《英语词汇学》期末课程论文
英语词汇学期末论文
英语词汇学期末论文题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法专业：英语班级：13级3班学号：201313010309姓名：黄旷静完成时间：2015年1月14号浅析英语词汇巧记法摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。
尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。
其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。
为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。
关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率一．读音记忆法1.拼读法英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。
例如ay读[ei]。
带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。
Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i:culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来2.谐音法尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。
但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。
用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。
用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。
例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴]think想[联想：想时要“深刻”]二．联想法1.拆分联想科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。
词汇学论文
英语的发展这学期我们学习了词汇学这门课程，从这门课程的学习中我了解了英语发展的历史。
从这门课的学习中，我知道了英语语言的历史发展可以分为三个阶段，分别是：古英语（Old English），中世纪英语（Middle English）和现代英语（Modern English）。
(一) 古英语时期 (Old English Period, 450-1150)。
有记载的英语语言起始于449年，当时包括央格鲁－撒克逊人（Angles-Saxons）在内的德国部落入侵大不列颠。
他们把原来的居民凯尔特人（the Celts）赶到不列颠的北部和西部角落。
凯尔特人的领袖King Arthur带领部队勇敢作战，英勇抗击德国入侵者。
这之后在不列颠岛上央格鲁人、撒克逊人和一些德国部落都说着各自的英语。
尽管85％的古英语词汇现在已经不再使用，但一些常用词汇如：child, foot, house, man, sun等等还是保留下来。
和现代英语相比，古英语中的外来词很少，但派生词缀较多。
古英语中还有较多描述性的复合词。
如“音乐”是earsport；“世界”是age of man。
在著名的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）中对此有详尽描述。
这是最早居住在不列颠(Britain) 的民族塞尔特人所说的塞尔特语(Celtic)，他们虽然最早到英国，但留下来的事迹不多，现在威尔斯、苏格兰高地仍有人说塞尔特语。
公元前43年凯撒大帝征服不列颠，罗马人统治不列颠人，同时也将当时罗马人使用的拉丁语传入，但并未被一般老百姓采用。
公元410年罗马帝国自英国撤离，这时，来自英国北方的皮刺人 (Picts) 和苏格兰人分别从南部和西北侵扰，不列颠无力抵抗，只好求救于往昔经常困扰罗马军队的日耳曼人。
根据大英民族编年史的记载，日耳曼民族于公元449年在英格兰登陆，将日耳曼语带到英国，而发展成现在的英语，因此，英语是属于印欧语系Indo-European 日耳曼语族的语言。
词汇学结课论文
Narcissism※Definition of the wordAre you familiar with the word “narcissism”? Nowadays this word is very widely used on different occasions, especially among the young people.Narcissism, according to the definition of Oxford dictionary, means the habit of admiring oneself too much, especially one’s appearance. In Chinese ,it means “自恋”.To be more precise, narcissism is the personality trait of egotism, vanity, conceit or simple selfishness. Applied to a social group, it is sometimes used to denote elitism or an influence to the plight of others. The term “narcissism” was firstly introduced by Havelock Ellis(later developed further by Freud in On Narcissism)after Narcissus who in Greek Mythology was a self－absorbed young man who fall in love with his own reflection in a pool. From Freud’s point of view, he held that some narcissism is an essential part of all of us from birth. And Andrew P.Morrison claims that a certain amount of healthy narcissism allows the individual’s perception of his needs to be balanced in relation to others. However, in Spain, where psychoanalysis is not used in public health, the world “narcissism”has a different meaning. It means “overindulgence at considering one’s faculties or acts”. Thus, the term “healthy narcissism”is replaced by “healthy self－love”. Some experts believe a disproportionate number of pathological narcissists are at work in the most influential reaches of society such as medicine, finance and politics.※The source of the wordIn Greek mythology, Narcissus was a handsome Greek youth who had never seen his reflection. The nymph Echo had been punished by Hera for gossiping by being cursed to forever "have the last word". One day Echo saw Narcissus walking through the forest and wanted to express her love for him. Narcissus heard her but could not see her and when he asked, "Who's here?” all Echo could reply, because of the curse, was "here". When Echo finally revealed herself, she was shocked when Narcissus scornfully rejected her and she fled into the mountains. One day, whenNarcissus became thirsty and stopped by a pond to take a drink, he saw his reflection in the water for the first time. Not knowing any better, he fell in love and started talking to it. Not yet understanding reflections, Narcissus thought his reflection was speaking to him and became more engaged. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus pined away at the pool and changed into the flower that bears his name, the narcissus.※The representatives of the wordNowadays the word “narcissism”is very popular with Chinese people. People behave narcissistically out of special reasons. For example, I have a very good friend who is a tall but fat girl. Every time when we talk about appearance, she will say in a weird but amusing voice, “well, don’t you even know that? I come from the south of China, so it’s no doubt that I’m a mild and fragile young lady.” Hearing that, I know she is a little bit narcissistic considering her real appearance. But by saying so and claiming in such a voice, she wisely avoids embarrassment and animates the atmosphere. Next time when we talk about what kind of person she is, we will unanimously say she is a wise and humorous girl instead of despising her as a narcissistic person.However, things can go quite contrary to what we have expected them to achieve if we are not capable of keeping a subtle balance when behaving narcissistically. I will give you another corresponding example. I also know a very competent person who is a member of the English debate society. He can handle different situations appropriately, but he is not popular with the other members. Why? From the other members of the association, I can figure out the reason. They just think he is too arrogant and self－conceited. Every time the other members put forward a suggestion, he is always opposed to it as if to say, “Well, my suggestion is the best, you guys can not possibly come up with a constructive idea.”Also, he is used to contending that he has good appearance, so it won’t be hard for him at all to find a girlfriend. However, he is still single now in that he even doesn’t give any chance to the girls who desperately fall in love with him. I guess the reason why he is so unpopular lies in thefact that he isn’t able to hold the appropriate degree of narcissism.※The conclusion of the wordFrom what have been mentioned above, I’m sure more or less we are familiar with the word “narcissism”, ranging from the precise definition of the word, the etymology of the word to the special occasions of using the word. Therefore, we have an overall look at the word－narcissism. However, it’s just a tip of the iceberg. If we would like to get to know more about the word, we will have to do further research so that we can apply the use of it to our daily life appropriately.Last but not the least, there is something that I would like to mention, that is, whatever our original intentions are of behaving narcissistically, we should always bear in mind that our behavior should not arouse the other people’s resentment and unhappiness. In our daily communication, we do not expect the uneasiness to generate between people, so while we are trying to be humorous by behaving narcissistically, it’s better for us to be a little bit modest.。
英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]
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英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]第一篇：英语词汇学的论文怎么写英语词汇学的论文怎么写？英语词汇学习在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。
可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。
一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy）词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。
有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。
然而，Gaims 和Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。
语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。
二．语境策略（Context strategy）语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。
语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。
但是，Channell(Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89)认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。
为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。
从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。
三．精加工策略（Elaborative strategy）精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。
皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。
英语词汇学课程论文
