当代全球商务第六版Chap006
当代全球商务第六版Chap004
Employment Practices
Question: When work conditions in a host nations are clearly inferior to those in a multinational’s home nation, what standards should be applied? The standards of the home nation? The standards of the host nation? Something in between?
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The Roots of Unethical Behavior
Determinants of Ethical Behavior
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Personal Ethics
Business ethics reflect personal ethics (the generally accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct of individuals) Expatriates may face pressure to violate their personal ethics because they are away from their ordinary social context and supporting culture, and they are psychologically and geographically distant from the parent company
4-8
Corruption
Question: Is it ethical to make payments to government officials to secure business? In the United States, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act outlawed the practice of paying bribes to foreign government officials in order to gain business The Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) obliges member states to make the bribery of foreign public officials a criminal offense
当代全球商务第六版Chap003
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Culture, Society, and the Nation-State
A society can be defined as a group of people that share a common set of values and norms There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state Nation- states are political creations that can contain a single culture or several cultures Some cultures embrace several nations
3-12
Social Stratification
All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories, or social strata (usually defined by characteristics such as family background, occupation, and income) Societies differ in terms of the degree of mobility between social strata the significance attached to social strata in a business context
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The Determinants of Culture
The values and norms of a culture are the evolutionary product of a number of factors at work in a society including prevailing political and economic philosophies a society’s social structure the dominant religion, language, and education
当代全球商务第一章
INTRODUCTION
Globalization: the trend towards a more integrated global economic system.
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Chapter 1: Globalization
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Globalization refers to the shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy. • The Globalization of Markets
• The Changing World Order
• The Global Economy of the 21st Century
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Chapter 1: Globalization
THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing?
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Chapter 1: Globalization
• The Changing World Output and World Trade Picture • The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture • The Changing Nature of the Multinational Enterprise
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Chapter 1: Globalization
• Antiglobalization Protests • Globalization, Jobs, and Incomes • Globalization, Labor Policies, and the Environment
商务谈判：理论、技巧与案例(第6版)课件PDF版第7章
商务谈判理论、技巧与案例第6版主编：王军旗010302商务谈判策略概述预防性策略进攻性策略第七章商务谈判策略04综合性策略一、商务谈判策略的含义•从商务谈判的角度看，商务谈判策略是指谈判者在谈判过程中，为了达到己方某种预期目标所采取的行动方案和对策。
包括三层含义•（1）它是一种面向未来的整体概念；•（2）它是实现某些目标的意愿，策略的选择对谈判将起到决定性的作用；•（3）它是经过论证后的恰当选择。
二、制定商务谈判策略的程序•（一）进行现象分解。
•（二）寻找关键问题•（三）确定目标•（四）形成假设性解决方法•（五）对解决方法进行深度分析•（六）生成具体的谈判策略•（七）拟定行动计划方案三、商务谈判策略的制定方式•（1）仿照。
即对应于规范性、程序性问题，采用仿照过去已有策略的方式。
•（2）组合。
即将各种既有的策略，经分割、抽取，再重新综合在一起，构成新的策略。
它从部分来说是仿照，而从整体来讲是创新。
•（3）创新。
即对于非规范性、非程序性问题，需要从全局出发，去寻找变动中的最佳策略。
四、商务谈判策略运用的基本原则（一）周密谋划原则（二）随机应变原则（三）有理、有利、有节原则010302商务谈判策略概述预防性策略进攻性策略第七章商务谈判策略04综合性策略一、沉默寡言策略•指在谈判中先不开口，让对方尽情表演，或多向对方提问并设法促使对方继续沿着正题谈论下去，以此暴露其真实的动机和最低的谈判目标，然后根据对方的动机和目标并结合己方的意图采取有针对性的对策。
一、沉默寡言策略注意•（1）事先准备。
•（2）耐心等待。
•（3）利用行为语言，搅乱对手的谈判思维。
二、声东击西策略•己方为达到某种目的和需要，有意识地将洽谈的议题引导到无关紧要的问题上，从而给对方造成一种错觉，使其做出错误的或违反事实本来面目的判断。
二、声东击西策略一般在以下情况使用声东击西策略：•（1）作为一种障眼法，迷惑对方，转移对方的视线，隐蔽己方的真实意图，延缓对方所采取的行动。
当代全球商务课件
1 什么是全球化？Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has several facets, including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production.2 globalization of markets市场全球化是指历史上很清晰，分散的各国市场与巨大的全球化市场融合的过程。
3 globalization of production生产全球化指的是企业在全球范围的不同地方，利用各国在生产要素的成本和质量（如劳动力，能源，土地和资本）方面的差异，寻找货物，服务源头的一种趋势。
4THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATEGlobalization, Jobs, and IncomesGlobalization, Labor Policies, and the EnvironmentGlobalization and National SovereigntyGlobalization and the World’s Poor5 multinational enterprise跨国公司指跨国公司就是指具有全球性经营动机和一体化的经营战略，在多个国家拥有从事生产经营活动的分支机构，并将它们置于统一的全球性经营计划之下的大型企业。
6 political system政治经济体制是指调一个国家政治，经济和法律体制不是相互鼓励的，它们相互作用，相互影响，并影响着经济水平的高下。
political systems can be assessed according to two dimensions. The first is the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism. The second is the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian.7democracy民主指一种政治体制，政府是由人民直接或通过选出的代表来决定的。
