大学英语翻译概论
翻译课课件UNIT 1
——To write is to translate what one is thinking of or understanding.
——As a matter of fact, guessing what other people mean is also a kind of
translating.
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●The English-Chinese translation proves to
be a valuable aid to the English learner because it gives him or her a better understanding of the English language and the Chinese language. It helps the English major brush up his or her English used as either the source language or the target language.
Translation：
An activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language
（翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。）
B. Eugine Nida（尤金· 奈达, American translation theorist）： Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation)
翻译基础理论和技巧
2）学习翻译理论掌握翻译技巧的必要性
There are many translation theories and techniques. Without knowing the theories and techniques, one will most likely take a roundabout course in the translation work.That is why it is necessary for us to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and techniques in translation.
3）了解翻译技巧的局限性
必须指出：翻译技巧是人们从事多年翻 译工作的经验总结，应该认真学习。然 而， 翻译技巧只告诉我们在某些具体情 况下翻译应该使用的技巧，因此有其局 限性。
如：
用词不同 black tea、black coffee、 an off season 词的搭配不同 make money、wet snow、a heavy snow 语解过程
表达过程
M -------------- TO ---------- MR
(SL)
(TL)
MR: reproduced message
SL：source language
TL：target language
倘若乙是个英（美）国人，不懂汉语， 甲是个中国人又不懂英语，甲乙之间 就不能交流思想。这时，就需要丙把 甲所说的或所写的信息用英语重新表 达一遍，成为再现信息（reproduced message)。这样，乙就明白了甲的意 思，交流就完成了。在这个过程中， 丙担任了翻译的角色。通过翻译进行 的思想交流，叫做：语际交流 （interlingual communication）。
翻译概论期末总结
翻译概论期末总结一、引言翻译作为一种语言交际活动，随着社会、经济、文化的全球化进程，发挥着越来越重要的作用。
翻译概论是学习翻译专业的基础课程之一，在这门课程中，我们学习了翻译的概念、历史、理论和技巧等内容。
经过一学期的学习，我对翻译有了更深入的了解，并获得了一定的翻译技能。
在此总结中，我将回顾我在这门课上所学到的知识和技能，并对自己的学习情况进行评价和反思。
二、知识回顾1.翻译的概念和分类：翻译是将一种语言的文字、口语或手语转化为另一种语言的过程。
根据翻译的形式和途径，可以将其分为口译和笔译。
口译是指即时翻译，而笔译是指将文字材料翻译成另一种语言。
根据翻译的用途和领域，还可以将其分为文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译等。
2.翻译的历史：翻译在人类发展进程中有着悠久的历史。
从古代的经典翻译到现代的科技翻译，翻译一直在桥梁不同文化之间的交流。
3.翻译的理论：翻译理论是对翻译现象进行系统研究的学科。
常见的翻译理论包括等效理论、功能对等理论、文化转码理论等。
4.翻译的技巧：翻译技巧是为了提高翻译质量和效率而采用的方法。
常见的翻译技巧有逐字翻译、意译、增译和删译等。
三、技能拓展在翻译概论课程中，我不仅学习了翻译的理论知识，还进行了相关的实践训练，提高了我在翻译方面的技能。
1.翻译实践：通过课堂上的案例分析和小组讨论，我学会了如何进行翻译实践。
实践中，我积累了一定的翻译经验，并提高了自己的翻译质量。
2.语言能力：翻译需要具备较高的语言能力，包括对原文和目标文的准确理解和运用。
在这门课程中，我通过不断的语言训练，提高了自己的语言表达和理解能力。
3.文化素养：翻译涉及到两种不同的文化背景，要准确理解原文中的文化内涵，并在目标文中恰当地表达出来。
通过学习翻译概论，我对不同文化之间的差异有了更深刻的认识，并学会了如何在翻译中处理这些差异。
四、评价和反思在这门课程中，我对翻译有了更全面的认识，并提高了自己的翻译技能。
但同时，也存在一些不足之处。
英语翻译概论
翻译概论Warming-up exercises: Translate the followings1 You are what you think2 Your abilities count, but the belief that yo u can succeed affects whether or not you will.3 It’s a pattern of thinking learned at your mother’s knee.I翻译的定义1.Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. 即“将一种语言的篇章材料替换为与之对等的另一种语言的篇章材料”。
翻译是运用一种语言把用另一种语言文字所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
它是一门科学，具有描述性；同时它也是一门艺术，因为它具有创造性。
II翻译原则或标准：严复理论1 信(truthfulness/faithfulness)：忠实原文（对原文的思想不歪曲也不要任意增减；对原文的风格不随意改动，即粗糙的不译成高雅，口语体不译成书面体）2 达(expressiveness)：语言通顺畅达（译文应该按照译语的语法和习惯来遣词造句；译文避免生搬硬套，应该通顺流畅）Eg . John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰值得信赖。
他忠诚而正直(守规矩)。
3 雅(elegance)：文字古雅/ 切（closeness）总之，做英译汉时，按中国人的说话思维方式，把内容用通俗的汉语顺畅地表达出来；反之亦然。
1. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to have much more detailed information about courses and more advice.2. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were justas confused and helpless as everybody else. 1. 因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详细的信息，作更多的指导。
大学课程英文翻译
基础英语Basic English英语口语Spoken English英语写作English Writing英汉翻译Translation between English and Chinese现代汉语Modern Chinese古代汉语Ancient Chinese语言学概论An Introduction to Linguistics中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Literature of China外国文学Foreign Literature中国文化概论Introduction to Chinese Culture西方文化与礼仪Western Culture and Etiquette汉语写作Chinese Writing对外汉语教学概论Introduction to Foreign-Related Chinese Education中外文化通论Introduction to Chinese and Foreign Culture国外汉学研究Chinese Research Abroad主题：大学课程名称英文翻译 1 2 生物物理学Biophysics真空冷冻干燥技术Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology16位微机16 Digit MicrocomputerALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCOBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计C ourse Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages板壳理论Plate Theory板壳力学Plate Mechanics半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semiconductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semiconduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor薄膜光学Film Optics报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业设计Graduation Thesis编译方法Methods of 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Processing城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology成组技术Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵Ship