朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》课后习题详解(美国文化 政府形式)【圣才出品】

第3章政府形式

I.Explain the following in English:

1.Federalism

【答案】(1)The states give up their rights to conduct separate relations with each other and with the outside world,but each state kept the basic powers of government for itself within its own territory.

(2)The Federal government should have only the powers which are necessary for providing for the matters which are of common interest to them all.

2.Confederation

【答案】(1)In order to establish a system of government over all of the states,so as to ensure that they would not make war against each other,and to give them means by which they could work together for their defence against any attack from outside,the newly-independent states established a Confederation among themselves.

(2)It was a loosely-knitted organization with a Congress in which state representatives joined together in discussing common problems.

(3)It was later replaced by federalism.

3.Montesquieu

【答案】(1)He was an18th century French philosopher.

(2)He claimed that the best safeguard against a tyrannical government was to be found in a division of powers.

(3)His political philosophy had much influence on the Founding Fathers of the United States.8.Separation of powers Influenced by Montesquieu theory of division of powers,the US Constitution ruled that political structures should share out political power between legislative,executive and judicial authorities,and that these authorities should exercise checks against each other.

ernor

【答案】(1)To carry out the laws made by the legislative assembly.

(2)To do those things that are necessary for the conduct of government not necessarily based on specific legal powers.

5.The U.S.Constitution

【答案】(1)It is the supreme law in the United States,and is the main expression of the American ideal.

(2)It is a short document which embodies laws and principles for the form of the US government.Some of the most famous articles in this Constitution are the First,the Second,the third and the Fifth.And the first ten amendments—the Bill of Rights—are very important.

(3)Some of it is vague and uncertain in meaning,and therefore involves many difficulties in interpretation.

(4)It is the oldest written constitution in the world and has inspired dozens of other countries seeking political reform.

6.The Bill of Rights

【答案】(1)The Bill of Rights—the first ten amendments—were added to the Constitution in1791.They are really an extension of the original Constitution.And the most important of these are the First,Fifth and Tenth.

(2)The First Amendment forbids Congress to make any laws which might in any way take away freedom of religion,of speech or of the press,or the right of the people to assemble peacefully and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

(3)The Fifth Amendment provides that“no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law;nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.”

(4)The Tenth Amendment lays down that any action by federal authorities which goes beyond the powers granted in the Constitution is unconstitutional,and must remain so unless the Constitution is amended so as to make it lawful.

7.The Supreme Court

【答案】(1)Article Three of the Constitution provided that the judicial power of the United States should be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as the Congress should establish.