当代全球商务课件Chap011
11
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Strategy of International Business
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Global Business Today, 5e
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
11 - 4
Chapter 11: The Strategy of International Business
Value Creation • The more value customers place on the firm’s products, the higher the price the firm can charge for those products • The value created by a firm is measured by the difference between V (the price that the firm can charge for that product given competitive pressures) and C (the costs of producing that product)
Chapter 11: The Strategy of International Business
INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we focus on the firm itself and, in particular, on the actions managers can take to compete more effectively as an international business.
《当代全球商务(原书第9版)》读书笔记模板
目录分析
第一部分介绍和概述
学习目标 开篇案例 1.1什么是全球化 1.2全球机构的出现 1.3全球化的推动力 1.4全球经济中不断变化的统计数据 1.5全球化的争议 1.6全球市场中的管理 本章小结
第2章政治、经 济、法律体制 的国别差异
第3章经济发展 的国别差异
第4章文化差异
第5章伦理、企 业社会责任及 可持续发展
学习目标 开篇案例 17.1国际人力资源管理的战略作用 17.2人员配备政策 17.3培训与人才发展 17.4绩效评估 17.5薪酬 17.6国际劳工关系 本章小结
读书笔记
这是《当代全球商务（原书第9版）》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
这是《当代全球商务（原书第9版）》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
学习目标 开篇案例 2.1政治体制 2.2经济体制 2.3法律体制 本章小结 思考与讨论题 章末案例
学习目标 开篇案例 3.1经济发展的差异 3.2政治经济与经济进步 3.3转型中的国家 3.4经济转型的性质 3.5政治经济变革的启示 本章小结 思考与讨论题
学习目标 开篇案例 4.1文化是什么 4.2社会结构 4.3宗教与伦理体系 4.4语言 4.5教育 4.6文化与商业 4.7文化的变化
作者介绍
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
这是《当代全球商务（原书第9版）》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
感谢观看
学习目标 开篇案例 15.1战略、生产以及供应链管理 15.2在哪里生产 15.3自制或外购决策 15.4全球供应链职能 15.5全球供应链管理 本章小结 思考与讨论题
学习目标 开篇案例 16.1市场和品牌的全球化 16.2市场细分 16.3产品属性 16.4分销策略 16.5沟通策略 16.6定价策略 16.7配置营销组合
最新国际商务精品电子教案Chap006
Foreign Direct Investment∙Discuss the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world economy, and the changing patterns of FDI over time∙Present different theories that explain why a company would undertake an acquisition rather than a Greenfield investment∙Explain horizontal FDI, and suggest the conditions under which each may be most applicable.∙Explain vertical FDI, and suggest the conditions under which each may be most applicable.∙Implications of these theories of FDI. Comparison of licensing to FDI The focus of this chapter is foreign direct investment (FDI). The growth of foreign direct investment in the last 25 years has been phenomenal. FDI can take the form of a foreign firm buying a firm in a different country, or deciding to invest in a different country by building operations there.With FDI, a firm has a significant ownership in a foreign operation and the potential to affect managerial decisions of the operation. The goal of our coverage of FDI is to understand the pattern of FDI that occurs between countries, and why firms undertake FDI and become multinational in their operations as well as why firms undertake FDI rather than simply exporting products or licensing their know-how.The opening case describes Starbuck’s investments outside the US. Although concentrating originally on the franchising method of expansion and licensing of its products, Starbucks later pursued other options such as joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries, and acquisitions to retain tighter control over operations.6Web e Source h ttp:///globaliz/cultural/2003/0710starbucks.htm/id/4192116//articleshow/370334.cms/articleshow/450656.cms/OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 6: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTOpening Case: Starbuck’s Foreign Direct InvestmentForeign Direct Investment in the World EconomyT he Growth of FDIT he Direction of FDIC ountry Focus: FDI in ChinaT he Source of FDIT he Form of FDI: Acquisitions vs. Greenfield InvestmentsM anagement Fo cus: Cemex’s Foreign AcquisitionsHorizontal Foreign Direct InvestmentT ransportation CostsM arket Imperfections (Internalization Theory)S trategic BehaviorT he Product Life CycleL ocation-Specific AdvantagesVertical Foreign Direct InvestmentS trategic BehaviorM arket ImperfectionsI mplications for BusinessChapter SummaryDiscussion QuestionsClosing Case: F ord and General Motors in Russia.TEACHING SUGGESTIONSI like to ask students to give me an example of a firm that they know has invested in the US. From the list that students present push them to figure out which of these may be licensees and which of these firms have actually undertaken FDI. Then ask the question what are some of the reasons these firms invest in the US. You may also point out, just as outsourcing takes jobs out of the country, FDI creates jobs in the country where such investment takes place.LECTURE OUTLINE FOR CHAPTERThis teaching outline follows the Power Point presentation provided along with this instructor’s manual.IntroductionThis chapter focuses on foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI can take the form