Controling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propeling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶阻力Ship 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Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology 电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置Regulation Equipment动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology断裂力学Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学Non-Linear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytical Mechanics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variate Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation 复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Optics概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等数学Advanced Mathematics高电压技术High-V oltage Technology高电压测试技术High-V oltage Test Technology高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frenquency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frenquency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术High-V oltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-V oltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压试验技术High-V oltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation公差Common Difference公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学Public Relations公文写作Document Writing古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体物理Solid State Physics管理概论Introduction to Management管理经济学Management Economics管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information Systems光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Infomation光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment广播编辑学Broadcast Editing广播新闻Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告学Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction & Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际金融International Finance国际经济法International Economic Law国际贸易International Trade国际贸易地理International Trade Geography国际贸易实务International Trade Affairs国际市场学International Marketing国际市场营销International Marketing国民经济计划National Economical Planning国外社会学理论Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control) Adjustment Device过程调节系统Process Adjustment System过程控制Process Control过程控制系统Process Control System海洋测量Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论Introduction to Ocean Engineering函数分析Functional Analysis焊接方法Welding Method焊接方法及设备Welding Method & Equipment焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding & Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding汉语Chinese汉语与写作Chinese & Composition汉语语法研究Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥Chorus & Conduction合金钢Alloy Steel宏观经济学Macro-Economics宏微观经济学Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器Infrared Detectors红外物理Infrared Physics红外物理与技术Infrared Physics & Technology红外系统Infrared System红外系统电信号处理Processing Electric Signals from Infrared Systems 厚薄膜集成电路Thick & Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源Arc Welding Power弧焊原理Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量基础Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement 互换性技术测量Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工基础Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学Chemical Measurement化学文献Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法Chemical Literature & Consulting Method化学粘结剂Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论Introduction to Environmental Behavior换热器Thermal Transducer回旧分析与试验设计Tempering Analysis and Experiment Design回转式压缩机Rotary Compressor回转压缩机数学模型Mathematical Modeling of Rotary Compressors会计学Accountancy会计与财务分析Accountancy & Financial Analysis会计与设备分析Accountancy & Equipment Analysis会计原理及外贸会计Principles of Accountancy & Foreign Trade Accountancy会计原理与工业会计Principles of Accountancy & Industrial Accountancy活力学Energy Theory活塞膨胀机Piston Expander活塞式制冷压缩机Piston Refrigerant Compreessor活塞式压缩机Piston Compressor活塞式压缩机基础设计Basic Design of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构强度Structural Intensity of Piston Compressor活赛压机气流脉动Gas Pulsation of Piston Pressor货币银行学Currency Banking基本电路理论Basis Theory of Circuit基础写作Fundamental Course of Composition机床电路Machine Tool Circuit机床电器Machine Tool Electric Appliance机床电气控制Electrical Control of Machinery Tools机床动力学Machine Tool Dynamics机床设计Machine Tool design机床数字控制Digital Control of Machine Tool机床液压传动Machinery Tool Hydraulic Transmission机电传动Mechanical & Electrical Transmission机电传动控制Mechanical & electrical Transmission Control机电耦合系统Mechanical & Electrical Combination System机电系统计算机仿真Computer Simulation of Mechanic/Electrical Systems机电一体化Mechanical & Electrical Integration机构学Structuring机器人Robot机器人控制技术Robot Control Technology机械产品学Mechanic Products机械产品造型设计Shape Design of Mechanical Products机械工程控制基础Basic Mechanic Engineering Control机械加工自动化Automation in Mechanical Working机械可靠性Mechanical Reliability机械零件Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计Mechanical Designing机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构Mechanical