The_direct_method直接教学法教案
英语教学方法中的直接法
英语教学方法中的直接法直接发是英语教学法的一种，这种方法目前的使用频率也较高。
哪呢你知道直接发这种英语教学方法吗?下面是店铺为大家整理的英语教学法中的直接法的相关资料，希望对大家有所帮助!英语教学方法中的直接法直接法(The Direct Method)产生于19世纪90年代,是通过运用外语本身进行教学的方法,也叫自然法或口语法,代表人物是德国外语教学法专家贝立兹(M.D.Berlitz)和英国语言学家帕默(H.E.Palmer)。
贝立兹主张力求在外语教学中创造与儿童习得母语的自然环境相仿的环境,并采用与儿童习得母语的自然方法相一致的方法。
帕默认为语言是一种习惯,学习一种语言就是培养一种新的习惯,习惯的养成是靠反复使用形成的。
自然法是对儿童学习母语的自然过程的模仿,主张把外语和它所表达的事物直接联系起来,在教学中只用外语,排斥母语,通过各种直观手段直接学习,直接理解,直接运用。
从20世纪70年代末到80年代初期间,美国加州大学爱尔伐因分校的特雷尔(TrayD.Terrel)和美国南加州大学应用语言学家克拉申(StephenD.Krashen)共同提出了新的自然法。
他们认为语言习得是无意识地掌握语言,是在自然交际情景中培养运用语言的能力,并在无意识中习得语法的一般规则。
语言学习是有意识地学习语言规则和形式。
克拉申和特雷尔认为,在学习英语的过程中,用习得的方式比学习的方式效果好得多。
因此,课堂环境应该尽量接近学生的实际生活。
教师应利用学生过去所学的知识,设计与讲英语国家的文化相近、便于学习理解的教学活动。
在介绍新词汇、引进新知识的时候,教师要尽可能结合周围实际环境。
克拉申和特雷尔进而说明,语言发展是有阶段性的,应该由简而繁、逐渐提高。
克拉申把实施自然教学法的过程分成四个阶段。
第一阶段,教师在课堂上和学生自然地谈话,使用基本的词汇和句型,并且突出、重复重点词汇,教师通过身体动作和视觉提示,如图片、实物等,帮助学生理解。
教学法理论 第4讲 直接法
Instead grammar should be acquired inductively by inducing the rules of how the language behaves from the actual language itself. "Never tell the children anything they can find out for themselves." (Jespesen 1904)
Questions for consideration
1. Compare the GTM and DM. 2. There are some problems with the
DM, can you find out some remedies? 3. Is the 1st language learning process
Howatt (1984) called Gouin and those like him “individual reformers ”They were inspired individual working alone. (Johnson and Johnson, 2001: 169)
Sweet’s 1899 book, The Practical Study of Languages was highly influential in the development or 20th century language teaching methods and was reprinted in 1964.
The principal figures, all phoneticians, were, besides Welhelm Vietor (German), Paul Passy, Otto Jespersen (Danish) and Henry Sweet(British). Reform, of phonetic and other natural methods emerged, often considered the variants of the DIRECT METHOD. (Johnson and Johnson, 2001: 272)
Direct method and audio-lingual method-G2-2013-5
History
During the World War II, American department of defense invited the linguists to develop plans for training the talented people.
Major features
Advantage and disadvantage
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Advantage： 1. 采用各种直观教具，广泛运用接近实际 生活的教学方式，有助于培养用外语思维 的能力； 2. 强调直接学习和直接应用，注重语言实 践练习，学生学习积极性高，学习兴趣浓 厚； 3. 重视口语和语音教学，能有效地培养学 生的语言运用能力。
Some techniques of the Direct Method
Reading aloud Getting Ss to self-correct Conversation practice Fill-in-the-blank exercise Dictation Map drawing Paragraph writing Use pictures, drawings, gestures TPR Commands Classroom language
The Direct Method & The Audio-Lingual method
By Group2
The Direct Method(直接法)
The direct method, also called natural method （自然法）,Oral Method(口语法).