of a foreign firm buying a firm in a different country, or deciding to invest in a different country by building operations thereSlide 6-2 Opening case: StarbucksIn the opening case,Starbuck’s venture to go global is described. Although concentrating originally on the franchising method of expansion and licensing of its products, Starbucks later pursued other options such as joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries, and acquisitions to retain tighter control over operations. By October 2000, Starbucks had invested some 52 million in foreign joint ventures. By the end of 2002 Starbucks had more than 1200 stores in 27 countries outside of North America. Check the websites provided for you for further readings. In addition there are a few questions and answers on the case provided for you at the end of this chapter in the instruction manual.Why did Starbucks originally pursue a strategy of licensing for international expansion in Japan and further why did Starbucks retreat from that strategy of licensing and revert to joint ventures and subsidiaries? Starbucks believed that this technique would allow it to achieve the quickest path the international expansion. Although much more would be put into finding the proper licensee, there would be little need to invest considerable capital. Starbucks believed that the individualistic nature of a Starbucks store had to be managed carefully. A licensing strategy, although giving it the opportunity to expand internationally, did not allow the strong control Starbucks felt was necessary for success.A strategy of joint ventures and subsidiaries, where hands-on control is expected and required, was clearly more fitting to the operational philosophy.The success of Starbucks relied on strong control at the retail level, including store layout and the training of personnel. The case shows that more than one strategy for international expansion may be required depending on the mechanics of the company and the nature of the country entered.Slide 6-3 What is foreign direct investmentForeign direct investment is undertaken by firms so that they can take advantage of resources that are either unavailable in the home country or because these resources are available at costs lower than those in their home country.When we talk about firms seeking resources, these firms could be seeking physical resources (example oil) Companies such as Dutch Shell set up Greenfield operations in Kuwait. Firms may pursue resources such as cheap/skilled labor (Mexico, China) or technological and managerial skills (India). Firms could be seeking Markets to increase their sales or be the first movers so as to capture market share in which case they will set up subsidiaries. GE or firms could be locating themselves close to suppliers or raw materials. Often firms find the need to follow the lead of supplier firms and set up facilities close to them.It is important to note that firms seek to pursue their strategic objectives through FDI either by acquiring strategic firms or merging with firms in order to remain competitive and sustainable over time.Slide 6-4FDI - Flow versus stockWhen discussing foreign direct investment, it is important to distinguish between the flow of FDI and the stock of FDI. The flow of FDI refers to the amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period (normally one year). The stock of FDI refers to the total accumulated value of foreign owned assets at a given point in time.Slide 6-5Why is FDI important ?Firms undertake FDI only if it is the strategic interest of the firm for all of the above reasons stated in the slideFirms want a presence in foreign marketsFirms want control over growth of these foreign marketsTo gain first mover advantagesTo ward off competitorsTo determine locations, advertising and other related strategic decisions in the firm’s interestSlide 6-6Trends in FDIThe significant growth in FDI has both to do with the political economy of trade as outlined in the previous chapter and the political and economic changes that have been taking place in developing countries. Globalization of the world economy has raised the vision of firms who now see the entire world as their marketSlide 6-7FDI outflows, 1982-2002Fig 6.2Slide 6-8 Growth in world exportsFig 6.2Slide 6-9FDI flows by regionFig 6.3Slide 6-10 Inward FDI flows Fig 6.4Another important trend is has been the rise of inflows into the US. The stock of foreign FDI in the US increased more rapidly than US FDI abroad.The rapid increase in FDI growth into the US may be due to the attractiveness of the US market and the falling value of the dollar.It is difficult to say whether the increase in the FDI into the US is good for the country or not. To the extent that foreigners are making more productive use of US assets and workers, it is probably good for the country.Slide 6-11 FDI outflows by select country 1998-2001 Fig 6.5Figures 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 provide some insight into the countries that have been the