专业英语复习
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
建筑专业英语复习
1．Match the English in column A with their Chinese equivalents in column B ，Column A Column B1. vaulted roof a. 基础；下层结构2. trabeated system b. 包豪斯建筑学派3. Post-and-lintel c. 嵌入式4. Bauhous d. 抗衡力5. steel –skeleton system e. 拱形屋顶6. Gothic architecture f. 均质体7. substructure g. 横梁式结构8. thrust type h. 哥特式建筑9. counterbalance i. 钢骨体系10. homogeneous mass j. 连梁柱11. bid k.预制12. prefabricate l.打地基13. lay the foundations m.室内设计师14. internal space n.内部空间15. interior designer o.投标2．Please translate the following expressions into English.16. 建筑师，设计师17. 土木工程师18. 测量师19. 防火工程师20. （房屋等的）构架，骨架21. 钢筋混凝土22. 土木建筑23. 预算表24. 质量合格证书25. 预算成本3. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (每小题4分，共20分).1 The materials are the basic elements of any building. They may be classified into three groups according to the purpose they are used for :structural materials , decoration materials ,and some special materials.2. The total dollar amount can be broken into two categories: hard costs soft costs.3. There is a cost range from economy, to modest, to custom, to luxury which correlates with the products and materials you choose to install in your home.4. Many construction projects get started only to stop before completion because the money runs out.5. Whether building new homes, flipping houses or remodeling a home, set a budget and stick to it.1. waterproofing coatings a. 瓷砖2. laminated glass b. 预埋螺栓3. ceramic tile c. 泥瓦匠，砌砖工匠4. kitchen modules d. 丁形梁，T字梁5. anti-rust paint e. 钛合金6. precast concrete f. 防水涂料7. T-beam g. 夹层玻璃8. insert bolt h. 天花板9. titanium alloy i. 水管和排水设施10. bricklayer j. 夹灰墙，泥笆墙11. glass fiber reinforced plastics k. 整体厨房12. plumbing and drainage l. 防锈漆13. ceiling slab m. 预制混凝土14. wattle and daub n. 玻璃钢15. engineering plastic o. 工程塑料16. 承包人17. 估价单18. 正视图19. 内部空间20. 关键因素21. 预算要素22. 结构材料23. 装饰材料24. 超支25. 首期付款。
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
学位英语知识点复习资料
学位英语知识点复习资料
以下是学位英语的一些基本知识点复习资料：
1. 语法：复习英语的基本语法规则，包括时态、语态、句型、主谓一致等。
2. 词汇：复习常见的学术词汇，如学科名词、实验方法、研究领域等。
3. 阅读理解：提高阅读理解能力，包括快速阅读和理解主旨、细节、推理等。
多阅读
学术文章和论文，熟悉学术写作风格。
4. 写作技巧：学习学术写作的基本结构和格式，包括论文的引言、正文、结论等部分。
也要练习提高写作的逻辑性和清晰度。
5. 听力技巧：提高听力理解能力，包括听清主旨、关键词等，练习听写和记笔记。
6. 口语表达：提高口语交流能力，包括演讲、讨论、辩论等。
练习口语表达和流利性。
7. 学术资料查找和利用：学习使用学术数据库、图书馆资源等查找学术资料，提高筛
选和利用学术资料的能力。
8. 专业知识：了解自己专业领域的基本知识，熟悉相关的学术研究和发展动态。
这些是学位英语的一些基本知识点，希望对你的复习有所帮助。
此外，还建议你参考
相关教材和学习资源，进行系统的复习和练习。
考学位英语复习资料
考学位英语复习资料在大学期间，作为具备一定专业背景的学生，我们需要通过学位英语考试来证明自己的语言能力，从而获得更大的发展机会和进一步深造的资格。
因此，对于考试复习资料的准备，就显得尤为必要。
下面将介绍一些备考学位英语时可以使用的复习资料。
1. 《考研英语词汇》这是一本非常经典的词汇书，其中收录了高频考研单词以及其在语境中的使用方法。
相信大部分考学位英语的同学也会购买这本书进行复习。
该书的一个优点是较为详细地讲解了词汇的用法和搭配，帮助我们更好地掌握和记忆单词。
缺点则是内容较为单薄，只适合用于做单词量的巩固和扩充，对于其他语言能力提升的方面并不涉及。
2. 考试真题与模拟题了解真题和模拟题是备考过程中不可或缺的一件事情。
通过做真题和模拟题，我们可以熟悉考试形式和题型，同时还可以磨练自己的应试技巧和时间管理能力。
当然，最重要的是，通过模拟题可以检验自己的语言水平，找到自己的薄弱环节，有助于我们针对性地进行复习。
同时，现在网络上也有很多考试辅导机构提供各种形式的在线模拟测试，也可以尝试使用来提升自己的应试能力。
3. 学科类英语教材考试中，学科类英语占了很大比例，因此对于有一定专业基础的学生而言，选用与自己专业相关的英语教材进行复习是一个不错的选择。
以医学专业为例，可以选用《医学英语》、《临床医学英语》等教材进行研读和背诵，既有利于我们学习学科知识，又有助于提升语言水平。
当然，这也要求我们在平时学习中多注意积累专业英语词汇和短语。
4. 听力材料和口语练习英语听力和口语也占了学位英语考试的重要部分，因此为了提升这方面的语言能力，可以准备一些听力材料和口语练习资料。
听力材料可以选择一些英语听力网站或者广播节目，也可以选用一些相关的听力教材进行学习。
同时，通过语音矫正软件进行口语练习也是一个不错的选择，可以帮助我们加强语音和语调训练，提升口语表达能力。
综上所述，备考学位英语的过程中，需要尽可能地利用各种资源，积极备考。
专业英语八级复习资料
八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。
英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。
接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。
美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。
会计专业英语复习资料
Post test 1 基本概念1. Things of value owned by an entity: assets Money: cashClaims of creditors: liabilitiesClaims of investors: equity2. 2 types of sources of funds：Stronger claim: liabilitiesLesser claim: equity3. A balance sheet reports the status of an entity ....ata point of time.4. Give the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity5. The above equation is consistent with what concept?: Dual-aspect concept6. Money-measurement concept states that accounting reports only facts that can be expressed in monetary amounts.7. A balance sheet does not report all the facts abouta business. What concept limits the amount or type of information that can be reported? Money-measurement concept8. Brown Company has 10000 dollar cash. Its owner withdraws 100 dollars for his own use. The owner is (no better or worse off) than he was before. Brown company now has (less) cash. The fact that this event affects the owner differently than it affects the company is an illustration of the entity concept.9. The entity concept states that accounts are kept for entities as distinguished from the persons who own those entities.11. The going-concern concept is: Accounting assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely.12. The asset-measurement concept is: if reliable information is available, accounting focuses on the fair value of assets. Nonmonetary assets are reported at their original cost.13. An item can be reported as an asset if it passes 3 of the following: item is valuable, item was acquired at a measurable cost, item is owned or controlled by the entity.14. Goodwill is a favorable name or reputation purchased by the entity.15. An asset is classified as current if it is cash or is expected to be converted into cash in the near future, usually within one year.16. A liability is classified as current if it becomes due in the near future, usually within one year.17. Marketable securities are current assets. Investments are noncurrent assets.19. An insurance policy paid in advance of the time period covered is an example of a prepaid expense.20. A building, an item of equipment, and an automobile may all be examples of plant and property.21.Parker Company operates a furniture store. On December 31,2005,it had 30 desks that it was holding for sale. These would be reported as inventory. The desk that is used by the president of Parker Company would be reported as plant and property.22.Fox Company sold $1,000 of goods on credit to Golden Company. This would be recorded as an account receivable of Fox Company and as an account payable of Golden Company.23. Indicate whether the following statements about the balance sheet of a corporation are true or false:a. Assets list all the valuable things owned bythe entity----Fb. The amount reported for the paid-in capitalitem is approximately the fair value of the stock-----Fc. The amount reported for total equity isapproximately the fair value of the corporation’sstock---Fd. Total equities (also called “net worth”) showapproximately what the entity is worth.----Fe. Retained earnings is the amount of cashretained in the entity.-----FPost test 2 资产负债表的变更：收入的核算1.On January 2, John Brown started the BrownCompany. In January, Brown Company did thefollowing things:a. It received $5,000 cash from John Brown asits capital.b. It borrowed $10,000 from a bank, giving anote therefor.c. It purchased $4,000 of inventory for cash.d. It sold $2,000 of its inventory for $6,000 to acustomer, who paid $3,500 cash and agreed to pay$2,500 within 30 days.e. It purchased an auto for $7,000. It paid$2,000 down and gave a note to the automobiledealer for the remaining $5,000f. Brown withdrew $1,000 cash for his personaluse.g. Brown was offered $10,000 for his equity inthe business, but he refused the offer.On a separate piece of paper, prepare a roughdraft of a balance sheet for Brown Company as of theclose to business January 31, and an incomestatement for January.Brown CompanyBalance Sheet as of Jan31AssetsCash……………………………………$11,500Accounts Receivable…………………2,500Inventory………………………………….2,000Automobile………………………………7,000Total………………………………………$23,000Liabilities and EquityNotes Payable………………………$15,000Paid-in Capital…………………………5,000Retained Earnings……………………3,000Total……………………………………$23,000Brown CompanyIncome Statement for January Revenue...........................$6,000Expense ...........................$2,000Income ............................$4,0002.Brown Company's income was $4,000, but itsRetained Earnings was only $3,000. Reread the firstframe and choose the item (a-g) that explains thedifference. f3.John Brown claims that the inventory as of January31 is worth $6,000, as shown by the fact thatinventory costing $2,000 was actually sold for $6,000.Would you change the balance sheet ?...(No). This isan illustration of the asset-measurement concept.Nonmonetary assets are reported at their cost ratherthan their worth or fair value.Post test 3 会计记录和系统1. On March 5, Kay Company purchased $6,000 ofinventory, paying cash. Prepare a journal entry forthis transaction below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 5Inventory6,000Cash6,0002. On March 10, Kay Company made a $15,000 sale toa customer who paid $6,000 cash and agreed to payto the other $9,000 in 30 days. The merchandise soldhad cost $8,000. Prepare a journal entry for the sale,below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10Cash6,000Accounts Receivable9,000Revenues15,0003. On March 10, Kay Company made a sale for$15,000 for merchandise that had cost $8,000.Prepare a journal entry to record the cost of the salebelow.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10 Expenses8,000Inventory8,0004. Recall from the previous frames that revenuesfrom the sale on March 10 were $15,000 and that themerchandise sold had cost $8,000. Prepare theclosing entries.Journal2005 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 31Revenues15,000Retained earnings15,000March 31Retained earnings8,000Expenses8,0005-10. Omit11.A critic said that the company had $25,000 cash atthe beginning of March and $25,000 at the end ofMarch, and since its cash balance was unchanged, itcouldn't be said to have any income in March. Thiscriticism is (incorrect).12.The reason the criticism is incorrect is becauseincome is an increase in retained earnings, notnecessarily in cash. For example, the sales revenue ofKay Company in March was $15,000 and its incomewas $7,000 even though $9,000 was received in cash.Post test 4 营业收入和货币资产1. The conservation concept states that increases inequity are recognized only when they are reasonablycertain, while decreases in equity are recognized assoon as they are reasonably possible.2. The materiality concept states: disregard trivialmatters but disclose all important matters.3. What is the length of the usual accounting period?One year. Financial statements prepared for shorterperiods are called interim statements.4. Cash accounting reports items that increase ordecrease cash. Accrual accounting reports items thatchange equity or retained earnings, even thoughthese changes may not affect cash.5. Increases in equity associated with the entity’soperations during a period are revenues, anddecreases are expenses. The difference betweenthem is labeled income.6. The realization concept states that revenues are recognized when goods or services are delivered.7. H Company manufactures a table in August and places it in its retail store in September. R Smith, a customer, agrees to buy the table in October, it is delivered to him in November, and he pays the bill in December. In what month is the revenue