四级培训基础班写作2--我的讲义汇总
四级基础写作讲义
四级基础写作写作流程：破题，选词，组句，成段，谋篇题目格式练：1.my view on fake commodities2. on-campus marriage3. should the university campus be open to tourists?4.a letter in reply to a friend选词（一）选词要求✧准确贴切，避免重复✧切忌生造✧语体单一练习：1.客人们在共进晚餐后都放松下来，也随便多了。
2. A Her answer was short but accurate.B Her answer was short but hit the nail on the head.（二）常见用词错误✧拼写unversity eviroment concluson argument phanomenonsugestion government polution technology✧赘词1)I will return back as soon as possible.2)No one wants to repeat it again.3)Everyone wants to lead a rich and wealthy life✧搭配Eg. crowded traffic expensive pricestudy/learn knowledge small opportunity✧误用Eg. industrial VS industrious effect VS affectecnomic VS economical continuous VS continualefficient VS effective considerate VS considerable（三）选词标准✧具体表抽象✧名词中心论✧应急措施a. 试用笼统词b. 试用解释性语句练习：1.He is dumb.2.He refused.3.I have never seen such a stubborn person.（四）用词替换&升级（五）题材语料库四级选题特点：1.校园热点话题—在校生活，学习，实践，人生观等2.普通市民关心话题—环境，疾病与健康，社会弊端，休闲娱乐等附一:升级词汇替换about—approximatelyalways—invariablyamount—quantityas a result—consequentlyable—capable, in a(ny)positionall the time--continually, continuously, constantlya lot of-- considerable, substantial, an abundance of(opportunities, sources etc.) basically--essentially, in essence, substantiallybuy—purchaselet, allow--permitbe amount to—constitutebecome smaller--be on the decline ,decrease, decline, diminishbecome worse--deterioratebefore--prior tobegin--commencebetter--superiorbe(come/get) used to --be(come/get) accustomed tobig--major, significant, substantialby means of—by virtue ofcarry out--conduct, execute, implementchange--alter, alteration, modify, modification communication—exchange, interactioncommon—universalcompetitor—rival,opponentconsider—allow for, take into considerationdeal with-- tackledo--conductdo not--fail toend--conclusion(to bring sth. to a conclusion)enough-- sufficient, adequate(grounds, evidence, preparation, resources etc) every year—annuallyexplain—account forfairly--comparatively, moderatelyfamous-- distinguishedfind out-- discover(the cause of, factors behind sth etc)have-- be equipped with, possesshelp--accommodateif--in the event of, in case(of)important—crucial,essential,necessary,vital,indispensable,significantin the end--eventually, ultimatelyin the future—in the days aheadlater--subsequent(ly)less and less--decreasing(ly)keep(doing)-- persist inlong--extensive(coverage, passages, scope)explore-- investigate(possibility),observe(behaviour)more and more--increasinglymuch--considerably, substantiallyneed--demand, requirenow--at present, for the time being, at this momentnowadays-- currentlyoften--frequent(ly)opinion--perspectivequick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)realize--be aware ofremember—bear in mind thatright--appropriate, correct, properset up--establish(a newstate,a government,abusiness),sharp--abrupt, drastic(rise and falls)show—demonstrate,betrayside--aspect(of a problem)small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc)stop-- ceasesuitable--proper, appropriatetherefore--consequentlything--element, aspect, object, factor, considerationthink—assume, believe,consider, deem, emphasize,hold, maintain,reckon,supporttoo--excessively, undulytoo many/ too much --excessive(ly)try –endeavor , striveunderstand--appreciatevery--extremely, immensely, intensely附二：题材语料库永恒话题：经济增长，科技进步，人民生活水平提高极力推荐：英语学习1.学习：素质/应试/终身教育，必修/选修课，学位，留学，文化交流，启发性2.就业：人才市场，面试，工作经验，创业，房地产3.品质：谦虚，幽默，自信，随和，勤奋，忠诚，创造性，道德，智慧，耐心，毅力4.团队：合作，竞争，团队精神，求同存异5.健康：身体，心理，压力，情绪，乐/悲观，积/消极6.社会：政府，改革政策，爱国，与时俱进，抗震救灾，弱势群体，和谐，发展，繁荣，革新7.环境：环保，全球变暖，拼车，生存8.经济：金融危机，富裕，贫穷，商业，股市，利润9.科技：电子，手机，触屏10.休闲：娱乐，大片，健身，减肥，脱口秀组句⏹基本句型之“简单句”1.主谓结构Eg I gazed./ He lies. / I came, I saw, I conquered.Eg Our existence can only be proved by our sufferings.Lover departs, future dims, exam tortues, life pains.But all this sadness proves one thing: we are still alive.To everybody, in sad days, happiness is everywhere, for we have nothing to lose.2.主系表结构Eg “I think, therefore I am.”—DescartesParody “I pod, therefore I am.”—ipodEg “ Knowledge is power.”– Francis Bacon3. 主谓宾结构Eg “Change begets change.”—Charles Dickens4. 主谓宾补结构Eg I find you pretty.5. 主谓双宾A job interview offers the employers a lot of advantages.⏹组句基本要求a 成分完整性1. While waiting for my turn brought me to nervousness.2. Outlines are especially helpful if you want to see the details explain or develop the main idea,and to put these parts into a whole.(如果你想了解这些细节怎样来解释或拓展主要观点，并想把这些细节组合成一个整体，写好提纲事非常有帮助的)3. Being the yougest child, mother hates to see me leave home.b 成分一致性1. They want to keep freshmen from having a car on campus.2. The lecturer leaves time for the audience to ask them questions.3. Those who are imprisoned find it hard to find a job after they have been released.⏹扩展句子方法1.增添法2.并列法a 分句Ⅰ，并列词+分句Ⅱb 分句Ⅰ；并列副词，+分句Ⅱ✧并列连词（7个）：for, and, nor, but,or, yet, so✧并列副词：furthermore, besides, moreover, also, however, nonetheless, nevertheless,still, otherwise, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, hence等3.排比结构Eg It is important for government leaders to think logically, to analyse carefully, and to make decisions practically.Eg Studies serve for delight, for ornament,and for ability.-- Francis BaconEg …and that the government of the people,by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.—Abraham Lincoln4.从属法✧名词性从句✧定语从句✧状语从句练：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪得工作事不可能的。
新东方4 6级考试作文免费辅导课程 讲义-推荐下载
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线产中0不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资2负料2，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置2试时32卷，3各调需类控要管试在路验最习；大题对限到设度位备内。进来在行确管调保路整机敷使组设其高过在中程正资1常料中工试，况卷要下安加与全强过，看度并25工且52作尽22下可护都能1关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编试技5写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备置管4高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并技3试资件且、术卷料中拒管要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
四级写作培训 02
As for me, a long-time book worm, it’s not
read it everywhere when we want. Besides, it will
reduce the resource, it will protect our
environment.
With the developing of information
technology, we are living in an e-era, where Ebased products have become more and more popular (are ubiquitous). E-mails, e-tickets and e-books have played a growing role in our daily life, while paper-based materials, such as traditional books, are suffering a great loss of their readers.
us search and get the information. If the situation
continues like this, will E-books replace the
traditional books?
CET 4
英语四级写作
习作欣赏
E-book is much more convenient than traditional books, you can use it to check the information very quickly and accurately. On the other hand, it’s a way to cut down the paper used. And the young people will be more interested in this style in my opinion.
