2015年北京大学翻译硕士翻译技巧,英语翻译基础考研真题,考研参考书

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增词法与减词法
翻译时无法一个萝卜一个坑，将原文中每一个词转换成译文中的另一个词，而应该有
所增减，即有时需在译文中增加一些原文字面上没有的词语，有时则要将原文需要而译 文显得多余的词省去不译，前者称为增词法，后者称为减词法。不管增词还是减词，目 的都是为了使译文变得更加通顺流畅，符合译入语的行文习惯。
1）When the visitors left, Einstein made no reference to the meeting.
客人离开后，爱因斯坦对这次会议只字未提。
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2）The train moved away so slowly that butterflies blew in and out the windows. 火车开得非常缓慢，蝴蝶从窗口飞进又飞出。 3）Can wisdom be taught? And, if it can, should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education? I should answer both these questions in the affirmative. (B.Russell, On Wisdom) 智慧能够传授吗？若能，那么传授智慧应该成为教育的一个目的吗？对这两个问 题，我都要给予肯定的回答。 4）We got up at four in the morning, that first day in the East. On the evening before, we had climbed off a freight train at the edge of town and with the true instinct of Kentucky boys had found our way across town and to the race track and the stables at once. （Sherwood Anderson, I Want to Know Why） 到东部的第一天，我们凌晨四点就起床了。头天晚上，我们在镇郊爬下货运列 车，凭着肯塔基少年特有的直觉，从镇头径直摸到赛马场和马厩。 5）现在一定是天亮了，因为鸟儿在歌唱。 It must be morning now, because the birds are singing. 6）他是黎明时候从医院里逃出来的，因为他又碰上那个逼他下车的人了。（沙汀《老 烟的故事》） He had escaped from the hospital at dawn, because the man who'd frightened him into getting off the bus had shown up again. 二、代词的增减：英译汉时很多代词都可以省略，汉译英时则需根据具体语境增加一 些代词。例如： 7）Calmly Mother looked around before she turned back fearlessly, closing the door behind her and dashed to the window. 母亲镇定地环顾四周，然后毫不畏惧地转身回到屋里，顺手关上门，一个箭步奔 到窗口。（《中国翻译》1999 年第 1 期，第 27 页）
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8）I shall take it as axiomatic that mankind has, by that time, chosen the latter alternative. (M. W. Thring) 译文一：我认为人类到那时将会选择后者，这一点是不言而喻的。 译文二：不消说，那时人类将会选择后者。（《中国翻译》1990 年，第 2 期，第 8 页） 9）In order to get a great amount of water power, we need large pressure and current. 要得到巨大的水力，就需要高水压和大水量。（《中国翻译》1990 年，第 2 期，第 21 页） 10）In the giraffe's neck, there are lots of muscles that flex and relax repeatedly as the animal moves its head and sucks up drinking water. 长颈鹿移动头部喝水时，脖子里有很多肌肉会反复地收紧和放松。 11）她懒洋洋地站起来，估量丈夫不会再回来了。 Lazily she rose. Her husband probably would not come home, she supposed. 12）梅春姐用手护着头，紧紧地缩着她的身子。（叶紫《星》） Meichun, protecting her head with her arms, contracted her body. 三、介词的增减：英译汉时很多介词可以省略，汉译英时则需根据英语的行文需要增 加适当的介词。例如： 13）She was one of my colleagues at the university at which I taught. 她是我任教的那所大学的同事。 14）At about this time, movies actors began running for President, astronauts began flying around the planet to get from one desert to another, and people began renting onebedroom apartments for $2,000 a month. 如今，电影演员开始竞选总统；宇航员在地球周围飞来飞去，从一个沙漠飞到另
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改译二：（你）去也白去。 21) The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 原译：风如此之大，以致他发现站住脚很困难。（《英汉语比较研究》1994： 172） 改译：风太大了，他感到很难站稳。 22) If once virtue is lost, all is lost. 原译：如果一旦失去了道德，便丧失了一切。（《中国翻译》1990 年，第 2 期，第 21 页） 改译：丧失了道德，便丧失了一切。 23) 小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。 Little children will cry when they are frightened. 24) 他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？ If he is unwilling, why should we force him to do it? 或：Why should we force him to do it since he is unwilling? 五、语气助词的增减：汉译英时语气助词多半要省略，英译汉时则可根据具体语境适 当增加一些语气助词。例如： 25) 我想到李白杜甫在那遥远的年代，以一叶扁舟搏浪急进，该是多么雄伟的搏斗， 会激发诗人多少瑰丽的诗思啊！（刘白羽，《长江三日》） This makes me think of the poets Li Bai and Du Fu in those ancient days when they sailed upstream against the current and how such a magnificent struggle would stir the poets’ great imagination. 26) 真的呢，再没有比这种童子面更好看的茶花了。（杨朔，《茶花赋》） It’s true. No flowers are lovelier than children’s faces. 27) 不过你打算去请多少人来呢？
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Hale Waihona Puke 一个沙漠；人们开始租用两千美元一月的单卧室公寓。 15）I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness. 这么卤莽无礼，没完没了，真让我生气。 16）It turns out that the skin and other tissues in their legs and feet are much stiffer and tougher than those of other animals. As a result, the scientists found, the blood vessels in the leg cannot swell. Therefore, the blood has nowhere to go but back up to the heart. 原来，它们腿部和脚部的皮肤及其它组织比其它动物要紧密、坚韧得多。结果， 科学家们发现，它们腿部的血管无法膨胀，因此，血液只能流回心脏，别无他处 可去。 17）他已经把这事忘得一干二净了。 He has forgotten all about it. 18）接到信时我高兴得跳了起来。 I jumped with joy when I received the letter. 四、关联词的增减：英译汉时有些关联词可以省略不译，汉译英时则需根据具体语境 增加适当的关联词语。例如： 19）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers…(C. E. M. Joad) 译文一：在历史书中最常出现和最为显赫的人大多是那些伟大的征服者和将军及 军人。 译文二：历史上书最常出现、最为显赫者，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军 人。（《中国翻译》1990 年，第 2 期，第 8 页） 20) Even if you go there, there won’t be any result. 原译：即使你去了也不会有什么结果。（《英汉语比较研究》1994：172） 改译一：去也不会有什么结果。