2013汉英翻译 第三章 - 词汇翻译

有资格打世界大战：qualified to fight a world war (应为capable of fighting/can afford to/powerful enough to) 西方舆论纷纷预测：The public opinion in the West predicts one after another (应为The Western press has much to say in prediction) 强硬政策：Strong policy (应为tough)




（2） 注意词义的强弱 反动派的暴行激起了人民的极大愤怒。 The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation. 孙中山是个好人。 Dr. Sun Yet-sen was a man of integrity. （3） 注意词义的褒贬 我们应该从这里得出一条经验，就是不要被假象所迷惑。 We should draw a lesson here: Don’t be misled by false appearances. 他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。 They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
（4） 注意词的语体色彩

同义词之间的差别，不仅表现在词义方面，而且也表现在语体色彩方 面，例如 别了，司徒雷登 Farewell, Leighton Stuart! 这是毛主席批评美国白皮书的一篇文章的标题，译文选用了farewell 一词。若用goodbye,则不能表现出原文所具有的特殊语气和轻蔑口吻。



鸡啼 cocks crow 鹿鸣 deer bellow 犬吠 dogs bark 羊咩 goats bleat 狮吼 lions roar 虎啸 tigers growl 狼嚎 wolves howl




（5） 注意词的政治含义 “农民” peasant 和farmer都可以和汉语的“农民”或“农夫”相对应。但 是这个词的含义却有差别。Farmer本指农场的经营者或所有者。 现在也可指以耕种为目的而租入土地的人。Peasant指住在农村中 的小农和以耕种土地为生的劳动者。英美国家常用farmer指一般 农民，而我们常用peasant指一般农民，并与landlord或worker相 对而言。 “侵略” invasion 和aggression都是汉语“侵略”的对应词。Invasion指军 事入侵，而aggression的含义范围较广，可指政治、军事、经济、 文化各方面。 “自主” autonomy和initiative都可以和汉语的“自主”相对应。Autonomy 指政治上有自治权利；initiative主要指思想上、行动上有主动性或 独立性。“独立自主”中的“自主”是指后一种意思，所以用 initiative. 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot. 比较： Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot.



禁止赌博。 Gambling is prohibited. 原文“禁止”的语体色彩较为正式，故译作prohibit. 这小伙子干活真冲。 This young fellow does his work with vim(活力) and vigor. 这里的“真冲”是口语体，译者注意了这一点，相应地也用了口语词 vim表达。
马嘶 horses neigh 象吼 elephants trumpet. 鹤唳 cranes whoop 熊/公牛吼 bears/bulls bellow 蛇嘶嘶 snakes hiss 青蛙“呱呱”叫 frogs croak 喜鹊“嘁嘁喳喳”叫 magpies chatter

Qigong
Winding trail


于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身 影，雨里、雾里、风里、雪里，只盼着早些回 家...... Thus the gathering dusk often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. Whether it rains or snows, windy or foggy, it is the longing to be home that quickens my steps.(虞艳译)


1. 我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。 2. 箱子里已经没有地方了。 3. 你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？ 1. Let‟s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Let‟s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. 2. There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?
词的选择(diction)



“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”（英国语言学家J.R.Firth) 1、确定词义 2、表达得体
联系上下文 注意文字表达的褒贬 区别词的基本意思
下面几例是“道”在<<红楼梦>>第三回的4种译法.“道”在早期文言中,是“说” 的意思. 宝玉初见黛玉,送她“颦颦”为别名,探春问宝玉取此名的缘由,宝玉引 经据典说得头头是道,然后便有了以下的对话. 1) 探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.” 宝玉笑道:“除<<四书>>外, 杜撰的太多,偏只我是 杜撰不成?” “ You‟re making that up, I‟m afraid," teased Tan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. (杨宪益,戴乃迭译) 2)贾母笑道:“你不认得他,他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿,南省俗谓作‘辣 子’,你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了.” “You don‟t know her,” said Grandmother Jia merrily. “She‟s a holy terror this one. what we used to call in Nanking a „peppercorn‟. You just call her „Peppercorn Feng‟. She‟ll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes 译) 3) 贾母因笑道:“外客未见,就脱了衣裳,还不去见你妹妹!” With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded, “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.” (杨宪益,戴乃迭译) 4) 贾母笑道:“可又是胡说,你又何曾见过他?” “You‟re talking nonsense again,” said his grandmother, laughing. “How could you possibly have met her ?” (杨宪益,戴乃迭译)
5. We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation. We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation.





6. 请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。 7. 他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。 6. Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of one‟s work unit. You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. 7. He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems. He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind.
鹅“嘎嘎”叫 geese cackle/ gaggle 夜莺 啭鸣 nightingales jug 小鸡“叽叽”叫 chicks cheep/ pip/ peep 老鼠“吱吱”叫 mice squeak 驴叫 asses/donkeys bray 麻雀“唧唧喳喳”叫 sparrows twitter /chirp/ chirrup 猫“喵喵”叫 cats miaow /mew/purr
Discussion



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Press photo
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4. 我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。 5. 我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。 4. It‟s part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns. It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises.

表达得体
(1） 注意词的广义与狭义 英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别，运用范围也就各不相同。例如

农业是国民经济的基础。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. “农林牧副渔结合的方针” the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideoccupations and fishery. 他从不喝酒。 He never touches wine. 原文“酒”是指一切酒类，故译作 wine。但在“他不喝烈性酒”一句中，“酒” 是狭义，是和淡性酒相对而言的，又需译作spirits。
（6） 注意词的搭配 汉英两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法，翻译时 必须注意两者的不同，不能把汉语词的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中。例 如： 战火扩大：the flames of war expand (应为spread) 实现自给自足：achieve self-sufficiency (应为reach) 学习知识：learn knowledge (应为 acquire) 违反他的意图：violate his intention (应为go against) 严密控制：close control (应为strict/rigid) “啊，好票！”: Ah, good ticket! (应为seat)