专四写作讲义2
专四写作讲义武汉新东方刘畅一、首段1、禁忌1）no bombs2）no apologies2、中心主线段：主题词+ 同位语+ 从句+ 态度/ 观点•Making friends on line, a prevailing fashion in this 21st century which booms as never before especially for the younger generations, is wise from my point of view. (07)•The arts festival, a general discussion these days on campus which concerns all the university students, has to be filled with more diversity and creativity. (05) •Telephone, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technology which dominates and promises to reshape our lives and our world, is destined to take the place of traditional letters. (04)3、插入语①单个单词：Anyone, then, who knows the good he ought to do but does not do it, sins.②词组的插入：The Gentleman, by his culture, collects friends about him and through these friends promotes his Goodness.③句子的插入：A craftsman, if he means to do good work, must first sharpen his tools.4、连续发问•Does technology create more problems than it solves? And may it threaten or damage the quality of life? Is it more of a blessing or of a curse? People are sharply divided over this issue. To me, this answer may be negative.•What is there that confers the noblest delight? What is that which swells a man’s breast with pride above that which any other experience can bring to him? Discovery! •Reduce waste on campus：Have you ever left your dorm forgetting to turn off the lights?Have you ever bothered to turn off the tap after washing your clothes? Have you ever seen tables covered with the remains of a meal when you go to the school cafeteria at dinner time? I bet your answers to some of these questions are “yes”.•Making friends on line is wise：Do you still search for pen pals everywhere with bewilderment? Do you still spend a large sum of money only to mail a written letter to a friend afar or even thousands of miles away in another continent? If yes, try to attempt to get a new acquaintance via Internet, a rather wiser choice.二、中间段1、段落结构：2、段落层次：还原逻辑词•When I was at middle-school, my parents were both out of work. (Therefore,) My parents felt disappointed and I was greatly worried about my future. (Consequently,) Our life became very terrible. (so …that …) I even decided to commit suicide. (Later,) Our neighbor learnt about my family’s condition, and they began to help us. (Meanwhile,) They lent a few money to my parents and my parents use these money to open a shop.(Moreover,) They help me to study. (In the end,) My parents finally got through hard life. SoI say that love is great.3、观点对比+利弊说明1）“一些人认为”——Some无数的numerous / myriad (a number / myriad of)大量的A considerable / significant / noticeable amount / quantity / portion of对半的almost / nearly / approximately half of大多的the (vast / overwhelming) majority of2）“一些人认为”——people公众the public各行各业people from all walks of life / community / education / background支持/反对者followers – objectors；consenters –dissenters参与者participants / candidates / interviewees3）“一些人认为”——think认为assume / claim / declare / assert / state / insist/ maintain tha t…支持express / show / demonstrate one’s support for赞成/ 反对cast one’s ballot for / against；stand on the side of意见是one’s viewpoint is that / be with the view that4）导致利弊Advantage / disadvantage; merit / drawback; blessing / curse; benefit / harm; outweigh lead to, contribute to, result in, bring about, give rise to …owing to, due to, thanks to, result from, in that, attribute to …5）句式•Many people consider it appropriate that more emphasis should be put on the development of students’ capacity for reason ing and logical thinking, whilst others think that more benefits would be gained from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.•Those who … argue that… while others who… claim that…6）框架①启•Answers shall find it is of difficulty to please all, as the old say goes. Therefore, it is quite understandable that people from diverse backgrounds put different interpretations on the same issue of ….• A question begging an answer centers on whether …, or whether…. Determining the answer will far from an easy proposition, but is nonetheless one that deserves careful and deliberate consideration.②承：•On the one hand, the majority is in favor of the idea that….•Thunderous applause could be heard to maintain the idea that…③转•One the other side of the coin, adverse voices cast their ballots for the belief that….•Discommenders and antis, however, cou ld not concur with the former by insisting that….④合：•All things considered, an unshakable conclusion could be safely drawn that …•Balancing the advantages and drawbacks of this issue, I am bound to accept the former / latter viewpoint, intending to stand on the side that …A question begging an answer centers on whether or not one ought to expect a reward when doing a good deed. Determining the answer will far from an easy proposition, but isnonetheless one that deserves careful and deliberate consideration.On the one hand, the majority is in favor of the idea that to receive a reward after doing good deeds is beyond any doubt due to the reason that “A good turn deserves another”, as the old saying goes, which indicates that a good deed, surely, ought to bring about a reward, the motivation or the stimulus for the favor.One the other side of the coin, adverse voices cast their ballots for the belief that good deeds belong to voluntary work, purely out of willingness, which has nothing to do with expectation for rewards, following the outstanding example of the great communist soldier Lei Feng –who “devoted his limited life to the limitless cause of serving the people”.In short, balancing the advantages and drawbacks of this issue, I am bound to accept the latter viewpoint, intending to stand on the side that good deeds are supposed to result from spontaneous reaction confronted with certain circumstances.4、原因列举：•There are two reasons accounting for my view. For one thing, fast forward a few years, making friends may no longer be a problem owing to the fact that the Internet affords us the opportunity to communicate not only with people who are conveniently close by but also with those who might be thousands of miles away in another continent. For another, more importantly, we can make friends of different races and cultures and this can expose us to a new language, culture and belief.•衍生句型：What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise? For one thing, people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness. For another, the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues. The main thing perhaps centers on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides.•仿写： Why are an increasing number of elderly Chinese parents living apart from their children?One reason is the increasing upward mobility of the younger generation.Another is expanding social opportunities for the elderly. Perhaps the main reason, however, centers on dramatic changes in traditional concepts.5、举例论证1）个人实例●An example shoule be added to highlight the issue discussed above. Todemonstrate, Thomas Edison– diligent, world-famous and doing very well in his early life –continued to pursue something more difficult all through his life. “Genius consists of 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.” Such is the remark made by him. It is true indeed. Thomas Edison’s case is a typical example that keeping making progress and daring to stride forward always has to be considered as the right attitude towards life and work for everyone who longs for success.●To specify this statement, I would like to take an example. Helen Keller – blind anddeaf – is always admired and remembered as a heroine striving for the dream in her life’s journey.（可用于论述：成功；信心；毅力；奋斗；理想；决心……）With language, she proved she could communicate in the world of sight and sound – an was able to speak to it and live in it. “Literature is my utopia. Here I am not disenfranchised.” Helen’s case is a typical example that how knowledge could liberate and cultivate one’s mind.●For instance, Mr. Bill Gates – when making his decision to drop out from Harvard –did not care too much of the result. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operatingsystems. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.● A very good case in point is that a person of great reputation, Columbus, whodiscovered America, owed his success to his singleness of purpose and determination. On the ocean he suffered the affliction of storms and tempests hundreds of times. However, instead of admitting defeats, he went forward. There is no denying that success is more often the definite result of a person’s self-discipline, had work and, most of all, perseverance.2）历史实例•The year was 1978. stepped, for the first time, upon a mysterious land, China. Wayne Jackson who paid his visit to the Great Wall and the Summer Palace and got himself deeply impressed by Chinese culture. When he returned to the US, he devoted his rest life to the intercommunion of bilateral cultures and won the Presidential Award in 1982.•The year was 1943. Millions upon millions of Jews were being marched into gas chambers.During the following two years, more Jews perished in the holocaust. Among them, there was a five-year-old boy named Abraham whose eyes were filled with fears and tears. From his vacant and spiritless eyesight, we may easily read out his yearning towards peace. 3）细节论证①数据论证：● A survey issued by the department of Sociology at Wuhan University suggeststhat 21.7%college students suffer from pressure of academic studies. It is an 11.2% increase, compared with last year.● A recent survey showed that … percent of respondents ranked … as their top priority,compared to … percent only a few years ago.②名言论证：●One of the great early writers worte that …. If this is true, then the present situationsh ould make us wonder whether … is reasonable. To this issue, my answer is CERTAINLY YES / DEFINITELY NO.●“….” Such is the remark made by …, a great …. This view has been shared / challengednow by more and more people.●Adler is correct in this assertion t hat ….三、结论段Some strategies for closing paragraphs• 1. Summarize the essay• 2. Echo the introduction• 3. Restate the thesis (thesis is the main idea of your essay)• 4. Create an image• 5. Striking a note of hope or desair• 6. Use a quotation•7. Give a symbolic or powerful fact or other detail•8. Recommend a course of action1、禁忌：中文表决心方式2、常用句型1）形式主语2）被动语态3）虚拟语气4）无灵主语3、结尾方法1）归纳结论（主题同义改写＋观点概括）•Why, then, do I teach? (1) I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar. … (2) I teach because teachin g is a profession built on change. … (3) I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. … So teaching gives me pace, variety, freedom, and challenge.2）反诘提问•What makes pollution so severe nowadays? Firstly, people throw life wastes carelessly, with them littering streets, rivers and fields. Secondly, the development of economy deteriorates our environment to a great extent. The major pollutant is the industrial wastes.The waste gas diets the air and the waste liquid from factories poisons the water. Thirdly, some pollutions spread out fast without effective solution to them. Green house effect, for instance, has caused the iceberg at the two poles to melt, which means that lots of countries will be flood-stricken.