英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点课堂
英国文学维多利亚时期ppt课件
dramatic monologue.(以戏剧独白的诗歌形式著称) -Works: The Ring and the Book《指环与书》 My Last Duchess 《我已故的公爵夫人》
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
The Victorian Period
• 特征： Common sense and moral propriety, which
were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.常理和道德这些被浪漫主义时代 遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。
Victorian poets and poetry
Matthew Arnold （1822——1888）马修阿 诺德
• - A poet and an important social critic in this age. His poetry foreshadows the “ wasteland” of the twentieth-century. 荒原意识
苔丝是个美丽的乡村姑娘，由于家境贫穷， 经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或接受服务的费用 给与自己同姓的贵族德伯家打工。结果她 被主人家的儿子亚历克· 德伯诱奸，并生 下了一个私生子。由于这个“罪过”，苔 丝很受鄙视。在巨大的压力下，再加上小 孩夭折，苔丝离家来到一个牛奶场工作， 遇到了牧师的儿妇安吉尔· 克莱尔。两人 相爱并结婚。但在新婚之夜，苔丝向他坦 白了自己的过去，安吉尔竟将她抛弃，独 自去了巴西。生活困苦，备受侮辱的苔丝 苦等安吉尔回来无果，无奈成为了亚历克 的情妇。就在这时，安吉尔抱着忏悔的心 情，来到苔丝身边想和她重新在一起。这 时苔丝杀死了亚历克。在他们逃亡的途中，
英美文学讲义Chapter 4
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造（3）"我逝去的公爵夫人”中的戏剧独白（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示The Victorian Period （P233）Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.Its Political, Economical & Cultural Background（P233）The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement宪章运动(1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species《物种起源》(1859) & The Descent of Man《人类的起源》(1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism功利主义was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. （P235）Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Greatwriters & great works abounded. （P235）Features of Victorian novels（P236）In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.（P236）Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest. （P237）名词解释（Definitions of several terms）The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) (P233)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppress-ed people.Utilitarianism (P235)Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess"《我的已故公爵夫人》is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens (P238)His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentaryreporter for newspapers.From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz《博兹札记》(1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished. (P238)His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》(1840-1841); 《巴纳比·拉奇》Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Note s《美国札记》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845); A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House《荒凉山庄》(1852-1853); Hard Times《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); EdwinDrood《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished)(1870)Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist,DavidCopperfield & so on. (P239)His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. (P241)Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver Twist(P238)The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure. (P243)This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that " impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, itwas the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.A Tale of Two Cities这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是智慧的年代，也是愚蠢的年代；这是信仰的时期，也是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，也是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春天，也是失望的冬天；大伙儿面前应有尽有，大伙儿面前一无所有；大伙儿正在直登天堂；大伙儿正在直落地狱。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点 ppt课件
