英语语法课件 14 悬垂分词
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• 典型例题 • 3）_______, liquids can be changed into
gases. • A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated
D. Heat • 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表
主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经 完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被 动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
Now assess the following: • When installing a boiler, the floor space
which is available is very important. • Using the electricity energy, it is necessary
• 典型例题 • 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon
inspected his army. • A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being
followed D. Having been followed • 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含
Now assess the following: • When driving carelessly, it is easy to
have an accident. • Standing on the church tower, the
whole village could be seen. • Having eaten our lunch, the car
• Linguists are divided in opinion about the acceptability of “dangling participles”. Prescriptive grammarians condemn all “dangling” consructions, while descriptive linguists take a more liberal point of view. “Dangling” constructions should not be regarded as objectionable indescriminately.
to change its form. • Having been deserted by his guide, there
seemed little hope tha源自文库 the explorer would find his way through the jungle.
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的 过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
Conclusion on participle
• 连词+分词（短语） • 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在
分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主 句的主语必须为同一个。例如： • While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. • 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。 （waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动 作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。 本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
Conclusion on participle
• 典型例题 • 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the
Conclusion on participle
• 注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主 句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出， 分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例 如：
• Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于 用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
• When an –ing or –ed participle construction is used as a relative or adverbial clause, its logical subject is usually identifiable with the subject or other element of the main clause. It is through this relationship that the participle construction is “attached” to the main clause. This is known as the “attachment rule”.
sudden burst of light. • A. followed B. following C. to be
followed D. being followed • 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声
跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主 动。用现在分词。
Conclusion on participle
Dangling participle
• 1. “attachment rule” and “dangling participle”
• 2. problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
attachment rule” and “dangling participle”
pushed its way through the tortuous canyon.
Conclusion on participle
• 分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
B. spoken
C. be spoken
• 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的 含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语 language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。 该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
看来
Conclusion on participle
• 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
•
Generally speaking, dogs can
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• These constructions are frequently found in formal scientific writing, in which it is general practice to avoid using personal subjects. In formal style, so long as they do not cause ambiguity or confusion in meaning, “dangling participles” should also be viewed as normal and acceptable.
Conclusion on participle
• 分词作插入语 • 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的
主语并不是句子的主语。例如： • generally speaking 一般说来 • talking of （speaking of） 说道 • strictly speaking 严格的说 • judging from 从…判断 • all things considered 从整体来看 • taking all things into consideration 全面
a “dangling participle” e.g. Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. • Being dark, we had to go back.
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
• If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
Conclusion on participle
attachment rule” and “dangling participle”
• e.g. Sitting at the back as we were, we couldn’t hear a word.
• He was hurt by a stone dropped from the roof. • Violation of the “attachment rule” will result in
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• Only “dangling” constructions are objectionable or unacceptable that cause ambiguity or suggest aburd interpretations. Form pedagogical point of view, however, beginners in English should not be encouraged to use “dangling” constructions unless in scientific writing.
D. written • 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表
被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
Conclusion on participle
• 2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
• A. speaking D. to speak
• 典型例题 • 1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as
a foreign language came out in the 16th century. • A. have written B. to be written C. being written
Conclusion on participle
• 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让 步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
• Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
• As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
gases. • A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated
D. Heat • 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表
主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经 完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被 动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
Now assess the following: • When installing a boiler, the floor space
which is available is very important. • Using the electricity energy, it is necessary
• 典型例题 • 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon
inspected his army. • A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being
followed D. Having been followed • 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含
Now assess the following: • When driving carelessly, it is easy to
have an accident. • Standing on the church tower, the
whole village could be seen. • Having eaten our lunch, the car
• Linguists are divided in opinion about the acceptability of “dangling participles”. Prescriptive grammarians condemn all “dangling” consructions, while descriptive linguists take a more liberal point of view. “Dangling” constructions should not be regarded as objectionable indescriminately.
to change its form. • Having been deserted by his guide, there
seemed little hope tha源自文库 the explorer would find his way through the jungle.
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的 过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
Conclusion on participle
• 连词+分词（短语） • 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在
分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主 句的主语必须为同一个。例如： • While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. • 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。 （waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动 作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。 本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
Conclusion on participle
• 典型例题 • 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the
Conclusion on participle
• 注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主 句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出， 分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例 如：
• Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于 用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
• When an –ing or –ed participle construction is used as a relative or adverbial clause, its logical subject is usually identifiable with the subject or other element of the main clause. It is through this relationship that the participle construction is “attached” to the main clause. This is known as the “attachment rule”.
sudden burst of light. • A. followed B. following C. to be
followed D. being followed • 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声
跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主 动。用现在分词。
Conclusion on participle
Dangling participle
• 1. “attachment rule” and “dangling participle”
• 2. problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
attachment rule” and “dangling participle”
pushed its way through the tortuous canyon.
Conclusion on participle
• 分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
B. spoken
C. be spoken
• 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的 含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语 language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。 该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
看来
Conclusion on participle
• 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
•
Generally speaking, dogs can
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• These constructions are frequently found in formal scientific writing, in which it is general practice to avoid using personal subjects. In formal style, so long as they do not cause ambiguity or confusion in meaning, “dangling participles” should also be viewed as normal and acceptable.
Conclusion on participle
• 分词作插入语 • 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的
主语并不是句子的主语。例如： • generally speaking 一般说来 • talking of （speaking of） 说道 • strictly speaking 严格的说 • judging from 从…判断 • all things considered 从整体来看 • taking all things into consideration 全面
a “dangling participle” e.g. Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. • Being dark, we had to go back.
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
• If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
Conclusion on participle
attachment rule” and “dangling participle”
• e.g. Sitting at the back as we were, we couldn’t hear a word.
• He was hurt by a stone dropped from the roof. • Violation of the “attachment rule” will result in
problems about the acceptability of “dangling participles”
• Only “dangling” constructions are objectionable or unacceptable that cause ambiguity or suggest aburd interpretations. Form pedagogical point of view, however, beginners in English should not be encouraged to use “dangling” constructions unless in scientific writing.
D. written • 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表
被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
Conclusion on participle
• 2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
• A. speaking D. to speak
• 典型例题 • 1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as
a foreign language came out in the 16th century. • A. have written B. to be written C. being written
Conclusion on participle
• 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让 步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
• Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
• As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.