• A. If our environment is going on to be polluted in these ways, what a world shall we leave our later generations?• B. How can we live a happy and healthy life, if our environment is too polluted to have fresh air to breathe or clean water to drink?3）提出建议，呼吁行动•95年“课外兼职的利弊”•Since taking a part-time job is both a blessing and a curse, college students have to be wise enough to strike a balance between academic studies and part-time jobs.（折中）•96年“大学生活和中学生活的不同”•In short, different from middle school, college life develops me into an independent adult.Dear friends, when you enter the college, you are on the way to be an independent individual. So, rely on yourselves in daily life and manage your academic studies on your own.（倾向性）•00年：“课外活动重要性”•Extracurricular activities are very important to college students in their healthy development, so I want to suggest that Students’ Union organize more meaningful activities and every student actively take part in carious activities.•02年：“保持健康的最佳方式”•Since sports is so important to keep us healthy, let’s do physical exercise everyday.•05年：“给艺术节提建议”•In my viewpoint, a university arts festival is a world for us students to be closer friends. The stage is ours. Fellow students, come on and wrap your arms around next semest er’s university arts festival.4）展望未来05年：为艺术节提建议•Of course, there should be other shows to attract more students and show their own talents. I really hope that my suggestions are of help to the festival. I wish this festival could be held successfully and it would be a real show of our talents.98年：“解决污染的一个建议”•I believe by using electricity to replace petrol as an important source of power, the worldwill be cleaner, where we can breathe more freely, and trees will turn green again.5）模板句型No topic has received more attention than the one presented now.Quite obviously, p eople seem to fail to take into account the fact that ….And I believe that anyone who is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.Thus, we have to spare no effort to face the challenges and better the situation, which is a matter of achivement and failure – a matter no one and no nation can afford to ignore.As the famous saying goes: when the going gets tough, the tough get going.A much better and brighter future will surely await us.My view is that, first of all, it is of great necessity for the government and authorities concerned to ….Furthermore, emphasis has to be paid to ….Finally, it is high time that drastic and immediate measures were taken to ….The methodology suggested may not guarantee ultimate success, but the eventual pay-off could well be worth the effort.By means of adopting such ways, a much better and brighter future will surely await us.We have to seek immediate solutions for….Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a method.It is essential to heed warnings of potentially catastrophic consequences associated with … and, in turn, to attach top priority to finding effective solutions to ensure ….Immediate solutions for solving problems surrounding … remain elusive.However, public recognition of the importance and necessity to … will represent the first step in finding effective solutions.We do, in fact, have a long way to go to reach our final goal.The time is right for us to take full advantage of ample existing opportunities.Whatever the outcome, we have to resolutely proceed with our objective.To address this issue and to …, goverments and authorities concerned should unite to work out effective measures against ….For instan ce, there should be ….Moreover, the public attachment to the importance of … would play a decisive role in….In addition, w e should enhance the awareness of people that … is extraordinarily vital to us. Only in this way can we ….复习一、内容：1、你想说的最重要的事是什么？如果已经说出来了，在草稿中找出这段话，并在句子下面划线。
写作-大学英语四级考试辅导讲义
正保远程教育旗下品牌网站 美国纽交所上市公司(NYSE:DL)外语教育网 外语学习的网上乐园 大学英语四级考试辅导讲义大学英语四级写作一、命题形式： 1.提纲作文 2.图表作文二、命题重点： 1.大学生话题 (学习、生活、择业)2.社会热点现象3.价值观话题2012-12Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Education Pays based on the statistics provided in the chart below (Weekly earnings in 2010). Please give a brief description of the chart first and then make comments on it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Education: A Worthy InvestmentWeekly earnings in 2010($)Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics2012-6Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Excessive Packaging following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.1. 目前许多商品存在过度包装的现象2．出现这一现象的原因3．我对这一现象的看法和建议2011-12Directions: You're allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of time." You'd write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.。
专业英语四级写作讲义
专业英语四级写作讲义-第一部分：专业英语四级写作题型1）旧题：Direction-Write2）新题：Read-Summarize-CommentRead carefully the following except on term-time holiday arguments in the U.K. and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should: •summarize the main message of the except, and then•comment on whether parents should take children out of school for holiday during term time in order to save money.第二部分：不变1）题材●环保、社会经济发展、诚信、文化）●教育择业、人生哲理（价值观）●爱心和伦理、健康、网络电讯2）核心内容（开篇点题-关联词-核心例证）第三部分：变●第一段●做题流程第四部分：做题流程1）阅读：首尾、转折、否定2）归纳主旨、看出写作题材3）第一段：模板+主题词●不能没有模板（原创的危险性）●也不能只背模板句●模板和文章指向内容相融合4）第二段：提供相应例证对于主题进行支持5）第三段：呼应第一段As one of your tenants, I am writing to kindly inform you that I feel awfully sorry for what had happened. Last night I had a bitter quarrel with my girlfriend Niki who co-lives with me in the Charles Street, Boston, MA. When I was playing the League of Legends with my team on your Alien computer,she came to the living room, urging me to work harder for the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Immediately, I felt extremely impatient and anxious. Unfortunately, I couldn’t help pushing her on the abdomen. This bitch suddenly ran wild, up my iphone 7 plus from the dinner table and threw it right on my nose, saying “Your mother fucker! Asshole! ” Abnormally, I dodged unconsciously and that mobile phone narrowly flew over the tip of my left eyebrow, smashing your computer screen spontaneously.例子：首尾It is a warm autumn morning, and I am walking through downtown Mountain View, Calif. A small vehicle that looks like a cross between a golf cart and a bubble-topped spaceship glides to a stop at an intersection. Someone is sitting in the passenger seat, but no one seems to be sitting in the driver seat. How odd, I think. And then I realize I am looking at a Google car. The technology giant is headquartered in Mountain View, and the company is road-testing its diminutive autonomous cars there. This is my first encounter with a fully autonomous vehicle on a public road.The Google car waits patiently as a pedestrian passes in front of it. Another car across the intersection signals a left-hand turn, but the Google car has the right of way. The automated vehicle takes the initiative and smoothly accelerates through the intersection. The passenger, I notice, appears preternaturally calm.I am both amazed and unsettled. I have heard from friends and colleagues that my reaction is not uncommon. A driverless car can challenge many assumptions about human superiority to machines.例子：转折词不见得是But, However, Nevertheless,It is frequently assumed that/the mechanization of work has a revolutionaryeffect/on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex ... into public industry." Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.In fact, historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, seriously question this assumption of transforming power.注意以下词汇：1）但是：But, However, Nevertheless2）实际上：In fact, Actually, As a matter of fact, Indeed3）让步：though, even though, although4）惊奇、不幸、讽刺：astonishingly, surprisingly, stunningly, startlingly, unfortunately, ironically5）Instead of, rather than结论：1）读很重要，没有观点，无法写好第一段2）找到主旨，第一段填空The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 words3）关键是第二段4）讲课顺序：●怎么套第一段●第二段应该怎么想●怎么背第五部分：怎么套第一段1）第一句话：5-8秒2）第二句话：抓住议论文的特点，用模板句过渡3）总结文章的主题，形成填空The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 words4）如何填空●定名词，不要乱换●换动词，换（消）形容词●换句型和语序例子：The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 wordsThe essay mainly discusses the effects of mechanization effects on the individuals and society. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that the power of machines cannot greatly change the women’s lives, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 wordsquestion: …the transforming power of machines on the women’s lives is questionable.第六部分：定住第一段，才能写好第二段1）如何进行头脑风暴物质金钱责任爱心作息娱乐健康方便快捷沟通安全时尚素质成功违法文化发展环保趋势管制2）背诵顺序●先宏观题材●再微观题材●注意人生哲理和教育择业（和八级考试类似）第七部分：各种题材的写法题材1：社会经济发展写作思路第一段：表态第二段：分析好处：调整产业结构-整合资源-增加政府税收-增加就业-改善基建设施-国际化形象问题：环保-交通堵塞-出行不便-恐怖袭击第三段：建议措施：建立机制-制定计划-听专家的-媒体-万能结尾句旧题目的考法：Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don't think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:新题目的考法：So many places in the world rely heavily on tourism as a key source of income and employment nowadays, as well as a way of showing off national and local heritage, plus perceived successes.Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems too, especially if it is not managed correctly. A constant flow of foreign visitors can, for instance, undermine the beauty, uniqueness, character, and social coherence of a tourist destination over time.It is easy to underestimate the scale of world tourism without being aware of the figures. There were estimated to be around 983 million international tourist arrivals In 2011 —this is nearly a 5 percent increase on the numbers in the previous year.Travelers in those sorts of numbers can easily present huge challenges and problems for many destinations, including transport, places to stay, policing, and maintenance.参考范文The essay above mainly discusses the advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (drawbacks) of tourism development. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and in-depth analysis, the author holds that tourism industry is of great importance (indispensable) for a nation under rapid economic growth. In this process, the importance of environmental protection cannot be ignored, as can beseen in the following paragraphs.There’s no denying the fact that (Evidently/Beyond doubt/Undeniably,) there exist some problems such as air quality degradation and water pollution. The most serious ones even include the loss of local ecological balance (a terrorist attack), while the minor ones are the commuting inconvenience to the local residents. This statement does have a grain of truth at the first glimpse. But it must be pointed out that the social and economic return of tourism is attractive. For one thing, in the process of developing this industry, a tourist city can not only pool its various resources, but also adjust its industrial structure. In this way, infrastructure construction can be greatly strengthened, hence providing a solid basis to the sustaining urban growth. For another thing, tourism growth will provide new incentive to the local economy, because its boom often becomes a source of government revenue as well as a provider of job opportunities. To conclude, the influence of encouraging tourism industry is far reaching, in terms of social development and economic reward （international image）.To sum up, it is essential that a country provide mechanism for the development of tourism industry. To bring its negative influence under control, the government department can make plans for the environmental conservation. In this way, a tourist city can impress the outside world with its new image: a place with beautiful scenes, meanwhile, with a high level of civilization.