神经生物学神经系统发育和神经干细胞英文课件

Neural Tube Formation
Neuroscience-Exploring the Brain, 3rd ed.
Failure of Neural Tube Development
Neuroscience-Exploring the Brain, 3rd ed.
Sequential Stages of Neural Tube Development
Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.)
Neural Induction
Neural Induction—the process whereby the pluripotent cells of the ectoderm are
converted to the neurally committed cells of the neuroectoderm. Development of the neural plate is induced by signals from the organizer region.
B. The neural plate buckles at its midline to form the neural groove.
C. Closure of the dorsal neural folds forms the neural tube.
D. The neural tube lies over the notochord and is flanked by somites, an ovoid group of mesodermal cells that give to muscle and cartilage.
Embryo development
Three germ layers
The Neural Plate Folds to Form the Neural Tube
A. Early in embryogenesis three germ cell layers-the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm-lie close together. The ectoderm gives to the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system.
Nature 501, 25–27(05 September 2013)
What is Neural Development
Neural development refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life.
Human Brain at Birth
6 Years Old
14 Years Old
The Nervous System is Derived from the Ectoderm
Embryo development
The Nervous System is Derived from the Ectoderm
Experiment carried out by Hass Spemann and Hilde Mangold
Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.)
Default Model of Neural Induction
Ectodermal cells acquire neural or epidermal character depending on the presence or absence of BMP signaling. When ectodermal cell aggregates are exposed to BMP signaling they differentiate into epidermal tissue. When BMP signaling is blocked, either by dissociating ectodermal tissue into single cells or by addition of BMP inhibitors to ectodermal cell aggregates, the cells differentiate into neural tissue.
Neural Induction
Neural Induction—the process whereby the pluripotent cells of the ectoderm are
converted to the neurally committed cells of the neuroectoderm. Development of the neural plate is induced by signals from the organizer region.
What is Neural Development
Neural development refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life.
神经系统发育和神经干细胞 Nervous System Development and
Neural Stem Cells
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Astrocytes (red) and immature oligodendrocytes (green), types of glial cell, intertwine with neurons (blue) from the brain's hippocampus.