Information Transmission Device机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用Mechanical Principle & Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements机械原理与机械设计Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design机械噪声控制Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学) Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing (Meta 机械制造系统自动化Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System机械制造中计算机控制Computer Control in Mechanical Manufacture机制工艺及夹具Mechanical Technology and Clamps积分变换Integral Transformation积分变换及数理方程Integral Transformation & Mathematical Equations积分变换控制工程Integral Transformation Control Engineering积分变换与动力工程Integral Transforms & Dynamic Engineering激光电源Laser Power Devices激光焊Laser Welding激光基础Basis of Laser激光技术Laser Technology激光加工Laser Processing激光器件Laser Devices激光器件与电源Laser Devices & Power Source激光原理Principles of Laser激光原理与技术Laser Principles & Technology极限分析Limit Analysis集合论与代数结构Set Theory & Algebraical Structure技术管理Technological Management技术经济Technological Economy技术经济学Technological Economics技术市场学Technological Marketing计量经济学Measure Economics计算方法Computational Method计算机导论Introduction to Computers计算机导论与实践Introduction to Computers & Practice计算机辅助设计CAD计算机辅助设计与仿真Computer Aided Design & Imitation 计算机辅助语言教学Computer-Aided Language Teaching计算机辅助制造Computer-Aided Manufacturing计算机概论Introduction to Computers计算机绘图Computer Graphics计算机基础Basis of Computer Engineering计算机接口技术Computer Interface Technology计算机接口与通讯Computer Interface & Communication计算机局域网Regional Network of Computers计算机控制Computer Controling计算机设计自动化Automation of Computer Design计算机实践Computer Practice计算机数据库Computer Database计算机算法基础Basis of Computer Algorithm计算机图形显示Computer Graphic Demonstration计算机图形学Computer Graphics计算机网络Computer Networks计算机系统结构Computer Architecture计算机语言处理Computer Language Processing计算机原理Principle of Computer Engineering计算机在化学中的应用Application of Computer in Chemistry 计算机组成原理Principles of Computer Composition计算力学Computational Mechanics计算力学基础Basis of Computational Mechanics计算流体Fluid Computation继电保护新技术New Technology of Relay Protection继电保护原理Principles of Relay Protection继电保护运行Relay-Protected Operation检测技术Measurement Technique检测系统动力学Detection System Dynamics检测与控制Detection & Controling简明社会学Concise Sociology简明世界史Brief World History减振设计Vibration Absorption Designing渐近方法Asymptotical Method建筑材料Building Materials建筑初步Elementary Architecture建筑防火Building Fire Protection建筑概论Introduction to Architecture建筑构造Architectural Construction建筑结构Architectural Structure建筑结构抗震设计Anti-quake Architectural Structure Design建筑经济与企业管理Architectural Economy & Enterprise Management 建筑力学Architectural Mechanics建筑名作欣赏Appreciation of Architectural Works建筑入门Elementary Architecture建筑摄影Architectural Photographing建筑设备Architectural Equipment建筑设计Architectural Design建筑施工Construction Technology建筑绘画Architectural Drawing建筑物理Architecural Physics建筑制图Architectural Graphing胶体化学Colloid Chemistry交流调速系统Alternating Current Governor System教育心理学Pedagogic Psychology接口与控制器Interface and Controler接口与通讯Interface and Communication结构程序设计Structural Program Designing结构动力学Structural Dynamics结构化学Structural Chemistry结构检验Structural Testing结构力学Structural Mechanics结构素描Structure Sketching结构塑性分析Structural Plasticity Analysis结构稳定Stability Analysis of Structures结构先进技术Advanced Structuring Technology结构优化理论Optimal Structure Theory结构优化设计Optimal Structure Designing解析几何Analytic Geometry介质波导Medium Wave Guide介质测量Medium Measurement介质光学Medium Optics金属X射线学Metal X-Ray Analysis金属材料焊接Metal Material Welding金属材料学Metal Material Science金属材料与热处理Metal Material & Heat Treatment金属腐蚀与保护Metal Erosion & Protection金属腐蚀原理Principles of Metal Erosion金属工艺学Metal Technics金属焊接性基础Elementary Metal Weldability金属焊接原理Principles of Metal Welding金属机械性能Mechanical Property of Metal金属力学性能Metal Mechanic Property金属切削机床Metal Cutting Machine Tool金属切削原理及刀具Principles of Metal Cutting & Cutters金属熔焊原理Principles of Metal Molten Welding金属熔焊原理及工艺Principles of Metal Molten Welding & Technique 金属熔炼Metal Melting金属塑性成形原理Principles of Metal Forming金属物理性能Physical Property of Metal金属学Metallography金属学与热处理Metallography & Heat Treatment金属学原理Principles of Metallography金相分析Metallographic Analysis金相技术Metallographic Techniques近代光学测试技术Modern Optical Testing Technology近代光学计量技术Modern Optical Measuring Technology近代经济史Modern History of Economics近代物理实验Lab of Modern Physics近世代数Modern Algebra晶体管原理Principles of Transistors晶体光学Crystallographic Optics精密测量技术Technology of Precision Measurement精密电气测量Precise Electric Measurement精密合金Precise Alloy精密机械CAD CAD for Precision Machinery精密机械课程设计Course Design for Precision Machinery精密机械零件Precision Machinery Elements精密机械设计基础Elementary Precision Machinery Design。
翻译概论课件
4.根据汉语搭配习惯确定词义
She proves to be a good listener. 她在课堂上认真听讲。 她是个遵守公共秩序的/忠实的听众。 她善于听取群众的意见。
Yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praise the stone cutter curves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband.
