of drugs or alcohol.(5) Many nations are restricting emissions of noxious gases. The noxious gases threaten the atmosphere. Many nations are restricting emissions of noxious gases which threaten the atmosphere.。
语言学chapter4习题
语⾔学chapter4习题Chapter 4 SyntaxMultiple Choice1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome5. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate6. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex7. In the sentence “Mary gave a book to him”, “him” is with a(n) _________ case.A. accusativeD. nominative8. The relation between any two words in “What a nice day!” is known as ___________.A. choice relationB. paradigmatic relationC. vertical relationD. syntagmatic relation9. __________is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.A. GenderB. TenseC. AspectD. Number10. Paradigmatic relation is known as _______________.A. horizontal relationB. chain relationC. choice relationD. semantic relation11. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A. a clever girlB. an ugly manC. in timeD. fork and knife12. refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. Syntagmatic relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Co-occurrence relationD. Exocentric relation13. ______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine: feminine: neuter, animate: inanimate, etc.A. CaseB. GenderC. NumberD. Category14. Syntactically, English is an example of ________ language.C. SOVD. OSV15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. the relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. e.g between s, p and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such Bill hunts is called .A. syntagmatic relationB. paradigmatic relationC. positional relationD. relation of substitutabilityFill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.3. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.6. construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.7. IC is the short form of immediate used in the study of syntax.8. A sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.2. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.3. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.4. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.5. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.6. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.7. In the phrase “in the near future”, the word “future” is head.8. Words like “actor”and “actress” manifest that grammatical gender strictly corresponds to biological gender.9. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.10.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.Define the following terms1. Syntax2. IC analysisAnswer the following questions.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉⼤学，2004）2.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第⼆外国语⼤学，2004）3. Suggest a tree diagram of the sentence The little girl ran into the garden. The student wrote a letter yesterday. Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex or compound complex sentences:（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town..Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:（1）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.（2）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.(3) The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(4) He saw young men and women present.。
语言学第四课后练习
8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases.a. rich in mineralsAPRich in mineralsb. often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA NOften read detective storiesc. the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalsPPQual P NPDet Nalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Infl P(S)NP Infl VPV NP PPDet AP N None pstDet N P NPAAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb. A huge moon hung in the black sky.Infl P (s)NP Infl VPDet AP N V PPP NPADet AP NAA huge moon hung in the black skyC. The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Infl P（S）NP infl VPDet N pst V NP Adv AdvDet NThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Infl P (S)NP Infl VPDet AP N PP V PPP NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of theNP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsorInflP(=S)NP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb. Helen put on her clothes and went out.InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPpstVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics ORInflP(=S)InflNP VPnonpstVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsa verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a.You know that I hate war.SNP VPN V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP VPN VP NPNP CPV C SDet N NP VPN V NPDet A NGerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English examb.Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP VPN V A CPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce c.The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP VPDet N VP CPV P C SNP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12.a. The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep structureCPC SNP VPC S Deg PNP Infl VPV NPN NThe essay he wrote that was too long Surface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPV NPN N NThe was too longb. Hebert bought a house that she loved.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN V NPNHebert bought a house she loved that Surface structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N V NPNHebert bought a housec. The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep structureCPC SDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP VPNPN V NThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP NP VPNPN N V NThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13.a. Would you come tomorrow?Deep structureCPN Infl V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface structureCPC SInfl NP VPN Infl V AdvPAdvcome tomorrowb. What did Helen bring to the party?Deep structureCPC SNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet NHelen did bring what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SN InflNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet Nbring e to the partyc. Who broke the window?Deep structure。