补充好词好句：“万能”结尾段：模板和主题指向相结合1）建立机制：In the issue of 主题词 (misleading information and empty promises in the advertisements), it is essential that an effective feedback mechanism (should) be set up at the government level.2）制定计划：In this framework, the relevant government departments are supposed to make concrete plans to control … (promote …).3）听专家的话：Meanwhile, advice from researchers and experts cannot be ignored:After all, they are more professional and qualified, especially in the process of policy making (in the establishment of quality standard system).4）媒体的力量：The mainstream media, including TV stations and websites, is also an indispensable part. They can launch a campaign in (give a wide coverage to) the issue. In this way, the general public can form the awareness that … is the mainstream (the general trend), and then play their part in this matter. 5）结尾1: In a sense, it is not why the issue exists in our society, but what should be done to handle it properly.6）Having read this essay, some readers might think that my proposals are somewhat conservative, no less traditional, but they are at least rational and realistic. 7）My advices sound general, because I am not professional in this field, but they are at least rational and realistic.题材2：环保写作思路第一段：表态第二段：分析好处：调整产业结构-整合资源-增加政府税收-增加就业-改善基建设施-国际化形象问题：为了利润-不自律-不负责-没责任感-政府不管-破坏-消失第三段：建立机制…写作练习题：大气雾霾防治（引文略）The essay above mainly discusses the issue of air pollution in a large city under rapid development. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and in-depth analysis, the author holds that the elimination of PM 2.5 is of great importance for a nation, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.Evidently, as a country with rapid economic development, China has to various resources, adjusting its industrial structure. In this background, economicactivities are the most important in the national strategy. In this process, air pollution is almost inevitable. This statement does have a grain of truth at the first glimpse, but it must be pointed out that some industries, such as mining sectors and steam plants and metallurgical factories, often lack self-discipline in their daily business operation, discharging various kinds of air pollutants into the atmosphere. For another thing, their responsibility of environmental protection is seldom truly performed. In this situation, under a slack supervision system, these activities are bringing a negative influence to the urban development. The environment is being ruined in many large cities. Clean air and blue sky are gradually vanishing from these regions.On the basis of the analysis, effective measures can be taken as following. First, the central authority of China is supposed to provide a control mechanism so that air pollution can be limited, but the incentive of economic growth is maintained. Second, the government department must make concrete plans to control pollutant emission. Third and last, it is essential that new technologies be developed, the most reliable method to change the whole situation. My advices sound general, because I am not professional in this field, but they are at least rational and realistic.题材3：诚信话题思路：1）便利-效率-安全2）金钱-自律操守-责任-管制-破坏-消失原文：After supper, most people would sit on the sofa and watch TV programs with families. And there is one thing always annoying people-TV commercial. TV commercial is such a thing which almost involved every TV grogram and every person's life. Some people claimed that TV commercials should be eliminated because TV programs misleadpeople to buy some useless products, it caused a lot of waste.In order to hook the potential consumers, some TV ads choose ambiguous introductory statements to highlight the so-called special performance of their products. In this case, many TV viewers often receive the information passively, thus very often paying for a product which doesn’t meet their potential demand.But sometimes TV commercial does bring us some conveniences. First is that TV station needs money to make more interesting programs. The business men give them money and they insert the TV commercials inside their programs-that's a fairly deal. The second is that TV commercials also provide people with some useful information. People could know what products are popular currently and what they should buy through the information. The last is that TV commercials give people a chance to have a break when they are watching an excellent TV program. You can have a rest, go fetch some foods or go to toilet without missing any interesting things.参考范文：题目转化为：Nowadays TV commercials are gaining increasing popularity in our lives. What are their advantages and drawbacks? Give your opinion.第一段：Some people think that, other people think that并不好写Recently, there emerged a social highlight, that is, various kinds of advertisements are gaining more popularity in our lives. Some people believe that their benefits outweigh the so-called problems, while others argue that the opposite might be true. By comparison, I agree with the latter point of view for the reason as following.Evidently, advertisements are indispensable in our lives，providing the consumers with convenience and efficiency (或者a wealth of information such as the size and function of a product. However, it must be pointed out that (those who disagree with such a point of view emphasize that) some drawbacks of TV commercials cannot be overlooked, particularly misleading information, false message or emptymessage they probably provide. Under a slack supervision system, the lack of occupational self-discipline among some advertisement companies will probably bring a negative influence to the market: the reputation of the whole industry is being ruined, and the faith to quality foods is gradually vanishing from the consumer groups.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view. I believe that consumers can benefit greatly from advertisements on TV. However, despite the fact that there might be some advantages, it is still necessary that some feedback mechanism should be set up at the government level. In this framework, a serried of plans can be make in order to control those misleading TV commercial into the market. Meanwhile, researchers and experts must play their part in this issue: they are more professional and qualified, particularly in the establishment of standard system. My proposals might be conservative, but it is at least rational and realistic.题材4：文化和时尚思路：1）时尚：便利-效率-简洁-消费-时尚2）文化：历史-智慧-遗产-形象-价值-过时题目：Traditional Chinese characters r simplified Chinese characters?PART ⅥWRITINGShould we revive traditional Chinese characters orcontinue using simpli fied characters? This has been an intensely discussed question for ye ars. The following are the supporters' and opponents' opinions. Read carefully the opinions fromboth sides and writer your response in no less than 200 words, in which you should firstsummarize the opinion s from both sides and give your view on the issue.YESTraditional characters, which date back to more than 2000 years ago, have a more beautifulappearance and a more reasonable structure. As indicated by examples, traditional characters make more sense, convey traditional values and can thereforerepresent traditional culture.For two millennia, Chinese historical records and classic works were written in traditionalcharacters. To be able to read them and inherit traditional culture, we need to bringtraditional characters back. Politically, it is also necessary to restore traditional Chinese chara cters. Currently, traditionalcharacters are still in used in Hong Kong, Taiwan and many Chinese communities around theworld. Restoring them can contribute to cross-Str aits exchanges and national reunification andunite Chinese people aroun d the world.NOIn today's world, efficiency matters most. Traditional characters, whic h usually have morestrokes than simplified ones, are more difficult t o learn. By contrast simplified, characters aremuch easier to learn and use.Over the past 50 years, lots of classic texts have been turned into simplified-characterversions, which means simplified-character can also promote and preserve traditional culture.Constant simplification has been a trend in the evolution of Chinese characters. From theoracle bones script of 3000 years ago to tradit ional characters, the Chinese writing systemhas always been slimming d own for better communication.参考范文：As is shown in the essay above, simplified Chinese characters become increasingly important in the modern society. However, the influence of traditionalones cannot be ignored. People might vary in their views in this matter, but simplified characters are the trend in the future, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.There’s no denying the fact that those traditional Chinese characters have a long history in a country like China, and they are still being used in some other parts (regions) of China. These characters can either be regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization, but also represent an element of national heritage. Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that simplified language system is indispensable for a nation under rapid development. For one thing, efficiency is the key note in this transformation. For another thing, productiveness plays a key role in various kinds of economic and social activities. As a result, it is inevitable that language changes into an open and direct pattern in order to achieve face-to-face communication. In this situation, simplified Chinese characters are the primary choice (option) for many people, even though traditional ones also have a folk value in a country.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view in the first paragraph. Language will become increasingly simplified along with the social development. This statement might not be conservative, but it is at least rational and realistic, at least in the current social setting in China.(230 words)题材5：爱心关注思路：物质金钱责任爱样文：如果不是对立观点怎么办？December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world havevolunteered to help those in needs. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?The above mentioned facts show that volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial or social gain "to benefit another person, group or organization". Volunteering is also renowned for the improvement of human quality of life. Volunteering may have positive benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education and emergency. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster.参考范文The essay above mainly discusses the issue of volunteering in the world. By providing concrete facts and reliable statistics, the author holds that a growing number of people are doing volunteering work in our society. And they are playing an increasingly important (indispensable) part in a civilized society, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.Undeniably, Those who disagree with volunteering might emphasize that people are hard pressed with test results or a tight job market, so it is hard to strike a balance between volunteering and one’s career. Such possibility does exist, but it must be pointed out that the influence of volunteering is still indispensable. The major reason is that such work enables many professional or warm-hearted people them to assist the elders, the young, and the homeless. It follows that the social responsibility and moral obligation can be better carried out. As a result, those disadvantaged groups can receive material support, mental back-up and spiritual comfort.In sum, I believe that people can benefit greatly from their volunteering work. Love is never vague and abstract, but always visible and concrete. Different socialgroups can be brought together, when each citizen extends his helping hand.题材6：身心健康：基本思路：金钱-占用时间-耗费精力-生活颠倒-亚健康选文：如果段落比较难，怎么办？抓名词-代词-连词It seems particularly apropos given our current social climate to pay lip service to stress. We have to deal with it often, despite our best attempts to avoid it. Fortunately some kinds of stress are minor and innocuous, yet others are incendiary and damaging.No matter the scale, the consequence, or the context, understanding how to deal with stress, or say physical and mental pressure, is a life skill. I know that some people are even crippled by the thought of stress. I think that any stress-related fears arise because we are never taught how to grapple with such moments. It’s a shame, and perhaps many a more grave situation could be avoided were we imparted with some resolution and avoidance strategies at an early age.参考范文：追求非模板？不如背（写）模板还没学会走，就不要想着跑。
英语四级写作培训讲义.doc
英语四级写作培训讲义李国庆四级考试从1987年以来已经走过了23个年头。
2006年6月实行新四级考试，12月份开始全国将全面推行新四级考试。
对于新四级考试，我们可以清楚地看到，虽然考试难度较之以前有所偏易，但是考试本身对于英语的全面考察却是加强了。
新四级考试，题型分为写作、快速阅读、听力、基本阅读、选词填空、完型填空和汉译英。
就我个人而言，写作、听力和阅读(快速阅读和基础阅读)是重点，因此考生对于这三部分的得分多少，将直接决定着其考试分数的高低。
下面就让我们学习英语四级的写作一、四级写作的问题(一)存在问题1.不会写所谓不会写指的是，当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提笔进行写作。
笔者认为主要是存在以下两个原因：一是考生的确无话可说;二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。
于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。
2.写不好所谓写不好就是，拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，不按套路出牌;或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，近而没有文采。
原因在于：第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯;第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。
(二)解决办法第一，首先必须熟悉英语四级写作具体要求。
英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。
体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。
针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。
比如，以议论文举例来说：1.议论文写作思路2.议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic);正反观点型作文(A&B)3.阐述主题型作文写作：(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述)4. 正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述，最后得出你自己的结论。
采用论点加论据写作形式。
)第二，熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。
1.英语文章段落结构特点英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句(1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。
专业英语四级写作讲义
专业英语四级写作讲义专业英语四级写作讲义-第⼀部分：专业英语四级写作题型1）旧题：Direction-Write2）新题：Read-Summarize-CommentRead carefully the following except on term-time holiday arguments in the U.K. and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should: ?summarize the main message of the except, and thencomment on whether parents should take children out of school for holiday during term time in order to save money.第⼆部分：不变1）题材●环保、社会经济发展、诚信、⽂化）●教育择业、⼈⽣哲理（价值观）●爱⼼和伦理、健康、⽹络电讯2）核⼼内容（开篇点题-关联词-核⼼例证）第三部分：变●第⼀段●做题流程第四部分：做题流程1）阅读：⾸尾、转折、否定2）归纳主旨、看出写作题材3）第⼀段：模板+主题词●不能没有模板（原创的危险性）●也不能只背模板句●模板和⽂章指向内容相融合4）第⼆段：提供相应例证对于主题进⾏⽀持5）第三段：呼应第⼀段As one of your tenants, I am writing to kindly inform you that I feel awfully sorry for what had happened. Last night I had a bitter quarrel with my girlfriend Niki who co-lives with me in the Charles Street, Boston, MA. When I was playing the League of Legends with my team on your Alien computer,she came to the living room, urging me to work harder for the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Immediately, I felt extremely impatient and anxious. Unfortunately, I couldn’t help pushing her on the abdomen. This bitch suddenly ran wild, up my iphone 7 plus from the dinner table and threw it right on my nose, saying “Your mother fucker! Asshole! ” Abnormally, I dodged unconsciously and that mobile phone narrowly flew over the tip of my left eyebrow, smashing your computer screen spontaneously.例⼦：⾸尾It is a warm autumn morning, and I am walking through downtown Mountain View, Calif. A small vehicle that looks like a cross between a golf cart and a bubble-topped spaceship glides to a stop at an intersection. Someone is sitting in the passenger seat, but no one seems to be sitting in the driver seat. How odd, I think. And then I realize I am looking at a Google car. The technology giant is headquartered in Mountain View, and the company is road-testing its diminutive autonomous cars there. This is my first encounter with a fully autonomous vehicle on a public road.The Google car waits patiently as a pedestrian passes in front of it. Another car across the intersection signals a left-handturn, but the Google car has the right of way. The automated vehicle takes the initiative and smoothly accelerates through the intersection. The passenger, I notice, appears preternaturally calm.I am both amazed and unsettled. I have heard from friends and colleagues that my reaction is not uncommon. A driverless car can challenge many assumptions about human superiority to machines.例⼦：转折词不见得是But, However, Nevertheless,It is frequently assumed that/the mechanization of work has a revolutionaryeffect/on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex ... into public industry." Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.In fact, historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, seriously question this assumption of transforming power.注意以下词汇：1）但是：But, However, Nevertheless2）实际上：In fact, Actually, As a matter of fact, Indeed3）让步：though, even though, although4）惊奇、不幸、讽刺：astonishingly, surprisingly, stunningly, startlingly, unfortunately, ironically5）Instead of, rather than结论：1）读很重要，没有观点，⽆法写好第⼀段2）找到主旨，第⼀段填空The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 words3）关键是第⼆段4）讲课顺序：●怎么套第⼀段●第⼆段应该怎么想●怎么背第五部分：怎么套第⼀段1）第⼀句话：5-8秒2）第⼆句话：抓住议论⽂的特点，⽤模板句过渡3）总结⽂章的主题，形成填空The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 words4）如何填空●定名词，不要乱换●换动词，换（消）形容词●换句型和语序例⼦：The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 wordsThe essay mainly discusses the effects of mechanization effects on the individuals and society. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that the power of machines cannot greatly change the women’s lives, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 wordsquestion: …the transforming power of machines on the women’s lives is questionable.第六部分：定住第⼀段，才能写好第⼆段1）如何进⾏头脑风暴物质⾦钱责任爱⼼作息娱乐健康⽅便快捷沟通安全时尚素质成功违法⽂化发展环保趋势管制2）背诵顺序●先宏观题材●再微观题材●注意⼈⽣哲理和教育择业（和⼋级考试类似）第七部分：各种题材的写法题材1：社会经济发展写作思路第⼀段：表态第⼆段：分析好处：调整产业结构-整合资源-增加政府税收-增加就业-改善基建设施-国际化形象问题：环保-交通堵塞-出⾏不便-恐怖袭击第三段：建议措施：建⽴机制-制定计划-听专家的-媒体-万能结尾句旧题⽬的考法：Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don't think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:新题⽬的考法：So many places in the world rely heavily on tourism as a key source of income and employment nowadays, as well as a way of showing off national and local heritage, plus perceived successes.Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems too, especially if it is not managed correctly. A constant flow of foreign visitors can, for instance, undermine the beauty, uniqueness, character, and social coherence of a tourist destination over time.It is easy to underestimate the scale of world tourism without being aware of the figures. There were estimated to be around 983 million international tourist arrivals In 2011 —this is nearly a 5 percent increase on the numbers in the previous year.Travelers in those sorts of numbers can easily present huge challenges and problems for many destinations, including transport, places to stay, policing, and maintenance.参考范⽂The essay above mainly discusses the advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (drawbacks) of tourism development. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and in-depth analysis, the author holds that tourism industry is of great importance (indispensable) for a nation under rapid economic growth. In this process, the importance of environmental protection cannot be ignored, as can beseen in the following paragraphs.There’s no denying the fact that (Evidently/Beyond doubt/Undeniably,) there exist some problems such as air quality degradation and water pollution. The most serious ones even include the loss of local ecological balance (a terrorist attack), while the minor ones are the commuting inconvenience to the local residents. This statement does have a grain of truth at the first glimpse. But it must be pointed out that the social and economic return of tourism is attractive. For one thing, in the process of developing this industry, a tourist city can not only pool its various resources, but also adjust its industrial structure. In this way, infrastructure construction can be greatly strengthened, hence providing a solid basis to the sustaining urban growth. For another thing, tourism growth will provide new incentive to the local economy, because its boom often becomes a source of government revenue as well as a provider of job opportunities. To conclude, the influence of encouraging tourism industry is far reaching, in terms of social development and economic reward （international image）.To sum up, it is essential that a country provide mechanism for the development of tourism industry. To bring its negative influence under control, the government department can make plans for the environmental conservation. In this way, a tourist city can impress the outside world with its new image: a place with beautiful scenes, meanwhile, with a high level of civilization.补充好词好句：“万能”结尾段：模板和主题指向相结合1）建⽴机制：In the issue of 主题词 (misleading information and empty promises in the advertisements), it is essential that an effective feedback mechanism (should) be set up at the government level.2）制定计划：In this framework, the relevant government departments are supposed to make concrete plans to control …(promote …).3）听专家的话：Meanwhile, advice from researchers and experts cannot be ignored:After all, they are more professional and qualified, especially in the process of policy making (in the establishment of quality standard system).4）媒体的⼒量：The mainstream media, including TV stations and websites, is also an indispensable part. They can launch a campaign in (give a wide coverage to) the issue. In this way, the general public can form the awareness that … is the mainstream (the general trend), and then play their part in this matter. 