所求的不在形似而在神似。” （spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit ）
钱钟书: “文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把 作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能 因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹， 又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于
‘化境’” （transmigration）
run into debt 负债 run one’s head into a wall 撞南墙，碰壁 The idea runs in his mind. 这个念头萦绕在
他的脑海里。
The street runs north. 大街向北延伸。 The news runs rapidly in the town. 这个消
A COURSE OF TRANSLATION
[ENTER]
翻译概论
What is translation？
译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 （贾公彦 ）
(翻译概论教学课件)第四章当代西方翻译理论
¡ 意大利美学家、文学评论家克罗齐在《美学原理》提出了完全相等于 原作表达方式的翻译不可能存在, 翻译必须靠再创造。文学翻译不 可过分自由、专业翻译不可过分拘谨的观点, 他是从美学的角度谈 翻译的。
¡ 西奥多·萨瓦里的翻译理论主要在《翻译的艺术》, 这被誉为“英语 中论述翻译的最佳之作”。他指出, 翻译是一门艺术。他把文学翻 译比作绘画, 把科技翻译比作摄影。将翻译分为完美翻译、等值翻 译、综合翻译、科技翻译四种。完美的翻译即纯粹传递信息的翻译, 等值翻译是不拘形式, 只管内容的翻译, 科技翻译的特点与等值翻 译有相似之处, 因为在科技翻译中, 内容的重要性远超过语言表达 形式的重要性。他归纳了12条准则指导翻译实践。。
第四章 当代西方翻译理论
¡ 英国翻译学家纽马克将西方研究翻译的历史划分为两大时期: 从公元前55年到20世纪上半叶属于语言学前时期， 20世纪 下半叶则属语言学时期。美国语言学家兼圣经翻译家奈达则 认为西方的翻译理论有四大流派: 语文学派、语言学派、交 际学派和社会符号学派。语言学前时期主要翻译圣经和文学 作品，翻译主要是少数人的事，这个时期的翻译理论就是奈 达所说的语文学派的理论。后三种理论流派即纽马克所说的 语言学时期的翻译理论。
¡ 奈达认为，一般意义上翻译过程包括以下几个阶段: 分析、转 移和重
组（analysis, transfer, and reconstruct），即首先 分析原作语言的息，将其剖析成结构上最简单明了的形式，在 此基础上转移，然后再
大学英语翻译概论
01
诗歌翻译三美原则：意美、音美、形美
02
Beauty in Sense, Sound, Style
许渊冲
美国 奈达 Eugene Nida: 读者反应论
01
(Receptor’s response)
02
忠实原文
03
易于理解
04
形式恰当
05
吸引读者
06
01
Equivalence
与原文作用相符（表达方面的等值）
01
02
国际译联主席Betty Cohen：Never in history have we been so indispensable to trade, culture, peace, and humanity…Just imagine one day in the world without translation…would all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap.
04
A musician / an actor
03
关于译者的比喻：
2.The purpose of translation
交流信息，克服语言障碍
01
特定文本的翻译具有其特定的目的，有其预设的读者群
04
学习其他语言的文化和文明，帮助向更高的文明发展
02
帮助经济、政治等各方面的交流和发展
03
Translatability and untranslatability (Language / Cultural Barriers) Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.
大学英语西方文化概论课文翻译
英语翻译 1Eating Food That’s Better for You, Organic or Not吃对你有利的食品，不论能否有机In the six-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic, ” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm.自从联邦政府六年半前开始对食品“有机” 认证以来，美国人以相当大的激情接受了这个观点。
Sales have at least doubled, and three- quarters of the nation ’s grocery stores now carry at least some organic food.销售额起码翻倍，国内3/ 4的食品杂货此刻都在销售有机食品。
A Harris Poll in October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environmentand healthier.2007 年10 月的一份哈里斯民心检查发现大概30%的美国人起码会有时买有机食品，大部分人以为它更加安全，更有利于环境和更健康。
says Phil Howard, People believe it must be better for you if it ’s organic, ” an assistantprofessor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University.密歇根州立大学的社区、食品和农业助理教授Phil Howard 说，“人们以为假如它是有机的话必定会对你更好。
翻译概论知识点整理
L1 中国翻译发展：1.The earliest historical documents 周朝《周礼》and 《礼记》2.汉代传译的《四十二章经》是佛经最早的中译本3.东汉桓帝时，安世高——《明度五十校计经》是正式见于史籍记载的翻译佛经4.ZhiQian(支谦) extremely literal translation. follow the original intention of the authorwithout any embroidery" (因循本旨，不加文饰)5.Dao An (道安) literal translation translate according to the originalwithout any additioin and deduction" ( 案本而传，不令有损言游字 ) Personal activity---official organization ( fifth century )6.Kumarajiva ( 鸠摩罗什) He emphasizedthe accuracy of translation. freetranslation the first to suggest translators sign their names totranslated works.7.The First Peak of Translation in China ：from the Sui dynasty (581-618)to the Tang dynasty (618-907) thoroughly studied translation theory.translators should: " (1) be faithful to the Buddhist doctrine, (2) be ready to benefit the readers (Buddhist believers), (3) concentrate on the translation of the Buddhist doctrine rather than translating for fame."8.玄奘：将佛经由梵文译成汉文，而且把老子著作的一部份译成梵文，成为第一个把汉文著作向国外介紹的中国人Contribution to theory: set down the famous translation criteria that translation "must be both truthful and intelligible to the populace."( 既須求真,又須喻俗，意即忠实、通順)Aiming to achieve an intelligibility of the translation for the target language readers9.P3. 明清之际的科技翻译Western Christian missionaries (利玛窦...) Assisted by Chinesecollaborators ( 徐光启、李之藻) 利玛窦、徐光启：《几何原本》、《测量法义》，利玛窦、李之藻《同文算指》，利玛窦：论语、孟子、大学、中庸——拉丁文第二次翻译高潮(1)T he subject of translation shifted from Buddhist scriptures toscientific and technological knowledge;(2)t ranslators in this period of time were mainly scientists andgovernment officials who were erudite scholars, and the westernmissionaries who brought western knowledge to China.10.the 3rd peak ：from the mid 19th century to May 4th Movementemphasis on Western works of social soiences, military sciences and literature11.林则徐( 1785-1850)：Geography ( Gazette of the Four Continents 《四洲志》)；李善兰( 1811-1882)：Geometry 《几何原本》；严复：《天演论》、《原富》；林纾：《茶花女》，《块肉余生述》，《黑奴吁天录》《鲁滨逊漂流记》12.Translation in Modern period ( 1919-1949 )：focus on the translation ofKarl Marx's (1818-1883) and Lenin's (1870-19224) works on socialist and communist theories (社会主义和共产主义) , and the translation and re-translation of western literature. 朱生豪：莎士比亚戏剧全集张谷若：德伯家的苔丝》和《还乡》，哈代的《无名的裘德》、狄更斯的《大卫· 考坡菲》P7，鲁迅，矛盾，郭沫若，付东华，傅雷，林语堂13.杨必：玛丽亚?埃杰窝斯的《剥削世家》，翻译萨克雷( W. M. Thackeray)的VanityFair (《名利场》杨宪益和戴乃迭：《红楼梦》《老残游记》《离骚》《儒林外史》《鲁迅选集》《奥德修纪》《卖花女》许渊冲：翻译了《诗经》、《楚辞》、《李白诗选》、《西厢记》、《红与黑》、《包法利夫人》、《追忆似水年华》等众多名著。
课程名英文翻译