is recognized? (November)8. The receipt of cash is a debit to Cash. What is the offsetting credit and (type of account) for the following types of sales transactions?Account Crediteda. Cash received prior to delivery. Advances from customers (a liability)b. Cash received in same period as delivery. Revenuec. Cash received after the period of delivery. Accounts receivable (an asset)9.Similarly, revenue is a credit entry. What is the offsetting debit when revenue is recognized in each of these periods?Account Debiteda. Revenue recognized prior to receipt of cash. Accounts receivableb. Revenue recognized in same period as receipt of cash. Cashc. Revenue recognized in the period following receipt of cash. Advances from customers10.In February, H Company agrees to sell a table to a customer for $600, and the customer makes a down payment of $100 at that time. The cost of the table is $400. The table is delivered to the customer in March, and the customer pays the remaining $500 in April. Give the journal entries (if any) that would be made in February, March, and April for both the revenue and expense aspects of this transaction. February:Cash100Advances from customers100March:Accounts receivable500Advances from customers100Revenue600March:Expenses400Inventory400April:Cash500Accounts receivable50011.At the end of 2005, M Company had accounts receivable of $200,000, and it estimated that $2,000 of this amount was a bad debt. Its revenue in 2005, with no allowance for the bad debts, was $600,000. A. What account should be debited for the $2,000 bad debt? RevenueB. What account should be credited? Allowance for doubtful accountsC. What amount would be reported as net accounts receivable on the balance sheet? $198,000D. What amount would be reported as revenue on the 2005 income statement? $598,00012.In 2006, the $2,000 of bad debt was written off.A. What account should be debited for this written off? Allowance for doubtful accountsB. What account should be credited? AccountsreceivablePost test 5 费用的核算；损益表1. An expenditure occurs in the period in which goodsor services are acquired. An expense occurs in theperiod in which goods or services are consumed.2. A certain asset was acquired in May. There wastherefore an expenditure in May. At the end of May,the item was either on hand, or it was not. If it wason hand, it was an asset; If it was not on hand, it wasan expense in May.3. Productive assets are unexpired costs. Expensesare expired costs.4. The matching concept states that costs associatedwith the revenues of a period are expenses of thatperiod.5. Expenses of a period consist of:a. costs of the goods and services delivered duringthat period.b. other expenditures that benefit operations ofthe period.c. losses6. If Brown company pays rent prior to the periodthat the rent covers, the amount is initially reportedas credit to cash and a debit to Prepaid Rent, which isan asset account. If Brown Company pays the rentafter the period covered, the amount is initiallyrecorded as a debit to Rent Expense and a credit toAccrued Rent, which is a liability account.7. A brand new machine owned by Fay Company wasdestroyed by fire in 2005. It was uninsured. It hasbeen purchased for $10,000 with the expectationthat it would be useful for 5 years. The expenserecorded in 2005 should be $10,000.8. Gross margin is the difference between salesrevenue and cost of sales.9. gross margin percentage: (gross margin)/(salesrevenue)10. The difference between revenues and expenses inan accounting period (or the amount by which equity[i.e., retained earnings] increased from operatingactivities during the period) is called net income.11. A distribution of earnings to shareholders is calleddividends(股利).12. retained earnings at the end of the period=retained earnings at the beginning of the period + netincome–dividends.Post test 6 存货和销售成本1. A dealer sells a television set for $800 cash. It hadcost $600. Write journal entries for the four accountsaffected by this transaction.Dr. Cash800Cr. Revenue800Dr. Cost of Sales600Cr. Inventory6002. When using the perpetual inventory method (永续盘存), a record is kept for each item, showingreceipts, issues, and the amount on hand.3. Write an equation that shows how the cost of salesis determined by deduction:Cost of sales = beginning inventory+purchases –ending inventory4.Omit5.In periods of inflation, many companies use theLIFO method in calculating their taxable incomebecause LIFO gives a higher cost of sales and hence alower taxable income.6. A company discovers that the fair value of itsinventory is $1000 lower than its cost. What journalentry should it take?Dr. Cost of Sales1,000Cr. Inventory1,0007. In a manufacturing business, what three elementsenter into the cost of a manufactured item?Direct material, direct labor, and overhead.8. Period costs become an expense during the periodin which they were incurred.9. Product costs become an expense during theperiod in which the products were sold.10. One type of overhead rate involves use of thetotal direct labor costs and total production overheadcosts for a period. Write a ratio that shows how theoverhead rate is calculated.(Total production overhead costs)/(Total directlabor costs)11. A given finished item requires $50 of directmaterials and 5 hours of direct labor at $8 per hour.The overhead rate is $4 per direct labor hour. At whatamount would the finished item be shown ininventory? $110 = 50 + 40 + 2012. An inventory turnover of 5 is generally better thanan inventory turnover of 4 because it indicates thatless capital is tied up in inventory, and there is lessrisk that the inventory will become obsolete.Post test 7 非流动资产和折旧1. The amount at which a new plant asset is recordedin the accounts includes its purchase price plus allcosts incurred to make the asset ready for itsintended use (such as transportation andinstallation).2. A plant asset is acquired in 2005. It is expected tobe worn out at the end of 10 years and to becomeobsolete in five years. What is its service life? ---Fiveyears.3. Ordinarily, land is not depreciated because itsservice life is indefinitely long.4.A plant asset is acquired in 2005 at a cost of $20000.Its estimated service life is 10 years, and its estimatedresidual value is $2000 :a. The estimated depreciable cost of the asset is$18,000b. If the straight-line depreciation method is used,the depreciation rate for this asset is 10 percent.c. What amount will be recorded as depreciationexpense in each year of the asset’s life?---$1,800d. What amount will be debited and what accountwill be credited to record this depreciation expense?Dr. Depreciation expenseCr. Accumulated depreciatione. After five years have elapsed, how would thisasset be reported on the balance sheet?1) Plant------$20,0002) Less accumulated depreciation-------$9,0003) Book value-------$11,0005. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for$20,000 and its has an expected life of five years andno estimated residual value.a. If the a machine is still in use six years later, what amount of depreciation expense will be reported in for the sixth year?----zerob. What amount, if any, will be reported on the balance sheet at the end of the sixth year?1) It will not be reported.-----X2) It will be reported as follows:Machine$20,000Accumulated depreciation$20,000Book value$06. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for $50,000. It has an expected service life for 10 years and no residual value. Eleven years later it is sold for $3,000 cash.a. There will be a gain of $3,000b. What account will be debited and what account credited to record this amount?Dr. CashCr. Gain on disposition of assets.7. Given an example of each of the following types of assets, and give the name of the process used in writing off the cost of the second and third type. Asset type\Example\Write-off processPlant Asset\m achine, b uilding\Depreciation Wasting asset\c oal, o il ,m inerals\Depletion Intangible asset\g oodwill, t rademark \Amortization 8. Conoil Company purchased a producing oil property for $10,000,000 on January 2, 2005. It estimated that the property contained one million barrels of oil and that the property had a service life of 20 years. In 2005, 40,000 barrels of oil were recovered from the property. What amount should be charged as an expense in 2005?------$400,0009. Wasting assets and intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet in a different way than building, equipment, and similar plant assets. The difference is that wasting assets are reported at the net amount and plant assets are reported at cost, accumulated depreciation, and net amount.10. In calculating its taxable income, a company tries to report its income as low as it can. In calculating its financial accounting income, a company tries to report its income as fairly as it can.11. As compared with straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation writes off more depreciation in the early years of an asset’s life and less in the later years. Over the whole life of asset, accelerated depreciation writes off the same total cost as straight-line depreciation.12. Companies usually use accelerated depreciation in tax accounting because it reduces taxable income and hence income tax in the early years.13. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. If a company calculated its financial accounting income (before income taxes) in 2005 as $6 million and its taxable income as$4 million, what amount would it report as income tax expense on its 2005 income statement?----$2,400,00014. Fill in the missing name on the following table:Income tax expense $100,000Income tax paid -60,000Deferred income tax$ 40,000 The $40,000 would be reported on the balance sheet as a liability.。
专业英语复习
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen.“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。
Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。
这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
En vironmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the project’s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。
英语专业词汇学复习
