语用预设

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Presupposition

A presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. (by George Yule)
Stephen C. Levinson 朗文语言教学与应用语言学词典
预设触发语

Presupposition triggers are not real triggers of presupposition but linguistic forms in which presupposition is conveyed.
语用功能




表达幽默或讽刺的意味。 超常规语用预设。 一种预设类型，由语用预设的可撤销性、 隐蔽性和认 知多维性等特点决定的。 它以虚假预设、 冗余预设和多元预设等非常规的形式 隐藏于常规的预设手段中,制造语言和思维陷阱, 迷惑 和干扰听话人。 提问：世界上语言的种类很多,像中国话、 日本话、 美国话等等,那么,什么话是世界通用的呢? ( 答案: 电话)
From domestic experts

何自然认为预设不仅是语义预设，涉及命题之 间的关系，更多情况下是一种语用预设。它是 指那些对于语境敏感的说话人(有时包括说话 对象)的信念、态度、意图有关的前提关系。 他(2001)又提出预设是言语交际双方都早已知 道的常识，或至少听到话语之后总能够根据语 境推断出来的信息。

He stopped smoking.
He

used to smoke.
属于语义预设
预设的真值条件

The truth value of presupposition represents the consistency between the assumption the speaker has made upon the hearer’s cognitive environment and the actual cognitive environment of the hearer.
from domestic experts
Stephen C. Levinson

…another kind of pragmatic inference, namely presupposition, that does seem at least to be based more closely on the actual linguistic structure of sentences; … cannot be thought of as semantic in the narrow sense…. …. because they are based squarely on certain contextual assumptions concerning the cooperativeness of participants in a conversation….
Features of pragmatic presupposition

Levinson 何自然(1988) 朱永生、苗兴伟(2000)
1）语用预设是由词汇语法手段诱发的隐含命题，它传递发话 者对受话者知识状态的假设； 2）语用预设可以决定一个句子或语段在某一特定语篇语境中 的适宜性； 3）从信息结构的角度看，语用预设是为语篇信息流的畅通服 务的； 4）作为交际过程中的背景信息，语用预设为交际双方所共有。 -------《语用预设的语篇功能》2000(3),外国语
相关但未涉及的

预设的历史渊源 预设与蕴含 预设失误
我们已了解的




The definition of presupposition Pragmatic presupposition and semantic presupposition The truth value of presupposition Presupposition triggers Pragmatic functions of presupposition Types of pragmatic presupposition Features of pragmatic presupposition
朗文语言教学与应用语言学词典 (the third edition,2002)

presupposition n presuppose v

what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows.
Presupposition
Presupposition

The definition of presupposition Relevant topics Types of pragmatic presupposition Features of pragmatic presupposition 相关但未涉及的
1989（3）《外语研究》


利奇主张预设由语义学和语用学共同研 究。因为预设要受到语境因素的制约（语用 预设），但又有一定的可预测性。预设与一 定的词语和结构有关（语义预设）。 预设分类
For example:
speaker A: What about inviting Simon tonight? speaker B: What a good idea; then he can give Monica a lift. Here, the presuppositions are, among others, that speakers A and B know who Simon and Monica are, that Simon too much. 属于语用预设
He pretended to be happy He managed to escape When did she die?
>>I left
>>He wasn’t happy >>He tried to escape >>She died >>I am ill
counterfactual If I weren’t ill,

陈宗明提出，在交际过程中双方共同接受的东 西，就是我们所说的预设。

“美国的皇帝也不好当啊！”

法国的国王是个秃子。
What can we learn from the examples?


1 2 3 4

“美国的皇帝也不好当啊！”
法国的国王是个秃子。
束定芳，关于预设理论的几个问题，
Types of pragmatic presupposition （by George Yule)
type existential exampwenku.baidu.come the X presupposition >>X exists
factive
Non-factive lexical structural
I regret leaving