major recipients and sources of foreign direct investment in recent years.Slide 6-12 FDI trends: 2001-2002A downward trend in FDI was recorded in 2001-2002 that reflected in part the state of the economy and geopolitical uncertainty of the times.Slide 6-13 Form Of FDI: Greenfield versus acquisitionsOnce a firm decides to enter a foreign market using FDI they have to determine the specific approach they will use to realize their entry mode.Generally setting up Greenfield operations (i.e. building brand new facilities) are more prevalent in developing countries. Often this was because there are few or no existing firms to acquire.Cross border mergers and acquisitions are favored by firms because while they are quicker to execute they also bring in valuable strategic assets such as technology, human resources or market shareSlide 6-14 Two forms of FDIThere are two kinds of foreign direct investment:H orizontal FDI is FDI in the same industry abroad as a firm operates in at home. Example: A Japanese automobile manufacturer in Japan seeks to produce the same product in the US. Vertical Foreign Direct InvestmentV ertical FDI is of two types.(1)Backward vertical FDI involves investment into an industry that provides inputs for a firm's domestic production processes.(2) Forward vertical FDI involves investment in an industry that utilizes the outputs of a firm's domestic production processes.Slide 6-15, 6-16 Horizontal FDI when and why?Impediments to the sale of know-howFDI would seem to be more expensive and risky than exporting or licensing, so there must be some other good reasons for firms to undertake horizontal FDI.Transportation costs can make export infeasible, especially for products that have a low value/weight ratio (i.e. cement, soft drinks), or would require refrigeration or similar controlled environments. For items like electronics, software, and medical equipment, transportation costs may not be an impediment to exporting.T he most accepted reason for horizontal FDI relates to market imperfections. By imposing quotas, tariffs, or impediments, governments can make FDI and licensing more attractive than exporting.T echnological or managerial know-how can be difficult and dangerous to license, however, making it an infeasible alternative. A firm can lose control of critical competitive know-how, may not be able to optimize the flow and configuration of operations between countries, or simply may be unable to codify its knowledge in a way that would make licensing a practical option.Firms may choose to undertake FDI simply to follow the lead of a competitor so as not be left behind or locked out of an opportunity.F DI may be most likely to occur in certa in stages of a product’s lifecycle - when other countries have a large enough market to justify local production or when there is a need to locate production in a low cost location.A firm may choose to undertake FDI in a particular country or region due to location specific advantages. An obvious example occurs with respect to natural resources, but it also applies to the ability to tap into a particular expertise (e.g. Silicon valley) or be located near customers or suppliers with unique characteris tics. Porter’s diamond, as discussed in chapter 4, provides a partial explanation why firms in certain industries may find it attractive to invest in a particular country.Slide 6-17 V ertical Foreign Direct Investment when and why?B ackward vertical FDI involves investment into an industry that provides inputs for a firm's domestic production processes. Forward vertical FDI involves investment in an industry that utilizes the outputs of a firm's domestic production processes.T he strategic behavior explanation for vertical FDI suggests that firms try to either create new entry barriers or erode competitors’ entry barriers. While there certainly are some examples where the strategic behavior explanation seems to apply, the market imperfections explanation seems to present a more complete explanation.M arket imperfections can result from impediments to the sale of know-how and the need to invest in specialized assets.Because specialized know-how can be difficult to sell or license, a firm may have to integrate vertically to be successful. The establishment of sales and services centers in high technology industries, or the investment in knowledge intensive extractive processes are two examples.W hen specialized assets must be invested in (i.e. the aluminum smelter), companies may need to secure a supply of the needed inputs to assure that those assets can be used efficiently.Slide 6-18 Decision frameworkSlide 6-18 provides a decision framework that points out the conditions under which a firm may choose to license, export or commit to FDIImplications for Business- DiscussionThe market imperfections theory suggests that exporting should be preferred to licensing and horizontal FDI as long as transport costs are minor and tariff barriers are trivial. If that is not the case, then firms should consider licensing