PPT课件
6
• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
PPT课件
10
the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
PPT课件
1
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
维多利亚时代的英国文学：狄更斯与艾略特的描写风格分析
维多利亚时代的英国文学：狄更斯与艾略特的描写风格分析概述维多利亚时代是指1837年至1901年期间，维多利亚女王在位期间。
这一时期是英国历史上工业革命和帝国扩张的黄金时代，也是英国文学迎来巨大发展的阶段。
在这个时代里，狄更斯（Charles Dickens）和艾略特（George Eliot）成为了备受赞誉的作家，他们的作品以其丰富而真实的描写闻名。
狄更斯的描写风格狄更斯以其深刻而生动的描写方式著称。
他善于塑造各种各样生动鲜明的角色，并通过精准而详细的描述使读者能够深入感受到人物内心世界。
他擅长刻画社会底层人物，揭示出贫困、不公正和社会问题。
同时，狄更斯对环境描写也非常注重，通过细致入微地描述街道、建筑和气氛来营造出浓厚的现实主义氛围。
艾略特的描写风格艾略特与狄更斯有着不同的描写风格。
她注重对人物内心世界的探索和复杂性的描绘。
通过深入分析角色的情感、动机和道德困境，艾略特创造出了具有强烈现实主义色彩的人物形象。
此外，她也擅长以自然来反映人物心理和命运的变化，她认为自然是一个表达人类内心世界和关系的重要元素。
异同点比较狄更斯与艾略特在描写风格上有一些共同之处，例如都倾向于展示社会底层人群的生活和挣扎；都运用了许多生动具体的细节来塑造角色。
然而，他们在途径和目标上存在明显差异。
狄更斯追求对社会问题直接而激烈地呼吁，通过通俗易懂、感染力强的故事吸引读者；而艾略特则更加注重探索高尚价值观、个体教育以及道德困境等更深层次问题。
结论维多利亚时代的英国文学中，狄更斯和艾略特是两位备受赞誉的作家，他们的描写风格都具有独特性和影响力。
狄更斯擅长刻画社会底层人物和揭示社会问题，而艾略特则注重内心世界的深入探索和道德困境的表现。
他们对于维多利亚时代的文学发展做出了重要贡献，并对后来的作家产生了深远影响。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点概要
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history. The period has been
generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period. 2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
1英国文学简史第十一章Victorianperiodres精品PPT课件
2021/2/1与诗歌相比，19世纪英国小说成就更为辉 煌。沃尔特·司各特（Walter Scott, 1771-1832） 的浪漫主义历史小说为他赢得“西欧历史小说之父” 的声誉。《密得洛西恩监狱》（The Heart of Midlothian）、《艾凡赫》（Ivanhoe）等小说
和行为动机的刻画十分生动细致，艾略特因此被 誉为心理小说的先驱。
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens, 1812-1870） 是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家，其作品的深度和 广度超过了同时代的任何作家。
2021/2/1狄更斯的著名小说《雾都孤儿》 （Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》 （David Copperfield）、《远大前程》（Great Expectations）等均以孤儿为主人公，这与作 家的不幸童年经历有关。《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）揭露了英国司法制度的腐败与黑暗。 《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）以法国大
另一位出色的小说家，曾一度与狄更斯在文坛上 平起平坐。《名利场》（Vanity Fair）通过女主
人公丽贝卡·夏普不择手段跻身上流社会的故事，
对势利者进行了无情的揭露和嘲讽。萨克雷的 《亨利·埃斯蒙德》（The History of Henry Esmond）是英国文学史上一部杰出的历史小说。
（Emily Bronte, 1818-1848）想象奇特，《呼啸 山庄》（Wuthering Heights）采用间接叙述手
法讲述一段彻骨铭心的恋情，小说中野性与文明、
浪漫与现实反差强烈，具有神秘恐怖色彩。 安 妮·勃朗特（Anne Bronte, 1820-1849）在 《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》问世的1847年也发表 了小说《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代chapter5thevictorianperiodthevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代backgroundinformationchangesinsocietychangesinpoliticschangesinsciencetechnologychangesinideologythevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代changesinpolitics?politicalpowerpassedfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddleclassindustrialcapitalists
The critical realists were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their works is not of revolution but of reformism.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代
Prose
• Great prose writers: Thomas Carlyle Thomas Babington Macaulay Matthew Arnold John Henry Newman John Stuart Mill John Ruskin Thomas Henry Huxley
• It was welcomed especially by the middleclass industrialists and made cultural values, moral standards less valuable. →the worsening of living condition of poor people
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点(课堂PPT)
英国文学史维多利亚时期 文学背景及特点
Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
• the last period 1880-ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ901, a period of decay of Victorian values.
• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902）
英国文学史维多利 亚时期文学背景及
维多利亚时期文学的特点
维多利亚时期文学的特点维多利亚文学作为一个时代的产物，自然带有宏大与多样性的特点。
它是多侧面而且复杂的从各个角度，包括浪漫的与现实的反映了人民生活中的各种巨大变化，这个时代也诞生了一大批顶天立地的文学巨人。
1、小说这个时期，小说广泛流行，繁荣发展。
著名小说家有批判现实主义的狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗蒂姐妹、哥斯凯尔夫人（1810-1865〉与特罗洛普（1815-1882）等人。
这些批判现实主义小说家一方面重新倡导18世纪的现实主义，一方面又肩负起批判社会，保卫人民利益的责任。
尽管他们的创作角度与风格各不相同，但共同特点是关心广大百姓的生活与命运，他们为不人道的社会机构、堕落的社会道德、拜金主义的盛行及大面积的贫困与不公深感愤慨。
他们作品中对人民生活的真实写照和对社会制度的无情批判唤醒了公众对社会问题与社会发展的意识。
在19世纪末还出现了一位勇敢的女性小说家乔治·埃略特与一个不仅揭露批判社会丑恶现象，还大胆向维多利亚传统道德观发起攻击的文学家哈代。
2、散文维多利亚时代还产生了许多伟大的散文家。
其中许多人与批判现实主义小说家一道揭露抨击社会阴暗面，并在意识形态领域具有举足轻重的影响。
他们创作了大量重要的历史事件评述、宗教论文、散文及各种主题的演讲稿，同时他们将英国的散文与文学评论发展到一个新高点。
当时最有名的散文作品有卡利尔的《法国革命》（1837）与《*** 主义》（1840），麦考利的《英国历史》（1849-1861）拉斯金的五卷《现代画家》（1843一1860）及哈克斯雷的部分演讲稿。
3、诗歌维多利亚时期的诗歌具有风格标新、表达立异的特点，尝试这种改革的诗人有罗伯特·布朗宁，他创造了一种诗体小说，即把小说中对人物的塑造方式引用到诗歌中。
这使得诗体小说重点，从单纯对故事的叙述向人物内心世界的探究转变，使得维多利亚时期的诗歌带有心理分析的因素。
维多利亚时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神。
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）
维多利亚时期的英国文学（考研资料）English literature in the 20th century20世纪的英国文学1. Historical BackgroundHistorically：Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature.Economically:The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic, cultural, and belief crisis. Frequent economic depressions and mass unemployment sharpened the contradictions between the rich and the poor.Ideologically:The rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. (Scientific Socialism, Social Darwinism)2. Artistic features of modern periodRealismRealism was, to a certain extent, eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s.In the 1930s, novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some modernist techniques. However, the realist novels of this period were more or less touched by apessimistic mood, preoccupied with the theme of man’s loneliness, and shaped in different forms: social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell, comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh; and Catholic novels by Graham Greene.The Angry Young Man: A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.They demonstrated a particular disillusion幻灭over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded过时的social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on the middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term “The Angry Young Man” came to be widely used. Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades, the realistic novels of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer, more vigorous and more diversified style.二十世纪英国现实主义文学改变了维多利亚时代那种高雅温和的倾向，加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判，具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点。
英国文学维多利亚时期全集ppt课件
❖ (2) Background: developed rapidly both politically & economically (capitalism first took shape, agricultural to industrial society
❖ The Early Victorian Period (1832-1848)
Chapter III Victorian Novels
❖ the novel became the dominant genre
❖ Plot is unfolded against a social background
❖ “linear causation”: cause-effect sequence
❖ The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).
❖ They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19thcentury English novel.
❖ In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery 滑稽, is his gentleness, his simple faith in mankind.
英美文学选读复习资料 4. 维多利亚时期
一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景。
2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。
3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。
4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。
（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。
（3）"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。
（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。
A. Introduction to the Victorian Period1. 识记(1) Definition: the Victorian PeriodChronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.(2) Political, Economical & Cultural BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science& technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.2. 领会(1) Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.(2) Features of Victorian novelsIn this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.3. 应用 Definitions of several terms1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2) UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.3) Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrumentof human progress.4) Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.>> 点击下载资料/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-83743-php-1B. Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens1．一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用 Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that "impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary CreationCharlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.3. 应用 Selected ReadingsExcerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte BronteThe work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience. The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine. Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1) Emily's subject matterAs far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2) The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3) The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.III. Alfred Tennyson1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme1) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.3.领会Artistic Features of His PoetryTennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.4. 应用 Selected Readings(1) Break, Break, Break (1)This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.(2) Crossing the Bar (1)This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.(3) Ulysses(1)In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.IV. Robert Browning1.一般识记His life &Literary CareerRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.2.识记His major worksDramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M onologueIn this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.5. 应用 Selected Readings:1) My Last Duchess (1)"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.2) Meeting at Night (1)Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing
The second accomplishment of the Reform Bill was to eliminate the “rotten boroughs” and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities. This Bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party which had been in power almost continuously from 1783 to 1830. The Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power.
