美国纽约警察的发展历程

1802年－1844年的雅各布· 海斯
• JACOBS HAYS: The high constable from 1802 to 1844, Hays was said to have known every criminal in New York. A man of great physical strength, he patrolled armed only with his constable's staff, making arrests and quelling street brawls single-handedly. In Old New York, misbehaving children were warned that "old Hays will be after you."
美国纽约警察的发展历程
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荷兰殖民者时代的纽约
皮革制服与治安岗亭
• • A LEATHERHEAD AND HIS SENTRY BOX Called leatherheads because of their distinctive leather helmets, the constable watch patrolled the city from scattered sentry boxes in the early decades of the 1800s. Often the first on the scene at fires a constant danger in a city with many wooden buildings they wore their helmets for protection against falling debris. By the 1840s, the constable watch was regarded as a collection of "idlers and gossipers" who couldn't control New York's growing crime and disorder problems.
马蒂谢尔时代的警徽
• CHIEF MATSELL'S SHIELD: Like all New York City police officers, Chief Matsell wore a copper shield bearing the seal of the City of New York set in an eight-pointed star. The department quickly became known as the "star police." It is possible that the copper badge also gave rise to the slang term "copper" or "cop," although the term may have derived from the
1840年－1850年的警察局长： 乔治· 马蒂谢尔
• CHIEF GEORGE W. MATSELL: The first chief of police in the 1840s and 1850s, Matsell also served as police superintendent and president of the Police Commission in the 1870s, when control of the police force returned to the city. A bookseller by trade, Matsell also became the publisher of The Police Gazette.
POLICE STATION, CIRCA 1850
• Varying in size depending on location, many early police precinct station houses were in converted homes. Some were in virtually rural settings, and others in attached brownstones. Most station houses included a dormitory, often maintained by police widows, where patrolmen slept during the hours they served on reserve duty. A typical patrolman might spend as many as 13 hours on patrol and 11 hours in reserve in a single day. It was a schedule, a police reporter observed, "devised to get all the duty out of a patrolman that his system would stand."
1845年－1853年的标准制服 PROPOSED UNIFORMS
• When uniforms were first proposed in 1845, police officers refused to wear them because they didn't want to appear as "liveried lackeys," a term they applied to the British police. A blue frock coat with brass buttons was not adopted as the official uniform until 1853
阿斯特宫广场暴动与警察 THE ASTOR PLACE RIOT
• People took their theater seriously, so seriously that a rivalry between two tragedians resulted in a riot at the Astor Place Theater 1849 as a mob tried to prevent one of the actors from taking the stage. With the large mob hurling cobblestones, the police were overwhelmed. The militia fired into the throng, killing 22 people and wounding 40. The riots occasioned the first police training in riot control and military drill and the authorization of the first police weapon, a 22-inch club to be used only in cases of urgent self-defense.
警察局总部大楼
• •
POLICE HEADQUARTERS: 300 Mulberry Street, circa 1869桑树街300 号的警察局总部（1869年） （左） 240 CENTRE STREET: A new police headquarters opened in 1910 after nearly five years of construction. From its great copper dome and rooftop observation deck to its basement pistol range, the five-story limestone structure was meant “to impress both the officer and the prisoner with the majesty of the law.”240号中心大街的警察局总部（右）
1887年的监狱女看守
• POLICE MATRONS: In 1887, the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Women's Prison Association embarked on a fouryear crusade to appoint women to the police department. Women were needed to tend to the increasing number of female arrestees, not only prostitutes and street thieves but also servants caught stealing from households. The first four police matrons were hired in 1891, and by 1896 their number had grown to 30, with one matron working during the day and one during the night in each of the 15 precincts. Isabella Goodwin, a police widow who became a matron in 1896, went on to do undercover work and was eventually promoted to first grade detective in 1912.
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1860年代的纽约警察
1863年内战时报草民暴动
• THE CIVIL WAR DRAFT RIOTS: The finest hour of the Metropolitan Police was their heroic defense of the city during the draft riots of 1863. Angry mobs, protesting the conscription plans of Lincoln's embattled administration, murdered African-Americans, burned precinct houses and other buildings, and beat Police Superintendent John Kennedy senseless. Drilled in military tactics and riot control, a Metropolitan contingent of 200 routed a mob of more than 2,000 on
20世纪初期的纽约市
• THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE: A symbol of the growing metropolitan area, the Brooklyn Bridge was the largest structure in New York when it was completed in 1883. It linked Manhattan and the independent City of Brooklyn which merged, together with Queens, Staten Island and the Bronx, to form the Greater City of New 建成于1883年的布鲁克林大桥 York in 1898