and FDI.FDI is more costly than licensing, but may be the most reasonable option. Figure 6.6 presents a decision tree suggesting when licensing, FDI, and exporting are most appropriate.L icensing tends not to be a good option in high technology industries where protecting firm specific know-how is critical, in industries where a firm must carefully coordinate and orchestrate its worldwide activities, or where there are intense cost pressures.ANSWERS TO CRITICAL DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6QUESTION 1: In 2000 inward FDI accounted for some 45% of the gross fixed capital formation in Ireland, but only .03% in Japan. What do you think explains the difference in FDI inflows into the two countries?ANSWER 1: There are several approaches to answer this question. One consideration is the historical attitude of the Japanese government to FDI. Traditionally, the Japan has discouraged and even prohibited inward FDI, unless there was some specific, tangible benefit to a particular Japanese industry. Ireland, on the other hand, is a member of the EU and has a trade dependent economy without many resources to develop fixed capital. It would be natural for such an economy to rely on FDI to develop an economic infrastructure.Another approach would involve comparison of the economies of Japan and Ireland. In 2000, Japan’s purchasing power parity was estimated a $3.15 trillion, while Irelandpurchasing power parity was just under $82 billion—approximately 26% of that of Japan. The population of Ireland at 3+million is slightly over 2% of Japan’s population of 126 million. Clearly, the ability to achieve significant increases (in almost anything), at least as a percent of increase, is greater in Ireland than in Japan.The attraction of Ireland as a European base of operations can be deduced from the fact that one-third of all manufacturing employment is accounted for by foreign subsidiaries in Ireland. The establishment of a business enterprise in Ireland does not require specific government authorization; a foreign investor has the same rights and obligations as an Irish firm. The crowding of habitable land area and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems for continued growth in Japan. However, the Japanese economy is much more technologically oriented than that of Ireland. (As an example, Japan has possessed 410,000 of the world's 720,000 "working robots".)QUESTION 2: Compare and contrast these explanations of horizontal FDI; the market imperfections approach, Vernon's product life cycle theory, and Knickerbocker's theory of FDI? Which theory do you think offers the best explanation of the historical pattern of horizontal FDI? Why?ANSWER 2: Knickerbocker's theory suggests that firms imitate other firms in oligopolistic industries, and will "follow the leader" in undertaking FDI in certain countries. This theory does not explain why the first firm undertakes FDI, and why it chooses to do this rather than export or license. The product life cycle theory suggests that firms invest in foreign countries when demand in that country will support local production or when cost pressures make it necessary to locate production in low cost locations. While this theory does explain why some FDI takes place, it also does not explain why FDI is preferred over licensing or exporting. The market imperfections approach more directly confronts these issues, and explains why FDI may be preferable to other alternatives for expanding business activities. It identifies the importance and difficulty of transferring know-how and describes some of the impediments to exporting. By explaining better exactly why a firm may undertake FDI, the market imperfections model is probably the best explanation of the historical pattern of horizontal FDI. QUESTION 3: Read the opening case on Starbucks. Using the market imperfections approach to FDI, explain Starbucks’ approach to expanding its presence in Thailand, Britain, and Japan.ANSWER 3: Starbucks’ management believed that its success came from its unique ability to brand its merchandise, to layout and operate its stores in a manner unable to be duplicated by the competition, and to the intense training undergone by its employees. The market imperfections approach impacted Starbucks expansion because it found it difficult to sell its know-how, the very characteristic that made its stores so successful. Undoubtedly, the reason that Starbucks became disenchanted with a straight licensing agreement with some of its Asian partners was because it was not able to obtain the degree of control it felt it required to operate a ―real‖ Starbucks store. Given the need to expand internationally, the obvious alternative strategy was to move to joint ventures.QUESTION 4: Compare and contrast these explanations of vertical FDI: the strategic behavior approach and the market imperfections approach? Which theory do you think offers the best explanation of the historical pattern of vertical FDI? Why?ANSWER 4: The market power explanation