语言学 术语翻译及术语解释

术语翻译及术语解释汇总

术语翻译

1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）

Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）

2. Functions of language

referential 指称功能poetic 诗学功能emotive情感功能

conative 劝慰功能phatic寒暄功能metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能），Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈），Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学），Syntax（句法学）;

Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）

Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学

4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式

Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为

5. V ocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)，pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔and nasal cavity鼻腔.

其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,

soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈

6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）

A. Manners of articulation发音方式

B. Places of articulation发音位置

7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音

Lateral (approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音and tap 闪音

Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音

Postal veolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音

Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音

Lax vowels短元音Tensed vowels长元音

8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音

anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音narrow transcription严式标音

9. minimal pairs最小对立体Phoneme音位

phonemic transcriptions音位转写phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子allophones音位变体complementary distribution互补分布

phonetic similarity发音近似性Free variation自由变体

assimilation同化regressive assimilation逆同化

progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则Epenthesis增音binary 二分的

Distinctive features区别特征

Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构

subordinate and coordinate从属和并列

Conceptual meaning概念意义

Associative meaning:联想意义

Connotative meaning内涵意义Social meaning社会意义

Affective meaning情感意义Reflected meaning反射意义

Collocative meaning搭配意义Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵

The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角

Sense and reference：涵义和指称

Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy 同音/形异意关系

Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词Stylistic synonyms风格同义词

Collocational synonyms搭配同义词

gradable antonymy 等级反义关系cover term覆盖项

Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项

complementary antonymy 互补反义关系converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词homographs : 同形异义词

complete homonyms semantic components语义部分

术语解释

1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of

human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of time

in history.

3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In other

words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .

4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for “correct

and standard” behavior in using language.

5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the

language people actually use.

6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean that

there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.

7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists of

two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.

8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicate

about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.

petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlying

system of rules in a language.