英语词汇学课程论文题目：网络英语的词汇类型及其特点院系：辽宁大学外国语学院英语国际商务系班级：09级01班学号：290811507姓名：金文Abstract: With the development and popularity of Internet, English thereupon develops and changes as main language in Internet. New vocabulary of English on Internet has a new vocabulary which either describes the new things, or the newly formed abbreviation for easy inputting, or the common symbolic language of the world. New vocabulary of the English has the character of easy- to- understand, vivid and proper, succinct and easy to remember the meaning of a word and swift input. It also has certainmetaphor nature. The semantics of the English neologisms of network appears and upgrades fast and in large quantity.Keywords: Internet; English; V ocabulary; CharacteristicBody:In twenty-first Century, the mankind has entered the era of the Internet network, as the economic, social development of the most powerful agents, to promote human. The society enters a new era. The development of society, the progress of language development is the important soil. With the development and popularity of Internet, Englishas the main language in Internet thereupon develops and changes.I. New vocabulary of English on InternetSince the Internet has been generated, about generate more than1000English new words. The lexicons mainly has the following kinds. 一．Describing the new thing new vocabulary.Taking the information technology as the representative of a series of new technologies, human social life appeared a few new things. These new things and computer technology are inseparable, describe these things new vocabulary in the network produces and began to be widely used, such as knowbot, mailbot, infobahn, coopetition, E- mail, infwindow, Internet, internet, download, netspead and so on. These new vocabulary is a portmanteau word, such as interpedia, Telnet and so on. There are compound words, such as multimedia, homepage, componentware and so on. In the new course of old words, sometimes directly was given a new meaning, its meaning has been further development, it becomes the new words in a large class. For example “mouse” translate to “老鼠”，in computer technology says “鼠标”；“flame”translate to “火焰激情”，in computer technology says“反病毒程序”.二．AbbreviationsThe Internet to narrow the distance between people, and also the main way to communicate with the main text. In the Internet chat or send e-mail, in order to speed up typing speed appeareding a lot of new English abbreviations and non-standard spelling. Internet abbreviations is a major formation means, they have made use of the characteristics of simplicity, simple, has the very strong vitality. Abbreviation sentence is generally used for connecting role phrases, even if the initial network of people do not understand its meaning, will not understand each other's intentions affect too much. These abbreviations are usually soon accepted by the majority of Internet users. These words abbreviated method basically has the following kinds:1. Homophone use abbreviationsThe English emphasize shape, Chinese emphasize meaning, and the Internet words emphasize pronunciation. According to the pronunciation of the words or sentences to simplify the rewritten as Internet language characteristic there a new method to spell a word: for example “IC” means “I see”, “Y” means “Why”, “U” means “You”. There is a phrase to describe only according to pronunciation, which no longer has one one corresponding to the substitution alphabet. For example, ICQ ( I seek you ) seek K and you note together with pronunciation the same letter Q instead of.2. The beginning letter abbreviationThe beginning letter abbreviation use the first letter of each word ( usually capitalized ) are combined to replace the phrases or sentences, is the most common internet language, also the one that most early Internet users understand. Among them, also have a letter on behalf of the entire word, there is also a letter represents partial word abbreviations. For example, IOW( In other words) , LOL( Laughing out loud) , BTW( By the way) , TLA( Thanks in advance) , ASL( Age Sex Location).3. Truncated abbreviationIn order to facilitate the importation, users are sometimes truncated suffix, prefix or remove the vowels, write some new words. Section termination: hang on a sec=hang on a second, rep=reputation.Some words even as only the first letter:P=Pardon、G=Grin or Giggle.Section header: cause(or cuz) =because、m=am. To remove the vowels refers to words of vowels, consonants, retaining only the pronunciation of the prominent appearance marked the letters. For example, “ MSG” means MESSAGE“、PLS” means PLEASE“、PPL” means PEOPLE“、THX” means THANKS.4. Borrow digit abbreviationInternet English is a special abbreviated forms, namely digital alternative to repeated letters or homophones numbers instead of a letter, it can becalled a numeral abbreviation. This is a development of abbreviations, and Internet English new things. For example, B2B(商家与商家, Business to business)、3W(万维网,World Wide Web)、4P's(4p 营销策略, 电子商务中的一种营销术语, 指consumer's wants and needs, costto satisfy wants and needs, convenience, communication) 、3A( 3A 服务,anyone, anytime, anywhere).三．Universal symbol languageWith the development of Internet, also generates some features of English hieroglyphic words：“ {}”means “拥抱“, “＄- )” means “贪婪”,“ X=”means “希望成功“, XOXO”means”拥抱和亲吻“, ZZZ”means ”无聊或在睡觉”.As in Hotmail, Internet users to type in a left parenthesis, a specific letter and a right parenthesis, there will be unexpected image effect. For example, type" ( R )", there will be a rose ( because R is rose. ); type " ( G )", then there will be a gift box ( because G is gift. ). Japanese also created some of these words, and on the Internet has been recognized, as in the use of"@^- ^@" said blushed. These words and phrases first in English in the network appears, has gradually been accepted by users, has become a kind of special no pronunciation symbols, vividly expressed the people's thought. Of course, the letters and letter combinations expression power is very limited, and the different chat room setting, therefore, here is notto do further discussion. It can be expected with the development of the network, is very likely there will be unified alphabet emoticons.II. The characteristics of Internet English new wordsLanguage dynamic development process of people to meet the communicative needs, but also reflects the society and language, cognition and communication relationship. Network English is in the rapid development of network technology and social context of increasingly rich, develop gradually rise, and embodies the media popularization and the progress of science and technology. Network English is the product of net culture, with the rule of development of the language. Internet words semantic has vivid characteristics of practice, in the network communication can better express one's thoughts or ideas, but also is easy to be accepted by people.一．Word easy to understand, vividNetwork communication is different from face-to-face communication, communicators exchange information only with words, not with the help of body language, this requires the network English new words must be easy to understand. Its formation should be familiar, even if the reader has not been previously in contact vocabulary, can also according to the most familiar vocabulary guess. Network English popular mainly reflectin the word-building ways to use a large number of derivatives and synthesis, so that Internet users need to understand the meaning of the affix, can be inferred and master derived from the large number of new words: “cyber” comes from the Greek, meaning the helmsman, can be understood as " computer, network" or transliterated as " cyber", derived from cyber. The word cyber activist, cyber addict, cyber attack, cyber cop, cyber brain, cyber surfing etc. Network English compound words in large quantity, variety. Many new words are common words and has specific meaning word combinations, the newsemantic equally easy to understand, easy to understand memory. As of web means " spider's Web", extended to the network, its synthesis in the word webmaster, webster, webzine, web site work people in addition to the use of some language symbols to represent tone and emotion, but also often use a few words to describe some nonverbal behavior, such as describing the netizen action, emotion and posture. People are facing the cold screen, used to describe the language users, emotion and action figure, with pure text there is nothing comparable to this role, can make the network more humane, more vivid and attractive, closer to the actual exchange. Such as" haha" means" LOL" laugh, laugh" Smile said," said smiling," Rose" means send roses," ROTFL" means roll with laughter," jump" means happy like children like skipping in the chat room," think" means tilted his head like a down" praise said," said" really smart, admire, admire".二．