suggests that a firm undertakes FDI to either create barriers to entry or to overcome the entry barriers protecting other firms. Hence it focuses on concerns that are external to the firm, and that the firm wants to take into its control. The market imperfections approach looks more at factors internal to a firm - know-how and specialized assets - and the difficulties firms have in utilizing their capabilities most efficiently. Although there certainly are some cases where the strategic behavior explanation makes sense, a great deal of the modern day FDI appears to involve industries where there is a great deal of know-how and investment in specialized assets. Even firms that have had a great deal of market power (i.e. IBM and Xerox) have also had a significant level of know-how that would be difficult to fully profit from without FDI.QUESTION 5: You are the international manager of a US business that has just invented a revolutionary new personal computer that can perform the same functions as existing PCs but costs only half as much to manufacture. Several patents protect the unique design of this computer. Your CEO has asked formulate a recommendation for how to expand into Western Europe. Your options are (a) to export from the US, (b) to license a European firm to manufacture and market the computer in Europe, and (c) to set up a wholly owned subsidiary in Europe. Evaluate the pros and cons of each alternative and suggest a course of action to your CEO.ANSWER 5: In considering expansion into Western Europe, an international manager should consider three options: FDI, licensing, and export. With export, assuming there are no trade barriers, the key considerations would likely be transport costs and localization. While transport costs may be quite low for a relatively light and high value product like a computer, localization can present some difficulties. Power requirements, keyboards, and preferences in models all vary from country to country. It may be difficult to fully address these localization issues from the US, but not entirely infeasible. Since there are many computer manufacturers and distributors in Europe, there are likely to be a number of potential licensees. But by signing up licensees, valuable technological information may have to be disclosed, and the competitive advantage will be lost if the licensees use or disseminate this information. FDI (setting up a wholly owned subsidiary) is clearly the most costly and time consuming approach, but the one that best guarantees that critical knowledge will not be disseminated and that localization can be done effectively. Given the fast pace of change in the personal computer industry, it is difficult to say how long this revolutionary new computer will retain its competitive advantage. If the firm can protect its advantage for a period of time, FDI may pay off and help assure that no technological know-how is lost. If, however, other firms can copy or develop superior products relatively easily, than licensing, while speeding up knowledge dissemination, may also allow the firm to get the quickest large scale entry into Europe and make as much as it can before the advantage is lost.TEACHING SUGGESTIONS FOR THE CLOSING CASE OF CHAPTER 6Ford and General Motors in Russia. The case describes the entry of auto giants Ford and GM into the Russian market. A discussion of the case can revolve around the following questions:QUESTION 1 Why are Ford and GM entering the Russian car market now? Why did they not invest earlier, and why do they not postpone investment until the market is bigger?ANSWER 1: Both companies are motivated by a desire to get a foothold and establish a presence in the Russian car market. The stabilizing of the political climate was also a major factor, in addition, the Russian government was increasing import tax on finished cars to 35percent. This would make imported cars much more expensive and cause these companies to loose market share.QUESTION 2: Why do you think Ford chose to establish a wholly owned subsidiary in Russia, rather than license its production and product technology to a Russian carmaker like Auto VAZ?ANSWER 2: Ford was responding to the growth in the Russian car market. Its initial $150 million wholly owned facility gave Ford an opportunity to test its capability to build a Ford Focus at a premium of $2-5000 more than the average price of Russian cars. 100% ownership gave Ford complete control over the manufacturing facility. QUESTION 3:Why do you think GM chose to establish a joint venture with Auto VAZ rather than a wholly owned subsidiary? What are the risks associated with GM’S joint venture strategy?ANSWER 3: GM’s 41.5% ownership stake gave it instant access to an established ca r manufacturer in Russia. By 2005, in slightly less than 3 years after the deal was finalized, GM would have the capability to sell 75,000 cars made by the joint venture. The risks associated with GM’s move are linked to the lack of total control. GM ha s no way to assure itself that the quality