英语写作知识讲座

写作知识讲座张海涛II. The structure of a paragraph and its development:1. Structure: topic sentence, development sentence and concluding sentence2. ways of developing a paragraph: ⑴ comparison and contrast ⑵ cause and effect⑶ exemplification⑷ generalization and qualificationIII. some sentence patterns commonly used in controlled writing:关于利弊优缺点的句型：1. S + have(has) a lot of advantages over …Compared with B, A has (or have many advantages. S + have (or has) the advantage of (good English). 2. be of great benefit to sb/sth.benefit sb/benefit from sth. be of beneficial to do (a lot of ) good to sb. be good to sb./sth. do harm /damage to sb./sth. 3. be as (not so) good as 4. …not so much …as …说明原因的句型：1.There are good reasonsExample: There are two reasons for the changes in people ’s living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under control. 2. We have two reasons for …Example: We have many good reasons to object to smoking in public places. 3. The reason for …is that + 从句Example: The reason for my being late was that I missed the bus.表示不同看法的句型：1. Different people differenton thisSome believe that …Others argue that ….Still others maintain that ….Y et others …….2. They are quite different from each other in their opinions.3. Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.4.They think quite differently on this question.Examples: Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.表示必须、紧急、有困难作某事的句型：1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth. Examples ：1）It is expensive to run a car.2）It is convenient to get round in the city if you own a car.3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in ourcountry .It is desirable to build more hospitals shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to meet the increasing needs of the people.2…(in) doing sth.They have trouble finding a satisfactory job.….have trouble with sth. 常用谚语在（议论文中）：1． As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides.”2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides. From one side, physical exercise is good foryour health. From the other sides, if you don ’t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health.So we should look at the matter from two sides.3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way .”4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains ”.关于因果关系的句型：1．higher prices was an increase in demand.2. the demand has increased, the prices are higher.higher prices.4.The demand has increased. the prices are higher.6. If there is an increase in demand, then prices辩论中常用的句型： 1. There is no doubt that … 2. It is obvious/clear that … 3. As is known to all …4. It is generally believed that …5. (It ’s )no wonder …He didn ’t work hard and no wonder he lost his job.6. It goes without saying that …(不用说，不成问题，很自然….)Example: It goes without saying that healthy men are happier than sick men. 7. What is more important,… 7. I am convinced that …举例表示法：1. For example, the people ’s economic status has been greatly improved.2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved.3. let ’s have an example, TV sets, refrigerators and records have become household necessities.概述（用于图表作文）1.According to the figures given in the table ,…..2.This chart shows that ……3.As is shown by the graph,…4.…..5. It is generallythat ….6.There is a in结尾句型：1．In my opinion, I am in favor of owning a car.2．From what I mentioned above, we can see…3．Personally, I prefer to work in the country rather than in the city.4．In short, parents and children should learn to get through to each other.5．In conclusion, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.6．As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that no pains no gains.写作模式The Information in Modern AgeAs is known to all, it is important to be well informed. I think that there are at least two reasons. For one thing, (success in many fields depends on getting the latest information).For another, failure in policy-making often results from the lack of necessary information. Let’s take (doing business) for example,( if we cannot get information in time ,we will lose money )or do bankrupt). From what I have mentioned above, we can see that without (information), we cannot (succeed and keep up with what is going on in the world). Clearly, information plays an important part in( modern world.)Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter. Some people think that…….according to them, all of us should…… Other argue that…… In their opinion, nobody can…… without…… There is no doubt that ……For example,…… Compared with newspaper, television, has a lot of advantages . As a consequence,…….As far as I am concerned I firmly support the view that( information will play a more and more important part in people’s decision making.) It is because without information we would act like the blind and could make no step forward.) So my opinion is……Changes in People’s Daily Expenses in XX CityIn the past (five) years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent (food) decreased gradually. However, there was a rapid increase in (clothing)expenses. The same was the case with (recreation)What caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First,(the living standard of the people has been greatly raised.) Therefore, people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them want to dress in the latest fashion.) Second, with the improvement in living conditions, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing rapidly, too.)In Short, I believe that (with the steady increase in the average family income, people will spend more money on clothing and recreation)…….问题分析性作文的表达句式(1)开头_________提出问题_________________________.(2)开头[提出问题] One of the main problems with today ’is that___________.effect on _________.(3)开头[提出问题than___.According to a recentTrue, it does some good to us. But when we applaud its benefits, we must acknowledge its (1)正文：分析原因In my opinion, the in _______is ______.(2)正文：分析原因 in___.(3)正文：分析原因 prefer going into________to________? No wonder, many people are lucrative field. It is quite obvious that the pursuit of__________is the main reason for the problem. 阐述个人观点的文章1. （引言）In the past few years, there has been a growing trend that______. People have(论点) As for what I think, __________(论据)Firstly__________. Secondly ________. Finally__________.中心论点 (结论) Therefore, we have no reason to make a fuss(责怪) about_________.2. （引言）Ever since early this century, 中心论点 has become an essential part of our modernNobody can deny the development of our civilization depends on ___________.(论据)If there were no___________, our modern world would be in trouble.For one thing, _________.For another,________________.(结论)Therefore, we should make better use of _________.We should________.3. 中心论点 plays a vital part in our daily work and life. Ever since its invention, ________hasmade contribution to the development of world civilization.(论据)Can we imagine how difficult work and life would become if all the supplies of ________suddenly disappeared? There would be no________ .We would no longer be able to_______. Without ______, our modern world would come to a standstill.(结论)We can take it for granted that _______is something we cannot do without.4. （引言）conducted by_________, there aredifferent arguments on it: some support and others worry.(论点)Personally I think________. (论据)In the first place,_____________. Secondly_________. Finally____________. (结论)In conclusion____________.评论某一事物利与弊”作文的常用表达句式（开头1）____________now plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse .Obviously, ____________has both advantages and disadvantages.（开头2）In recent years with fast economic growth, has appeared in big cities ofPeople' s attitude towards _________________varies widely.（开头3）With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can now afford _________________________. Y et opinions of the development of____________ vary from person to person..（正文）立论（利）1.____________has broughtbenefits to._________benefits us in many respects.2. The benefits of ____________can be perceived in many aspects.3. We get a lot of benefits from__________________.（论证）First of all______________. Also ______________.Most importantly_______________. 立论（弊）1.Just as a coin has two sides, ________also has some effect.2._____________,on the other hand, has its . ____________may be3. However, _____________has also a lot of problem.（论证）For one thing,_______________. For another,_________. Finally __________________.结尾1.In spite of these disadvantage, I think _________does more good than harm to people. Andthe disadvantages, since they have been pointed out clearly, will be dealt with effectively.2.In sum, ____________does more good than harm for_________. We must take a correctattitude towards _________. We should take full advantage of it and avoid its disadvantage. 3. While taking advantage of __________, we must try to find ways to reduce its disadvantage to a minimum so as to let it serve our purpose better and make our life more exiting and attractive.综合填空(这种测试用于语言测试，是要从语篇水平上来测试考生综合运用语言知识特别是词汇知识能力。