语言学第四章课后练习
语⾔学第四章课后练习8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases.a. rich in mineralsAPRich in mineralsb. often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA NOften read detective storiesc. the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalsPPQual P NPDet Nalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.Infl P(S)NP Infl VPV NP PPDet AP N None pstAAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b. A huge moon hung in the black sky. Infl P (s)NP Infl VPDet AP N V PPP NPADet AP NAA huge moon hung in the black skyC. The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Infl P（S）NP infl VPDet N pst V NP Adv AdvDet NThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Infl P (S)NP Infl VPDet AP N PP V PPP NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the stormNP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pants orInflP(=S)NP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b. Helen put on her clothes and went out. InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPVP NP V Adv V P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went out ORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPpstVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsORInflP(=S)InflNP VPnonpstVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P N11. The following sentences all contain contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a.You know that I hate war.SNP VPN V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watORSNP Infl VPN Nonpst V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watb.Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. SNP VPN VP NPN V NPDet A NGerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam c.Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. SNP VPN V A CPC SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det Nd.The children argued over whether bats had wings. SNP VPDet N VP CPV P C SNP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12.a. The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP Infl VPV NPN NThe essay he wrote that was too long Surface structure CPC SDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPV NPN N Nb. Hebert bought a house that she loved.Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN V NPNHebert bought a house she loved that Surface structure CPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPNHebert bought a house that she loved ec. The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics. Deep structureC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP VPNPN V NThe girl he adores whom majors in linguistics Surface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP NP VPNPN N V N13.a. Would you come tomorrowDeep structureCPC SN Infl V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrow Surface structureCPC SInfl NP VPN Infl V AdvPAdvwould you e come tomorrowb. What did Helen bring to the party Deep structureCPC SNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet NHelen did bring what to the party Surface structureCPNP C SN InflNP VPInfl V NP PPNDet NWhat did Helen e bring e to the partyc. Who broke the window Deep structure。
语言学概论课后作业语法部分
C、可以插如别的成份 D、可以作为一个单位出现。
4、“老朋友”作为语法单位属于:
A、实词 B、虚词
C、固定词组 D、自由词组
5、下列各组词中全都属于复合词的一组是：
A、大学、人民、（英）reader
A．The newspaper is reading by John.
B．The newspaper is by John reading.
C．The newspaper is being read by John.
D．The newspaper is being readed by John.
A、动宾 B、偏正
C、动词 D、联合
16．以下概念属于组合关系的是:
A、主谓 B、形容词
C、宾语 D、单纯词
17．下列语言单位都属于词的是:
A、语言、饭菜、（英语）classsroom（教室）、（俄语）книга（书）
B、劳动、进步、（英语）light -wave（光波）、（日语）わたくし（我）
D． 折断了猎人的枪
26．英语动词"be"有八种变化形式，下列句子中，只有_____使用正确。
A． He be good child.
B． I am a teacher.
C． They is peasant.
D． You was workers.
27．下列句子符合英语语法规则的是:
D、走-走走 看-看看
20．下列说法不正确的一项是:
A． 组合规则为句子的生成提供了无数的可能
B． 聚合规则为句子的生成提供了无数的可能
C． 我们日常使用语言离不开语法规则
英语语言学概论第四章习题及答案
1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.5. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.6. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.7.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.8. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.9. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.10. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.11. Major lexical categories are open __ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.12. C________ refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar function in a particular language. (答案：Category)13. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed h____.(答案：head)14. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as s____. (答案：specifier)15. In the Noun Phrase as "the tree", , "the" is d_____ which functions as specifier in this Noun Phrase. (答案：determiner)16. Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed c_______. (答案：complementizers)17. In the sentence "The teacher will explain the term", the Infl position is realized by an a_____. (答案：auxiliary)18. In the D-Structure, s____ restricts choice of complements of the sentence. (答案：subcategorization)19. Inversion can move an auxiliary from the Infl to the n______ C position. [填空题] * _________________________________(答案：nearest)20. In the revised Wh Movement, a wh phrase is moved to the s______ position under CP. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：specifier)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. A sentence is considered （） when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. [单选题] *A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical(正确答案)22. Among the branch of linguistics, （） studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. [单选题] *A. syntax(正确答案)B. semanticsC. pragmaticsD. morphology23. Which of the following is NOT the element that phrases formed of more than one word usually contain? （） [单选题] *A. HeadB. SpecifierC. Inflection(正确答案)D. Complement24. What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"? （）[单选题] *A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentence(正确答案)C. A complex sentenceD. None of the above25. Transformational rules does not change the basic sentence （）. [单选题] *A. meaning(正确答案)B. formC. positionD. structure26. Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes called syntactic categories, which reflects many factors including the type of （）. [单选题] *A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above(正确答案)27. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the （）. [单选题] *A. phrase structureB. surface structureC. syntactic structureD. deep structure(正确答案)28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand （）. [单选题] *A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.(正确答案)29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called （）. [单选题] *A. transformational rules(正确答案)B. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The syntactic rules of any language are （） in number. [单选题] *A. largeB. smallC. finite(正确答案)D. infiniteIV. Define the following terms.31. syntax [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.)32. Sentence [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.)33. Syntactic categories [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( calleda phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.)34. D-structure [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.)。
语言学Chapter4课后练习答案(20200602074319)
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appearprior to the conjunction.2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the categorytype of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposals d) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPN You know that I hate war b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him aRoll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellentb) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that she lovedec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure:CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the partyc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。
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8、The following phrases include a head, a plement, and in some cases a specifier、Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases、a、rich in mineralsAPRich in mineralsb、often read detective storiesVPQual V NPA NOften read detective storiesc、the argument against the proposalsNPNP PPDet N P NPDet Nthe argument against the proposalsd、already above the windowPPQual P NPDet Nalready above the window9、The following sentences contain modifiers of various types、For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures、a、A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution、Infl P(S)NP Infl VPV NP PPDet AP N None pstDet N P NPAAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb、A huge moon hung in the black sky、Infl P (s)NP Infl VPDet AP N V PPP NPADet AP NAA huge moon hung in the black skyC、The man examined his car carefully yesterday、Infl P(S)NP infl VPDet N pst V NP Adv AdvDet NThe man examined his car carefully yesterdayd、A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm、Infl P (S)NP Infl VPDet AP N PP V PPP NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm10、The following sentences all contain conjoined categories、Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences、a、Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants、InflP(=S)NP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants orInflP(=S)NP ＶＰAux V NPNDet A NPN CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b、Helen put on her clothes and went out、InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S)NP Infl VPpstVP CON VPVP NP V AdvV P Det NHelen put on her clothes and went outc、Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics、InflP(=S)NP VPVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics ORInflP(=S)InflNP VPnonpstVP CON VPNVP NP VP NPV A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics11、The following sentences all contain contain embedded clauses that function as plements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun、Draw a tree structure for each sentence、a.You know that I hate war、SNP VPN V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watORSNP Infl VPN Nonpst V CPC SNP VPNV NPNYou know that I hate watb.Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam、SNP VPN VP NPNP CPV C SDet N NP VPN V NPDet A NGerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English examc.Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce、SNP VPN V A CPC SNP VPDet N V NP NPN Det NChris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce d.The children argued over whether bats had wings、SNP VPDet N VP CPV P C SNP VPN V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings12、a、The essay that he wrote was excellent、Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP Infl VPV NPN NThe essay he wrote that was too longSurface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V APC S Deg PNP NP Infl VPV NPN N NThe essay that he was too longb、Hebert bought a house that she loved、Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN V NPNHebert bought a house she loved that Surface structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N V NPNHebert bought a housec、The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics、Deep structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP VPNPN V NThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface structureCPC SNP VPDet N CP V PPC Infl S P NPNP NP VPNPN N V NThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13、a、Would you e tomorrow?Deep structureCPC SNP VPN Infl V AdvPAdvYou would e tomorrowSurface structureCPC SInfl NP VPAdvtomorrowb、What did Helen bring to the party?Deep structureCPC SNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet NHelen did bring what to the partySurface structureCPNP C SN InflNP VPInfl V NP PPNN P NPDet Nbring e to the partyc、Who broke the window?Deep structure。