课程名称翻译大全学校课程名称翻译大全大学英语--------------College English高等数学--------------Advanced Mathematics体育------------------Physical Education军事理论--------------Military Theory机械制图--------------Mechanical Graphing算法语言--------------Algorithmic Language大学物理--------------College Physics物理实验--------------Experiment of College Physics线性代数--------------Linear Algebra法律基础--------------Fundamentals of Law普通物理--------------General Physics普通物理实验----------Lab of General Physics复变函数与积分变换----Functions of Complex Variables&Integral Transformations 电路理论--------------Theory of Circuitry电路测试技术----------Circuit Measurement Technology概率论与随机过程------Probability Theory&Stochastic Process信号与线性系统--------Signal&Linear System电子线路--------------Circuitry脉冲与数字电路--------Pulse&Numerical Circuitry金工实习--------------Metalworking Practice电工实习--------------Electrical Engineering PracticeCET-4-----------------College English Test(Band4)电子线路实验----------Experiment in Electronic Circuitry微机原理--------------Principle of Microcomputer电磁场与电磁波--------Electromagnetic Fields&Magnetic Waves电机电器与供电--------Motor Elements and Power Supply计算方法--------------Computational Method软件技术基础----------Basis of Software Technique微波技术--------------Microwave Technique通讯原理--------------Principle of Communication数字信号处理----------Digital Signal Processing微机实验--------------Experiment of Microcomputer计算机接口技术--------Computer Interface Technologyc语言----------------C languageCET-6-----------------College English Test(Band6)工业企业管理----------Industrial Enterprise Management移动通讯--------------Moving Communication光纤通讯系统----------Fiber Optical Communication System可靠性技术导论--------Introduction to Reliability Technology卫星通信--------------Satellite Communications电视原理--------------Television Operation数字图象处理----------Digital Image Processing专业英语--------------Specialty English情报检索--------------Information Searches毕业设计--------------Graduation Thesis自动控制理论----------Automatic Control Theory模拟电子电路----------Analogical Electronics数字电子电路----------Digital Electronics资本主义经济----------Economy of Capitalism马克思主义原理--------Principle of Marxism机械原理--------------Principle of Mechanic机械设计--------------Mechanic Design最优控制--------------Optimum Control微机控制技术----------Microcomputer Control Technology过程控制--------------Procedure Control自动控制系统----------Automatic Control System半导体变流技术--------Semiconductor converting Technique运筹学----------------Operational Research自动检测技术----------Auto-Measurement Technique传感器原理------------Principle of Sensing Device单片机原理------------Principle of Single-Chip computer生物物理学Biophysics真空冷冻干燥技术Vacuum Freezing&Drying Technology16位微机16Digit MicrocomputerALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC语言BASIC LanguageBASIC语言及应用BASIC Language&ApplicationC语言C LanguageCAD概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCOBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language&Unix EnvironmentC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language&Biomedical Information Processing dBASEⅢ课程设计C ourse Exercise in dBASEⅢFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALX射线与电镜X-ray&Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80Pragramming in Assembly Languages板壳理论Plate Theory板壳力学Plate Mechanics半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semiconductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semiconduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor薄膜光学Film Optics报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper&Magazine Editing报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps&Water Turbines毕业设计Graduation Thesis编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing&Control in Transformer Substation变分法与张量Calculus of Variations&Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics&Neo-Ro表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Wave Spectrum材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料力学Mechanics of Materials财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance&Banking财政与信贷Finance&Credit操作系统Disk Operating System操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals&Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing&Signal Transformation Processing产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织学Industrial Organization Technoooligy场论Field Theory常微分方程Ordinary Differentical Equations超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet&Application超导及应用Superconductive&Application超精微细加工Super-Precision&Minuteness Processing城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology成组技术Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement&Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术Sensors&Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors&Application传热学Heat Transfer传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵Ship Controling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding&Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure&Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity&Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propeling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration创造心理学Creativity Psychology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing&Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation&Application大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination&Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers&Applications弹性力学Theory of Elastic Mechanics当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama&Films党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology&Equipment低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概念Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters&Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing&Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise&Weak Signals地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment&Technology 电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields&Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields&Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology&Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering&Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding&Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis&Calculation of Electrical Motor&Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory&Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control&Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery&Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery&Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact&Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-Voltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems&Applicati 