英文学术论文写作1
英语科技论文写作(一)
作业
• 结合你导师给定的课题查文献，列出相关 的文献：中、英文综述文章，中、英文博 士硕士论文、权威书籍、重要杂志文献。 • 查相关的专利、国内外目前开展的项目。
如何写科技学术论文
如何写英语科技学术论文
四川大学制造学院苏真伟教授
Brief CV of Zhenwei Su
• 2004-2009: Sichuan University, professor • 1997-2004: UK Universities visiting scholar,post-doc, research fellow • 1982-1997: Sichuan University, PhD, lecturer, associate professor • 1978-1982: Xian Jiaotong University, Mechanical Engineering Department • 1970-1978: Farmer or worker in Sichuan
如何了解我所在领域最具影响力 的研究人员?
如何选择合适的期刊发表论文？
当我们完成了某项研究之后，通常需要选 择一个合适的途径发表自己的研究成果， 那么怎样找到最合适自己研究领域的期刊 发表发表论文呢？您可以利用Web of Science数据库的检索结果分析功能 (Analyze)来解决这一问题。
眼睛犀利， 才能飞得高！
为什么要阅读文献
我们很多的时候，闷在实验室闭门 造车，实在不如稍抽出一点时间看看 文献。 我的大老板说，要想有成绩，别无 他法，只有读，读，大量的读文献， 尤其国外的。
主要的信息源
• 学术期刊（中文、英文） • 博士、硕士论文（中文、英文） • 学术网站（中文、英文） • 专利网站（中文、英文） • 书籍（中文、英文） 对低级研究人员：中文第一 对高级研究人员：英文第一
大学英语议论文作文
大学英语议论文作文The Importance of Learning English in College。
English has become the most widely spoken language in the world, and it is also the language of international communication. As globalization continues to expand, the importance of English as a second language has become increasingly evident. In college, learning English is essential for students to succeed in their academic and professional lives.Firstly, English is the language of instruction in many universities around the world. In order to study abroad or attend international conferences, students must have a good command of English. Without a strong foundation in English, students may struggle to understand lectures, communicate with professors and classmates, and complete assignments. Learning English in college not only helps students to succeed academically, but it also prepares them for future careers in a globalized world.Secondly, English is the language of business and commerce. In today’s global economy, companies are looking for employees who can communicate effectively with clients and partners from different countries. English proficiency is often a requirement for many jobs, regardless of the industry. By learning English in college, students can increase their chances of finding employment and advancing their careers.Moreover, English is the language of the internet and social media. With the rise of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, English has become the dominant language of online communication. By learning English, students can access a wealth of information and connect with people from all over the world. This can broaden their horizons and help them to become more culturally aware and globally minded.In conclusion, learning English in college is essential for students to succeed academically and professionally. It is the language of instruction in many universities, thelanguage of business and commerce, and the language of the internet and social media. By mastering English, students can open up new opportunities and expand their horizons. Therefore, it is important for colleges and universities to provide high-quality English language instruction to their students.。
学术写作英文作文