1. What is lexicology?Lexico-(语素, meaning ‘word’) Lexicon(词典,字典)Lexical（(词的,词汇的) Lexicography（(词典编纂) Sociology (社会学) Psychology (心理学)Lexicology is the study of the structure, usage, origins and meanings of words.English lexicology studies English words in different aspects and from different angles.Without grammar we can express little; Without words we can express nothing.2.Define “word”A minimal free form of a language; A sound unity; A unit of meaning; A form that can function alone in a sentence.3. Origin of English WordsNative words 本族词Borrowed words / loan words 外来词Latin ，Scandinavian ，French ，Greek ，Spanish, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Persian, Japanese, Indonesian, RussianNative words: Anglo-Saxon wordsBody parts—hand, foot, arm, eye, boneNature—land, field, earth, hill, sun, moonTime—month, year, dayAnimals and plants—horse, sheep, dog, lamb, oak, elm, beechAdjectives—black, high, wide, long, smallVerbs—drive, ride, shine, choose, fly, seeAuxiliaries—shall, may, will, do, beBorrowed words P.9The boy kept interrupting the government man.Native words on P.5What features do these words have?Form the basic stock of English language most frequently used，Denote the commonest things necessary for life，Acquired earliest by children，Denote the most basic things in language Borrowingcake, knife, crop, ill, husband, Danishcoolie, litchi, dim sum, typhoon, kaolin, loquat, bureau, honor, literature, court French sauna Finnishhamburger, blitz, zinc Germanmacaroni, sonata, spaghetti Italiansultan, roc, harem, sheik, yashmak Arabicczar, commissar, intelligentsia Russiangeometry, gymnastics, tragedy, myth Greekgenius, memorandum, formula Latinkimono, judo, JapaneseReview questions(1)._____ studies the structure, meanings, origins and usage of words.A. Word formationB. LexicologyC. Morphology(2).There is a logical connection between the sound and meaning of words. This is a ____ view.A. naturalistB. conventionalistC. objective(3).____ is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. affixB. phraseC. word4. Morphemeneone morpheme nationtwo morphemes nation+althree morphemes inter+nation+alfour morphemes inter+nation+al+ist5.Word formation: affixation 词缀法Affix词缀(a form that is attached to a morpheme to modify meaning or function)prefix前缀,suffix后缀)root词根(the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.)6. Word and VocabularyThe general estimate of English vocabulary is over one million words.John has a good knowledge of Middle English vocabulary.The vocabulary of Black English proved too difficult for me.The five-year-old child has acquired a vocabulary of over 2000 words.This article gives a good introduction of specialized vocabulary of nuclear physics.V ocabularyThe total number of the words in a language.All the words used in a particular period.All the words of a given dialect.All the words possessed by a person.All the words of a given discipline.Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic V ocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇（The common core of the language.）Rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, summer, wind, hill;Head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, sonApple, tree, horse, cow, cat, dog, sheepCome, go, eat, beat, carry, old, youngOne, ten, hundred, I, you, who, but, as, tillCharacteristics of Basic Word StockAll national character 全民性，Stability 稳定性，Productivity 能产性，Polysemy 多义性Do these belong to basic word stock?（1）Do you know what subject matter jurisdiction is?（subject matter jurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权）（2）Due to Habeas Corpus, you and Miss Fontana had a common law marriage, which entitles her to what is legally referred to as equitable division of the assets.（Due to Habeas Corpus 人身保护法, common law marriage习惯法婚姻, 同居婚姻, equitable division of the assets 资产平均分配）（3）Due to the fact that you retained the residence, Miss Fontana is entitled to full canine property ownership. We’ll enforce that ownership right now.Nonbasic V ocabulary 非基本词汇Photoscanning, indigestion, algebraTerminology 术语（technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas）Hypo, buster, bargaining chipsJargon 行话(specialized words used by members of particular arts sciences, trades and professions among themselves)Dough (money), pot (drug) slang 俚语(sub-standard words)Can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pickpocket) argot黑话(jargon of criminals)Review questions(1) The word ‘limitless’contains two _____.A. affixesB. rootsC. morphemes(2) Which of the following is not true?A. A word is the smallest form of languageB. A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.(3) According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A. soundsB. meaningC. formD. function(4) A word is a _____ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbolB. systemC. structureD. pattern(5) How many morphemes does this word have? What kind of morpheme?•misleadingly7. Affixation 词缀法Prefixation 前缀法Negative prefixes表示否定意义的前缀Prefixes of degree or size (extra,hyper,mini,) 表示程度、大小等意义的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀(pro, anti)Locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀(intra,inter,tele, sub)Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序意义的前缀(ex, fore, post, pre)Number prefixes表示数字的前缀(mono,bi,tri,penta,)Miscillaneous prefixes其他意义的前缀(eco,auto,neo)Class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀（a, en, un, de)Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots.The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of roots.Review questions(1) Turn the following into verbs with -en,-ify, -ize(Horror, modern, Memory, apology, False, sterile, Length, intense, Beauty, fat Sympathy, memory)He ____ for interrupting her.She tried to ____ her room with posters and plants.A study has been ordered into the feasibility of _____ the airport’s main runway by 200m. However much they _____ with her, they all felt it was her fault.Soya is excellent food to ___ cattle.Over $40000 had been spent on _____ the station._____ the bottles by immersing them in boiling water for 15 minutes.If you are employed by a company, you’re one of its _____.A politician is someone whose job is politics.The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.A woman who works as a ______ does the same job as a waiter.A ____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.If someone examines you, you are the ____ and he/she is the _____.8.Conversion 转类法# Noun attribute•Economy measure 节约措施economic measure 经济措施•Bankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师bankrupt businessman破了产的商人•Riot police 防暴警察riotous police 闹事的警察•Danger zone 危险区•Depth charge 深水炸弹• A department decision 部门作出的决定•Impulse buying 凭一时的冲动买东西Bankruptcy lawyer# Noun to verb, verb to nounThe newspapers headlined his long record of accomplishments.He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This film is a remake.# Adjective to noun–Partial conversionThese books are intended for the deaf and mute.It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true–Complete conversionMany classics are now available in bookstores.The police are netting 25 illegals a day in ChicagoThey needed to get there within three days. No ifs and buts were accepted. So Tom got the plans and helicoptered to the host city, while David got visaed up in Berlin and went there by Air France. At the airport shop, he was attracted by some celebrity ashtrays and bought one of them .We can’t stomach such a insult.Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.He wolfed down his lunch.I’m one of his familiars.Poor innocents!The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.He Hamleted the chance and then regretted for it.These shoes were an excellent buy.They lifted the rifles and hit him in the small of the back.9.Word Formation: Composition/Compounding• A process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.Cruise missile 巡航导弹Laserbomb 激光炸弹Fox-bat 狐蝠式战斗机(米格-25)Well-balanced 平衡了的Dog-eat-dog 狗咬狗的Cross-question 盘问Compound nounPoorhouse identity crisis Rainbow fox-bat pickpocket Inpatient Compound adjectiveBittersweet lifelong feelgood inbornOne-man (concert) Around-the-moon (flight)Be-kind-to-animal (campaign) The-end-justifies-the-means (philosophy)One-family-one-child family planning (policy)No-one-dared-to-walk-in-the-street (situation)Compound verbbreast-feed sleepwalk Undertake whitewash Badmouth10. The development of the English VocabularyHistorical Review of English V ocabularyFirst language used in Britain: CelticThe Roman Legions(古罗马军团): Latin（55-54BC）Germanic tribes: Anglo-Saxon (450)Three periods of the English LanguageOld English (450AD—1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in England.•Anglo-Saxon—the Germanic tribes•Latin –introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century.•Scandinavian –Norwegian and Danish vikings•5000-6000 words; highly inflectedMiddle English (1150—1500) during the Norman Conquest.•French influenceNorman Conquest 1066•9000 French words continually flowed into English•Dutch words entered English with the trade relation.•English regained position of importance–Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫)–Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰)–English gradually came back to schoolsModern English (1450—)•Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•Late Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•The Renaissance 文艺复兴—a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics•1500-1700–over 10,000 new words entered English.•The Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, colonization–absorb words from all major languages in the worldLate Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语•World wars•Advances in science and technology•Thousands and thousands of new words have been created through borrowing and word-formation•New words in all walks of life: politics, economy, commerce, culture, entertainment, education, sports, transportation, mass media•From synthetic language to analytic languageGrowth of Present-day English V ocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展Reasons for new words: 为什么需要新词To express new things and new changesTo arouse public attention and interestMain sources of new words: 新词所属领域Science and technologyEconomic and political changesInfluence of other cultures and languagesNew WordsNew Words and Changing American Culture 1990, Gozzi:•45% science and technology terms;•24% terms related to life-style•11% social and economic termsModes of V ocabulary Development 词汇的发展方式Creation 创词–formation of new words by using existing materials such as roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic changes 旧词新义– an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Borrowing借词—absorbing words from foreign languagesReviving archaic or obsolete words古词和废弃词复活11. Word formation•Encourage Affixation词缀法Derivation派生法•Moonlight Compounding 复合法•to Pocket the money Conversion 转类法•Motel Blending拼缀法•Memo (memorandum) Clipping 截短法•UNESCO Acronymy 首字母拼写法•Babysit (from babysitter) Backformation逆构法•Sandwich Proper noun专有名词Which of the following is a compound?A.PreschoolB. school masterC. At schoolD. schoolingBlending 拼缀法Brunch—breakfast+lunch Motel—motor+hotelBotel—boat+hotel Smog—smoke+fogFour structural types of BlendingBrunch—breakfast+lunch Carbecue—car+barbecueMedicare—medical +care Sitcom –situational+comedyThree stylistic types of Blending•Slang or make-shift wordsinfanticipating--infant+anticipating•Words for science and technologybiorhythm—biological+rhythmlidar—light and radar 激光雷达•Words used in mass mediadawk—dove and hawk 中间立场的Back Formation 逆构法edit—editor caretake—caretaker Peeve—peevish Frivol—frivolous Automate—automation Destruct—destruction Sidle—sidlingClipping 截短法Phone—telephone Zoo—zoological garden Copter--helicopterFridge—refrigerator Flu—influenza Curtsy—courtesyInitialism 首字母连接词VOA WTO YZU CCTVAcronym 首字母拼音词NASA AIDS Radar UESCO Laser12. Motivation 词的理据1.Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据2.Semantic motivation 语义理据（figurative sense）3.Morphological motivation 形态理据4.Etymological motivation 词源理据Primary onomatopoeia 基本拟声P.60•The imitation of sound by sound.•Here the sound is truly “an echo to the sense”.e.g.Here it comes sparkling,And there it lies darkling…Spouting and frisking,…Secondary Onomatopoeia•Certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.e.g.sn/--breath noise; quick separation or movement; creeping:sniff, snuff, snore, snort, snip, snap, snatch, snake, snail, sneak, snoop (窥探) Duplicated words or phrases• A tall clock tick-tocked on the stair.•He gave the deck a thorough riffle-shuffle and then dealt the cards. 他把牌彻底洗过一遍,然后发牌. Metaphor•They were allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives•US influence and prestige nosedived in Africa.•The came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.Synecdoche 提喻Sail—ship Hand—man The smiling year—spring A Solomon—a wise man Metonymy 借代• A watched bottle never boils.•He never let his heart rule his head.Analogy 类比•talkathon (马拉松式谈话或座谈节目)•telethon (马拉松式电视广播节目)Color analogy 色彩类比His short play is in the white list. (批准上演的节目名单)grey list—非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人或物grey-collar workers—服务性行业的职工Number analogy数字类比The Fourth World (最贫国集团)The First FamilyThe three R’s (reading, writing arithmetic)Space analogy 地点空间类比•Moonscape—landscape•Marrain(火星上地形)—terrain•Earthrise—sunrise•Spacefaring(航天飞行)--seafaring反义类比•Daylighting –白天兼职,晚上主要工作•Low-rise—低层建筑•Cold line—冷线Analogy 近似类比•Missile gap (美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距)Generation gap, development gap，Production gap, credibility gap•Watergate13.The Change of Word MeaningAlbatross 信天翁---cause of worries, misfortuneFor it is my special albatross to be related to the guy…. (p.88)Harvest---getting in the crops，crops that you get inBenchEvery time we go there, he is sitting on a park bench.（A piece of furniture for you to sit on）Here is the list of the full bench of the supreme court. （judges）He was brought before the bench. （court）Mary served on the bench and in Congress.Tom got a bench in the Parliament. (seat)This is a team with the best bench. (substitutes)They conducted the bench test successfully.（table）Central signification : furnitureSecondary meaning: judge, seat, substitute ,tableShe took her cat to the bench show. 动物展览评比会Tom’s father worked as a bench scientist for many years. 在实验室工作的科学家I am tired of being a bench warmer, nor do I want to be a bench jockey. 替补队员；在替补队员席上起哄的棒球队员（为干扰对方运动员或裁判员）Treacle1. Pertaining to wild beast.(与野兽有关的。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” intime.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Thebasic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form aminimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素:Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical classof words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small numberof classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology:A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what thesign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent beforeand for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach orlanguageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically inducedabortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is calleda polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired morethan one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答： Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
专业英语复习题
科技英语考试范围及其复习资料句子翻译有什么错误可以给我发消息，阅读理解做好了的，答案发给我哈。
复习题：Translation.（翻译）★sentence:(句子翻译考试20个从中选六个)1.Data is a collection of un-oragnized facts which can include woeds numbers images and sounds. 数据收集的是无组织的事实，它可以包括文字，数字，图像和声音的。
2.A computer cinsists of a variety of hardware components that work together with softw are to （没来得及抄完呀，谁抄好了这条给我发扣扣）3.There hardware components include input devices,output devices a system unit storage and communication devices.有硬件部件包括输入设备，输出设备系统单元的存储和通信设备4.An input device allows a user to enter and commands into the memory of a computer.一种输入设备允许用户输入和命令向计算机存储。
5.Storage differs from memory,which can hold these items permanently whereas memory holds these memory holds items only temporanrily.外存和内存不一样，它可以支持永久存储，然而内存只暂时存储数据。
6.A hard disk provides mush grester storage capacity than a floppy disk.硬盘能提供比软盘更大的存储容量。
00196专业英语复习题
00196专业英语复习题特别强调：本资料仅供教师使⽤，不得直接发给学⽣及对外交流！000196旅游英语复习题Ⅰ.选择题（Directions:In this section,you are given 30 questions,beneath each of which are four choices marked A,B,C, andD.You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question）1.Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Morris dancing in French rural communities owes much to tourism.B. Through travel,people are finding friends in every corner of the earth.C. Tourism contributes to both preservation and development of the world's culture heritage.D.The social significance of tourism is very true for the individual travelers.2.A well-known example of the large scale destruction of an ecosystem through vegetation removal to accommodate tourist facilities is the case of the _______.A. coastal regions of AustraliaB. European AlpsC. Acropolis in AthensD. Snowdonia in Wales3.Which of the folloing is NOT included in the fabled Five Mountains in China?A. HuashanB. LushanC. SongshanD. Taishan4.In 1985,_______ became the first international hotel company to open a hotel in China bearing its own name.A. SheratonB. Holiday InnC. Hilton InternationalD.IBIS(France)5._______ inns and taverns,in particular,gained a reputation for cleanliness and comfort and set the standard for accommodation in other parts of Europe.A. SwissB. GermanC. FrenchD. English6._______ are the primary destinations for the Chinese at present.A. Some European countries.B. Some North American countries.C. Some ASEAN countries.D. Some South American countries.7.Tourist expenditures have different effects on a destination economy:sales by food vendors to restaurants are _______ effect;while taxi fares and airline ticket sales are _______ effect.A. induced;directB. direct;indirectC. indirect;directD. induced;indirect8.In the U.K.,the Queen's Silver Jubilee is in _______.A. 1977B. 1967C. 1987D. 19579.As to the various pollutions,which of the following is NOT true?A. In the US,many dunes have been destroyed by the use of beach buggies.B. In the UK,many dunes have been seriously eroded by motor cycle rallying.C. In Spain,the removal of coral for commercial sale damages coastal regions.D. Footpaths in Snowdonia in Wales have been eroded by over-use.10.China is a mountainous country.Hills,mountains,and plateaus cover _______ of the total area.A. 1/3B. 3/4C. 2/3D. 1/211.The Western Council for Travel Research in _______ employed the term visitor.A. 1965B. 1964C. 1963D. 196212.Which of the following country is not a member of OECD?A. FinlandB. LuxembourgC. VietnamD. Italy.13.Which of the following is not mentioned as WTO's objective?A. To facilitate,in travel,people's access to education and culture.B. To act as an international agency of coordination and cooperation to spread tourism.C. To avoid discrimination between contracting countries.D. To improve the conditions of country dwellers and so to contribute to an expanding world economy.14.Which of the following country is not a member of OECD?A. SingaporeB. TurkeyC. JapanD. Greece15.In Europe _______ are the two leading contenders for a global reservations system.A. SABRE and GALILEOB. GALILEO and APOLLOC. GALILEO and AMADEUSD. APOLLO and AMADEUS16._______ is recognized as the national flag-carrier.A. The private airlineB. The public airlineC. The chartered airlineD. jet airline17.In 1995,an average of _______ of domestic travelers went on sightseeing in China.A. 52.4%B. 54.2%C. 56.4%D. 54.6%18.Which of the following is not an international visitor?A. A crew member of a foreign vessel or aircraft stopped in the country on a lay-over.B. An employee of international bodies on a mission lasting less than one year,or a national returning home for a temporary.C. One who visits in the capacity of a diplomat or a member of the armed forces.D. A foreign commercial or business traveler.19.According to Maslow,self-actualization need excludes _______A. personal developmentB. self-discoveryC. satisfaction of inner desiresD. exploration and evaluation20.The first task of a brochure is to _______.A. save spaceC. attract attentionD. be beautiful21. ________ Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.A. DespiteB. In spite ofC. BecauseD. Although22. These little things aren't important ________ themselves, but put together, they can cause troubles.A. byB. inC. forD. at23. If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror ________ in the sky.A. hangB. hangedC. hungD. hangs24. When we call a word “learned,” we do not mean that it is used by learned persons alone,________ simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation.A. soB. sinceC. butD. for25. ________ is accepted as true often is relatively, and not absolutely, true. A. What B. ThatC. WhichD. It26. I ________ awake for about two hours last night.A. lieB. liedC. laidD. lay27. In theory, every person will have ________ to an unlimited amount of information with the development of telecommunication satellites.A. entryC. entranceD. opening28. It is in Iran ________ the family members are involved in the wedding preparations.A. whereB. in whichC. thatD. from which29. I have never before met ________ as he is.A. so an intelligent personB. a so intelligent personC. so intelligent personD. so intelligent a person30. The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide ________ his family.A. forB. withC. upD. overⅡ.阅读理解题Directions: Read the following two passages and then choose the best answer to each question.(1)Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment.Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea.At present it is generally accepted,although more as self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof.The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way,this does not mean,however,that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces.As to this rather complex subject I shall,within the scope of this lecture,enter into one aspect only namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.The theoretical separation of living,working,traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning,has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home,whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home.We have come to the conclusion that this is not right,because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working,is used for activities at and around home.So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house.The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible,and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district,if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets,because the risks of traffic are too great,if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather,in short,if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed afteryou.31.According to the author,the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment _______.A. is still unknownB. is usually neglectedC. is being closely studiedD. has been fully recognized32.The theoretic separation of living,working,traffic and recreation has led to _______.A. the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighborhoodB. the location of recreation facilities far from homeC. relatively little attention for recreative possibilitiesD. the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighborhood33.The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of greenspace should be provided _______.A. in special areasB. in the suburbsC. in the neighborhood of the houseD. in gardens and parks34.According to the author,greenspace facilities should be designed in such a way that _______.A. more obligatory activities might take on a recreation aspect.B. more and more people might have access to themC. an increasing number of recreative activities might be developedD. recreative activities might be brought into our homes35.The main idea of the passage is that _______.A. better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our lifeB. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilitiesC. the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years agoD. priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities(2)The actual work of cleaning and caring for the guest room is performed by the room attendants.Their duties include recognizing the guests,introducing room facilities and service,making or changing beds,dusting furniture,sweeping or cleaning floors and carpets,washing bathrooms,replacing towels and washing clothes,making up room and doing turn-down service.They should also supply any personal service to satisfy the guests' reasonable demands,such as wake-up service,room service,laundry service,shoeshine service and baby-sitting service.Whenever and wherever possible,the staff should offer to do extra things for the guests.In addition,they are expected to check up rooms and report any signs of damage or wear and tear that may make repairs and maintenance necessary.Finally,to be competent hotel staffs,they should be capable of handling with unexpected emergency and try to minimize the damage or negative influence.Room attendants have an intimate contact with the guests.A guest may ask the attendants to make up his room at a certain time,or he may indicate he does not want to be disturbed at all,or he would like to have meals in his room.Almost all hotels provide signs that the guest can hang on the doorknob in either of these cases.In addition,guests frequently ask room attendant for items that are supplied by the housekeeping department,such as irons,transformers,special pillows,extra hangers,cribs for infants and hair dryers.In some hotels,the room attendants pick up and deliver clothing for the laundry and valet service.Heavier chores are performed by men who are usually called housemen.Their work involveswindow-washing,shampooing carpets,polishing metals,removing and cleaning draperies,cleaning the public areas of the hotels,and many other tasks that might be beyond the physical capacities of women.The housemen also run errands for thehousekeeping department,such as providing guests with extra things on request.36.heavy chores are performed by _______.A. housekeepersB. housemenC. room attendantsD. assistants37.The word “intimate" in the first line of the second paragraph means _______.A. close and familiarB. clearC. internalD. interesting38.The word “crib" in the phrase “cribs for infants" means _______.A. copyB. boneC. foodsD. a bed for new baby39.From this passage we can know that _______.A. room attendants work very hard .B. room attendants are very kindC. room attendants are the busiestD. room attendants' work are very important40.Housemen do the following except _______.A. washing windowB. serving foodsC. running errands for the housekeeping departmentD. cleaning draperies（3）We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?” “When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck?”“And Paul-why didn't I pick up that he was friendly just because I had a car?” When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it's too late.Why do we go wrong about our friends——or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don't really listen, we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, “You're a lucky dog.” Is he really on your side? If he said, “You're a lucky guy” or “You're a lucky gal,” that's being friendly. But “lucky dog”? There's a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn't see it himself. But bringing in the “dog” bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn't think you deserve your luck.“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn't important. It's telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven't got a date for Saturday night.How can you tell the real meaning behind someone's words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says quare with(符合) the tone of voice? His posture? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.41. In the first paragraph, the writer recalls some things that happened between him and his friends. He ________.A. feels happy, thinking of how nice his friends were to himB. feels he may not have “read” his friends' true feeling correctlyC. is sorry that his friends let him downD. thinks it was a mistake to have broken up with his girl friends, Helen42. In the second paragraph, the writer talks about someone saying, “You're a lucky dog.” He is saying that ________.A. the speaker of this sentence is just being friendlyB. this saying means the same as “You're a lucky guy” or “You're a lucky gal.”C. the word “dog” shouldn't be used to apply to peopleD. sometimes the words give a clue (线索) to the feeling behind the words43. This passage tries to tell you how to ________.A. avoid mistakes about money and friendsB. “size up” peopleC. avoid mistakes in understanding what people tell youD. keep people friendly without trusting them44. In listening to a person the important thing is ________.A. to notice his tone, his posture, and the look in his eyeB. to listen to how he pronounces his wordsC. to check his words against his manner, his tone of voice, and his postureD. not to believe what he says45. The phrase …puts you down? (Para 2, Line 7) can be replaced by another phrase “________”.A. makes you humbleB. reduces you to silenceC. press you downD. makes you sadⅢ.Fill in the blanks with the proper phrases given below.Make some changes if necessary:(20%)be involved in come into service add to be identical to attribute to appropriate for consist of cut down give rise to submit to see leave angry take catch find provide interesting do go46.I have little to _______ what people already know.47.I _______ a research project at present.48.He _______ his success _______ hard work.49.These bad conditions _______ declined tourism in the area recently.50.That area's future weather pattern might _______ long,dry periods.51.The large jet airliner _______ last year.52.The law in that country requires that a wife _______ herself _______ her husband.53.You must _______ the expenditures to what is essential.54.John liked Bob's car so much that he bought a car which _______ Bob's.55.The joke is not _______ such a formal occasion.56. There is no way to escape ________ the work today.57. We will have a visit to the seaside ________ the weather remains clear.58. Had I left a little earlier, I ________ the train.59. The last train ________, we had to walk home.60. A few years later she came home only ________ that her hometown had greatly changed.61. The more she thought about it, ________ she grew.62. I'm sure he ________ Tokyo by this time tomorrow.63. We become used to ________ blood on the news on television, or in full color in newspaper and magazines..64. It is ________ novel I have ever read.65. I can't find the recorder in the room. It must ________ by someone else.Ⅳ.Indicate whether each of the statements is true(T) or false(F)( )66.The most important job of the flight attendants is the safety and comfort of the passengers.( )67.The place where the pilot sits to fly the plane is called the cockpit.( )68.At the end of the flight, passengers use their airline tickets to locate and identify their luggage.( )69.A validated ticket means that the passenger has paid for it and that the airline must provide transportation. ( )70.A reservation card is proof that a reservation was made.( )71.The gift shop manager must be able to speak to all the guests who come into the shop.( )72.Media refers to all the ways of spreading information.( )73.Generally, radio reaches the largest and broadest market, cutting across many different social and income groups. ( )74.The guide has to escort tourists to activities or show them special sights.( )75.A single passenger train may have as many as 20 cars all pulled by the engine at the front of the train.Ⅴ.Phrase translationPart one: Translation the following phrases into English:76.天然公园77.包价旅游78.特别服务项⽬79.珍稀植物和动物80.单位成本81. 他⾛都不会，更不⽤说跑了。
英语专业八级怎么复习
英语专业八级怎么复习英语专业八级的难度非常大，只有复习到位，掌握所有知识，才能通过。
但是很多人都不知道英语专业八级怎么复习，下面是店铺为你整理的英语专业八级的复习方法，希望你喜欢!英语专业八级复习方法一、复习资料：必做的书，只有一本：中国对外翻译出版公司的《历年真题解析》，因为真题是唯一绝对真实的复习资料，所以必做。
此外，还有一本大概绿色皮的上外出的习题集，也是比较好的。
北外在准备专八时，系里面所发的就是这两本书。
当然，除此以外，每个同学都觉得心里没底，都会跑去书店买参考书，那么挑选的时候应注意两点：首先，挑出版社，北外外研社，上外外教社，对外翻译出版公司，首选这三家，我不敢说其他学校或者出版社的书没有好的，但是至少这三家的书不会是没有价值的冒牌书。
其次，关于词汇书，星火的词汇书等有很多，我记得大二考专四的时候，大家还都会买一本词汇，但是专八就少了，因为根据实际经验，根本没有人会背完词汇，所以可以肯定地说，词汇书没有必要，专业四年的词汇，够用了，现补也来不及。
还有，省钱也不是在这个时候，盗版就不要买了，去趟北外对面的外研书店，足以。
考试大纲，很薄一本，建议还是看一下，在书店看一下就可以了，看各部分时间分配，收卷子发卷子的时间，也就是清楚考试流程。
当你买好资料，就会发现有两种，一种是真题，一种是模拟，真题一定要一整套一整套地做，严格掌握时间，把最近一年的模拟题留到考试前几天最后再做;模拟题就比较随意，可以分题型做，阅读，短文改错，有空就做。
最后提醒大家不要搞题海战术，不可能考你做过的题，自己应该清楚，考前作题的目的仅仅是：熟悉题型、掌握时间分配、增强信心。
四年专业的积累，不是一时间狂做题可以补上的。
二、考试中应注意的：1 听力：专八的听力上来发白纸，然后发卷子填空，当然还有听新闻，对话等等，其中发白纸，听完后再发卷子填空的题型对我们很陌生，平时不怎么练，所以需要注意，千万不要因为题目是填单词，听的时候就死抠个别单词，首先重要的还是听懂整个文章结构和内容，做到这点填空的时候自然能记起大部分的词，人的瞬时记忆是很强的，要相信自己，但是如果为了个别词，落下一整段没听明白，那么填空的时候肯定不理想，懵都懵不出来了。
专业四级英语复习资料