电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化技术Optimal Technology of Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology&Experiments电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing&Measurement Technology电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances&Control电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Porgrams电视节目制作Television Porgram Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement&Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement&Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology&Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology&Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design&Measurement Technology电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置Regulation Equipment动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis&Apparatus锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology断裂力学Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory&Skills of Translation泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design&Construction非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学Non-Linear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytical Mechanics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application&Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variate Movement Theory&Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables&Integral Transformation复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Optics概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory&Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory&Stochastic Process钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete&Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等数学Advanced Mathematics高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material&Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说Advanced English Listening&Speaking高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frenquency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frenquency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-Voltage Electronic Field高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation公差Common Difference公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference&Cooperation公共关系学Public Relations公文写作Document Writing古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser&Power Unit固体物理Solid State Physics管理概论Introduction to Management管理经济学Management Economics管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information Systems光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal&Systematic Analysis光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors&Applications光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Infomation光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument&Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation&Adjustment广播编辑学Broadcast Editing广播新闻Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection&Composition广告学Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction&Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际金融International Finance国际经济法International Economic Law国际贸易International Trade国际贸易地理International Trade Geography国际贸易实务International Trade Affairs国际市场学International Marketing国际市场营销International Marketing国民经济计划National Economical Planning国外社会学理论Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control)Adjustment Device过程调节系统Process Adjustment System过程控制Process Control过程控制系统Process Control System海洋测量Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论Introduction to Ocean Engineering函数分析Functional Analysis焊接方法Welding Method焊接方法及设备Welding Method&Equipment焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding&Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding汉语Chinese汉语与写作Chinese&Composition汉语语法研究Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥Chorus&Conduction合金钢Alloy Steel宏观经济学Macro-Economics宏微观经济学Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器Infrared Detectors红外物理Infrared Physics红外物理与技术Infrared Physics&Technology红外系统Infrared System红外系统电信号处理Processing Electric Signals from Infrared Systems厚薄膜集成电路Thick&Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源Arc Welding Power弧焊原理Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量基础Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性技术测量Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry&Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工基础Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters&Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学Chemical Measurement化学文献Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法Chemical Literature&Consulting Method化学粘结剂Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论Introduction to Environmental Behavior换热器Thermal Transducer回旧分析与试验设计Tempering Analysis and Experiment Design回转式压缩机Rotary Compressor回转压缩机数学模型Mathematical Modeling of Rotary Compressors会计学Accountancy会计与财务分析Accountancy&Financial Analysis会计与设备分析Accountancy&Equipment Analysis会计原理及外贸会计Principles of Accountancy&Foreign Trade Accountancy会计原理与工业会计Principles of Accountancy&Industrial Accountancy活力学Energy Theory活塞膨胀机Piston Expander活塞式制冷压缩机Piston Refrigerant Compreessor活塞式压缩机Piston Compressor活塞式压缩机基础设计Basic Design of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构强度Structural Intensity of Piston Compressor活赛压机气流脉动Gas Pulsation of Piston Pressor货币银行学Currency Banking基本电路理论Basis Theory of Circuit基础写作Fundamental Course of Composition机床电路Machine Tool Circuit机床电器Machine Tool Electric Appliance机床电气控制Electrical Control of Machinery Tools机床动力学Machine Tool Dynamics机床设计Machine Tool design机床数字控制Digital Control of Machine Tool机床液压传动Machinery Tool Hydraulic Transmission机电传动Mechanical&Electrical Transmission机电传动控制Mechanical&electrical Transmission Control机电耦合系统Mechanical&Electrical Combination System机电系统计算机仿真Computer Simulation