Defination(定义)
直接法 (1)
The direct method （直接法）一、定义：直接法也叫自然法(Natural Method)、心理法(Psychological Method)、口语法(Oral Method)、改良法(Reformed Method)。
所谓直接法，就是直接用外语教外语，不用学生的母语，不用翻译，也不注重形式语法。
它的教学目标不是规范的书面语，而是外语口语。
直接法主张采用口语材料作为教学内容，强调模仿，主张用教儿童学习本族语言的方法，“通过说话学说话”的方法来学习外语，教学过程是一句话一句话听、模仿、反复练习，直到养成语言习惯。
教学中只用外语讲述，广泛利用手势、动作、表情、实物、图画等直观手段，要求外语与思想直接联系，绝对不使用本族语，即完全不借助于翻译，语法降到完全不重要的地位。
二、代表人物及著作直接法是在19世纪后半叶作为语法－翻译法的对立物在西欧出现的，主要代表人物是贝力兹（M.D.Berlitz）、帕默（H.E.Palmer）等。
1878年，贝力兹在美国开办了一所贝力兹语言学校，专门教成年人短期学习外语，使用的方法是自然法。
贝力兹的教法只是多年教学经验的积累，并没有教学法著作。
艾盖尔特著作有.《现代藉言改革教学法中的心理关系》(Der psychologische Zusammenhang inder Didaktik des neus Praehliehen Reforunterriehts)。
英国学者帕默(Harold E.Palmer,1877～1949)以采用滚雪球的途径培养下意识的外语习惯而闻名于广大教师。
帕默也被人称为最早的综合法教学法家。
他还将直接法的教学理论严谨地用于教学过程。
帕默一生共编写了50多种理论著作、课本和教学参考书。
其中《口语教学法》(The Oral Method of Teaching Language)是他用于起始阶段的教学法体系；而《100个句子替换表》(100Substitution Tables)则是最早的句型操练体系，对单语练习很有作用。
the_direct_method
• It was developed from the 1920s onwards into a more sophisticated method called situational language teaching.One key feature was that the language was explained using a situation . The language was practised using guided repetion,dictation,drills, and oral-based reading and writing tasks.
• Palmer believe that the language is a habit, to learn a language is to develop a new habit, Habit is formed by repeated use. • Natural Law is a natural process for children to learn their mother tongue imitation, and a preference to express things in foreign languages and it has a direct link only in teaching a foreign language, exclusion, language, visual means, directly or through a variety of learning, a direct understanding and direct application.
7.
Listening comprehension tasks: Designing listening comprehension tasks is one of the ways to establish a favorbable classroom climate in the Direct Method. 8. Graded composition (分级作文): Writing can be introduced as a means of consolidation and evaluation in the Direct Method. Written work should be graded in the following sequence: ①reproduction of familiar reading texts;② reproduction of narrative orally presented by the teacher; ③ free composition
语言教学的流派课程教案
《语言教学的流派》课程教案Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching1、Approach and method2、Language teaching --- second language teaching or foreign language teachingThis book is a book on the history of language teaching, but it’s more than that. According t o the authors, the aim of this book is to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a particular approach or method. The authors have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method or approach speak for itself and allows readers to make their own appraisals. So this book is not intended to popularize or promote particular approaches or methods described. It is designed to give the teacher or teacher trainee a straightforward introduction to commonly used an less commonly used methods, and a set of criteria by which to critically read, question, and observe methods. The goal is to enable teachers to become better informed about the nature, strengths, and weaknesses of methods and so they can better arrive at their judgments and decisions.