学术写作英文作文英文：Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student or researcher. It involves the ability to communicate complex ideas and research findings in a clear and concise manner.In this essay, I will discuss the importance of academic writing and provide some tips on how to improve your skills.Firstly, academic writing is important because itallows you to communicate your ideas to a wider audience. Whether you are writing a research paper or a thesis, your work will be read by other scholars in your field. Therefore, it is essential that you are able to expressyour ideas clearly and effectively.Secondly, academic writing is important because ithelps you to develop critical thinking skills. When you are writing an academic paper, you need to analyze and evaluate the evidence that you have gathered. This process requiresyou to think critically about the information that you have and to draw logical conclusions.To improve your academic writing skills, there are several things that you can do. Firstly, you should read widely in your field. This will help you to understand the conventions of academic writing and to develop your own style. Secondly, you should practice writing regularly. This will help you to develop your skills and to identify areas where you need to improve. Finally, you should seek feedback from others. This will help you to identify your strengths and weaknesses and to improve your writing accordingly.In conclusion, academic writing is an essential skill for anyone who wants to succeed in their studies or research. By following the tips outlined in this essay, you can improve your writing skills and become a more effective communicator.中文：学术写作是任何学生或研究人员的重要技能。
学术英语写作(1)
Introduction to Academic Writing1.Purposes of Academic Writing1)To advance knowledge in a research field with evidence2)To explain new ideas and make them accessible to others3)To solve practical problems2.Genres of Academic WritingResearch papers Research reportsTheses/dissertations Short communicationsReview articles Oral presentations/posters3.Features of Academic Writing1)Formality:Academic writing is formal.2)Objectivity:Academic writing sets a high value on objectivity.3)Accuracy:Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.4)Complexity:Academic writing involves a highly specialized vocabulary and rigorous sentence structures5)Hedging:An important feature of academic writing is the use of cautious language.References1.Winkler,Anthony and Jo Ray Metherell.Writing the Research Paper:A Handbook.Beijing:Peking University Press,2017.2.胡庚申.论文写作与国际发表.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2016.3.胡友珍.英语学术论文写作教程.北京：中国农业大学出版社，2013.4.刘振聪，修月祯.英语学术论文写作.北京：中国人民大学出版社，2009.5.张俊东，杨亲正，国防.SCI论文写作和发表：You Can Do It.北京：化学工业出版社，2016。
如何进行英文学术论文写作
如何进行英文学术论文写作
英文学术论文是一种较为正式和严谨的写作形式，需要遵循一定的写
作规范和结构。
以下是一些关键步骤和技巧，帮助你进行英文学术论文写作。
1.选择合适的主题：选择一个你感兴趣且对学术界有贡献的主题。
确
保主题具有独创性和足够的研究资源。
2.执行文献综述：在开始写作之前，进行文献综述以了解该领域的最
新研究和观点。
这将帮助你明确论文的研究目标和重要性，并从中获得支
持和建议。
3.制定论文提纲：根据文献综述的结果，为论文制定一个详细的提纲。
此提纲应包括引言、方法、结果和讨论、结论等部分，其中各部分应有明
确的目标和内容。
4.写作引言：引言应简明扼要地介绍研究背景、目的和研究问题，并
解释你的研究对该领域的重要性。
5.方法部分：描述你的研究设计、实验过程、数据收集和分析方法。
确保清晰地描述，以便读者能够重复你的研究。
6.结果和讨论：在这部分，展示和解释你的研究结果。
使用数据和图
表来支持你的观点，并与其他研究进行比较和对比。
讨论你的观点，解释
结果的意义，并提出未来研究的建议。
7.结论：总结你的研究结果，并强调你的研究对该领域的贡献。
提出
一些潜在的应用和进一步研究的方向。
9.校对和修改：在完成初稿后，进行多次的校对和修改。
检查拼写、语法和句子结构，确保文章的流畅性和逻辑性。
英文学术论文写作方法
P6集成引用、非集成引用、施事、盖然性 引用是指在论文的某些章节（例如在文献回顾、讨论部分），要提到某个研究者，并引用这位研究者所说过的一句话或理论主张，或下的定义，或研究发现。 集成引用指的是在论文里直接提到作者。下面的Chomsky的例子就是。再如, Swales(1990) stated that , (P92，第8段第4行、第15段第3行 ），当作者重要时. 非集成引用指的是不直接提及作者，而是注释一下，例如放在句末括号里，或标注（P15第1段第3、5、7行），当作者不重要时 。 施事，agent：指做某件事的人，与受事recipient对应。被动态中的施事指的是被动句中动作的发出者，例如：As is suggested by Chomsky(1965).这句中的Chomsky就是一个施事。 盖然性, 或然性，probability: 数学概念，指某种情况的发生概率不是100%，而是处于0-1之间(若为no，则是0，若为yes，则是1，处于两者之间的就是probably) 。在书中此处意思是过去时和现在完成时的使用不是完全非此即彼，文中用了“比较普遍”，“多使用”等词表示。Mostly, usually, sometimes, always， maybe,
Why reading, translation, and writing?