of Mechanic/Electrical Systems机电一体化Mechanical&Electrical Integration机构学Structuring机器人Robot机器人控制技术Robot Control Technology机械产品学Mechanic Products机械产品造型设计Shape Design of Mechanical Products机械工程控制基础Basic Mechanic Engineering Control机械加工自动化Automation in Mechanical Working机械可靠性Mechanical Reliability机械零件Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计Mechanical Designing机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构Mechanical Information Transmission Device机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism&Machinery机械原理及机械设计Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用Mechanical Principle&Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements机械原理与机械设计Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design机械噪声控制Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学)Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing(Meta 机械制造系统自动化Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System机械制造中计算机控制Computer Control in Mechanical Manufacture机制工艺及夹具Mechanical Technology and Clamps积分变换Integral Transformation积分变换及数理方程Integral Transformation&Mathematical Equations积分变换控制工程Integral Transformation Control Engineering积分变换与动力工程Integral Transforms&Dynamic Engineering激光电源Laser Power Devices激光焊Laser Welding激光基础Basis of Laser激光技术Laser Technology激光加工Laser Processing激光器件Laser Devices激光器件与电源Laser Devices&Power Source激光原理Principles of Laser激光原理与技术Laser Principles&Technology极限分析Limit Analysis集合论与代数结构Set Theory&Algebraical Structure技术管理Technological Management技术经济Technological Economy技术经济学Technological Economics技术市场学Technological Marketing计量经济学Measure Economics计算方法Computational Method计算机导论Introduction to Computers计算机导论与实践Introduction to Computers&Practice计算机辅助设计CAD计算机辅助设计与仿真Computer Aided Design&Imitation计算机辅助语言教学Computer-Aided Language Teaching计算机辅助制造Computer-Aided Manufacturing计算机概论Introduction to Computers计算机绘图Computer Graphics计算机基础Basis of Computer Engineering计算机接口技术Computer Interface Technology计算机接口与通讯Computer Interface&Communication计算机局域网Regional Network of Computers计算机控制Computer Controling计算机设计自动化Automation of Computer Design计算机实践Computer Practice计算机数据库Computer Database计算机算法基础Basis of Computer Algorithm计算机图形显示Computer Graphic Demonstration计算机图形学Computer Graphics计算机网络Computer Networks计算机系统结构Computer Architecture计算机语言处理Computer Language Processing计算机原理Principle of Computer Engineering计算机在化学中的应用Application of Computer in Chemistry计算机组成原理Principles of Computer Composition计算力学Computational Mechanics计算力学基础Basis of Computational Mechanics计算流体Fluid Computation继电保护新技术New Technology of Relay Protection继电保护原理Principles of Relay Protection继电保护运行Relay-Protected Operation检测技术Measurement Technique检测系统动力学Detection System Dynamics检测与控制Detection&Controling简明社会学Concise Sociology简明世界史Brief World History减振设计Vibration Absorption Designing渐近方法Asymptotical Method建筑材料Building Materials建筑初步Elementary Architecture建筑防火Building Fire Protection建筑概论Introduction to Architecture建筑构造Architectural Construction建筑结构Architectural Structure建筑结构抗震设计Anti-quake Architectural Structure Design建筑经济与企业管理Architectural Economy&Enterprise Management建筑力学Architectural Mechanics建筑名作欣赏Appreciation of Architectural Works建筑入门Elementary Architecture建筑摄影Architectural Photographing建筑设备Architectural Equipment建筑设计Architectural Design建筑施工Construction Technology建筑绘画Architectural Drawing建筑物理Architecural Physics建筑制图Architectural Graphing胶体化学Colloid Chemistry交流调速系统Alternating Current Governor System教育心理学Pedagogic Psychology接口与控制器Interface and Controler接口与通讯Interface and Communication结构程序设计Structural Program Designing结构动力学Structural Dynamics结构化学Structural Chemistry结构检验Structural Testing结构力学Structural Mechanics结构素描Structure Sketching结构塑性分析Structural Plasticity Analysis结构稳定Stability Analysis of Structures结构先进技术Advanced Structuring Technology结构优化理论Optimal Structure Theory结构优化设计Optimal Structure Designing解析几何Analytic Geometry介质波导Medium Wave Guide介质测量Medium Measurement介质光学Medium Optics金属X射线学Metal X-Ray Analysis金属材料焊接Metal Material Welding金属材料学Metal Material Science金属材料与热处理Metal Material&Heat Treatment金属腐蚀与保护Metal Erosion&Protection金属腐蚀原理Principles of Metal Erosion金属工艺学Metal Technics金属焊接性基础Elementary Metal Weldability金属焊接原理Principles of Metal Welding金属机械性能Mechanical Property of Metal金属力学性能Metal Mechanic Property金属切削机床Metal Cutting Machine Tool金属切削原理及刀具Principles of Metal Cutting&Cutters 金属熔焊原理Principles of Metal Molten Welding。
第一章 翻译概论精品PPT课件
翻译出版公司, 1998. 【11】《翻译学：艺术论与科学论的统一》. 黄振定. 长沙：
湖南教育出版社, 1998. 【12】《翻译文化史论》. 王克非. 上海：上海外语教育出版
社, 1997.
6.翻译阅读参考书目
3）翻译实践 【13】《英汉翻译手册》. 倜 西、董乐山. 北京：商务印书
7.翻译证书
1. 全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试
7.翻译证书
2.全国外语翻译证书考试
7.翻译证书
3.上海外语口译证书考试
第一章 翻译概论
主要内容
1. 翻译的定义 2. 翻译的分类 3. 翻译史简介 4. 翻译的标准 5. 译者的素质 6. 翻译的过程
1. 翻译的定义 What is translation?
馆国际有限公司, 2002. 【14】《中国时尚热点新词速译》. 朱诗向. 北京：对外经济
贸易大学出版社, 2002. 【15】《英文汉译技巧》. 陈廷祐. 北京：外语教学与研究出
版社, 2001. 【16】《实用英语翻译技巧》. 吴伟雄、方凡泉. 昆明：云南
人民出版社, 1997. 【17】《英美名著翻译比较》. 喻云根. 武汉：湖北教育出版
社, 1996. 【18】《实用英汉翻译技巧》. 张鸾铃. 广州：广东高等教育
出版社, 1996.
6.翻译阅读参考书目
4） 国外翻译理论与实践 【19】Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach.
Revised ed. Snell-Hornby, Mary. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1995. 【20】In Other Words: A Course book on Translation. Baker, Mona. London: Routledge. 1992. 【21】Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Bell, Roger T. London: Longman. 1991. 【22】A Textbook of Translation. Newmark, Peter. Hertfordshire: Prentice-Hall. 1988. 【23】Language, Culture, and Translating. Nida, Eugene Albert. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 1 翻译概论
• Contrast is the spice of life. There can
be no joy without sorrow, no summer without winter, no love without hate. • 【译文】矛盾是生活的调味品：没有悲伤就 没有快乐；没有冬就没有夏；没有恨就没有 爱。 • 【解析】充满哲理，令人信服。译文和原文 一样挥洒自如，如歌似曲。
课堂互动 1：找找哪个译文正确
• 1．He has a weakness for smoking.
•
– A．他有抽烟的缺点。 – B．他有抽烟的癖好。 2．A cat is a cleanly animal. – A．猫是一种干净的动物。 – B．猫是喜爱清洁的动物。
• 3．He is dead，as I live.