Succinct and easy to remember, quick inputMany novel and unique internet vocabulary is the use of commonly used roots and affixes, grouped by lexical rules, creative recombination. This kind of vocabulary has to be Yi Ming, easy reading, easy memory characteristics. Simple, easy to remember network English so that visitors will not remembering the tedious terms and jargon, effectively improve the keyboard input speed, to network dissemination of information. Network English brevity mainly embodies in the network on the emergence of abbreviated terms, abbreviations are made by simplicity, ease of use, more colloquial, less formal, lack of social other fields widely accepted rules of use. But because of its user-friendly, simple, easy to remember and spread, therefore, this kind of abbreviation in Internet communication by Internet users consistent recognition and widely accepted and used. These words common features are simple in form, with no single, rich associative meaning.The use of abbreviations can not only simplify the printing, saving space and time for reading, but also can effectively increase the input speed, so as to adapt to the computer science and network technology high speed development requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the input speed, network English often ignore the first letters.三．MetaphoricalMetaphor is an important cognitive style and mode of thinking. Richards ( Richards ) once said, metaphor is omnipresent principle. P.F'ontanier (1830) for the metaphor cognitive characteristics further elaborated, he points out that metaphor is a kind of thing as another kind of thing.Any kind of art form embodies the features of metaphors, either as a thing to experience another kind of the way things are called metaphor, network language which contains. Net language the main formation is in a category to another.A category of things, either the digital category digital network language, network language or symbols category symbols and netizen created the network language reflects its metaphorical, embodies the netizen know world usually cognitive form.Network new words often rely on people familiar vocabulary, with the aid of the metaphorical meaning, stimulate the readers' Association and imagination, showing old things or concepts similarity or relevance, endowing the old words with new meanings, to create the vivid, figurative rich description of new things, new ideas of vocabulary. The network includes a number of professional English vocabulary and vocabulary of computer network technology. In general, the metaphor cognition in humans has two functions: to create new meaning and offer new angles of viewing things. We found that, in the development ofnetwork and computer technology in the process, people continuously by means of metaphor to create new words and concepts. The general vocabulary through the semantic change of metaphor and the modification of the original meaning, extended, extension, from a new point of view to look at it, it has a new meaning. Such as the computer virus virus refers to the biology of the virus. In the computer field, is defined by the programmer designed to hide in a computer program, intended to destroy the computer operating system to disturbance or missing data and other secret program. Similar terms and gopher, archive, menu, memory, run, path etc.Thus, in the role of metaphor, reification of abstract concepts, complex meaning of scientific terminology, popular, well strengthen social science and science communication, so that a subject from another discipline of inspiration. It is because of known from concept to cognitive unknown concepts from the known to the unknown, register register mapping, network English technical terms and people's daily life vocabulary, both concise and vivid, and easy to remember. This has largely contributed to the development of network technology and the development and popularization of computer knowledge.四．Novel words in the semantic representation and update speed, numberThe rapid development of computer, the popularization of the Internet, resulted in a network of new words have emerged, including a rich network of English new words. The presentation of the new words and update speed, number of any one dictionary is difficult to collect. So in the network era of rapid development of new English words so, understanding of its structure and semantic features, contribute to the accumulation of knowledge, broaden our horizons.Nowadays, network culture influences people's learning, life, job, thinking mode, value concept. Therefore, to strengthen the network of new words in English study, the structure and semantic features, the people familiar with the Internet, learning English and daily life will be of great help.Biliography：[1]Gao Liwei ,Digital age, digital English [J]. English Today 2001(17):12-13[2]Steward ,Doug. Flame thrower [A].[3] W.H.&Turgeon Gregoire . About languages: A Reader for Writers[C][4] 付辛斌,张雪梅.英语因特网语的形式与功能[J].外语电化教学,2006(2).[5] 杨金菊.网络英语词汇特点初探[J].嘉兴学院学报,2002(3).[6] 乐勇.网络英语缩略语[J].中国科技翻译,2002(1).[7] 干福.论因特网英语的特点及意义[J].连云港师范高等专科学校学报,2001(2).[8] 林丽芳.论计算机英语的隐喻性[J].厦门大学学报: 社科版,2001(1).。
词汇学期末论文
A brief introduction of the major differences between British English and American EnglishAbstractThis article describes some of the main differences in the English of British and American speakers. Differences in the way that the same language is spok en in different places are called varieties or dialects. These varieties may be regional or national. For example, we can hear different forms of English in various regions of the UK, or in different parts of the English-speaking world. There are numerous varieties of English, such as Indian English, Australian English, and West African English. But for historical reasons, British English and American English are the two most influential varieties and it is the differences between these two that we will discuss here.Key Words：British English，American English，differences，varieties，dialects，IntroductionAmerican and British English are dialects of English which have a recognised standard form and are equally acceptable in Academic English as long as the style and register used are appropriately formal. There are no significant differences in the academic form of other varieties of English.These tend to resemble either the American or British form. For example, Australian English generally uses the same spelling as British English. Those people who complain about the difficulties of learning German, don't know how lucky they really are - they only have one language to master. Admittedly, there are regional differences of dialect in German-speaking countries, but the non-native speaker who has learned Hochdeutsch (high or standard German) should have no problems in making himself understood by citizens of Germany, Austria or Switzerland. The difficulty for the nonnative learner of English on the other hand is that there is no standard English form. He is confronted with two English dialects to learn: British English and American English (leaving aside Australian, Indian, South AfricanEnglish etc.) And despite the many cross-cultural influences, it seems that the vocabularies, spellings and pronunciations of these two dialects are diverging year by year.To be consistent in his use of English and, more importantly, to be understood , the nonnative speaker needs to know which words have distinct meanings and pronunciations depending on whether they are used by a Briton or an American. This is necessary not only for sake of communication, but also to avoid embarrassment. For example, if a Londoner tells a resident of New Y ork that she has left her child's dummy in the pram and its nappy in the boot, she will merely be greeted with a look of bewilderment. If the New Y orker then tells the London woman that she has nice pants, he may well wonder why she doesn't seem to take his remark as a compliment.What follows are brief examples of the major areas of difference between the two languages:Spelling differencesThe most noticeable difference in the academic context is in spelling. Where there are differences between British English (BE) and American English (AE) spelling, it can be said that American English has the more economical and phonetic spelling. Unnecessary letters are left out andIn general, both American and British spelling are acceptable, but it is important to be consistent, at least with the use of the same word - theatre or theater, but not both - and in your choice of ize or ise endings as in criticize or criticise, plagiarize or plagiarise. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English gives British, American and Australian English spelling. American spelling tends to reflect pronunciation and British spelling tends to reflect grammatical or historical implications as well.However, there may be advantages in using British spelling in certain situations. For instance, two forms: programme and program exist in British English. The former can be a noun referring to television programmes or programmes of events (plans, conferences, a theatre programme etc.). The latter can be a noun referring to computerprograms. Both forms can be verbs, but there is no spelling distinction between them except in the infinitive form (as in She learned how to program the computer to calculate the value of the pound against the Euro at twelve hourly intervals) and the present tense. If you wish to make reference to both meanings in your writing, then British English makes a useful reference (meaning) distinction between the two, while American English has only one form program to refer to both.An obvious example is the omission in AE of the letter u in words such as color, neighbor, honor etc. Compare also the AE words traveling, jewelry and program with their BE counterparts travelling, jewellery and programme. However, this rule does not always apply. For example, you would expect skilful to be the AE spelling and skillful the BE spelling, but unfortunately you would be wrong!Pronunciation differencesThere are a number of easy-to-hear differences in the way that English is pronounced by British and American speakers. Here we will look at the following areas: stress, some vowel sounds, and vowels followed by an 'r'.British and American speakers have different stress patterns in their speech when they say certain words with two or more syllables. For example:word BritishEnglishAmerican Englishballet/b le/ /b le/debris/debri/ /d bri/The same differences can be heard in words like gourmet, chalet, garage, parquet, and paté. In words with several syllables like secretary, American speakers emphasize the ending more than British speakers, so that the word seems to have an extra syllable:word BritishEnglishAmerican Englishsecretary/sekr tri/ /sekr teri/territory/ter tri/ /ter t ri/There are of course great regional differences in pronunciation within both countries, but the following is a list of words which are pronounced differently by most Americans and most British. The difference in lies either in using different vowel sounds or by stressing the word in a different place.Vocabulary differencesAs a percentage of the total English vocabulary the number of words which are used only in one or the other country is very small, but the problem for learners of English is that these words are among the most common in the language. There are many words that are used almost exclusively by Americans which are understood by most Britons, and vice versa. But there are others which can cause difficulty. For example, most Britons know that Americans call biscuits cookies and flats apartments, but not so many know what an alumnus or a fender is. Similarly, Americans know that what they call their yard is called a garden in Britain and that trucks are lorries, but common British English words like plimsolls or off-licence may mean nothing to them.Grammar differencesBritish English and American English grammar are mostly in agreement; there are however some interesting variations. For example there are differences in certain verb forms. In AE the past tense of fit is fit; in BE it is fitted. Americans say I've gotten to know her well; Britons I've got to know her well. In BE the present perfect tense is used for situations in which AE would typically use the past simple. For exampleusing the words just or already, Britons would be more likely to say: I've just seen him or I've already done it whereas in AE it would be common to hear I just saw him or I already did it.As another example, Americans are much more likely to be technically correct in the agreement of collective noun and verb form than Britons. So in standard AE it would be: The team is playing well this season whereas in BE it is common and acceptable to say The team are playing well. Similar differences can be seen in the use of words like government, committee etc.: The government is .. (AE), The government are .. (BE).American English accepts the use of the simple past tense with just, already and yet (Did you see him yet?/He just went out?/Did you go there already?) while British English requires the use of the present perfect (Have you seen him yet?/He has just gone out/Have you been there already?) In Academic English, the British form is preferable as the American form tends to be perceived as informal (rather than inaccurate).Particle differences - Clinton met with the representatives of the Daughters of the Revolution / Clinton met the representatives - are not significant, though British markers may 'correct' the with as it seems informal.American English can make what British English considers to be uncountable nouns plural, for example technologies. When this occurs with formal, technical vocabulary in a specific context - the new technologies - British English, over time, tends to adopt the same form.Semantics differencesThere are two important types of difference in the meanings of words in the two varieties:1 The same object may have a completely different name2 The same word is used in both varieties, but it mayhave a completely different meaning.Type 1: same object, different namesSome of the biggest differences are in the words used for basic everyday things, such as common foods, household equipment, and the parts of a car. For example:British word American wordmobile phone cellphonepetrol gastap faucetcooker stovedustbin garbage canaubergine eggplantsweets candybonnet (on a car) hoodboot (on a car) trunkwindscreen windshieldType 2: same word, different meaningsDifferences of this type can be very confusing, even for people whose first language is English. The Macmillan English Dictionary provides over 25 special usage notes that deal with these American/British 'false friends'.word British meaning American meaningfootba ll a game played all over the world,with a round ball that the players kick(but do not throw). Americanspeakers call this game soccer.a game played in the US, with anegg-shaped ball that the players canthrow or kick. British speakers callthis game American football.chips long thin pieces of potato, fried and eaten hot. American speakers callthese fries or French fries. thin flat pieces of potato, fried and eaten cold. Also called potato chips. British speakers call these crisps.vest a piece of underwear that you wearunder a shirt. American speakers callthis an undershirt.a piece of clothing with buttons on thefront and no sleeves that men oftenwear over their shirt as part of a suit.British speakers call this a waistcoat.Usage differencesThere are countless other small and interesting differences between AE and BE, which come under the heading of usage. Take the useful expression used in AE through, meaning up to and including. E.g., The exhibition is showing March through June. The equivalent expression in BE is from March to June, but this is ambiguous. Does the exhibition close at the end of May or the end of June? To avoid any misunderstanding, it is necessary to say something like The exhibition is showing from March to the end of June.As another example: for Americans the number billion has 9 zeros (a thousand million); for most Britons it has 12 zeros (a million million). Zero itself is a much more common word in AE than in BE, where nought is more widespread. Americans say the number 453 as four hundred fifty three, whereas in Britain it would be said four hundred and fifty three.ConclusionAmerican and British English will be two major varities of one language bacause of the similarities of the basic word stock,the basic grammer and the basic phonetic system, and because of rapid development of modern science, technology, mass media, and constant cultural and economic exchanges between these two nations.Bibliography1 Practical English Usage, M. Swan (1995) , Oxford University Press2 The Right Word at the Right Time (A guide to the English language and how to use it) (1985) Readers Digest3 Doreen du Boulay, Sussex Language Institute 1998-2001.4 British and American English，by Don R. McCreary5 British English and American English，陈福生，厦门大学外文系6 An Introdyction To English Lexicology, 林承璋，刘世平著，武汉大学出版社7语音学教程，林焘，王理嘉著，1992年11月，北京大学出版社8语音学与音系学入门，[英]克拉克，[英]亚洛坡著，史宝辉导读，2000年08月，外语教学与研究出版社9英国英语和美国英语的词汇差异现象，孟宪友，广东农工商职业技术学院学报，2003，第1期。
词汇学期末论文
李易忱教授：吴建设英语学院0892010-6-18<论词汇的力量>我是个篮球迷，经常关注NBA的比赛。
前一段时间我在看球的时候总感觉央视解说员在解说的时候有一些奇怪的地方，细细观察才发现，他们在解说的过程中凡是遇到英文的单词或者缩略词都换成了中文来表达，例如最常用的缩略词“NBA”换成了“美国职业男子篮球联赛”或“美职篮”。
而且在很多其他的媒体节目中也是这样做的。
我开始觉得很好笑，因为对于现在大多数人来说，在日常生活中，运用一些英文缩略词或者英文单词来表达事情是很常见的。
这件事在互联网上也引起了很多人的争议和讨论。
很多网友纷纷表示不理解央视的做法（其实一开始也包括我）。
认为这是多此一举，甚至会惹来很多麻烦。
有的人开玩笑说如果非要按照央视这种套路办，那会出现滑稽的表达，比如“我去医院做了个B超。
”要说成“我去医院做了个第二型超声波检查”, CT会变成“电子计算机X射线断层扫描。
网友们说的也不无道理，毕竟英语词汇在我们的生活中已经渗透的太多太多了，这些词汇也带给了我们李易忱很多方便，如果真要屏蔽或者换掉肯定会造成一种尴尬的境地。
但是，凡是都有两面性，如果我们从另一方面考虑这个事情，也许会得出不一样的结论。
我看到支持这项举措的大多数是一些老一辈的语言学家等。
他们的理论也很简单，就是如果放任这种英语单词的渗入，会对我们自己的语言文字，甚至文化产生影响。
正巧本学期我选了词汇学这门课，通过这门课的学习，我对上述这个事情有了更深一层的看法。
词汇作为一门语言的最基本的组成部分之一，虽然看起来是很不起眼，但它却也是最重要的组成部分。
一个词语所包含的意义是很深的，而我们在日常生活中运用的知识它的基本含义而已。