The purpose of reading practice is to digest the lecture; while the purpose of translation is to make you become alert with the different sentence structures of the Chinese and English languages; and the so-called writing practice is for you to have a chance to translate the sections of your own article into English.
东南大学学术论文写作-单元1Unit1
B. Formal Grammar and Style
III. Language Focus
Sentence structures in academic writing are more complex. Academic writing should NOT be complicated. It should be relatively easy to follow, written in a clear, direct style. Recommendations for maintaining a formal academic writing style. Avoid contractions. Export figures won't improve until the economy is stronger. Export figures will not improve until the economy is stronger.
Academic writing often discusses difficult, challenging ideas which can only be expressed with particular grammar and language.
Academic writing should be clear, concise and structured.
Learning Objectives
How is academic writing different from other forms of writing? What is your purpose of initiating an academic research? What are the key characteristics of academic writing?
英文作文万议论文模板范文
英文作文万议论文模板范文Title: The Importance of Education in Shaping a Better Future。
Education is an essential tool for shaping the futureof individuals and societies. It provides the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for personal and societal development. In this essay, we will discuss the importanceof education in shaping a better future, and how it can contribute to the overall progress of humanity.First and foremost, education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals to reach their full potential. Through education, individuals acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to pursue their passions and interests. This, in turn, enables them to contribute to the betterment of society and the world at large. Education also fosters critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, which are essential for addressing the complex challenges of the modern world.Moreover, education is a powerful tool for promoting social and economic development. By providing individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge, education can significantly improve their employment prospects and economic opportunities. This, in turn, can lead to higher living standards and reduced poverty levels. Additionally, education fosters a sense of civic responsibility and participation, which is essential for the functioning of democratic societies.Furthermore, education is crucial for promotingequality and social justice. It provides individuals with the opportunity to overcome barriers and achieve their full potential, regardless of their background or circumstances. Education can also challenge discriminatory attitudes and promote inclusivity, thereby contributing to a more equitable and just society.In addition, education plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development. By raising awareness about environmental issues and promoting sustainable practices,education can contribute to the preservation of the planet for future generations. Moreover, education can foster a sense of global citizenship and promote intercultural understanding, which is essential for addressing global challenges and promoting peace and cooperation.It is also important to recognize the transformative power of education in promoting health and well-being. Education can raise awareness about healthy lifestyles and preventive measures, thereby contributing to improved public health. Furthermore, education can empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being, leading to improved quality of life.In conclusion, education is a fundamental building block for shaping a better future. It provides individuals with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for personal and societal development. Moreover, education plays a crucial role in promoting social and economic development, equality and social justice, sustainable development, and health and well-being. Therefore, it isessential to prioritize and invest in education to ensure a brighter and more prosperous future for all.。
学术论文写作--江苏大学研一英语
三、结论 在正文最后应有结论（Conclusions）或建议(Suggestions)。 (1) 关于结论可用如下表达方式：
① The following conclusions can be drawn from …(由……可得出如下结论) ② It can be concluded that …(可以得出结论……) ③ We may conclude that…或We come to the conclusion that…(我们得出如 下结论……) ④ It is generally accepted (believed, held, acknowledged) that…(一般认 为…)(用于表示肯定的结论) ⑤ We think (consider, believe, feel) that…(我们认为…)(用于表示留有商量 余地的结论)
• • • • •
… Thank you for your patience and kind attention. May you have a nice day! Best Regards Yours Sincerely …
• 编辑的回信 Dear*** • I understand your explanation that you made a simple mistake in Fig. 1b. If you wish to submit your revised paper, I will send it to another reviewer….