of the car or the speed of completion of the facility will be in line with GM’s strategy. For example, if AutoVAZ finds a partner to launch a new mass-market version of the Lada, that venture may divert capital as well as management attention away from GM’s joint venture.QUESTION 4: Which theory of FDI best explains the sudden increase in interest by foreign auto companies to Russian investment ?ANSWER 4: The best theories to explain the actions of Foreign auto companies are the market imperfections theory and the strategic behavior theory. There were impediments to the free flow of imported automobiles namely higher import duties.Knickerbocker’s theory suggests that in oligopolistic industries FDI is bes t explained by the imitative strategic behavior by rival firms. Firms wanted to establish a presence in Russia’s growing market.STUDENT EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 6globalEDGE™ Exercise Questions /Chapter 6 – Exercise 1The data source can be accessed by searching the term ―World Investment Directory‖ at /ibrd/ibrd.asp. The link to the World Investment Directory is found under the globalEDGE category ―Research: Statistical Data Sources‖. On this website, the list of members top transnational corporations can be fo und under the ―Top 100 TNCs‖ link, located on the right side of the page.Search Phrase: ―World Investment Directory‖Resource Name: UNCTAD World Investment DirectoryWebsite: /en/subsites/dite/fdistats_files/WID.htmglobalEDGE™ Category: ―Research: Statistical Data Sources‖Chapter 6 – Exercise 2The foreign direct investment statistics are provided by a variety of sources. One of the most comprehensive so urces is the UNCTAD’s World Investment Report and can be accessed by searching the term ―FDI‖ at /ibrd/ibrd.asp. The link to the World Investment Report () is found under the globalEDGE category ―News & Periodicals: Publications‖. On this website, country specific information can be found by following the ―Country fact sheets‖ link, located on the right side of the page.S earch Phrase: ―FDI‖Resource Name: UNCTAD World Investment Report - Country Fact SheetsWebsite: /wir/fs/fs02.htmglobalEDGE™ Category: ―News & Periodicals: Publications‖Alternatively, a lot of the same statistics, as well as detailed write-ups of the FDI environment can also be reached through the Country Commercial Guides. See Chapter 5 – Exercise 1 for instructions on how to reach the Country Commercial Guides through globalEDGE™.SUGGESTED READINGS FOR CHAPTER 6J. F. Hennart, ―Upstream Vertical Integration in the Aluminum and Tin Industries,‖ Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 9 (1988), pp. 281–99; and O. E. Womack, J. P., D. T. Jones and D. Roos. The Machine that changed the world. New York: Rawson Associates.Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism (New York: Free Press, 1985). See also G.M. Grossman and E. Helpman. ―Outsourcing versus FDI in IndustryEquilibrium,‖ NBER Working Paper 9300, October 2002.Caves, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis.B. Aris, ―Ford drives under the barrier,‖ Euromoney, August 2002, page 20-22.J. Daniszewski, ―GM rolls out joint venture with Russia‖, Los Angeles Times, September 24th, 2002, page A3.G. Chazan, ―Rus sians want foreign wheels,‖ Wall Street Journal, December 24th, 2002,page A8.。
当代全球商务1-9chapter
Chapter 1Globalization全球化This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the book. It shows how the world economy is becoming more global and reviews the main drivers of globalization, arguing that they seem to be thrusting nation-states toward a more tightly integrated global economy. We looked at how the nature of international business is changing in response to the changing global economy; we discussed some concerns raised by rapid globalization; and we reviewed implications of rapid globalization for individual managers. The chapter made the following points:这一章预示着其余的书。
它表明世界经济正变得日益全球化和回顾了全球化的主要因素,认为他们似乎插民族国家向一个更加紧密集成的全球经济。
我们如何看待国际业务的性质变化响应不断变化的全球经济,我们讨论了一些快速全球化的担忧,我们回顾了迅速全球化的影响对个人经理。
这一章提出以下几点:1. Over the past two decades, we have witnessed the globalization of markets and production.在过去的二十年里,我们目睹了市场的全球化和生产。
当代全球商务课件Chap006
Chapter 6: The Political Economy of International Trade
INTRODUCTION Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country. While many nations are nominally committed to free trade, they tend to intervene in international trade to protect the interests of politically important groups.
chapter
6
The Political Economy of International Trade
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Global Business Today, 5e
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
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Chapter 6: The Political Economy of International Trade
Subsidies A subsidy is a government payment to a domestic producer. Subsidies help domestic producers in two ways: • they help them compete against low-cost foreign imports • they help them gain export markets Consumers typically absorb the costs of subsidies.