60. Prices for bikes at that store run__________250 dollars. A. as high as B. as high to C. so high to D. so high as61. He will not be __________ to vote in this year's election. A. enough old B. as old enough C. old enough D. enough old as62. Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician. A. such B. more C. asD. than63. According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree__________.A. my education will be employed by the universityB. employment will be given to me by the universityC. the university will employ meD. I will be employed by the university64. If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers, __________A. neither he will B. neither will he C. neither won't he D. he won't neither65. _____ is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. I t D. As66. A violent revolution having broken out, all the ports of that country were laid under a(n) ______.A. boycottB. embargoC. embarkD. ban67. Since_________ can't work in the United States without a permit, so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government. A. e migrants B. expatriates C. migrants D. immigrants68. Most investors are taught at the very beginning that there is no place for __________in investment markets.A. feelingB. emotionC. passionD. sentiment69. I__________ my ordinary income by doing some part-time work. A. compliment B. Complement C. supplement D. implement70. Before the statue could be __________to the United States, a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built.A. transformedB. transportedC. transferredD. transmitted71. The final document was, of course, supposed to mend the damage __________upon the world by the war,A. imposedB. impressedC. compelledD. compressed72. Roger, who __________in courage, is highly respected by all his peers in the villages. A. bounds B. possesses C. declares D. abounds73. The tourists are told that the remotest village in this area is only_____ by a river.A. accessible B. available C. obtainable D. achievable74. He__________ interrupted me by asking irrelevant questions. A. continually B. continuously C. consistently D. constantly75. Being a man of _________ and public spirit. Mr. Russell labored zealously to advance the interest of the community and wa s much interested in bringing new manufacturing interests to Waterloo. A. firm B. enterprise C. company D. corporation76. When people do things wrong we should try hard to forgive them, as the idiom goes, “To ______ is human.”A. referB. conferC. deferD. err77. Although gaining a job as a real __________agent or broker may be relatively easy, beginning agents and brokers may face competition from well-established, mo re experienced ones. A. property B. estate C. house D. assets78. The constitution of the State required that property should be __________for taxation at its market value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued79. On June 15, 1909, after Scott finished his rushed plans for his________ to the South Pole, he departed from England.A. tourB. voyageC. expeditionD. excursion80. The government authority had to __________oil and other products so that it would not run out during war.A. shareB. fareC. provideD. rationSECTI ON A COMPOSI TI ON [35 MI N]We all know that men and women play different roles in modern society, and that they differ in many ways, such as how to perceive the world, how to tackle prob lems and how to approach people. Think about the issue and discuss the different ways in which men and women behave in terms of interpersonal relationships, express ing affection, friendship and views on beauty.about 200 words on the following topic:The Different Approaches or Perceptions of Men and WomenMarks will be rewarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.SECTI ON B NOTE-WRI TI NG [10 MI N]Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation:You are William or Aileen. You are invited this weekend to a farewell party hosted by your friend, Sandy, who is going abroad for his PhD. Study. However, yo u are unable to see him off. Write him a note politely declining his invitation and expressing your good wishes to him.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.Key:31-35BCCDC 36-40CBAAB 41-45ACCBD46-50BBADA51-55BCACA56-60CBDCA61-65CCDBD66-70BDDCB 71-75ADAAB 76-80DBBCD英语专业四级完形填空练习第15期An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this __1__—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wro ng with the __2__ to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a/an __3__ education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is __4 __ required by law. I t is not simply to __5__ everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally __6__ to attend school into their teens.Rather, we have a certai n __7__ of the American citizen,a character who is __8__ if he cannot competently assess __9__ his livelihood and happiness are affected by things __10__ of hims elf.But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain __11__, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped __12__ nature to pursue this kind of education.With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is __13_ _ to be educated. Computer-education advocates __14__ this optimistic notion for a pessimism that __15__ their otherwise cheery outlook. __16__ on the c onfusion bet ween educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often __17__ the job prospects of graduates over their education al __18__.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools __19__ the con cept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are __20__ equipped for the professions they want to join.1.[A]distinction [B]topic [C]separation [D]education2.[A]campaign [B]practice [C]action [D]goal3.[A]informal [B]basic [C]technical [D]expensive4.[A]differently [B]universally [C]conversely [D]regularly5.[A]form [B]consist [C]arise [D]raise6.[A]ordered [B]inquired [C]required [D]acquired7.[A]conception [B]information [C]theme [D]imagination 8.[A]complete [B]accomplished [C]incomplete [D]improper9.[A]why [B]what [C]where [D]how 10.[A]inside [B]outside [C]beside [D]aside11.[A]year [B]age [C]day [D]extent 12.[A]in [B]at [C]by [D]with13.[A]fit [B]responsible [C]suitable [D]able 14.[A]consider [B]forget [C]forsake [D]foretell15.[A]believes [B]becomes [C]bears [D]betrays 16.[A]Encountering [B]Banking [C]Devising [D]Seeking17.[A]emphasize [B]encourage [C]engage [D]enlarge 18.[A]academy [B]position [C]degree [D]achievement19.[A]interact [B]introduce [C]announce [D]invent 20.[A]traditionally [B]drastically [C]properly [D]hardly答案： 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.B 20.C英语专业四级完形填空练习第14期A translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages.He must fill facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother to ngue or language of habitual __1__, and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization. This is, as it were, his professional _ _2__. I n addition to this, it is __3__ that he should have an enquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to __4__ quickly the basic principles of new developments.He should be willing to work __5__ his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to __6__ other people because his own __7__ does not always p rove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and __8__ and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a noddin g __9__ with printing techniques and proof-reading.If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firms, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to __10__ rap idly from one source language to __11__, as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently __12__ of him in such work. Bearing in __ 13__ the nature of the translator’s work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, __14__ that he should be able to speak the languages he is __15__ with.If he does speak them, it is an __16__ rather than a hindrance(障碍), but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with. I t is, __17__, de sirable that he should have an __18__ idea about the pronunciation of his source languages, even if this is restricted to knowing how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same __19__ to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does no t __20__.1.[A]application [B]use [C]utility [D]usage2.[A]equipment [B]language [C]performance [D]facility3.[A]wise [B]unique [C]desirable [D]effective4.[A]input [B]grasp [C]seek [D]expand5.[A]on [B]in [C]for [D]by6.[A]learn [B]imitate [C]conduct [D]consult7.[A]profession [B]intelligence [C]knowledge [D]style 8.[A]steadily [B]accurately [C]regularly [D]reasonably9.[A]familiarity [B]acquaintance [C]knowledge [D]skill 10.[A]change [B]transform [C]turn [D]switch11.[A]another [B]other [C]one [D]all 12.[A]lacked [B]required [C]faced [D]confronted13.[A]brain [B]thought [C]mind [D]memory 14.[A]essential [B]unnecessary [C]advantageous [D]useless15.[A]doing [B]dealing [C]deciding [D]working 16.[A]idea [B]advice [C]advantage [D]accordance17.[A]however [B]accordingly [C]consequently [D]thus 18.[A]adjacent [B]ambiguous [C]artificial [D]approximate19.[A]refers [B]comes [C]applies [D]amounts 20.[A]matter [B]mind [C]harm [D]work答案： 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.A2011年英语专四单项选择模拟题(1)51. He advised Jane __ anyone about the shortages of food. A. not telling B. not tell C. tell not D. not to tell52. He operates the new machine as if he __ special training in it. A. has received B. had received C. would receive D. received53. I t is very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you __ it.A. mustn't have doneB. shouldn't have doneC. oughtn't to have doneD. didn't have to do54. __., he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A. Although much he likes herB. Much although he likes herC. As he likes her muchD. Much as he likes her55. The newly broadened stadium is __ of the previous one.A. the size of three timesB. three times the sizeC. as much as the three times sizeD. three times more than the size56. I hope that the little __ I've been able to do has been of some use. A. which B. what C. that D. when57. I like __ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one58. I like to play the piano but I can't play it well. ___ Sophie.A. As is the same with B I t is the same with C. So it is the same as D. So is it with59. I n vain __ to get in touch with the Embassy. A. they tried B. tried they C. did they try D. they have tried60. He had hardly finished the article __ the light went out. A. as B. until C. than D. when61. What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he __ better.A. needn't have doneB. must have doneC. couldn't have doneD. couldn't have done62. "He's no more able to read Japanese than I am." The sentence means thatA. neither he nor I am able to read Japanese.B. I can read Japanese but he can't.C. my Japanese is better than him.D. both he and I are able to read Japanese.63. Which of the following can be used to complete "You'd better do it by yourself, __ you?"A. hadn'tB. wouldn'tC. didn'tD. don't64. In "What do you think he likes?" what is __ of the sentence. A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement65, "He is the last person to be fit for the job." has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA. He is the one that isn't fit for the job.B. He is the one that is not suitable for the job.C. He is the fittest person for the job.D. He might be the person that is least wanted.66. You shouldn't __ your father's instructions. Anyway he is an experienced teacher.A. deduce B. deliberate C. defy D. denounce67. The new underground railway will ___the journey to all parts of the city.A. consume B. eliminate C. formulate D. facilitate68. The new" secretary has written a remarkably __ report only in a few pages but with all the details.A. conciseB. clearC. preciseD. elaborate69. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from __ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination70. The city will __ these buildings to make room for the new highway. A. tear off B. tear out C. tear away D. tear down71. I f anyone wants to be __ by others, wealth, clothing or physical attractiveness are not requirements.A. respectfulB. respectiveC. respectableD. respected72. The little girl was so frightened that she just wouldn't __ her grip on my arm. A. loosen B. remove C. relieve D. dismiss73. Bob isn't __, but he did badly in the final exams last semester. A. gloomy B. dull C. awkward D. tedious74. My tutor, frequently reminds me to ___ myself of every chance to improve my English. A. assure B. inform C. avail D. notify75. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and __A. stabilityB. capabilityC. durabilityD. availability76. Optimism is a ___ shown to be associated with good physical health, less depression and longer life.A. trailB. traitC. traceD. track77. The newly-elected president is determined to __ the established policy of developing agriculture. A. go for B. go on C. go by D. go up78. I am so busy that I only go home to visit my folks once in a blue moon. The italicized phrase means __A. rarelyB. barelyC. now and thenD. one a year79. A man's worth lies not___ in. what he has as in what he is. A. so much B. much so C. too much D. much too80. I t is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind.A. incompatible B. incredible C. indefinite D. indispensable51 [D]【译文】他建议简不要把食物匮乏的情况告诉任何人，【解析】考查动词搭配和动词不定式的否定形式。