results
(2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。
① It is advantageous to (do) ② It should be realized (emphasized, stressed, noted, pointed out ) that … ③ It is suggested (proposed, recommended, desirable) that … ④ It would be better (helpful, advisable) that…
英语专业学术论文写作：引言
英语专业学术论文写作：引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言英语专业学术论文写作:引言一、引言部分的作用和构成要素引言是开题报告的一个翻版开题报告成分分析引言结构分析一、选题:政治新闻翻译中的归化与异化1.IntroductionDomestication and Foreignization in Translating Political News1.1Rational/Significance/Background(1)从大的背景引出研究对象的重要性二、研究目的与意义 (2)研究对象的切入点研究很重要，是能够更好更及时地在国人眼前真实准确地展现英美等经济政治强国经济政治文化领研究的难点/亟待解决的问题域的最新情况，让关心国际时事大事的人们看到最原汁原味同时也是最精确真实的第一手(3)针对这个切入点的研究现状:成就新闻报道，是提高中国国人政治意识的一大法宝，因此在翻译政治新闻时，正确处理政治和问题各是怎样的(极其概括，否则和文新闻中的“外国风味”，同时加上适当“中国风味”让国人更好地理解原语作者的意图就献综述重合了，尽量控制在3-5句话内) 成了政治新闻翻译者亟待解决的一个问题。
而本文正是针对这一问题，从翻译中的归化异(4)本研究具有的实践意义和理论价值化原则出发，以批评语言学、翻译目的论等理论为指导，从像《经济学家》等报刊杂志中一般情况，实践意义指对研究对象的表达选取适当例子加以分析，试图找出政治新闻翻译时归化异化选择的一个平衡点。
和接受方都有好处:若是广告就对广告制本项目研究的理论意义表现在:从政治新闻角度出发，将批评语言学和翻译目的论的作和广告受众;若是教学则对教与学;若研究与翻译的归化异化手法的选择相结合，深化了翻译中归化异化理论的发展。
本项目研是翻译则是翻译和阅读翻译等等。
究的应用价值体现在:(1)为政治新闻翻译者翻译时提供理论帮助，在选择归化与异化手而理论价值，最简单的思路就是你在文献法上找到一个平衡点;(2)从政治新闻的意识形态出发作出的翻译选择，有利于帮助译文综述里讲的或者为研究对象提供新的视读者更好理解原文作者意图。
apa格式英文论文范文
apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
学术论文写作报告（英文版）1. IntroductionWriting an academic paper requires careful consideration of various elements such as topic selection, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. This report provides a comprehensive guide to academic paper writing, focusing on the key steps involved and the necessary components to include. The report aims to assist researchers and students in effectively structuring and presenting their work in an organized and coherent manner.2. Topic SelectionThe first step in writing an academic paper is selecting an appropriate topic. The topic should be specific yet broad enough to allow for thorough research. It is essential to choose a topic that is relevant to the field of study and of interest to the writer. Consideration should also be given to the availability of reliable sources and potential research gaps that can be addressed.3. Literature ReviewAfter selecting a topic, conducting a literature review is crucial to identify the existing research and establish the research gap. The literature review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject and helps the writer understand the key concepts, theories, and methodologies that have been used in previous studies. It also helps in formulating research questions and hypotheses.4. Research MethodologyOnce the research questions have been formulated, it is important to select an appropriate research methodology. The methodology should be aligned with the research objectives and should allow for the collection of relevant and reliable data. Common research methods include surveys, case studies, experiments, and observations. The chosen methodology should be adequately justified and explained in the paper.5. Data Collection and AnalysisAfter determining the research methodology, data collection can begin. This involves gathering relevant data through various sources such as interviews, surveys, experiments, or existing databases. The collected data should be analyzed using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques. The analysis should be presented in a clear and concise manner, highlighting any significant findings.6. Results and DiscussionThe results section of the academic paper presents the findings of the research. It should be presented using tables, charts, or graphs to aid in understanding. The discussion section focuses on interpreting the results in relation to the research questions and objectives. It involves critically analyzing the findings, comparing them with previous studies, and discussing their implications.7. ConclusionThe conclusion is a summary of the key findings and their implications. It should answer the research questions and provide insights into the broader significance of the research. The conclusion should also highlight any limitations of the study and suggest directions for future research.8. ReferencesProper citation and referencing are crucial in academic writing. The reference section should include all the sources used in the paper, cited in a consistent and accurate format. It is important to follow the specific citation style required by the journal or institution.9. Formatting and ProofreadingBefore submitting the academic paper, it is important to ensure proper formatting. This includes following the guidelines provided by the journal or institution regarding font type, font size, line spacing, and margins. Additionally, the paper should be thoroughly proofread to eliminate any grammatical or spelling errors. Using professional editing tools or getting feedback from peers can be helpful in improving the overall quality of the paper.ConclusionWriting an academic paper requires attention to detail and adherence to specific guidelines. This report has provided an overview of the key steps involved in academic paper writing, including topic selection, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. By following these guidelines, researchers and students can improve the quality of their academic papers and increase their chances of success.。