英国文学的发展与文化背景
英国文学的发展与文化背景概述英国文学是全球文学史上重要的一部分，经历了漫长而多样化的发展过程。
从中世纪初期的古老民间传说到现代文学的多元化表达，英国文学不断演变和壮大，反映了社会、政治和文化的变迁。
本篇文章将带您回顾英国文学发展史，并探究其中所蕴含的丰富文化背景。
中世纪：骑士传奇与教会影响英国中世纪时期，基督教在社会中具有深远影响力。
教会为了普及宗教知识和道德准则，常以童谣和故事形式进行传播。
骑士传奇是当时最流行的文体之一，描写了勇气、荣誉与信仰等价值观念。
作品如《亚瑟王》，讲述了亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士们在平等、正义和忠诚下共同努力战胜邪恶。
文艺复兴：人文主义思潮与戏剧革新16世纪，英国文艺复兴时期的到来带来了奇妙的变化。
人文主义思潮兴起，关注人类的智慧和能力。
伟大的莎士比亚就是这一时期最杰出的代表之一。
他以其剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等在世界舞台上崭露头角。
这些作品受到古希腊罗马文化影响，并通过戏剧形式表达了人性、权力和爱情等永恒主题。
17-18世纪：启蒙运动与小说繁荣18世纪初，启蒙运动冲击着英国社会和文学界。
思想家们强调理性和经验，并推崇自由、平等和科学。
在这个时期，小说开始在英国取得巨大进步，以描绘日常生活和心理状态为主要内容。
许多重要的小说家如简·奥斯汀、丹尼尔·笛福等都留下了经典作品，展现了社会阶级、性别角色以及个人意志对人生选择的影响。
维多利亚时代：社会问题与改革19世纪的维多利亚时代是英国文学的黄金时期。
由于工业革命和城市化的冲击，社会问题不断浮现。
作家们通过文学揭示这些问题，并呼吁改革。
查尔斯·狄更斯以其小说《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等深入探讨了贫困、不平等和人性的复杂性。
20世纪至今：实验与多元风格20世纪英国文学充满了实验和多元风格，作家们将现代主义和后现代主义理念融入创作中。
维吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔等留下了许多影响深远的作品，探索了身份认同、社会制度以及言语表达方式的边界。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点 PPT
大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持
继 续保持 安静
• Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
• Victoria ；
• the queen Victoria’s
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
Historical Background
VictoriLeabharlann age:-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
维多利亚时代的女性解放与文学
维多利亚时代的女性解放与文学概述维多利亚时代（1837年-1901年）是英国历史上的一个重要时期，其特点是道德感、保守主义和男性至上的观念盛行。
然而，在这个时代里，女性逐渐开始追求解放和参与社会活动。
在文学领域中，维多利亚时代也见证了女性大胆发声、表达自我和探索自身角色的重要里程碑。
女性解放运动发展背景1.社会地位：在维多利亚时代早期，女性被视为家庭生活的中心，她们的社会地位受到限制。
2.教育机会：女性教育局限于家庭和家务工作，并未得到公平的教育机会。
3.政治权利：女性在政治上没有投票权和参与权。
文学对女性解放运动的影响1.作家在小说中描述了对女性角色的束缚和不公正待遇，揭示了社会结构中存在的问题。
2.通过刻画强烈意志、勇于挑战传统束缚、追求个人价值观的女主人公，鼓励其他女性追求解放。
3.文学作品启发了女性读者的思考，激发了她们要求平等权利和社会地位的欲望。
重要作家与他们的作品1.查尔斯·狄更斯：《尘世飞花》中刻画的英勇善良、对抗不公正对待并争取自由权利的卡罗琳娜女主角影响深远。
2.夏洛蒂·勃朗特：《简爱》通过塑造独立、坚强且追求自由的简·爱来展现女性对传统束缚说“不”的精神。
3.乔治·艾略特：《米德尔马奇》中展示了才华出众但受到社会禁锢束缚的多萝西娅，并借其形象呼吁女性应该有更广阔的发展机会。
女性解放的成果1.维多利亚时代末期，女性逐渐获得接受教育和职业机会等平等权益。
2.1894年成立了英国妇女选民联合会（NUWSS），为妇女参政提供了一个强大的组织力量。
3.1902年，英国通过《巴里特-布朗威尔法案》，部分解除了对已婚妇女财产权的限制。
总结维多利亚时代的女性解放与文学密切相关。
作家们通过创作塑造了坚强、自主和无畏的女性形象，启发了无数女性追求平等和自由。
女性运动取得了一系列成果，为后来的人权运动奠定了基础，并为现代社会的性别平等做出了重要贡献。
以上内容旨在概述维多利亚时代至于女性解放与文学之间的关系，提供基本信息和指导读者进一步探索该主题。
英国文学史及选读课件9TheVictoriaAg
总结词
讲述了吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄 老主人收养后所经历的爱情与复仇的 故事，展现了人性的复杂与矛盾。
详细描述
小说通过希斯克利夫的人生经历和爱 情故事，揭示了人性中的爱与恨、善 良与邪恶等复杂情感。作品语言独特 ，情节紧张，人物形象鲜明，具有很 高的艺术价值。
PART 04
维多利亚时期文学的影响 和意义
了工业革命后社会的变化。
浪漫主义时期文学
个性解放
强调个性的自由和情感的表达 ，反对工业化和城市化对人的 束缚。代表人物有威廉·布莱
克和约翰·济慈。
诗歌
以拜伦、雪莱和华兹华斯等为 代表的诗歌创作，表达了对自
然、自由和爱情的向往。
小说
以简·爱和呼啸山庄为代表， 关注人性的复杂性和情感的深
度。
维多利亚时期文学
维多利亚时期作家介绍
查尔斯·狄更斯
总结词
维多利亚时期最著名的作家之一，以其对社会问题的深刻洞察和生动描绘而著 称。
详细描述
狄更斯是19世纪英国文坛的巨匠，创作了多部经典小说，如《双城记》、《雾 都孤儿》和《大卫·科波菲尔》。他的作品揭示了社会不公和贫困问题，同时也 描绘了人性的复杂和多样。
勃朗特姐妹
托马斯·哈代
总结词
