句子的种类及简单句(一)讲义

句子的种类（一）

一. 基本概念

句子是语言运用的基本单位，一般常用的句子包括两部分:一部分是句子里说的"谁"或"什么"(主语部分);另一部分是句子里说的"是什么""怎么样"或"做什么"(谓语部分)。

按照功能可以分为以下四类。

1. 陈述句（）A：Close the door and turn on the computer.

2. 疑问句（）B: It is raining heavily outside

3. 祈使句（）C: What good news he brought us!

4. 感叹句（）D: What are you doing?

按照结构可以分为以下三类。

1. 简单句（）A: I say and you listen.

2. 并列句（）B: I saw nothing but a piece of paper.

3. 复合句（）A: I know you like it.

二. 简单句的基本类型

1. 主系表----说明存在的状态。即“是什么，怎么样” ,

2. 主谓句----说明发生的动作。即“做什么”

主+谓…

主+谓+宾…

主+谓+宾+宾…

主+谓+宾+补...

3. There be …句型

三. 疑问句

（1）含“be” 动词的句子, 直接提前“be” 动词。

be___________________________________________________________

eg：（肯定句）She is an art teacher.

（一般疑问句）Is she an art teacher?

（肯定回答）Yes, she _______.

（否定回答）No, she _______.

（肯定句）There is some milk in the fridge.

（一般疑问句）Is there any milk in the fridge?

（肯定回答）Yes,__________.

（否定回答）No,__________.

（2）含情态动词的句子, 直接提前情态动词。

情态动词：______________________________________________________

eg：（肯定句）We can speak English.

（一般疑问句）Can you speak English?

（肯定回答）Yes, we ______.

（否定回答）No, we ______.

助动词：________________________________________________________

eg：（肯定句）Scientists will find a way to fight against the virus.

（一般疑问句）Will scientists find a way to fight against the virus?

（肯定回答）Yes, ______________.

（否定回答）No, ______________.

注意：一般现在时，和一般过去时的肯定句中经常省略了助动词，do, does, 和did, 变一般疑问句时，

句中的实义动词改为原形。

eg：

He often practices English. ----Does he often practice English?

They helped to stop the pollution. ---- Did they help to stop the pollution?

将下列句子变成一般疑问句，并完成答句。

1. This is my dictionary. _______this _______dictionary? Yes，_______ is. / No, __________.

2. These are our English books. _______these______ English books? Yes, ______ are. / No, ____________.

3. My parents like English. _____ _______ parents like English? Yes，_________./ No，___________.

4. Bob can swim. _______ Bob swim? Yes, ______ ______. / No, ______ _______.

5. They did a survey. ______they ______ a survey? Yes, they_______. No. they ________.

6. May I come in? Yes, you _______. No, you __________.

7. We must stay at home. ________ we stay at home? Yes, we ________. No, we __________.

8. I would like some tea. ______ you like _____tea?

9. I have something important to tell you. _____ ______ have ___________ important to tell _______?

Yes, ____________. / No, _________.

10. Everybody is in the classroom? _______ ________ in the classroom?

Yes, ___________. / No, ___________.

注意:在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑问句的时候,要注意句中是否有already、some、something、somebody等词，如果有也必须进行改变，already要改成yet，some、something、somebody等分别改成any、anything、anybody等。另外，在改成否定句的时候注意把too改成either, both改成neither, all改成none等.在改成一般疑问句的时候，常常把第一人称I、we改成第二人称you。

还是"any"

在一般疑问句中，要表达"一些"时，一般用any，但如果这个问句是用来表达"建议、请求、邀"

等交际功能时，应该用some.

11. Do you have _________children?

12. May I have _________ fish?

13. Would you like _________ tea?

14. Shall we buy ________ vegetables?

15. Can I borrow _________ money from you?

16. Why not have _________ bread?

17. How about _________ orange juice?

18. Is there _________tea in the cup?

2. 特殊疑问句: 以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子。回答特殊疑问句时，不能用yes / no，

即问什么答什么，尤其是简略回答。

常用的特殊疑问词分为两大类：疑问代词和疑问副词。

1. 什么

2.谁

3. 哪个

4.谁的

5. 什么时候

6.在哪里

7. 为什么

8. 怎么样

* What + 名词结构：_________________________________________________________