如果我们细细研究，便能发现词汇能影响我们很多方面，知识，素质，意识等等。
我认为，词汇对意识的影响是最大的，也恰恰是人们最容易忽略掉的一点。
所以词汇学这个研究分支是有意义的。
它让我们知道学习一门语言，甚至一种文化，不仅仅是把它的单词全部背下来就可以的。
词汇学作业
《英语词汇学》期末接结课论文A study on metaphor in semantic shiftThe word can be used by literally or figuratively to show its meaning, which are called literal meaning and figurative meaning respectively. When a word has transferred from literal meaning to figurative meaning, then it has experienced the semantic shift. Semantic shift includes metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, transferred epithet, synaesthesia and onomatopoeia. Every one of them have experience the semantic shift.Among these, the concept of metaphor plays an important role in the process of human’s understanding and reforming the world. Its birth and development has interrelationship with that of culture. The similarity of metaphor in different language is based on human’s common function of physiology and psychology, living environment, etc. The culture-specific aspects such as the particular religion, custom, history, and geography, turn out to be the main cause of the difference usage of metaphor in different language. So, it is very necessary for us to learn the different meaning of words which have experienced the semantic shift, especially the metaphorical shiftment of meaning.What is metaphor? Prior to answering the question, I must mention some of its history. The English word “metaphor” derives from Greek word “metaphora”. It is composed by “meta” and “pherein”, which has respective meaning as “over” and “to carry”. Hence the original meaning of “metaphora” was “to carry over”. Aristotle, perhaps the first sch olar to define metaphor, argues “Metaphor is the application to one thing of a name belonging to another thing”. However, this version of definition is only confined to the subject of rhetoric while metaphor nowadays is no longer considered as only connected to literature classes, rather, it is omnipresent. Brown (1976), a specialist in the sociology of art, notes that metaphors provide a perspective on knowledge just as scientific paradigms provide a perspective on theoretical knowledge. Some other famous sentences are as follows:“To know is to use metaphor.”—Friquegnon“The whole of nature is a metaphor of the human mind.”—Emerson“Metaphor was the beginning of wisdom, the earliest scientific method.”—C.Day-LewisAmong the innumerable definitions of metaphor in recent years, the one presented by Lakoff (in Ortony, 1993:203) is quite notable. He holds the sense of metaphor as a cross-domain mapping, a way of thinking. For instance, “love” and “war” are two completely different “domains”, but we can use wo rds used to depict war to describe love. Hence, we have the metaphor “He wins her over in the game of love”.In our text book, according to the likeness between two objects, using one object to refer to another is called metaphor. Metaphor is based on likeness and association, so no matter which two objects, having outside, inner, or special similarity, they can use metaphor, or say they can refer to each other for metaphor. For example: we can say the teeth of a comb because there is the similarity between teach and comb.The basis of metaphor consists in one similarity between two objects, just because of this basis, we can use one to replace of the other. The so called similarity can include three kinds of situations: the similarity of appearance, the similarity of the function and the similarity of the connotation.The appearance means that the two objects have a likeness of their shape. There are many examples for this kind of situation: forest can be use as a forest of chimneys, or a forest of red flags; the word neck can be used as the neck of a gourd, or the neck of a bottle. All of these actions are based on the similarity of their shaps.Functional similarity refers to the likeness of the usage ofthe two objects. Here are some examples to show this: root (the root of the matter), fruit (reap the first fruits of one’s research), balance (a balance of payments), flash (a flash of hope), coat (a coat of paint) and so on. The similarity of the connotation means whether the two objects have a common connotation, or say whether the two words are both a bad or good symbolic meaning. When we say beast, we mean a brutal animal. Then the semantic-shifted metaphorical meaning can be cruel human beings. Here are some other examples for the like: bitch has a literal meaning for a female dog, at the same time has a metaphoric meaning for a loose woman.As a general rule, metaphor is here and there in our daily life. If carefully, we can find a lot of normal words are semantic-shifted by metaphor. There is a great variety of metaphor, and here I will mainly point out five kinds: the metaphorical sense of the human body, the metaphorical sense of animals, the metaphorical sense of plants, and the metaphorical sense of color.1. The examples of the human body are showed in the table below:As a matter of fact, there are still many other examples, nearly all of the elements of human body have the figurative meaning, such as nose, eyes,teeth,hands, shoulder,lips,heart and so on. Then here are the examples for heart because of its common and usefulness.A. There had been a row with her boyfriend, and she was heart-broken.B. her letters have been heart-breaking.C.Take heart, for all is not lost.There are many such like words, which include big-hearted, faint-hearted, half-hearted,whole-hearted,cold-hearted,kind-hearted,down-hearted,light-hearted,tough-hearted,ge nerous-hearted,open-hearted,warm-hearted,gentle-hearted,seft-hearted,and hard-hearted.2. The examples of the animals are showed in the table below:4．The examples of the plantsConclusionMetaphors are considered as the way we live by and the basis for human cognition, thinking, experience, language and even acts; it could be regarded as a reflection of human culture. Western communication theory is based on the conduit metaphor. The conduit metaphor articulates the complexity of human thought and promotes the sharing of knowledge. Metaphor in western country is a mirror of its culture as well. The study of metaphor is one of the best means to learn the mentality and customs of western country.According to what have been talked above, metaphor in semantic shift are here and there in our lives, human body, plants, colour and animals are included. For understanding of the correct meaning of this semantic shift, it is better for us to learn the culture. By learning these metaphors, we also can learn well of the culture of western countries.References:1. Eugene A. Nida. Language, Culture, and Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 1991.2. Hornby A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (fourth Ed). Oxford University Press. 1989.3. Tu Guoyuan, Liao Jin. On the Translator’s Cultural Awareness and Cultural Creativity. Foreign Language and translation (4), 2000.4. Zhou Rong. A Cross-Cultural Study of the Metaphorical Representation of Time. Modern Foreign Languages (1). 2000.5. Basil Hatim. Communication across Cultures. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001.6. Chinese Translation Journal (1-6), 2002.7. Jennifer D. Mayton, ENGL 500, Prof. Oakley. A Cross-cultural Analysis of Magic and Rhetoric in Ancient Greece and China.1998.8. Fernando Mateos, S.J. Linguistic and Literary Structures of the Chinese Proverbs. Tamkang Review. 1971.9. Robert N. St. Clair. Cultural Wisdom, Communication Theory and the Metaphor of Resonance.。
英语词汇学论文
英语词汇学论文词汇使我们在英语学习过程中的最大障碍,。
然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,就是我们学习英语的有力武器。
本学期上了词汇学,学到了一些以前学不到的东西。
总体的感觉就就是“原来英语中的词汇也像中文一样博大精深,而且很活,有很多学问”。
在语言的发展过程当中,词汇也就是起着举足轻重的作用。
在教学实践中,有相当多的教师与学生对词汇的教学认识就是片面的,认为学生只要记住单词的发与拼写及词义就足够了。
于就是,许多学生就只会机械地背诵课本后词汇表中每个英语单词与与之相对应的汉语解释。
而当她们要把这些词汇运用到写作与口语中的时候,结果却就是错误百出。
究其原因,就在于教师的教学方法使学生认为:词汇就是静止的单个词语的总与,只要掌握单个的词语就足够了。
其实这种认识就是有局限性的,谈不上就是真正的掌握。
其结果就就是遣词造句时的生搬硬套,逐字逐句的别扭翻译。
事实上,词语就是有生命的,就是活动的,而不就是孤立的。
“词与词在很多方面都就是相联系的,这也就是掌握词汇并将其储存在记忆中的方式”。
因此, 教师在词汇教学中除了教会学生单词的发音及其词意外,还应注重核心词汇的教学与词语搭配的教学。
这两个方面虽然同属于词汇教学的范畴,但却就是紧密相连,缺一不可的。
只有把这两方面的内容真正搞清楚了,才能准确无误地运用各类词汇。
语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性。
英语词汇可以通过自身形态的变化引起自身词性的变化,这就使得英语的构词法有着灵活性与多样性的优势。
例如:英语的名词通过添加词缀可以变成动词或形容词;动词通过添加词缀也可以变成名词或就是形容词等。
英语构词法中词汇的变化大部分都就是通过词汇本身形态的变化而产生的。
英语的这一特性使英语具有强大的派生能力,许多的词都就是由其它词通过词形的变化派生而来的。
其中在英语词汇中变化最多的就是英语的动词、名词与形容词。
比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语(不定式、分词)的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。
词汇学(论文)
姓名：丁君怡学号：2012125112 班级：英语1213 课程：英语词汇学引论英语词素的类型摘要：词素也叫语素，是语言中最小的而又具有意义的单元。
不同的分类方法可以将理据分为不同的类型。
依据语素能否单独出现的特性，语素大体上可分为两大类，分别为：自由词素，黏着词素。
依据词素的词汇的和语法的关系，词素可化分为词汇词素，语法词素。
关键字：词素，词素，分类，不同依据，不同类型一、依据词素能否单独出现自由词素自由词素是可以单独出现并能独立成词的词素。
也就是说，一个自由词素自身就是一个具有一定意义的单词。