•
钱钟书提出文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作 品从一国文字转变为另一国文字，既不能因语 言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完 全保存原有的风味，那就算得上是入于“化” 境了。 谭载喜提出了翻译的“东张西望”法和译学内 容的“瞻前顾后”法。“东张”即发挥自身的 语言优势，做到译文的“信达贴”、“信达 切”、“神似”、“化境”。“西望”则是借 鉴西方译论，立足分析，注重理论，放眼系统。 “瞻前”——放开思路，大胆开拓；“顾 后”——继承传统，推陈出新。
黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁将云暮，终日昏 暗，我就在这么一天，到西敏大寺去散步了几个钟头。 • 【解析】此译文对原文语序略作调整，译文表达忠实、正 确、流畅，符合汉语习惯。但现代人读来文字华丽、感到 过于学究气，和原语文本中所用文字和所表达语气似乎相 悖。 • 【译文】时值晚秋，天气肃杀凄凉，令人伤感，晨日的光 影与黄昏的光影几乎交织在一起，难以分辨，昏暗的光线 投射到一年的衰败秋日之中，而就在这样的一天，我独自 到西敏寺大教堂散步了几个小时。
翻译概论课件..
run into debt 负债 run one’s head into a wall 撞南墙，碰壁 The idea runs in his mind. 这个念头萦绕在 他的脑海里。 The street runs north. 大街向北延伸。 The news runs rapidly in the town. 这个消 息迅速在镇上传开。
鲁迅：“真好像做苦工，日子不好过”、 “字典不离手，冷汗不离身”。 傅雷：我译文的风格，令自己深以为苦，虽 已尽全力，却永远达不到满意的完美程 度……我尽量尝试译得忠于原文，而又不失 艺术性，务使译文看来似中文创作，惜仍然 力不从心。翻译之难，比起演奏家之演绎往 昔大师的杰作，实在不遑多让。
英汉词法翻译
1.根据语境确定词义 英语中一词多义、汉语中一字多义，这 是常见的语言现象。这就需要我们依靠 具体的上下文来判断某一个字或词语的 意义。
right
And not only has won, but because it has won, has been in the right. Adj.正义的 Might is right. n.公理 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. Vt.申冤 You are quite right to refuse. Adj. 正确的 All came right in the end. Adv. 顺利
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1. The definition of translation
《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言 文字表达出来 一种语言符号解释另一种语言符号 Oxford: to turn from one language into another Webster: to turn into one’s own or another language Catford: The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). 翻译是把一种语言（源语） 的文字材料替换成另 一种语言（目标语）的对等 (equivalence) 的文字 材料
是一种语言活动，是“把一种语言表达的思维内容 忠实地用另一种语言表达出来的语言活动”，它包 含着一个对原文含义的理解逐步深入，对原文含义 的表达逐步完善的过程（古今明）
有关翻译的言论： 意大利谚语：Traduttore, traditore. 翻译即叛逆。 翻译好像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实 理想的译者应成为一块玻璃，透明得让读者感觉不 到他的存在（果戈理） 把翻译看作是“译者摆布文本的一个过程” （Susan Bassnett）
国际译联主席Betty Cohen：Never in history have we been so indispensable to trade, culture, peace, and humanity…Just imagine one day in the world without translation…would all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap. 贸易、文化、和平、人道等都离不开翻译，翻译在 历史上从未如此不可或缺……请大家试想一下，世 上一日无翻译会怎样……都将鸦雀无声。翻译工作 者就象电线中的电流，水管中的水流。
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 奈达Nida: 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又 自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其 次是文体上。
傅雷：传神论/神似说 Transference of soul or spirit “以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形 似而在神似。” “译文同原文在内容上一致，这叫‘意似’，翻译的最 低标准。译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时 一致起来，或称‘形似’和‘神似’，这是翻译的高标准 。” “理想的译文仿佛是原作者的（中文）写作。”
2. The purpose of translation
交流信息，克服语言障碍 学习其他语言的文化和文明，帮助向更高的文明发 展 帮助经济、政治等各方面的交流和发展 特定文本的翻译具有其特定的目的，有其预设的读 者群
Translatability and untranslatability (Language / Cultural Barriers) Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.
林语堂：忠实、通顺和美
faithfulness, smoothness, eauty
英国 泰特勒 Tytler --《论翻译的原则》 翻译中的三项基本原则： 一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想 二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同 三、译文应和原作同样流畅
刘重德：信、达、切 faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness
翻译概论
1 翻译的定义（definition） 2 翻译的目的（purpose） 3 翻译的意义（meaning） 4 翻译的标准 （criteria） 5 翻译的条件 （conditions） 6 翻译的分类 （classification） 7 翻译的方法 （methods） 8 翻译的步骤 （steps）
3. The meaning of translation
尤金· 奈达Eugene Nida：翻译是“人们所能从事的 最复杂的脑力劳动”。
西欧之所以有今天的文明，要“归功于翻译者”。 Kelly，1979 季羡林：中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万灵之药就 是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！（林煌天，1997序）
4. The criteria of translation
严复：信、达、雅 ⊙信：忠实于原文 ⊙达：文笔流畅 ⊙雅：文风典雅 （士大夫） --保持原文的风格 Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance
鲁迅： “凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解， 一则保存原作的风姿。” 信和顺：宁信而毋顺 （鲁迅vs 赵景深：Milky Way） “我的翻译向来是用直译法……我现在还是相 直译法，因为我觉得没有更好的办法。 ” “保留一定的洋腔洋调”
关于译者的比喻： A courier of the human spirits （普希金） A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting A musician / an actor Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)