当代全球商务课件Chap001
• Under the WTO, a mechanism now exists for dispute resolution and the enforcement of trade laws, and there is a push to cut tariffs on industrial goods, services, and agricultural products • Removal of barriers to trade has contributed to increased international trade (the export of goods or services to consumers in another country), world output, and foreign direct investment (the investing of resources and business activities outside a firm’s home country)
INTRODUCTION Globalization: the trend towards a more integrated global economic system.
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Chapter 1: Globalization
Effects of globalization can be seen everywhere:
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Chapter 1: Globalization
Declining Trade and Investment Barriers • After WWII, the industrialized countries of the West began the process of removing barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital between nations
《Lewicki商务谈判》第6版 Chap016
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
International and Cross-Cultural Negotiation
International Negotiation: Art and Science
• Political and legal pluralism • International economics • Foreign governments and bureaucracies • Instability • Ideology • Culture • External stakeholders
International negotiations are much more complex than domestic negotiations. They challenge the negotiators to understand the science of negotiation while developing their artistry.
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Immediate Context
“Factors over which the negotiators have influence and some meaRelative bargaining power • Levels of conflict • Relationship between negotiators • Desired outcomes • Immediate stakeholders
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Local Content Requirements
A local content requirement demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically The requirement can be in physical terms or in value terms Local content requirements benefit domestic producers and jobs, but consumers face higher prices
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Classroom Performance System
A tariff levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported is a(n) a) Fixed tariff b) Specific tariff c) Ad valorem tariff d) Transit tariff
Introduction
Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country While many nations are nominally committed to free trade, they tend to intervene in international trade to protect the interests of politically important groups
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Tariffs
Question: Why do governments impose tariffs?
Tariffs increase government revenues provide protection to domestic producers against foreign competitors by increasing the cost of imported foreign goods force consumers to pay more for certain imports So, tariffs are unambiguously pro-producer and anti-consumer, and tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy
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Instruments of Trade Policy
Question: How do governments intervene in international trade?
There are seven main instruments of trade policy 1. Tariffs 2. Subsidies 3. Import quotas 4. Voluntary export restraints 5. Local content requirements 6. Antidumping policies 7. Administrative policies
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Tariffs
A tariff is a tax levied on imports that effectively raises the cost of imported products relative to domestic products Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported Ad valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of the imported good
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Subsidies
A subsidy is a government payment to a domestic producer Subsidies help domestic producers compete against low-cost foreign imports gain export markets Consumers typically absorb the costs of subsidies
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Administrative Policies
Dumping is selling goods in a foreign market below their cost of production, or selling goods in a foreign market at below their “fair” market value It can be a way for firms to unload excess production in foreign markets Some dumping may be predatory behavior, with producers using substantial profits from their home markets to subsidize prices in a foreign market with a view to driving indigenous competitors out of that market, and later raising prices and earning substantial profits
d) Administrative trade policy
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The Case for Government Intervention
Question: Why do governments intervene in trade? There are two types of arguments 1. Political arguments are concerned with protecting the interests of certain groups within a nation (normally producers), often at the expense of other groups (normally consumers) 2. Economic arguments are typically concerned with boosting the overall wealth of a nation (to the benefit of all, both producers and consumers)
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Import Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints
An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country Tariff rate quotas are a hybrid of a quota and a tariff where a lower tariff is applied to imports within the quota than to those over the quota Voluntary export restraints are quotas on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country’s government A quota rent is the extra profit that producers make when supply is artificially limited by an import quota
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Classroom Performance System
A quota on trade imposed from the exporting country’s side is a(n) a) Voluntary export restraint b) Quota rent c) Local content requirement
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Political Arguments for Intervention
Political arguments for government intervention include 1. protecting jobs 2. protecting industries deemed important for national security 3. retaliating to unfair foreign competition 4. protecting consumers from “dangerous” products 5. furthering the goals of foreign policy 6. protecting the human rights of individuals in exporting countries
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Import Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints
Question: Who benefits from import quotas and voluntary export restraints? Import quotas and voluntary export restraints benefit domestic producers by limiting import competition, but they raise the prices of imported goods for consumers