5）结尾1: In a sense, it is not why the issue exists in our society, but what should be done to handle it properly.6）Having read this essay, some readers might think that my proposals are somewhat conservative, no less traditional, but they are at least rational and realistic. 7）My advices sound general, because I am not professional in this field, but they are at least rational and realistic.题材2：环保写作思路第⼀段：表态第⼆段：分析好处：调整产业结构-整合资源-增加政府税收-增加就业-改善基建设施-国际化形象问题：为了利润-不⾃律-不负责-没责任感-政府不管-破坏-消失第三段：建⽴机制…写作练习题：⼤⽓雾霾防治（引⽂略）The essay above mainly discusses the issue of air pollution in a large city under rapid development. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and in-depth analysis, the author holds that the elimination of PM 2.5 is of great importance for a nation, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.Evidently, as a country with rapid economic development, China has to various resources, adjusting its industrial structure. In this background, economicactivities are the most important in the national strategy. In this process, air pollution is almost inevitable. This statement does have a grain of truth at the first glimpse, but it must be pointed out that some industries, such as mining sectors and steam plants and metallurgical factories, often lack self-discipline in their daily business operation, discharging various kinds of air pollutants into the atmosphere. For another thing, their responsibility of environmental protection is seldom truly performed. In this situation, under a slack supervision system, these activities are bringing a negative influence to the urban development. The environment is being ruined in many large cities. Clean air and blue sky are gradually vanishing from these regions.On the basis of the analysis, effective measures can be taken as following. First, the central authority of China is supposed to provide a control mechanism so that air pollution can be limited, but the incentive of economic growth is maintained. Second, the government department must make concrete plans to control pollutant emission. Third and last, it is essential that new technologies be developed, the most reliable method to change the whole situation. My advices sound general, because I am not professional in this field, but they are at least rational and realistic.题材3：诚信话题思路：1）便利-效率-安全2）⾦钱-⾃律操守-责任-管制-破坏-消失原⽂：After supper, most people would sit on the sofa and watch TV programs with families. And there is one thing always annoying people-TV commercial. TV commercial is such a thing which almost involved every TV grogram and every person's life. Some people claimed that TV commercials should be eliminated because TV programs misleadpeople to buy some useless products, it caused a lot of waste.In order to hook the potential consumers, some TV ads choose ambiguous introductory statements to highlight the so-called special performance of their products. In this case, many TV viewers often receive the information passively, thus very often paying for a product which doesn’t meet their potential demand.But sometimes TV commercial does bring us some conveniences. First is that TV station needs money to make more interesting programs. The business men give them money and they insert the TV commercials inside their programs-that's a fairly deal. The second is that TV commercials also provide people with some useful information. People could know what products are popular currently and what they should buy through the information. The last is that TV commercials give people a chance to have a break when they are watching an excellent TV program. You can have a rest, go fetch some foods or go to toilet without missing any interesting things.参考范⽂：题⽬转化为：Nowadays TV commercials are gaining increasing popularity in our lives. What are their advantages and drawbacks? Give your opinion.第⼀段：Some people think that, other people think that并不好写Recently, there emerged a social highlight, that is, various kinds of advertisements are gaining more popularity in our lives. Some people believe that their benefits outweigh the so-called problems, while others argue that the opposite might be true. By comparison, I agree with the latter point of view for the reason as following.Evidently, advertisements are indispensable in our lives，providing the consumers with convenience and efficiency (或者a wealth of information such as the size and function of a product. However, it must be pointed out that (those who disagree with such a point of view emphasize that) some drawbacks of TV commercials cannot be overlooked, particularly misleading information, false message or emptymessage they probably provide. Under a slack supervision system, the lack of occupational self-discipline among some advertisement companies will probably bring a negative influence to the market: the reputation of the whole industry is being ruined, and the faith to quality foods is gradually vanishing from the consumer groups.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view. I believe that consumers can benefit greatly from advertisements on TV. However, despite the fact that there might be some advantages, it is still necessary that some feedback mechanism should be set up at the government level. In this framework, a serried of plans can be make in order to control those misleading TV commercial into the market. Meanwhile, researchers and experts must play their part in this issue: they are more professional and qualified, particularly in the establishment of standard system. My proposals might be conservative, but it is at least rational and realistic.题材4：⽂化和时尚思路：1）时尚：便利-效率-简洁-消费-时尚2）⽂化：历史-智慧-遗产-形象-价值-过时题⽬：Traditional Chinese characters r simplified Chinese characters?PART ⅥWRITINGShould we revive traditional Chinese characters orcontinue using simpli fied characters? This has been an intensely discussed question for ye ars. The following are the supporters' and opponents' opinions. Read carefully the opinions fromboth sides and writer your response in no less than 200 words, in which you should firstsummarize the opinion s from both sides and give your view on the issue.YESTraditional characters, which date back to more than 2000 years ago, have a more beautifulappearance and a more reasonable structure. As indicated by examples, traditional characters make more sense, convey traditional values and can thereforerepresent traditional culture.For two millennia, Chinese historical records and classic works were written in traditionalcharacters. To be able to read them and inherit traditional culture, we need to bringtraditional characters back. Politically, it is also necessary to restore traditional Chinese chara cters. Currently, traditionalcharacters are still in used in Hong Kong, Taiwan and many Chinese communities around theworld. Restoring them can contribute to cross-Str aits exchanges and national reunification andunite Chinese people aroun d the world.NOIn today's world, efficiency matters most. Traditional characters, whic h usually have morestrokes than simplified ones, are more difficult t o learn. By contrast simplified, characters aremuch easier to learn and use.Over the past 50 years, lots of classic texts have been turned into simplified-characterversions, which means simplified-character can also promote and preserve traditional culture.Constant simplification has been a trend in the evolution of Chinese characters. From theoracle bones script of 3000 years ago to tradit ional characters, the Chinese writing systemhas always been slimming d own for better communication.参考范⽂：As is shown in the essay above, simplified Chinese characters become increasingly important in the modern society. However, the influence of traditionalones cannot be ignored. People might vary in their views in this matter, but simplified characters are the trend in the future, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.There’s no denying the fact that those traditional Chinese characters have a long history in a country like China, and they are still being used in some other parts (regions) of China. These characters can either be regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization, but also represent an element of national heritage. Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that simplified language system is indispensable for a nation under rapid development. For one thing, efficiency is the key note in this transformation. For another thing, productiveness plays a key role in various kinds of economic and social activities. As a result, it is inevitable that language changes into an open and direct pattern in order to achieve face-to-face communication. In this situation, simplified Chinese characters are the primary choice (option) for many people, even though traditional ones also have a folk value in a country.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view in the first paragraph. Language will become increasingly simplified along with the social development. This statement might not be conservative, but it is at least rational and realistic, at least in the current social setting in China.(230 words)题材5：爱⼼关注思路：物质⾦钱责任爱样⽂：如果不是对⽴观点怎么办？December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world havevolunteered to help those in needs. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?The above mentioned facts show that volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial or social gain "to benefit another person, group or organization". Volunteering is also renowned for the improvement of human quality of life. Volunteering may have positive benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education and emergency. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster.参考范⽂The essay above mainly discusses the issue of volunteering in the world. By providing concrete facts and reliable statistics, the author holds that a growing number of people are doing volunteering work in our society. And they are playing an increasingly important (indispensable) part in a civilized society, as can be seen in the following paragraphs. Undeniably, Those who disagree with volunteering might emphasize that people are hard pressed with test results or a tight job market, so it is hard to strike a balance between volunteering and one’s career. Such possibility does exist, but it must be pointed out that the influence of volunteering is still indispensable. The major reason is that such work enables many professional or warm-hearted people them to assist the elders, the young, and the homeless. It follows that the social responsibility and moral obligation can be better carried out. As a result, those disadvantaged groups can receive material support, mental back-up and spiritual comfort.In sum, I believe that people can benefit greatly from their volunteering work. Love is never vague and abstract, but always visible and concrete. Different socialgroups can be brought together, when each citizen extends his helping hand.题材6：⾝⼼健康：基本思路：⾦钱-占⽤时间-耗费精⼒-⽣活颠倒-亚健康选⽂：如果段落⽐较难，怎么办？抓名词-代词-连词It seems particularly apropos given our current social climate to pay lip service to stress. We have to deal with it often, despite our best attempts to avoid it. Fortunately some kinds of stress are minor and innocuous, yet others are incendiary and damaging.No matter the scale, the consequence, or the context, understanding how to deal with stress, or say physical and mental pressure, is a life skill. I know that some people are even crippled by the thought of stress. I think that any stress-related fearsarise because we are never taught how to grapple with such moments. It’s a shame, and perhaps many a more grave situation could be avoided were we imparted with some resolution and avoidance strategies at an early age.参考范⽂：追求⾮模板？不如背（写）模板还没学会⾛，就不要想着跑。