第一章 A brief history of language teaching 外语教学简史在这章中，我们将了解两种传统的教学法：The Grammar-Translation Method （语法翻译法）和The Direct Method（直接法）第二章The nature of approaches and methods in language teaching 外语教学法理论与方法的性质本章为以后的分析立下了一个基本的理论分析框架(framework)。
直接教学法(课堂PPT)
• 捷克教育家夸美纽斯提倡直观性，由具体到抽 象，由近及远，由已知到未知，由简到繁，由 事实到论据，由易到难等教学原则。
• 美国教育学家杜威主张从做中学，教学脱离系 统学习科学知识，只要掌握解决问题需要的一 点知识和运用知识的熟巧。
• 英国教育家斯宾塞认为，应当引导儿童自己去 探索，然后自己从中得出结论，要尽量少教， 尽量让他们自己去发现。
• 重视学习者年龄、个性、动机、知识背 景和过去学习语言的经验等诸多方面， 并坚持学习语言最适宜的是导致形成“ 自动化”习惯和不自觉地使用语言的学 习过程，而不是导致形成概念和系统思 维的学习过程。
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• 学生学习外语要像幼儿学习母语的过程 一样，要在自然环境中按思维动作的先 后顺序模仿操练学得。
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• 直觉主义哲学家帕格提出直觉是获得知识的唯一源泉 ，在语言心理中起主要作用的是感觉与直觉，而非思 维与理智，最强有力的感觉是音响表象所引起的。
• 外语教学应使外语与客观事物直接联系并以有声语言 口语为基础，以模仿为主的心理学为理论基础。
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• 语言学习的心理学基础就是联想规律， 学习语言的整个过程就是形成联想的过 程，强调重复和记忆的必要性。
气氛，激发学习积极性。
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缺点
• 忽视母语的中介作用，在外语课堂上生硬地排 斥或禁止使用母语，既容易造成理解错误，造 成学习困难，又浪费了课堂上宝贵的时间。
• 忽视学生或成年人学习外语的特点及已形成的 阅读技能，完全照搬幼儿从小学习母语的方法 ，而不顾及二者全然不同的语言环境和学习动 机，给外语教学带来不必要的困难。
• 难以教授复杂和抽象的语言内容和结构，因此 一般不适用于高中和大学外语教学，一些内向 的学生也不欢迎直接法，他们在教师采用直接 法时态度比较消极。
英语教学法教案与讲义模板
英语教学法教案与讲义模板一、引言1. 课程目标：通过本课程的学习，使学生了解和掌握英语教学的基本方法和技巧，提高英语教学效果。
2. 课程内容：本课程将介绍英语教学法的基本概念、教学技巧、课堂管理、教学评价等方面的内容。
3. 教学方法：采用讲授、讨论、实践相结合的方式进行教学。
二、英语教学法的基本概念1. 直接法（Direct Method）定义：直接法是一种以目标语言作为唯一教学媒介的教学方法，强调听、说、读、写的技能的综合运用。
特点：真实、自然、直观、实践性强。
2. 交际法（Communicative Approach）定义：交际法是一种以语言功能为纲，培养学生在实际语境中运用语言的能力的教学方法。
特点：注重实际应用、强调师生互动、学生主体。
三、教学技巧1. 启发式教学（Heuristic Teaching）定义：启发式教学是一种以学生为中心，引导学生主动探索、发现和解决问题的教学方法。
方法：提问、讨论、案例分析等。
2. 任务型教学（Task-Based Language Teaching）定义：任务型教学是一种以完成实际任务为目标，培养学生综合语言运用能力的方法。
方法：小组讨论、角色扮演、项目研究等。
四、课堂管理方法：尊重学生、关心学生、公平对待学生。
2. 课堂纪律管理3. 小组合作学习方法：合理分组、明确任务、引导学生积极参与。
五、教学评价1. 形成性评价（Formative Assessment）定义：形成性评价是在教学过程中对学生的学习进展和教师的教学效果进行评价的方法。
方法：课堂提问、作业批改、学生反馈等。
2. 终结性评价（Summative Assessment）定义：终结性评价是在教学活动结束后对学生的学习成果和教师的教学效果进行评价的方法。
方法：考试、测验、课程报告等。
六、教学活动的设计1. 热身活动（Warm-up Activities）目的：激发学生的学习兴趣，调动课堂气氛。
THE DIRECT METHOD 直接教学法
THE DIRECT METHOD 直接教學法(DM)在GTM沒落後，語言學界興起了一股改革風潮。
語言學家們開始注意到L2的〝會話〞能力，並從觀察幼兒學習母語的過程得知，幼兒會透過情境（context）所提供的背景資訊來瞭解句意，然後運用其所記得之句型來開口講話。
這種〝自然而然〞習得母語的現象讓許多語言學家相信，人類也可以像學母語一般透過教學者直接使用L2教學而自然而然地學會〝說〞L2。
擁護DM派的學者認為，語言的形與意之間存在著關連性，所以不論學習L1或L2，只要學習環境全部都是標的語（target language），學習者將沈浸在最自然的氣氛中，不必透過教師的翻譯和文法解析就可自然地學成一口流利的標的語。
一、教學目標為了彌補GTM只訓練學生讀、寫和翻譯能力，DM特別注重培養學生聽、說的能力。
二、課程安排字彙與句子方面，一律以介紹日常生活用語為主，上課也一律用L2教學。
若碰到新的字彙或句型，教師不會直接加以翻譯說明，而是利用教具輔助說明，或引導學生運用已知事物來推斷聯想，得出正確意義；文法方面採歸納法教學，而非一開始就先要求學生熟記文法規則。
三、教學活動與學習型態教師採取漸進式的問答法來引導學生開口說話。
此外，教學的初期不依賴課本進度，而依照教師自己設計的教案來搭配學生的學習狀況。
學生則必須專心地〝停、看、聽〞，善用老師所示範的L2以及其他相關背景資訊，然後學習用L2回答老師的問題。