词汇学复习资料 大纲 英语专业必考
Chapter11.word:A word is the smallest unit of spoken written language which has meanings and can stand alone. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function2. A word is(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.3.1 the physical structure of the word(1)Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription.(2)Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. In other words, it identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and look into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words.2.2 the semantic structure of the word（1）the word is a unit of speech or writng, which serves the purposeful human communication.（2）the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds that comprise it（3）the word , in writing, is seen as a sequence of letters bounded on either side by a blank space.（4）the word, viewed linguistically, possesses its physical structure (form) and semantic structure (meaning).4.V ocabulary:V ocabulary refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business or known to a particular person.5.V ocabulary and Lexis :Lexi, a mass noun, is defined as the total stick of words in a language.6.Lexicology: the study of meaning and uses of words论述对词汇学的理解包括内容：Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements. Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics, derivation, usage and sociolinguistic distinctions. Any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a languages.Chapter21.The development of English vocabulary. The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449—1100)the former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.*3个重大事件：(1)Teutonic Conquest 乔顿征服(2)Christianity(Latin word)(3)Scandinavian invasionb/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice）1150-1204:French occupied the dnoinant position1204-1500:English gradually come back to a positionc/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.The origins of English words2.1 the native words: Anglo-Saxon elements2.2 the loan words: French, Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, other European elements, ChineseChapter31. American English: is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States.2. British English: is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.3. The history:(1)17th century: The English language was first introduced to the American by British colonization, beginning in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.The language taken there was Elizabethan English(2)The War of Independence : It marks the end of the colonial period.The political independence brings the tendency to develop an American brand of English.4.Americanism: A word, phrase or idiom characteristic of English as it is spoken in the US.5.Difference: pronunciation / spelling/ vocabulary / habitual expression/ grammarChapter41.Neologism(新词): a neologism is a recently coined word, phrase or usage. It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.Chapter51.morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.2.分类：(1)free morphemes (自由词素)(2)bound morphemes (黏着词素): bound root +affixA. Inflectional affixes (-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,est)B. Derivational affixes(3)content and function morpheme(4)derivational and Inflectional morpheme3.Root, stem, base词根、词干、词基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. (词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式)词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料专业英语复习资料一、请写出以下单词的中文意思。
1、floppy disk软盘2、printer打印机3、optical disk光盘4、formatting toolbar 格式工具条5、formula方程式6、relational database关系数据库7、antivirus program抗病毒程序8、fragmented破碎9、user interface用户界面10、bus line总线11、smart card智能卡12、motherboard主板13、digital camera数码相机14、fax machine传真机15、ink-jet printer喷墨打印机16、access time访问时间17、direct access直接存取18、Bluetooth蓝牙19、digital signal数字签名20、protocols协议21、operating system 操作系统22．requirements analysis 需求分析23．network security 网络安全24．data structure 数据结构25．decision support system 决策支持系统26．software crisis 软件危机27．computer virus 电脑病毒28．email attachment 电邮附件29．central processing unit ( CPU )中央处理单元30．ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机31. multimedia 多媒体32. software life cycle软件生命周期33. structured programming 结构化程序34. functional testing 功能测试35. word processor 文字处理36. code windows 代码窗口37. firewall 防火墙38. LAN local area network局域网39. hacker 黑客40. switch 开关41．数据库管理系统database management system42．传输控制协议transmission control protocol43．多文档界面multiple document interface 44．面向对象编程Object-oriented programming 45．只读存储器read-only memory46．数字视频光盘Digital Video Disc47．计算机辅助设计computer aided design48．结构化查询语言Structured Query Language49．通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus50．企业之间的电子商务交易方式EDi二、单项选择题。
英语专业英美文学史复习要点
英语专业英美文学史复习要点I. Some Historical Facts ★★★The earliest inhabitants: Britons (a tribe of Celts)Britain: ―the land of Britons‖Now, the Three Famous Conquests:A. The Roman Conquest (55BC-410AD)1. Britain was invaded by the Romans under the leadership of Julius Caesar in 55 BC, and was completely subjugated to the Roman Empire in 78 A.D.2. Roman mode of life came across to Britain:Conqueror s→theaters; bathsnative Briton s→slaves3. Roman Empire began to decline at the beginning of the 5th C.In 410 A. D. all the Roman troops withdrew and never returned.B. The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066)In 449 A.D., Britain was invaded by three Germanic tribes from the Northeast of Europe:Angles（盎格鲁人）Saxons（撒克逊人）Jutes（朱特人）C. The Norman Conquest (1066-1485)French-speaking Normans, under the leadership of Duke William (William the Conqueror) came in 1066.After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as the King of England. In the Anglo-Norman period, the prominent kind of literature, Romances, were at first all in French.At the end of the 14th century, English became dominant once more.II. Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon Poetry★★1. Pagan Poetry（世俗诗）Also called secular poetry, it does not contain any specific Christian doctrine. It was represented by Beowulf (贝奥武甫).2. Religious Poetry（宗教诗）Also called Christian poetry, it is mainly on biblical stories and sa ints’ lives. Butsometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan（异教徒）ideas. It is represented by Caedmon （凯德蒙）and Cynewulf (基涅武甫）.National epic（民族史诗）★★National epic: epic written in vernacular（本国的）languages, namely, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Poetic Features of ―Beowulf‖ (贝奥武甫)★★★i. The use of alliteration (头韵) is one of its most striking features.In alliterative verse, certain stressed or accented words in a line begin with the same consonant. There are 4 stresses in a line generally, of which three or two show alliteration.ii. The use of kennings:Kenning (代喻）: compound words that serve as metaphor, used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry.For example: ―storm of swords‖ is a kenning for ―battle‖.iii. The use of understatements(抑言陈述) or euphemism (委婉语) , e.g.:―not troublesome‖ > very welcome―need not praise‖ > a right to condemniv. The basically pagan poem has an evident Christian overlay.e.g.:(1) ―God‖ or ―Lord‖ is frequently mentioned as the omnipotent supreme being, along wit h such Christian concepts as the belief in ―future life‖.(2) Grendel is said to be descendant of the errant biblical figure, Cain.The Religious Poetry ★★The religious poetry is also called Christian poetry. It is mainly on biblical stories and saints’ lives. But sometimes there is a mixture of Christian and pagan ideas in these poems. It is represented by Caedmon and Cynewulf.Anglo-Saxon Prose（散文）★★Prose literature did not show its appearance until the 8th century.There were two famous prose writers:V enerable Bede （比德）Alfred the Great （阿尔弗烈德大王）Anglo-Norman Literature★★1066, the year of the Norman conquest, marks the beginning of Anglo-Norman period (1066-1485).Ca. 1200: the beginning of the Middle English Literature.A. Romance ★★★Romance (骑士文学), mostly in French, is the dominant kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period.It is a long composition in verse or prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting a s well as a number of miscellaneous adventures.E ssential features of the Romance★★★1. It lacks general resemblance（相似）to truth or reality.2. It exaggerates the vices（罪恶）of human nature and idealizes the virtues.3. It contains perilous（危险的）adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.4. It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to lady.5. The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.The Matters of Britain★★★This Cycle mainly deals with the exploits（功绩）of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（高潮）of the Arthurian romances.