学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)
学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统（The pprisl Systems）是对系统功能语言学的新进展。
系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。
评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。
该研究由Mrtin指导，Croline Coffin，Rick Iedem，Henrike Korner，Dvid Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。
这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。
评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。
三大次系统又可以次系统化。
态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的推断。
态度有积极和消极之分。
任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。
态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。
态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。
态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如hppy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like；通过情态状语表达，如hppily。
态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。
推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。
鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。
介入系统深受Bkhtin （1981，1986）对话性和多语性的影响。
从这个意义层面上讲，介入资源是一种方式，通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中，一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音，或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。
介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。
对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属；对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。
介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现，如my，it is sid tht等。
级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。
语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。
级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如some，plusible等。
3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。
英文学术论文写作-研究生教学(全英文)
English for Academic Paper Writing &riting requirements Integrity 1 paragraph about what has been done, especially the author’s own contribution Conciseness essential information, economy of words,no number, equations & mathematical expressions and others Consistency exclusion of non-mentioned information Concentration exclusion of certain elements (figures, tables, literature reference, etc.)
English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 3 Abstract
2. Linguistic features Limited length 200 words; 50 ~ 100 words; 500 words Categories descriptive (indicative): general subject matter in a qualitative way informational (informative): findings and results in a quantitative way
English for Academic Paper Writing & Publication
Unit 3 Abstract
英语学术论文写作
英语学术论文写作学术论文的概念及分类学术论文（Research Papers）又称科学论文或研究论文，是对某一学科领域中的课题进行探讨、研究，表达新的科学研究成果或创见的文章，简称“论文”。
论文的突出特点科学性、创新性、学术性、专业性、实用性。
一般说来在论文写作过程中，既重视运用，又重视理论分析。
学术论文包括各学科领域中专业人员所写的论文和学生写的学业论文（即学年论文、毕业论文和学位论文）以及报告类论文。
不同专业的科技论文的内容和表示形式不尽相同。
可将论文分为理论型、实验型和描述型三种。
理论型论文的主要研究方法是理论分析；实验型论文的主要研究方法是设计实验、实验过程研究和实验结果分析；描述型论文的主要研究方法是描述说明，目的是介绍新发现的事物或现象及其所具有的科学价值，重点说明这一新事物是什么现象或不是什么现象。
学术论文的特点学术论文具有清楚、确切，和简明、直接的特点，尽力使文字简练，用最少的字句把意思表达清楚。
同时要客观、朴素，大多用第三人称（文内人称要统一）。
常用被动式语气，避免用俗语、土话、口语等，能肯定的不用“maybe”、“probably”。
引用他人注意不要把别人的结果说成像是自己的结果；与别人比较时，不用苛刻狡辩的语气；对于别人的研究工作进行评论，应该就事实和文字进行讨论，不可有推测别人的动机的口气。
在论文里，不需要用一些华丽的或是带情感的词句。
比喻要视论文性质而定。
通俗读物，初级教科书或非正式的科技文章中，有时用些比喻来帮助叙述科学理论，可使普通读者感兴趣、容易看懂。
科技期刊所发表的科技论文通常是严格限制用比喻的。
不应把比喻和类比相混淆，类比是科学研究工作中常用的推理方法。
在论文要使用恰当的假说，假说必须有实验可以证明。
不能夸大结论，因果关系要明确。
不能主观臆断，不要把假定当作结论，不要把未经证实的意见当作真实的。
名词的定义应清楚、确切。
对于专业名词，如果不知道它的确切含义，万勿随便使用。
英文学术论文写作
关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议（2013年4月补充）一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章：Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis，不超过半页）。
本章要求简炼，开门见山，一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述，其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究（existing studies），重点介绍以下内容：（1）关于这个问题（指论文要研究的问题）前人已经做了哪些研究？采用了哪些研究方法？得出了哪些研究结论？（2）关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题？文献综述不是简单地“抄书”，也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景，也有利于作者进一步理清思路，为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点：1．本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述，但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近（如近2、3年）的研究进展情况。
2．尽量使用第一手资料，而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料，指论文作者没有看到原始文献，而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述，而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
英文学术论文写作1
Step-by-step approach
write a journal paper write a book chapter write a conference paper make a poster for a conference prepare a paper for internal discussion give a talk or seminar