四级写作基础讲义
三、环境保护：
1.1990-1：What Happened if There Were No Power （环境保护） 2.1990-6：Make Our Cities Greener（环境保护） 3.1996-6：Global Shortage of Fresh Water （环境保护） 4.2008-12：Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags （环境保护） 5.2009-12：Creating a Green Campus （环境保护）
四、人生哲理：
1. 1992-1：Is Failure a Bad Thing? 2. 1995-1：Can Money Buy Happiness? 3. 1997-1：Practice Makes Perfect 4. 2003-1：It Pays to Be Honest 5. 2011-12：Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will 6. 2013-6：The Importance of Doing Small Things Before Undertaking Something Big
➢ In short, my monitor is the talk of our classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
➢ 总之，我们同学聚在一起时总要谈起他。我知道他的形象已深深留 在我心中了。
More than 600 years have passed, yet the city is still in fine shape, home to generations of Naxi, Tibetan, Bai, Yi and Han people.
四级写作讲义 最新版
四级写作必须掌握常识•必须涵盖提纲中的内容•最好把提纲内容置于每段首句•如果提纲为两点，则把其中的一点拆成两部分两个需要搞定的人•出题人•评卷人搞定评卷人的必备素质•文章脉络清晰•段落衔接顺畅•用词造句经典•书写优雅美观由于下大雨，他发高烧，所以不得不呆在家里。
因为他没去上班，所以被扣了工资。
Due to the heavy rain, he developed a fever, thus he felt obliged to stay at home. His absence caused the reduction of his salary.大学英语写作句子亮点打造•双重否定Impossible is nothing.应用：一定会never fail to大学生活一定会扩大我们的视野。
College life will never fail to enlarge our horizon.2. 并列I came, I saw, I conquered.Study serves for the delight, for the ornament and for the ability.…. of the people, for the people, by the people.2. 并列应用：and /or 连接两个相同或相似的成分•促进国家的发展promote the national development扩写：promote and enhance the national development and progress经典万能句型的套用Love is an emotional power, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes.To one world, you may be one person, but to me, you are one world.Cultivation is to the mind what food is to the body.A is toB whatC is to D长句制造•名词扩写步骤：加形容词，同位语，定语从句Kennedy is a good guy.Kennedy, an English teacher from new oriental school, is a responsible and hardworking guy.长句制造2. 动词扩写步骤：加状语（目的，方式，时间，地点）We sing a song.In order to relax ourselves, we sing a song happily and crazily at midnight in the New Oriental School.四级写作高分技巧•高级词汇•句型多样•醒目亮点醒目亮点的打造•数据•例子•谚语数据According to the recent survey/investigation/poll conducte d by ……, the past decade witnessed a sharp/abrupt increase/decrease in the number of……, from…… to …….例子•a good case in point is…• a convincing example is…•To illustrate this point, I can think of no better example than…•Take … as an example谚语•As the famous saying goes, “……….”参加托福雅思考试•As the Chinese famous saying goes, “ ……….”谚语•As the famous saying goes, “……….”参加国内考试•As the American famous saying goes, “ ……….”谚语•As the famous saying goes, “……….”参加国内考试艾宾浩斯曲线八个记忆周期•5分钟•30分钟•12小时•1天•2天•4天•7天•15天四级写作黄金模板1. 利弊类/对立观点类模板使用注意事项•个性化模板•根据提纲灵活使用模板使用注意事项•个性化模板•根据提纲灵活使用首段模板句1As regards…, there has been a heated discussion amo ng the general public in our society. 关于……, 在社会的公众中存在热烈的讨论。
四级写作讲义-新东方
一、写作用词两方面：二、句子写作2.1造句原则：2.2造句基础：2.3写作翻译常用句式：三、六种功能段落（篇章层面为六种功能段落的排列组合）四、篇章写作思路：宏观原因、危害、利弊、观点、建议、意义写作逻辑：1）问题解决型写作思路：Ⅰ段.提出问题；Ⅱ段.分析问题（原因/危害）；Ⅲ段.解决问题（建议措施）Ⅰ.提出问题段落（即现象描述：______）3句：引出问题+具体描述+总结问题1）引出问题：☆首句1. On many campuses/ In contemporary society/Nowadays, it has become a (prevalent) trend/tendency for _______to ______.☆首句2. In present-day society, (nobody could have failed to notice the fact that) __________ has become a problem, which is becoming increasingly serious/grave.或There is no denying the fact that + __________.☆首句3. In recent years, (it can be noticed that) __________________________than (ever) before. (比较级引出问题)☆首句4：In China, _________ has/ have gained great/wide popularity among _______. 或：In China, ______ has been enjoying growing popularity and it is of great importance.2）具体描述：二句1：（事实描述）Meanwhile, an increasing number of individuals/people find it difficult/ hard/ troublesome to __________________.An increasing number of:负面：difficult 正面：二句2：（举例描述1）A case in point of this is /A typical example of this is/This phenomenon can be best illustrated by the fact that .☆（举例描述2）Turning/Taking a look around, we can find a great many/plenty of/a good deal of examples like this: 两个例子.二句3：(举例描述3)：Our daily life has been filled with a variety of examples, (but the following will suffice:) ______________.二句4：（调查法描述：）(According to a recent survey,) a majority/72.34% of people/ students /individuals /citizens /residents admit/reckon /acknowledge that _______.3）总结问题：承上+启下三句1：（承上）Thus/Therefore/Hence, （启下）how to _______________ effectively has become a matter of concern.☆三句2：（承上）As a result/ Consequently/ Accordingly，（启下）_____ requires/ necessitates/ calls for close attention of the whole society.☆三句3: (承上) So, （启下1）due attention should be paid to _____/ （或）we should keep a close eye on ____.Ⅱ.分析问题（原因/危害）四句话：主题句+原因1/危害1+原因2/危害2+总结①分析危害段：主题句1：Such _______ are/is bound to (generate/engender/result in/ give rise to/ lead to) (severe/negative/serious) (consequences/effects/impacts) if we keep turning a blind eye.☆主题句2: Apparently enough, there are some negative impacts which we should not ignore/neglect.☆主题句3：Quite obviously, it is of great necessity to figure out the negative influences behind it. 主题句4：To tackle this problem, it is of great/vital significance to analyze the potential negative impacts of this matter.具体危害写法☆危害1：To begin with, _____ may damage/ hurt/ injure/ harm/ impair/ undermine the over-all development of ______, (because____________).☆危害2：Moreover, (强调句式) it is _____ that exerts/ produces/ generates bad impacts on __________.危害3：In addition/ Furthermore/ What is worse/ Besides, ___________ set bad examples to youngsters/others, leading them to ______.☆危害4：Then, it is manifest that we are developing/gaining __________________ at the expense/ cost/ risk of _____________.☆危害5：Besides, (it can be argued that) _____ means a grave waste of time/energy/natural resources.危害总结1：As has been noted, ____ do/does impact our ____ negatively to a large/some extent. ☆危害总结2：To conclude, it is undeniable that the bad impacts of _____ can never be turned a blind eye to.②分析原因：☆主题句1：Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon. (中性话题) 主题句2：In general, there are several reasons/ factors/ causes/ purposes responsible for ____, but the following may be the most critical.（中性话题）☆主题句3：It is evident that the causes of ____ are diverse.主题句4：To solve/deal with this worrying/disturbing issue, it is of vital significance to determine /explore / investigate the possible reasons.☆原因1：In the first place, ___________ is the root cause. A good case in point of this is ______________________________________. (原因+现象描述)☆原因2：In the second place, _____ constitutes another major cause. Specifically, _______. (原因+具体说明:即现象描述).原因3：In addition, _________________ plays a critical role in this issue/matter.原因4：Besides, the _________ policy being carried out in _______ (doesn’t) enables _______ to _____________.原因5: （强调句式）Then, it is _____ that makes /attracts/ enables ____ to ___.原因总结1：Consequently, ____ has not been emphasized.☆原因总结2：As a consequence, ____ pay relatively less attention to _______.Ⅲ.解决问题（建议措施）三句=总结+建议1+建议2+展望☆总结句1: In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.总结句2：Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly, it is high time that we took feasible steps to stop/ limit/ restrain this trend.总结句3：In fact, people’s ways to ___________ do vary/differ.（☆替换：1. There are a variety of ways in which _____________________. 或2. It is apparent that ways to ___________ are various.）Some _____; some ______; some others _____.☆建议1：First, it is essential that laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to ___________.建议2：Second, it is suggested that public should enhance/ promote/ cultivate/ strengthen their awareness of __________.建议3：Then, it is advisable/significant for ________ to ________建议4：In addition, _______ are highly hoped/ expected/ well-advised to __________.☆建议5：Lastly, we should educate/ advocate/ encourage ___________________________ to ______________.展望未来1：Only by doing so/ Only through these measures, can we __________________________.☆展望未来2：If we try our utmost to do so, the future of ____ will be promising/ hopeful/ rosy. 2．观点对比型写作思路:Ⅰ段：现象描述（即引入主题）+ 支持方观点（利）+Ⅱ段：反方观点（弊）+Ⅲ段：我的观点Ⅰ段（4句）：1句：现象描述（即引入主题）+ 1句支持主题句+ 2句好处分析☆描述现象1：Living in an era of _________, we have access to a ariety of __________.描述现象2：There is no denying the fact that ______________☆描述现象3：Recently, we have been informed frequently that _______________.现象描述4：Nowadays/In recent years, _____, as the product of modern civilization, plays an increasingly significant role in people’ daily life. However/At the same time, …现象描述5：It is universally acknowledged that ______.☆现象描述6：The past years /decades have seen the huge/speedy advancement/ development of _____________.支持方主题句1：Some argue that it is absolutely necessary to ______ (because ________).☆支持方主题句2：A number of individuals favor _____.支持方主题句3：Those who are in favor of ____ claim that it has a lot advantages.☆支持方观点(利)1：In their eyes, without ________, it is impossible for individuals to ___________.支持方观点(利)2：They also point out that _____ will bring great benefit/convenience to ____;(thus, they will have more opportunities/time/energy to ____).支持方观点(利)3: What makes them convinced is that ____ is of great value/necessity /significance for them to _____.支持方观点(利)4：In their opinion, _____ will definitely promote the development/efficiency of _____, which otherwise would be impossible.☆支持方观点(利)5：They firmly believe that ____ will enable them to enrich their social/academic / professional experience and broaden their horizons.☆支持方观点(利)6：Another evident advantage/ merit/ strength/ benefit is that ____ may offer /provide/bring entertainment/ pleasure/ an enjoyable life.Ⅱ段：反方观点（弊）(三句=主题句+反方观点1+反方观点2)☆主题句1：Even so, others hold a different view that ____ carries some risks/doubts.主题句2：Others, however, regard it differently.主题句3：Advantageous/beneficial/rewarding/good/popular as it is, others have an opposite perspective.主题句4：In spite of all these claims, others maintain that it is unnecessary to ____反对本质：危害分析。
【最新文档】大学英语四级作文讲义二-范文word版 (10页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==大学英语四级作文讲义二一. 大学英语四级考试大纲中对写作部分的表述写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。
考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。
写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。
考试时间30分钟。
二. 大学英语四级作文评分标准2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。
5分：基本切题。