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight★★Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》), a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend. It was considered as the best of Arthurian romance.English Ballads （民歌）★★1. It is oral literature of the English people (esp. peasants).2. It is a story told in song, usu. in 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.3. Its subject matters: young lovers’ struggle against patriarchy（父权制）; conflict between love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1453) between England and France.; matters of class struggle.Robin Hood Ballads: most noted.Translation of the Bible★★1. John Wycliffe (1320-1384), the first attempt to translate the Latin version of the Bible into Middle English.King James’ version (the Authorized V ersion) (1611)Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）★★★Father of English poetryThe first great poet writing in Middle EnglishFounder of English realismMain WorksThe Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The House of Fame 《声誉殿堂》Troilus and Criseide 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》Chaucer’s Contributions★★★i. Chaucer made the London dialect the standard for modern English language, and was the first to write in English. In doing so, established English as the literary language of the country.ii. He introduced ( from France and Italy) the rhymed stanza （诗节）of various types, esp. heroic couplet（英雄偶句诗）, to take the place of the old alliterative verse. iii. His works give a comprehensive picture of Chau cer’s time; For his true-to-life （写实的）depictions, Chaucer is generally regarded as the forerunner of English realism.iv. Chaucer’s gentle satire（讽刺）and mild irony made him a pioneering English humorist writer.The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）(1387-1400)★★★1.The outline of the storyThe story opens with a general prologue telling that on a spring evening, at the Tabard Inn (泰巴旅店), at the South end of London Bridge, Chaucer meets 29 pilgrims ready for Canterburyand he joins them.Suggested by the host of the inn, each is to tell 2 stories going and 2 returning. The best teller will be treated with a fine supper, by the host.Clearly, the structure of The Canterbury Tales is indebted to Boccaccio's Decameron （《十日谈》).As a gigantic plan, 120 stories should be told but only 24 were written.But these tales cover practically all the major types of medieval literature: a. romance;b. folk tale;c. beast fable (神话);d. adventures;e. saint’s life;f. allegorical tale（寓言）;g. sermon（训诫）;h. alchemical account（炼丹术）, etc.2. The General Prologue（总序言）The Canterbury Tales consists of three parts:The General Prologue,24 tales, four of which left unfinished,Separate prologues to each tale.The General Prologue was considered the best part of the whole work, which supplies a picture of people from all walks of life in the medieval England. It in essence serves as a guide.3.The charactersAll kinds of people except the highest and the lowest are represented by these thirty pilgrims（朝圣者）:The gentle class （绅士阶层）is represented by the knight, the squire （骑士扈从）, the monk, the prioress（女修道院院长）,the Oxford scholar, and the Franklin（地主）; The burgher class （市民阶层）is represented by the wealthy trademan, the haberdasher（服装店主）, the carpenter, the landed proprietor（土地业主）, the weaver, the tapestry-maker（挂毯商）, and the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）;The professionals are represented by the lawyer and the physician.Rhyme★★Alliteration（头韵）:stressed words in a line begin with the same consonant, e.g.: great, grew Assonance（谐韵）:stressed words in a line share the same vowel （谐元韵）, e.g.: great, failRhyme（尾韵）:Identity or sameness of terminal sounds in poetic lines or in words, e.g.: great, bait Feet（音步）feet: small groups of syllables（音节）, i.e. the combination of a strong stress and one or two weak stresses.simply put（简言之）:Combination of one stressed syllable（重读音节）& one or two unstressed syllables （非重读音节）e.g. hazel; to swell;The clock struck one.Four standard feet★★(1) iambic (抑扬格, n. iamb)an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable:defeat return(2) anapestic (抑抑扬格, n. anapest)two unstressed syllables → a stressed:understand with a leap(3) trochaic (扬抑格, n. trochee)a stressed → an unstressed:listen double(4) dactylic (扬抑抑格, n. dactyl)a stressed → two unstressed syllables:Here we go merrilyNumber of feet in a line★★★(1) monometer 单音步（one foot）(2) dimeter 二音步（two feet）(3) trimeter 三音步（three feet ）(4) tetrameter 四音步（four feet ）(5) pentameter 五音步（five feet ）(6) hexameter 六音步（six feet）(7) heptameter 七音步（seven feet）(8) octameter 八音步（eight feet）Meter（韵律）The meter of a line（诗行的韵律）not only includes the predominant foot of the line, but also the number of feet that it contains.rhymed stanza （押<尾>韵诗节）Rhymed: correspondence of terminal sounds of words, or of lines of verse. Stanza: a group of lines in a repeated pattern that form a unit within a larger poem. List of stanza names according to number of lines:2 lines = Couplet（对联）3 lines = Tercet（三行诗）4 lines = Quatrain（四行诗）5 lines = Cinquain（五行诗）6 lines = Sestet（六行诗）7 lines = Septet（七行诗）8 lines = Octave（八行诗）heroic couplet (英雄诗体，英雄双韵句)It is a rhymed couplet （押韵对句):a pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter.rhyming scheme（韵法）英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法。
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pollution n. 污染同/近义词：Contamination n. 污染pollutant(s) n. 污染物同/近义词：Effluent n. 排放物Emission n. 排放、排放物pollute v. 污染同/近义词：Contaminate v. primary air pollutant:一次污染物emit v. 排放同/近义词：Discharge v. 排放stagnation n. 停滞threshold n. 极限,域值threshold level n. 极限水平,临界值synergy ['sɪnədʒɪ] n. 协同,配合magnification n. 放大,放大倍率biological mangnification 生物累积作用oxide n. 氧化物mon-oxide n. 一氧化物di-oxide n. 二氧化物tri-oxide n. 三氧化物tetra- n. 词头：四penta- n. ：五pentagonhexa- n. ：六nitrogen n. 氮nitrous a. 氮的，含氮的hydrocarbons n. 烃，碳氢化合物benzene n. 苯Photochemical = Photo（光）+ chemical（化学）Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾oxidant(s) n. 氧化剂particulate(s) n. 颗粒，微粒dust n. 尘soot n. 烟灰，煤烟metallic a. 金属的lead n. 铅cadmium n镉spray n. 喷雾，飞沫v. 喷射，喷溅sulfate n. 硫酸盐pesticide(s) n. 杀虫剂同/近义词insecticide herbicide(s) n. 除草剂同/近义词weedicidepesticide = pest + icidepest 有害物-icide 杀suicide = su- + -icide 自杀su- = self- insecticide = insect + icide insect- 节昆虫herbicide = herb + icide herb 草本植物radon n. 氡fossil n. 化石（such as: coal )e’mission n. 散发，发射，排放aerobic a. 需氧的smelt v. 冶炼ore(s) [ɔ:z] n. 矿石erosion n. 腐蚀，侵蚀mining n. 采矿，矿业1) A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in aharmful concentration.一次污染物是人们直接排放在空气中达到了有害浓度的化学物质。
2). A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.3). Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation.4)The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles andMexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.5)we run into the issue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm.我们的什么构成危害的观点也陷入矛盾之中。
cyclones：n. 旋风分离器e,lectro’static precipitatio n静电除尘器fabric filters 织物过滤器(wet) scrubbers:(湿式)除尘器/洗涤器device(s) n. 装置同/近义词equipment; installationgranular a. 粒状的conduct v. 传导, 采取exam: 1. conduct an investigation (into)2.In an earlier study, we conducted a series of treatment tests on wastewater collectedfrom the PC board shop.3.Treatment tests of wastewater samples were conducted in 500 or 1,000 ml glassbeakers.4.research is being conducted on devices or combinations of conventional devices charged droplet scrubber 带电荷液滴洗涤器conically adv. 成圆锥形地tangentially adv. 沿切线方向的spiral a. 螺旋的centrifugal a. 离心的plug v. 堵塞dehydrator n. 脱水器de- 否定词头; hydra-水合的; 水力的detergent n. 洗涤剂baghouse n. 布袋upstream side n. 迎着气流的一面retain v. 保持,保留同/近义词stag’nate v. 使停滞,滞留keep v. holdperiodically adv. 周期性地,定时性地shake off 抖落,摆脱hopper n. 斗the dew point 露点‘inlet n. 进口反义词outlet n. 出口be laden with 充满；携带，含有particle-laden (gas) 携带颗粒物的气流employ v. 采用Exam. 1). a factory employing a new process of water treatmentor: a new process of water treatment was applied in the factory;i.e. the application of the new process of water treatment / the application of the new water treatment process3). 生化单元采用活性污泥法biochemical unit; activated sludge process efficiency n. 效率low efficiency process v 处理，加工process ore to obtain minerals; process cheeses n. 工艺流程；生产过程the activated sludge process; the process includes 4 stepsvary v. 改变；变更various a. 不同的；各种各样的variation n. 变化；变异pressure drop 压力损失spray tower n. 喷雾塔packed tower n. 填料塔impingement n. 冲击，侵犯impingement plate tower 冲击式板式塔incinerator n. 焚烧装置（such as, furnace)lime n. 石灰impart v. 给予（尤指抽象事物）传授、告知converging a. 收敛、收缩diverge a. 分叉、分歧converging-diverging duct section 收缩扩大管截面draft fan 引风机conjunction n. 联合，关联，连接in conjunction with 与……协力settling ponds 沉淀池liquid film 液膜e,lectro’static =electro- “前缀：电的，用电的” + static “静态的”electrostatic field 静电场ionize v. 使离子化；电离ion n. 离子ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂discharge v. 排放n. 电流（在非导体中的电流，尤指稀薄气体中的电流）migrate v. 移动，移往move (to)polarity n. 相反的neutralize v. 使中和；使中立suspended a. 悬浮的flush v. 冲洗1）… granular bed and panel bed filters have been applied to a limited extent and research is being conducted on devices or combinations of conventional devices科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。
使用被动句的情况：不必说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。
科技文体往往是前后两种。
科技文体所述的是客观规律，尽量避免使用第一、第二人称。
2)The centrifugal force is the major force causing separation of the particulate in acyclone separator.分析: causing … 修饰the force 是非限定性结构3)The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter tomove toward the periphery of the vessel and collect on the walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel.(这种)螺旋运动产生离心力，离心力使得颗粒物质向除尘器的外周运动并且在外壁被截留然后落入除尘器的底部。
4) The basic filter collector or baghouse is capable of operating in excess of 99% efficiency, although satisfactory operation of the system is contingent upon the characteristics of the gas stream (1) and the particulate matter (2)being removed.5）The high energy scrubber, or Venturi, imparts high velocity to the gas stream by means of converging-diverging duct section, and contacts the stream with injected water.分析：红色为主语；谓语动词两个—— impart；contact6）Gas cleaning by electrostatic precipitation is particularly suited for gas streams which can be easily ionized and which contain either liquid or solid particulate matter.分析：gas cleaning by …后置定语7) The method of removal consists of passing the particle-laden gas through an electrostatic field produced by a high voltage electrode(1) and grounded collection surface(2). biodegradation n. 生物降解biodegrade v. 生物降解contaminate v. 污染同/近义词pollute synthetic a 合成的，人造的bioremediation n. 生物修复bio- “前缀：生物的” + remediation“补救，纠正”remedy 治疗，补救，修补biofiltration n. 生物过滤practical a. 实践的practice n./v. 实践practice oral En.professional n. 专业人员a. 专业的off - gas n. 废气，尾气，出口气odors n. 气味；臭气odorous a. 有气味的toxic a. 有毒的，中毒的n. 有毒物同/近义词poisonous a. 有毒的poison n. 毒物、毒药noxious a. 有毒的、有害的deleterious a. 有害的、有毒的harmful a. 有害的hazard n. 危险、公害hazardous a. 危险的、冒险的volatile a. 挥发的volatile organic compounds (VOC) 挥发性有机化合物sector n. 部门bring about 使发生，致使increasingly ad. 日益增长的，愈加stringent a. 严厉的，迫切的address n. 地址address v. 致辞，演讲，从事，处理deal with; tackle obstacles n. 障碍widespread a. 分布广泛的，普遍的wide full-scale a. 与原物一般大小的；工业规模的( 类比pilot )ethanol n. 酒精，乙醇perform v. 执行，表演performance n. 执行，表现，性能disseminate v. 散布to spread abroadexam. disseminate information 散布消息innovative a. 创新的innovate v. 改革，创新implementation n. 执行，应用implement v. bioscrubber n. 生物洗涤器trickle v. 滴流trickling filter n. 滴滤器literature n. 文学作品；著作；文献soil bed n.土壤床sewage n. 污水；下水道同/近义词wastewater n. 废水、污水sewer n. 下水道sewer main 主要下水道municipal a. 市政的incoming a. 引入的，近来的sorption n. 吸附作用(adsorption 吸附)owe to v. 归功于capital n. 资本，资金predominate v. 占优势，掌握，控制= pre（前、预）+dominate（控制）predominantly ad. 主要地aerosol n. 气溶胶，气雾剂aerosol can n. 气雾剂罐Specifically, regulatory programs in most U.S. states have not yet addressed, in a comprehensive manner, the control of air toxics, VOC and odors from smaller sources.特别地，在美国大多数州控制小型排放源排放的大气有毒物质、VOC及臭气的法律法规还没有被系统地提上议事日程。