3. Who is target audience?
Who is target audience?
• Research colleagues • Academic community • Students • Pracitioners • Policy-makers • General public
Only journals have a standardised peer-review process (but not all)
5. Types of journals
Peer reviewed or not
pro contra
Peer-reviewed
• quality control • reputation • ments • acessibility
Why publishing?
• communicate to international academic world • contribute to academic progress • academic currency • quality control • career development • institutional budget & reputation • boosts confidence
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Purpose of publishing
• main purpose: communication
•
• • •
not to report how to spent research money
write to be read = sharing knowledge writing & reading = creating knowledge works only if communicated successfully
Why publishing?
• • •
communicate to international academic world contribute to academic progress academic currency
•
• • •
quality control
career development institutional budget & reputation boosts confidence
Theory paper
• reports on the development or testing of a theory
•
•
can also be theoretical discussion
aims at advancement of theoretical understanding
Discussion paper
I. Introduction in presenting science
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Why publishing? Publishing what & when? Who is target audience? Why publish in journals? Types of journals Types of papers Selecting a journal Journal performance indicators Challenges when publishing in journals Basic writing rules Define authorship Set up a publishing strategy Set up a paper plan How to make time to write
•
• •
can include about 50-100 key references
of high value for other authors quoted often and therefore high esteem
Method paper
• • • • reports on the development or testing of a new scientific method method is in the focus – not results that might be achieved with the method provides proof/application of method less common
Editorial
• • • editorial comment from the journal editor to journal readership and potential authors communicates new journal prioirities or editorial policies or may introduce new journal subjects sometimes invited guest editorials
contra
Commercial journals
• majority of journals
•
• • •
published by publishers/enterprises
demand annual subscription individual papers can be purchased costumers: university/institute libraries
6. Types of papers
Research paper
• presents original/primary research
•
•
answers a research question based on own research
readers must be able to: • assess observations • repeat research design • evaluate intewhat & when?
What to publishing?
• New knowledge
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• • • •
New methods
New theories New data Solutions to a problem Insights in research process & experiences
When to publish?
Criteria:
•
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When research is completed
Never submit a draft Always write & submit your best work first. (Don’t think I’ll safe this for a better paper” – it might never come.)
Step-by-step approach
write a journal paper write a book chapter
write a conference paper
make a poster for a conference prepare a paper for internal discussion give a talk or seminar
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not available for all journals
Letter
• mostly a response on a previous paper
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can be positive or critical reaction/comment on previously published findings
Why reading?
• to update your knowledge in the field
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• • • •
to get information/access to data/results
to identify similar or contradicting findings to learn what others are doing personal interest/curiosity pleasure
Other paper types
• Opinions, comments, respones
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Case studies
PhD thesis – summary Conference report Interviews
Open access journals
Open access (OA) journals are:
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digital
online free of charge for readers free of most copyright and licsensing restrictions
Open access journals
May not read peer-reviewed journal papers
4. Why publish in journals?
Scientific publications
Quality criteria:
Has it been peer-reviewed by experts or not?
an comment that could be of interest to journal community
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addressed to the editor
short
Book review
• • • • Short review of recently published book (not older than 2 years) describes subject, structure and main findings of the book book review is directed to potential colleagues who have an interest in the subject of the book will help the reader to decide on whether to read the book or not
3. Who is target audience?
Who is target audience?
• Research colleagues
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• • • •
Academic community
Students Pracitioners Policy-makers General public
May read peer-reviewed journal papers
• access to papers requries no subscription
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author maintains copyright