表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。
有较多的严重的语言错误。
8分: 语言错误多，其中有一些是严重错误。
1114分：切题。
表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。
基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
三. 作文中转承语的使用1. 表时间或次序：(1). firstly ，first of all, above all, in the first placesecondly, what’s more, in addition, besidesin the end, last but not least, finally;(2). on one hand, on the other hand;(3). for one thing, for another2.表因果关系：accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, due to, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus3. 表比较或对比：however, in contrast, in spite of, likewise, not only…but also, on the contrary, similarly, whereas, nevertheless4. 表举例或例证： for example, for instance, namely, that is, such as...5. 表强调：anyway, in particular6. 表结论或摘要：as has been noted, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, therefore, to conclude, to sum up...四. 如何在大学英语四级的写作中获得高分句式方面? 式。
四级作文讲义.doc
CHAPTER 1基本写作常识1写作步骤1.审题审题是最重要的一步，应分析题目的构成，辨别义体，抓住关键词，找出主题词和限定词.2.构思构思时应注意以下几个问题：1.研究作文题目的限定范围和可供利用的材料以及具有启发性的暗示.2.从多方面联想与主题相关的材料°3.找出所要论述的关键词或短语4.考虑从儿个方面进行讨论或描述5.具体考虑各段在义章中的作用6.写出全篇的提纲和简单的草稿.例：在构思Why Good Manners 一篇作文的时■候我们应按照如下几个步骤来构思：1.题目给出的话题是good manners,而且限定的范围是分析其原因。
2.根据上述范围我们可以联想到：有礼貌的重要性，没有礼貌会带来的不良影响，社会发展的需要，对学生来说有礼貌的意义，对其他行业的人来说礼貌的意义，从社会学的角度，从经济学的角度等。
但是在四级写作中，根据我们的知识水平，可以适当选择：有礼貌对学生的意义，没有礼貌的坏处等3.关键词：good manners, students, importance, benefits, harms4.应从以下几个方而进行论述①有礼貌的重要性②对学生的重要意义③没有礼貌的危害④总结号召大家要有礼貌首段点题，展开段论证有礼貌的重要性，结尾段重中主题发出号召。
提纲及草稿(略)4草拟写作提纲(1)为什么要写提纲在写作过程中，编写提纲是非常必要的。
TOEFL考试中心建议：”Think before you write, making notes maybe help you to organize your essay." Michigan 考试中心也建议："It is wise to take a few minutes to organize your thoughts, once you have chosen a topic, and make a brief outline-可见在写作文前先编写一个提纲还是必要的，它往往是确保写出内容切题、条理清楚的作文的关键。
新CET-4写作讲义(二)
新CET-4写作讲义(二)三、评卷实例1、教材第5页第1篇：中英思维差异1）中式思维：情感分段、读者领会、迂回模式、归纳式思维2）英式思维：逻辑分段、作者交代、直线模式、演绎式思维Most people thought that read books should have been selectived. But others belived reading extentively was correction.Selective books or reading extensively?Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we intrested, and it would be helpful for us.on another hand. Someone's intresting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldn't reading at only one level.I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us. Don't treat these books with rackless abandon.The best technology of reading is connect.2、教材第4页第2篇：I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limitted. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.3、教材第5页第3篇：Some people think reading shall be choosed. Because some books are good to hummen beings and some books are harmful to people.Some people think that men shoud read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beautiful. we must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part in reading.4、教材第5页第2篇：How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the developmentof modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What's more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books and we shouldn't read bad books, we must read selectively.But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge he'll have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.Who's right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.【。
英语新四级写作讲义(doc 21页)
英语新四级写作讲义(doc 21页)2011年6月19日英语新四级写作讲义一、来自教育部的声音第一部分为30分钟的短文写作，分数占总分的15%。
在新四级考试中，短文写作和过去相比改动不大，出题风格和过去的四级考试作文基本相同。
热点问题、图表或漫画、正反论证以及针对某种现象产生的原因与对策等方面的题目最有可能出现。
多读各个类型的范文，模仿并背诵其中的精华部分有助于提高写作水平。
写作时一定要字迹清楚整齐，紧扣题目，注意语法的正确使用，最好能够准确多变地运用词汇。
二、大学英语新四级写作基本要求写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。
四级作文范文档的要求是：切题；表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好；基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。
该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个基本考点：1、切题——所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。
2、表达清楚、条理清晰——本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。
3、文字通顺，连贯性较好——本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。
4、基本无语言错误——本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。
三、历史的声音我们对真题写作的抽样分析表明，考生的写作成绩并不理想。
要想写出一篇高分作文必须具备两个条件：一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。
温馨提示：帮你对自己有个最初的评价●一篇好的作文应基本达到：有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句恰当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；语法基本正确；句法基本准确，句子与句子，段落与段落之间过渡连贯；有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；说理清楚，内容充实。
●一篇较差的作文表现为：文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
CET4写作部分讲义
Persistence and PerseveranceCET-4 各项分值一览PART ONE：写作一．考试要求四、六级考试改革已开始，虽大纲和改革要求都没有对写作部分做特殊的规定，但根据改革的总体方向和趋势可知，写作将朝着更加实用的方向发展：写作题材将更贴近日常生活和社会热点，（如学习、工作或课余生活、科普话题等）题材将更具实用性。
改革后的四级考试写作部分的考试时间仍为30分钟，分值为总分的15％。
在规定时间内紧扣主题、层次清楚、段落分明、用词恰当地表达自己的思想是考生取得写作高分的关键所在。
二．评分标准1.四级写作满分为15分，阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分和14分。
2.另外，作文词数未达要求也会酌情扣分。
3.由此可见只要能对症下药，做好如下三点，写出一篇11－13分的作文并不难。
①“切题”＝审清题目②“表达思想清楚”＝言语有层次③“文字通顺连贯”＝提彩句、模块句的使用4．高分作文的特点：三．文章的基本构架与展开方式（万能通用模式总揽）1.短文的宏观框架：Title（给出）Introduction(综述，引出话题) Body(正文，论点与论据) Ending(总结全文、前后呼应)2.正文的写作Ⅰ.首段的写作：i.对立法：①When asked about/When it comes to/faced with , most/many people believe that , other people regard as /consider it differently；②Now, it‟s generally acknowledged that . But I doubt whether ; ③When it comes to , people‟s opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that , while others claim that ; ④There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role/view/idea of . Some people claim that , while others believe that .ii.现象法：①Recently, the rise in the problem/phenomenon of has aroused public/popular/wide concern; ②Recently, the issue of has been brought into focus/brought to public attention；③There is a general discussion today about the issue/problem of . Those who criticize argue that . They believe that…But people who advocate , on the other hand, argue that .iii.观点法：①Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that ; ②Most of the people are of the opinion that… But I personally believe that .iv.引用法：①“”is the remark made by . It has been shared by more and more people; ②“”. How often we hear such statements/words as these.v.比较法：①For years, have been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing , people ; ②People used to think that /In the past, …… But now people share the new idea ofvi.问题法：①Should/What ? Options of vary greatly: some , while others . But in my opinion, .常备句型及应用2.1：引出话题的常用句式：● ____ is one of the most striking(appare nt, evident, manifest, crystal-clear, staggering, arresting, amasing, eye-catching, astonishing, alarming, shocking, unprecedented ) subjects of the modern society.____是现代社会一个最为引人注目的话题。
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四级培训基础班作文2结构意识的培养和行文思路的提炼1. 应试作文仍然应该保持三段式的作文模式,即开头段、中间段和结尾段。
(注:详略得当,开头段和结尾段2-3句。
展开段4-5句。
2. 每段话都可以遵循这样的模式,即主题句+展开句。
3.针对不同类型的作文,展开作文的思路也略有不同,有可能是从现象描述展开,有可能是观点阐述展开。
(七类四级常考作文类型4.在审题完毕之后就应该整理好作文思路,然后列出提纲,有的放矢。
开头段(opening paragraph开头段虽短,但却是文章成败的关键,举足轻重。
该段目的在于引出文章要探讨的核心问题和现象,从而起到统领全文的作用。
因此,开头段,主要用于引入文章主题、介绍相关背景(原因、影响、结果等并引导正文内容。
一般情况下不对内容进行深入的探讨和总结,两三句点题即可。
开头段之句式参考一、描述现象1. Nowadays, it has already become a common phenomenon /Currently it is not a rare phenomenon/occurrence that college students apply for a credit card. 现在,大学生办信用卡已经非常常见。
现如今,在新生入学时好几个家长打包小包簇拥着一个孩子已经变得非常常见。
Nowadays,it has been a common occurrence that on the enrolling day of a college, almost every freshman is crowded around by several relatives who are holding all kinds of packages, big and small.2. The popularity of taking civil service exams has boomed in China with increasing number of graduates leaving university.随着越来越多的毕业生离开大学校园,公务员考试在中国成为了大热门。
在如今的大学校园,大学生在宿舍里做小生意已经成为了大热门。
The popularity of doing business in the dormitory has boomed in today’s campus数字化产品在中国尤其是在年轻人群众成为了大热门。
The popularity of digital products has been boomed in China, especially among the youngsters.随着环保意识的不断增强,低碳生活在中国正在成为大热门。
The popularity of the so-called low-carbon life has boomed in China with the continuous inc rease in people’s environmental awareness.3. It is known to all that trash disposal is very crucial to our daily life, especially in big cities.众所周知,垃圾处理对我们的日常生活非常重要,尤其是在大城市中。
众所周知,春节是中国一年中最重要的节日,而年夜饭则是欢庆春节最重要的一个环节/节目。
It is known to all that the Spring Festival is the most important day of the year for all the Chinese people, while the dinner on the eve of the Spring Festival is in the same way the most significant activity/segment to celebrate the special occasion.4. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of school dropouts in the countryside. 近年来,农村辍学人数急剧上升。
最近几年,明星代言虚假广告的数量急剧上升。
Recently, there has been a considerable increase/rise in the number of stars making false advertisement.近来,在家里吃年夜饭的家庭数量急剧下降,尤其是在大城市。
Lately, there has been a sharp decrease in the number of families taking dinner on New Year’s Eve at home, especially in big cites.5. Thanks to the development of China’s economy and its opening up to the world, Chinese students are confronted with multiple choices when it comes to selecting schools.由于中国经济的发展和改革开放的政策,中国学生现在在选择学校时可以有很多选择。
由于生活水平的不断提升,中国人民现在在选择年夜饭的地点时可以有很多选择。
Thanks to the continuous/sustained improvement in people’s living conditions, Chinese people are faced with numerous choices in selecting the place to have family reunion dinner.由于互联网的普及,人们在购物时可以有很多选择。
With the popularization of the Internet, people now are confronted with a variety of choices when it comes to selecting the way of shopping.二、引出问题1. Recently, China has banned all supermarkets, department stores and shops offering plastic bags for free, which has caused wide attention. 最近,中国已经禁止了所有超市、商场和商店提供免费的塑料袋,这引起了广泛的关注。
2. When it comes to what is the better way to get the daily news, there is no complete agreement among people. Some people take it for granted that the Internet is the best source of daily news. However, others maintain that newspaper should be regarded as a better source. 提起获取日常新闻更好的方式,大家还没能达成一致。
有人理所当然地认为网络是获取新闻的最佳方式,而其他人仍然认为报纸是更好的消息来源。
提起在哪里吃年夜饭的问题,大家现在的看法出现了分歧,有人理所当然地认为应该在家里吃,而很多人则认为到酒店吃也是一个不错的选择。
When it comes to where is the best place to have dinner on new year’s eve, there is no complete agreement. Some people take it for granted that it should be taken at home, while quite a few people assume that hotel should also be regarded as a nice choice.中间段中间段是一篇作文的正文,其作用是对主题进行解释说明和论证。
本段应该包含明确的主题句(Topic Sentence/TS。
TS是提出段落的主题、概括段落中心思想或反映考生写作意图的一个概括性句子。
它是段落发展的依据并且规定段落的发展方向。
TS的作用举足轻重,是作文的主脉,是亮点,也是老师给分的要素之一。
紧随主题句之后的展开句可以通过列事实、举例子、描述细节或给出证据等方式来扩展。
(PS:中间段在展开的过程当中,一定要注意上下文的衔接,也就是所谓的连贯问题。
中间段之句式参考一、引入原因1. There are many factors explaining/accounting for/attributing to this phenomenon. First ofall/Above all, … Moreover, … Besides, …有很多因素导致了这一现象2. There are a large number of reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.导致这种这会现象的原因有很多,但总体来说,主要有三点。
3. The reasons for this phenomenon mainly lie in the following two aspects.这一现象的原因主要在于以下两个方面。
4. The extravagant spending is mainly caused by/due to the following factors. 过度消费主要是由以下因素或原因引起。
5. But what lead to the conflict between parental hopes and personal ideals?但是,是什么导致了父母期望和孩子的理想之间的冲突呢?二、引入方法1. The following measures can be taken to reduce campus waste. 下列措施可以用来减少校园浪费。