以描绘人物命运和社会现实而著称，作品具有强烈的悲剧色 彩。
详细描述
托马斯·哈代是维多利亚时期的一位重要作家，他的作品如《 德伯家的苔丝》和《无名的裘德》展示了其对人物命运和社 会现实的深刻洞察。他的小说常常以悲剧收场，反映了人生 的无常和社会的冷酷。
PART 03
维多利亚时期文学作品选 读
小说
出现了以《罗密欧与朱丽 叶》为代表的一系列悲剧 和喜剧作品，反映了当时 社会的矛盾和冲突。
英美文学选读 教程大纲lecture 4
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period一时代背景简介维多利亚时代（Victorian era），前接乔治时代，后启爱德华时代，被认为是英国工业革命和大英帝国的峰端。
它的时限常被定义为1837年～1901年，即维多利亚女王（Alexandrina Victoria）的统治时期。
亦有学者认为，应将通过改革法案（Reform Act 1832）的1832年视为一个新的文化时期的开端。
维多利亚女王是第一个以“大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国女王和印度女皇”名号称呼的英国君主。
她在位的63年期间（1837年6月20日~1901年1月22日），是英国最强盛的所谓“日不落帝国”时期，她在位期间直到她去世后，到第一次世界大战开始的1914年，英国都称为维多利亚时代，1914年以后，英国开始走向衰落。
维多利亚女王（亚利山德拉·维多利亚，Alexandrina Victoria）（1819年5月24日～1901年1月22日）于1837年继承王位（当时她18岁），英国历史上在位时间最长的君主，在位时间长达63年。
1837年，18岁的女王维多利亚登基，新女王在继位之前的日记中写道：既然上帝把我置于这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。
我尚年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无人像我这样怀着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。
女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在其一生中模范地履行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻，又是良母，是典型的大家闺秀，也是优秀的一家主妇。
她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又充满责任感。
在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩影，她漫长的63年在位时期则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰。
维多利亚在位时期，被称作“维多利亚时代”，在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出了什么轰动的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那个时代的表率。
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? It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868 ）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902 ）
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
? Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景 及特点
? 1 Reform
? 2 Chartist Movement (1838-48)
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及 特点
? ① great changges in administration
? leadership/ financial policy
英国文学史维多利 亚时期文学背景及
(183特2-1点902)
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
? the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
? the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
? Victoria ；
? the queen Victoria's
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the Eng文学背景及特点
? The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
the first fourteen years were filled with unrest, alarm and misery, and they contrasted with the growing prosperity and general good feeling of the succeeding twenty-two years when England, having committed herself to industrialism and free trade, because for a theme 'the workshop of the world'
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens' writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
英国文学史维多利亚时期 文学背景及特点
Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
? Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.