比如，单词boy, girl, table, nation, faith等都是自由词素，因为他们单独出现时就表示一个单词，并具有意义，分别表示男孩，女孩，桌子，民族，忠诚。
像homework, airsick, and takeoff 这样的单词，home, work, air, sick, take, off都能单独出现并独自成词，它们拥有一个以上的自由词素，被称为复合词。
黏着词素黏着词素是不能作为一个词而单独出现的词素，也就是当它单独出现时，不能表示一个单词。
因此，他们不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现,这样的语素叫做粘着语素。
黏着词素大多是词缀。
例如：-s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- in disclose等，他们都不能单独出现，必须与其他词素一起出现。
一个英语单词可以拥有一个或多个黏着词素。
比如，单词unfaithful中-un与-ful ,都是黏着词素。
值得注意的是单词contain 与receive 都不仅仅只有一个黏着词素。
因为con, tain, re, ceive 都不能单独出现并独立成词。
二、依据词素词汇的和语法的关系词汇词素词汇词素是用来构成新的单词的词素。
可以构成复合词。
比如单词blackbird就是在black和bird这两个词汇词素的基础上创造的。
词汇学论文2篇
词汇学论文第一篇：词汇学及其研究方法词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇及其运用规律。
它对于理解和使用语言至关重要，并且在语言学、语言教学和语言处理等领域具有广泛的应用。
本文将介绍词汇学的定义、主要研究内容以及常见的研究方法。
首先，词汇学是研究词汇的科学。
词汇是构成语言的基本单位，是语言的基本组成部分。
词汇学包含对词汇的定义、分类和形成过程的研究。
词汇的定义可以从不同角度进行，如音、义、形态等。
词汇分类可以根据语法特点、语义特征以及语用功能等进行。
词汇的形成过程涉及词源、造词规则以及词汇的变化等方面。
其次，词汇学的研究内容包括词义、词形、词法、词汇关系等方面。
词义是指词汇所包含的意义，是词汇学研究的核心内容之一。
词义的研究涉及到语义、句法和语用等层面的分析。
词形是指词汇的外部形态特征，包括词根、词缀等。
词形的研究可以揭示词汇在形态上的规律和变化。
词法是指词汇的形成和使用规则，包括词汇的构词法和变位等方面的研究。
词汇关系是指词汇之间的内在联系，包括同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系、联想关系等。
最后，词汇学的研究方法多种多样。
常见的研究方法有词义分析、语料库分析、对比研究等。
词义分析是通过对词义进行细致的解剖和分类，来探索词义的内部结构和变化规律。
语料库分析是通过收集和分析大规模的语言数据来研究词汇的使用频率和语境特征，从而揭示词汇的语言规律和偏好。
对比研究是通过比较不同语言、不同语言阶段或者不同语言使用者之间的词汇差异，来揭示词汇的共性和个性。
总之，词汇学是研究词汇及其运用规律的科学，它对于理解和使用语言具有重要意义。
词汇学的研究方法多种多样，可以通过词义分析、语料库分析和对比研究等方法来揭示词汇的内在规律和外在特征。
对于语言学、语言教学和语言处理等领域来说，词汇学的研究成果具有重要的理论和实践价值。
第二篇：词汇学在语言教学中的应用词汇是语言的基本单位，掌握丰富的词汇量对于语言学习者来说非常重要。
《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)免费范文
篇一：?英语词汇学教程(jiàochéng)?论文(中文版)英语(yīnɡ yǔ)词汇学论文(中文版)单词(dāncí)记忆法细谈一，读音(dúyīn)规那么记忆法它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。
例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。
还有些固定的字母组合，例如： ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种(ɡè zhǒnɡ)前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比拟固定的发音。
掌握了这些规那么，记单词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。
二.字母变化记忆法英语单词中以某个单词为根底，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。
详细方法如下：1.前面加字母。
例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread2.后面加字母。
例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet3.中间加字母。
例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four4.减字母。
例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar5.换字母。
例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take6.调字母〔即改变字母顺序〕。
例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign，from/form三.联想记忆法在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。
例如：打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。
词汇学论文(英文的)
一。
The Development of English VocabularyThere are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries.How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language.But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development.The history of English language is divided into three periods:1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD )2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD )3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now )As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it thepre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language.Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it isalso been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin.Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases.Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period.The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great.The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc.Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words.The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary.Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out.Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process.Bibliography:陆国强，published in 1999，Modern English Lexicology (new edition)Adams, Valerie, published in1982,An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation戴炜栋，published in 2002，A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English朱永涛，published in 1997，The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries林承璋，published in 1987，An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,thenewspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language toexpress.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicatingideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.①Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.②Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.①Drink Coca-Cola.②I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive.④Get noticed. Get results.⑤Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord. Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm.The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attra ctive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product.⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.①Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.②Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.①Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.②Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, wh ich persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image.Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such asall,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinarycharacteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-came ras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.Email:********************。
英语词汇学论文(1)
On native words and borrowings in the English vocabulary AbstractAs time goes on, great changes have taken place in native English vocabulary. In addition to the inner evolvement of itself, it has also absorbed more and more borrowings from other culture. This essay will focus on exactly this subject. The main parts in this paper are: ①to exhibit the basic conceptions regarding native words and borrowings in English vocabulary;②to discuss the major features of English native words;③to discuss the major sources and features of borrowings in the English vocabulary; ④to explore the interrelation between the native and foreign elements in the English vocabulary.⑤to make a conclusion of the whole paper.Key words native words borrowings English vocabularyChapter 1 Basic Information about Native Words in English Vocabulary1、1 Definition of Native WordsWe should first make clear the exact definition of native words or borrowings no matter what we are going to discuss about them next.According to some dictionaries and books of lexicology, native words refer to words which originated in the region where it is used. To put it simple, native words are words that are not foreign or imported.Specifically, as for English vocabulary, native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the Germanic tribes, namely the angles, the Saxons, and the jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Though words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, they stand at the core of the language.1、2 Features of native wordsGenerally speaking, native words have these features below:First, they are neutral in style. That is to say, native words are usually neither formal nor informal. This is because native words denote the commonest things in human society. Almost all the people use them in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Take the word begin and commerce for instance. Begin is a typical native word and commerce is a borrowing.Obviously, we use begin neither formally or informally. However we use commerce mostly in formal occasions.Second, they are frequent in use. Native words are the foudation and the core of the English vocabulary. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The percentage of native words in use reaches usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Third, in structure they are mostly monosyllabic words.Fourth, in meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things. At the same time, they are highly polysemic words, that is, they have many meanings.Fifth, in grammar they include most parts of speech.Sixth, they are of collocability. Many commonly-used expressions and phrases in English are made up of native words.Seventh, they are good at forming word in modern English. Native words in modern English can form a great number of derivatives. For example, watery and waterless are both the derivatives of water. Native words in modern English can also form many compounds. For example, the word fire can form many compounds, such as fireman, firefighter, fireplace and firebrand and so on.Chapter 2 Basic Information about Borrowings in English Vocabulary2.1 Definition and Main Features of BorrowingsBorrowings, or borrowed words, or loan words, refers to the words taken from foreign language.As a language which owns the most speakers, English has adopted words from almost all other major languages in the world. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “the English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”. Thus the English language is called “a heavy borrower”. Here “borrowing” is not real “borrowing”. It has nothing to with returning. It’s merely a metaphor stands for the foreign words from a different culture. But not all foreign words do become borrowings. If they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the borrowing stage.Through analyzing the borrowings in English vocabulary, we can find some common features among them.First, borrowings in English vocabulary usually do not have relative native words with the same meaning with them. When this is the case, certain concepts, ideas or objects of the “lending”language community are new to the people of the “borrowing” language community. So instead of making up a complete whole new word for the idea or object they simply borrow the word from the people they came in contact with.Second, borrowings are usually words that refer to exotic ideas, concepts or objects. An example of this is how names of animals that do not inherently come from Great Britain are often loanwords in English. The name of the animal is borrowed from the language that is spoken in the country in which the animal originally comes from or lives in.Third, most of the borrowings in English vocabulary are nouns. Nouns and lexical words in general, are borrowed more frequently than grammatical words. An example of this is the word “bagel”. The word was adopted from the Yiddish language, since the Jews were those who introduced bagels to the rest of the world. Many other languages, including English, therefore borrowed the word “bagel”.Fourth, borrowings are often even more widely known than native words since their borrowing served a certain purpose, for example to provide a name for a new invention. An example of such a borrowing is “pizza”. Since the Italians were those who introduce pizzas in England, the England borrowed the word from them.2.2 Major Sources of Borrowings in the English VocabularyTo discuss this question, we should first get to know the exact meaning of “source of borrowing”. Here it refers to the place where the borrowing was borrowed.Generally speaking, Latin, Greek and French are the three languages that have contributed most to the English language. Other foreign languages that have contributed words are of less importance.That is to say, Latin, Greek and French are the three main sources where borrowings in English vocanulary come from. Apart from the three, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish are also the main sources of borrowings in English vocabulary. Some examples of borrowings in English voabulary are as follows.Among those borrowings that come from the Germanic are the words father, mother, brother, man, wife, tree, grass, summer, winter, bring, come, get, hear, meet, and think and so on.Such words as constitution, president, parliament, congress, city, place, , diner, café, liberty, veracity, carpenter, draper, haberdasher, mason, painter, plumber, and tailor are from France.English has acquired many words from Spanish. Some of these have been borrowed directly: cigar, armada, guerrilla, matador, mosquito, and tornado.Borrowings from Latin have been especially numerous. Many of these represent combinations of Latin words: alnutrition, transfer, circumference, supernatural, submarine, suburb, substantial, contemporary, multilingual, conjunction, compassion, and hundreds more.Borrowings from Greek are heavy in the sciences and technology. In addition to macro and micro, often-used prefixes include poly and tele. Among the well-known English words from Greek are alphabet, geometry, geology, photography, psychology, pathology, biology, philosophy, telephone, logistics, and metamorphosis.Among the common English words that have come from Arabic are: alcohol, alchemy, algebra, alkali, almanac, arsenal, assassin, cipher, elixir, mosque, naphtha, sugar, syrup, zenith, and zero.Borrowings in English vocabulary are so numerous that they can not be listed one by one The above are the language sources that English vocabulary comes from. Below are the specific sources or we’d better say specific channels that borrowings come from. Generally speaking, English vocabulary mainly comes through conquest, commerce, travel, literature, mass media or some other ways. In other words, those borrowings have come into English vocabulary through the spoken word, on one hand, and through the written word, on the other hand.Chapter 3 The Interrelation between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn fact, no language has so complex and varied a vocabulary as English. The English vocabulary has been adopted from more than fifty languages. As a cosmopolitan language English has no rival. That is to say, up to seventy percent of the English vocabulary consists of loan-words, and only thirty percent are native words.In spite of large-scale borrowings, it is the native words that form the basic stock of modern English vocabulary. And what’s more, native words are used in everyday speech and writing more frequently than borrowed words.Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.In the course of historical development borrowed words have extended the total number of the English vocabulary, and Latin or Greek roots, prefixes or suffixes have changed the structures of English words.Chapter 4 conclusionTo sum up, we can say that English vocabulary has been marked by the word ‘borrowing’. Since early times, English has been in contact with other languages such as Greek, French, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and Spanish and so on, and as a result, English vocabulary has been riched under the influence of other languages. It is native words and borrowings together help strengthen the English vocabulary and make it a very open and the most poewrful language in the modern world.Bibliography参考书目??/~kemmer/Words04/structure/borrowed.htmlhttp://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdfhttp://dooku.miun.se/engelska/englishC/C-essay/VT06/Final/NicoleFerm.pdf/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html/media_file/200708/huashi/0809/cihuix/web/unit02.htm。
英语词汇学引论论文
湖北文理学院词汇学引论课程论文论文题目：词汇学的学习意义姓名学号：2011105318专业：英语院系：外国语学院目录摘要 (3)关键词 (3)引言 (3)文献回顾 (3)第一章第二外语学得与外语教学工作的关系 (3)第二章英语词汇学重要内容简述 (4)第三章词汇学在第二语言学习中的作用 (5)1、构词法在第二语言学习中的作用 (5)2、词义变化在第二语言教学中的作用 (6)3、英语成语在第二语言教学中的作用 (7)第四章结语 (8)参考书目 (8)摘要：英语词汇普遍存在，无论是诗歌，还是散文等文章都是由词汇组成的。
英语词汇它存在于生活中的每一个地方，在人类的生活中起到了至关重要的作用。
这引起了语言学家的关注，经过不停的总结与分析最终发现词汇对语言发展的积极作用。
尝试将词汇学加入到日常教学中。
关键词：英语词汇学内容作用教学引言：词汇是语言的三大要素之一，在语言学习中起着重要作用。
英国语言学家威尔斯金曾说过：“没有语法，人们表达的事物寥寥无几，而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。
”词汇在语言中占有如此重要的地位，因此对词汇教学进行研究具有重要意义。
所有英语的学习者都清楚，学好英语必须学习大量的词汇。
但面对如此多的生词时，我们时常感到困惑、烦躁，因此学会一些有用的词汇学知识，使之应用于词汇学习就显得特别重要。
本文主要从词汇学的角度，采用构词法理论和语篇中的词汇衔接理论来研究英语词汇。
本文将通过对大量词语的分析、研究来论述词汇产生的原因、背景，在此基础上并试图发现词汇发展的特点。
本文期望能具有一定的实用价值，使英语学习者对词的构成及衔接有比较清晰的认识，同时能激发英语学习者学习英语词汇的兴趣，帮助其有效扩大词汇量，灵活掌握英语词汇。
文献回顾：作为一种语法现象，英语插入语引起了众多语法学家的关注。
本文拟从四个章节研究英语词汇及词汇学习。
论文第一章主要介绍二语学得与外语教学工作的关系。
接下来第二章是英语词汇学重要内容简述。
英语词汇学论文
英语词汇学论文-构词法1Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can hel p us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of t he best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms , back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characterist ics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blendi ng.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation （关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a var iety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversio n. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are p roduced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained aninstitutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo change s to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always ex ceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is eco nomy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the peop le who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effe ctively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatica l rules are keys to learning English2well. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role. Vocabulary is t he foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t haveenough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others wel l, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on rememberi ng new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English wo rd formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have neve r seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following se ctions. However, this is not a good habit. If we want toimprove our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the diction ary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to un derstand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have lear ned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new lang uage phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very sh ort time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the rev ersed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is ab solutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word for mation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by f oreigners. This is also known as one importantcharacteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formati on.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way are3called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three sub categories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally ch ange the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a wor d. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, pre fixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to base s. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give y ou an example. The word “countless”,“-less” change the part of form and show the negative mea ning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not chan ge the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be wr itten solid, hyphenated and open.Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes do wn to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent wh ereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In case s where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the me aning can be obtained from theseparate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the el ement would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, w hich can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟ identity is apparent.Chapter 4 Conversion4In English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form . Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words b y converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatica l sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most produ ctive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing t hat conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the di fferent range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have becom e well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combinati on of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another wor d. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word. The whole part of the first part +th e last part the second word. The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs andadjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, an d newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, t hey are still considered by the serious-minded people to be slang and informal. However, it is adv isable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules andconformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word form ation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the stu dents of English major.。
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《英语词汇学》期末课程论文内容及格式要求：学生完成基础词汇学理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，参考相关文献，设计、完成自己的学期课程论文。
论文要求用英语撰写，长度1500字以上。
要求文字通顺、思路清晰、内容充实、有一定的独立见解。
评分除了考虑语言表达能力（40%）外，还把独立见解和创新意识（40%）及格式规范（20%）作为重要依据。
格式：标题-title中英文摘要、关键词-abstract & key words in English & Chinese正文：1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusions参考书目：References至少3部，其中至少应有1部英文文献。
交稿期限：第17周星期五（2011-12-23）请提交打印稿，并在首页右上端注明作者班级、姓名、学号。
Semantic Changes in English Language （Times New Roman,三号，加粗，居中）Abstract（Times New Roman, 四号，加粗）: Although word meaning is stable within a certain period of time, it changes, even radically, after thousands of years. The development of English has gone through three stages: Old English period, Middle English period, and Modern English period. The influence of the vocabularies of French, Latin, Greek, and Scandinavian and so on enriches the English vocabulary. ．．．It is good for our future learning of English, if we learn something about semantic changes. （Times New Roman，小四，单倍行距，内容不超过100字）Key Words（Times New Roman, 四号，加粗）:semantic change; types; tendencies; causes （Times New Roman，小四，单倍行距，3-5个关键词）英语词义的变化（宋体, 三号，加粗，居中）摘要（宋体, 四号，加粗）：词语的意义在一定时期内是相对稳定的,但历经千百年后,则会发生一定的甚至是重大的变化。
．．．．．．详细分析词义演变的原因及类型,将有助于读者加深理解词语的本质,体会词义演变这一必然趋势而掌握词义变化的知识,将对我们今后的英语学习有所裨益。
（宋体，小四，单倍行距，内容不超过100字）关键词（宋体, 四号，加粗）：词义演变；变化类型；变化趋势；变化原因（宋体，小四，单倍行距，3-5个关键词）1. Introduction （一级标题：Times New Roman, 四号，加粗，下同）Innovations, which change the lexical meaning rather than the grammaticalfunction of a form, are classed as“change ofmeaning” or “semantic change”. [1]（Times New Roman，小四，单倍行距，段首缩进4字符，下同）It is a fact that all languages change through time, though they do so slowly. As a general rule, language change is universal, continuous and to a considerable degree, regular and systematic. Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. It makes the existing wordsmulti-semantic, that is, to give a new concept to an old form, thus the meaning of a form is multiplied. [2]（引用文献用上标注明）Though change in meaning is an ongoing process and pervasive, we could still find some rules in semantic change. There are many kinds of semantic changes. There are both linguistic forces and extra-linguistic forces behind semantic change.The thesis begins with the types of semantic change, and then the author tries to illustrate the three tendencies in semantic change. The following part analyzes the reasons for semantic change. In this part the author puts forward the linguistic and extra linguistic forces, which play important roles in the causes of semantic change. In the conclusion, the author points out that the gradual change of meaning is a universal feature of human language and is always affected by many factors.2. Types of semantic change2.1 Widening （二级标题：Times New Roman, 小四，加粗，下同）In the course of sense development a great number of words have been enlarged in meaning. Widening is a process in which a word requires a more general meaning.Semantic changes of this kind may occur in three ways.2.1.1 Specific to general （三级标题：Times New Roman, 小四，不加粗，下同）It is through widening of meaning that a mono-semantic word is madepoly-semantic.The word pipe had been used only to refer to a simple tube like musical instrument, played by blowing. But it is now applied to a representation of a tube used for carrying liquids and gas, often underground.…2.1.2 Proper nouns to common nounsMany proper nouns including person names, place names, etc. have become common nouns used in everyday life. The following examples will illustrate this.…2.1.3 Concrete to abstractIn English many words stand for everything. Such words are: thing, affair, business, concern, regard, account, circumstance, fact, state, condition, position, situation, way, means, respect, matter. Each of these may be used in an abstract sense instead of a concrete meaning as used in the past.…2.2 NarrowingSemantic narrowing is the reverse process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. [3] There are three kinds of narrowing.…2.3 AmeliorationBy amelioration, a word is assigned to a more favorable class of objects than previous, an improvement in meaning. [4]…2.4 DegradationThe opposite of amelioration is degradation. In this process, a word becomes attached to a less favorable class of objects than previously, that is become one with a derogatory sense.There are four kinds of degradation.…3 Three tendenciesMore interesting, perhaps, is the recent work of Elizabeth Traugott (1982, 1989). Traugott suggests three tendencies in semantic change, slightly reworded here. [12] Tendency I: …Tendency II: …Tendency III: …4 Reasons for semantic changeLet us now look at some further forces, both linguistic and extra-linguistics, behind semantic change.4.1 Linguistic factorsApart from such extra-linguistic factors, linguistic forces behind semantic change have been proposed, though they are less easy to prove.There are three kinds of linguistic factors.…4.2 Extra-linguistic factorsAnd there are three types of extra-linguistics factors.…5. ConclusionsIt is obvious that the gradual change of meaning in words is a common feature of human language. …References（Times New Roman, 四号，加粗）[1] 汪榕培. 英语词汇学教程读本[M]. 上海外语教育出版社，2005. p147[2] 胡壮麟. 语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社，2001. p107[3] 何兆熊. 现代语言学[M]. 英语教学与研究出版社，1999. p146[4] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，2005. p127[5] 李福印. 语义学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社，1999. p408～409[6] 张迈曾. 语言与交际[M]. 南开大学出版社，1998. p209[7] 王丹. 现代语言学理论及应用[M]. 东北林业大学出版社，2004. P131～133 （宋体，五号，单倍行距）……。