以下試舉一教學實例(國小英語師資訓練手冊，p. 7，師德)：（教學過程全用英語）步驟一老師拿著顏色卡，指著卡片說“It is white. It is black. It i brown.”步驟二老師手指「白牆、頭髮、門」，重複上面句子。
步驟三重複步驟二，老師帶學生說。
步驟四類似步驟一，老師教red, purple。
步驟五老師拿著頻果、香蕉，學生說：”It is red. It is yellow.”四、教師與學生的角色教師是L2唯一的示範者，所以教學時一律不用學生的L1講解，而必須使出十八般武藝，運用身體語言和輔助教具來傳授語言知識，使學生能用極初級程度的L2來瞭解新的標的物，並學會用口語來表達。
英语教学法-直接法-direct-methodPPT
Principles
1. Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language.
2. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.
3. Oral communication skills were
3
4. The best known reformer in the mid-19th century was a Frenchman named E. Gouin. He developed an approach to teaching a foreign language based on his observations of children’s use of language.
8. Correct pronunciation and grammar
were emphasized.
7
Main activities
1.Direct association (new language items)
2. Question and answer exercise. (asking questions in target language and having students answer in full se ntences)
2. The rapid development of linguistics, psychology and education .
3. And the Grammar Translation Method could not meet the need. The Reform Movement has began. The International Phonetic Association was founded and its International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) was designed.
英语教学法 直接法 direct method(课堂PPT)
3. And the Grammar Translation Method could not meet the need. The Reform Movement has began. The International Phonetic Association was founded and its International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) was designed.
5. Wilhelm Viёtor, a Germany scholar
Language Teaching Must Start Afresh
Speech patterns
In Henry Sweet’s book The Practical Study
of Languages (1899), he set forth principles
9
Comment
Advantages
1. The Direct method offered innovations at the level of teaching procedures.
2. The Direct method was quite successful in private language schools, such as those of the Berlitz chain, where paying clients had high motivation and the use of nativespeaking teachers was the norm.
英语教学法之Direct Method(直接法)
(5) Sentence is the minimum unit of speech communication. According to Gouin, verbal expression is closely linked with thought about real events. Thought and corresponding utterances do not occur randomly or singly; they come in sequences and end-means series. In addition, concrete meaning and usage of words can only be learned in sentences. (6) Historically speaking, spoken language came into being before written language. So speech patterns are fundamental while written language derivational. This view accounts for the emphasis on the priority for spoken language teaching in the Direct Method. (7) Spoken language is a learnable system of sounds, and sounds are best described by phonetic transcription. Therefore we should attach great importance to phonetic teaching.
英语教学法之直接法ppt课件
Background
• A reaction against the GrammarTranslation Method. • In the mid and late 19th century, European industry developed rapidly.
• The foundation of the IPA and other organizations.
Theoretical Basis
• Direct means takes the place of translation as the main technique in foreign language learning. • Speech patterns should be the fundamental elements of language.
2. Without explicit grammar explanantion, students lack a necessary knowledge of the target language.
3. The Direct Method places a high demand on teachers.
Basic Principles
• Main features:
1. The first language and translation exercises are completely avoided.
2. Grammar is learned inductively through listening and speaking activities (an explicit grammar rule may never be given).
英语教学法之直接法
2. 2 Major features of the direct method
2.2.1 Teaching vocabulary through pantomiming, realia and other visuals 2.2.2 Teaching grammar by using an inductive approach (i.e. having learners find out rules through the presentation of adequate linguistic forms in the target language) 2.2.3 Centrality of spoken language (including a native-like pronunciation) 2.2.4 Focus on question-answer patterns 2.2..5 Teacher-centeredness
2.6.1. The goals of using the Direct Method
Teachers using the Direct Method intend that Ss learn how to communicate in the target language. In order to do this successfully, Ss should learn to think in the target language.
2.The Direct Method
• 2.1 Introduction
• • 2.1.2 Background Late 19th-early 20th century, practical needs and interests for modern languages calls for reform: GT was found to be inadequate for teaching living languages, so DM was developed which emphasized the primacy of speech. • the founding of IPA in 1886, • 2.1.3 Theoretical Foundation: • Pragmatism & Descriptivism
英语教学法-直接法-direct-methodPPT优秀课件
Background
1.In the late 19th century, with the development of capitalism, all European countries increasingly communicated with each other. It created a demand for oral proficiency in foreign languages.
6. Dictation (It is used as a means to reinforce and test what the students have learned. )
Comment
Advantages
1. The Direct method offered innovations at the level of teaching procedures.
5. New teaching points were introduced orally.
6. Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary was taught by association of ideas.
英语教学法-直接法-direct-methodPPT优秀课件
for the development of teaching method,
which systematically discussed about The
202D1/i5/r26ect Method.
4
It was established in Germany and France it the late 1800s and contrasts with the Grammar Translation Method and other traditional approaches. It became widely known in America through its use by Sauveur and Berlitz in successful commercial language school. It faded in the early 1900s.
2. Question and answer exercise. (asking questions in target language and having students answer in full se ntences)
3. Error correction
(students are allowed to correct their
3. Oral communication skills were
built up in a carefully graded
progression organized around
question-and-answer exchanges between
teachers and students in small,
6. Dictation (It is used as a means to reinforce and test what the students26
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Background (2)
• Revolution to Grammar Translation Method. One of the revolutionists was Francois Gouin. • First introduced in France and Germany. • Berlitz (Maximilian D. Berlitz,18521921) used extensively in Rhode Island, USA, and opened the first language school.
Let
Disadvantages
Students may be afraid of asking Qs. It’s hard to practice the methods in a class with more than 20 students. It needs a great amount of teachers It’s hard to explain abstract words. It takes much time for teacher to explain the words that might be trivial.
• Use the natural way to communicate, like a baby learning its mother tongue.
The Direct Method is one method of foreign language learning. The main characteristic is only use the language what they learning, students remember the sentence of teachers teaching in class. Familiar with some structures and sentences ,then they imitated it again and again.
Good points
students learn the correct pronunciation and better oral skills because no native Good language is used and communication is main activity points in the class. Whereas, students’ enterprising spirits and the teacher speaking the target language fluently are required.
The Direct Method
The Direct Method
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Background (1)
In the late 19th century in Europe, for economic development, the communication among nations became more frequent. Foreign languages learning was highly demanded. Oral communication became the main goal of foreign language teaching.
பைடு நூலகம்
It’s to make up with the Grammar-Translation Method, which emphasizes reading and writing, fixed rules for sentences patterns, and grammar and translation skills. So, in DM, no translation, no native language but with meaningful context, realia, pictures, visual aids, demonstration and dramatization to help students learn words, preposition, grammar of the target language.