把关人理论

解释

事例：当你看一张报纸时，你都会不自觉地选择看什么不看什么，先看什么后看什么；

Gate keeping exists everywhere. For example, when you are reading a newspaper, you will unconsciously choose which to read and which not; which to read first and which later; which need to peruse and which browse is OK. In fact, you are doing the gate keeping, and you are the gate keeper.

标准

1、新闻信息的客观属性

A reporter wants to write a report about a car accident, will he interview the driver to show that driver should be blame or not? Of course no, he will choose to list the object details of this accident, and let readers make judgement by themselves.

2、专业标准和市场标准（新闻价值和新闻要素）

Objectivity is not enough. The death of a country’s president is more important than that of an ordinary people. And the press, as a profit organization, also needs to consider the market. For example, there are some scandals about a company, which is the sponsor of a newspaper. So this newspaper will probably refuse to report the scandals

3、媒介组织的立场和方针.

事例：

[新闻报道节选]国务院总理温家宝2月29日主持召开国务院常务会

议，部署加强大气污染综合防治重点工作。

[ 某环保机构的行业报纸]：大气防污有成效，问题仍突出；——强

调环保实绩和问题；

[成都商报]：我市今年将检测PM2.5；——关注民生。

Different presses will choose different views from a same event. For example, the central government declared that our country would strengthen the intensity of the control of air pollution. Publishing this news information, a party newpaper will probably put more attention about the performance and problems of the governments’ work; and a city newspaper will likely emphasize the effects of this policy to the ordinary people.

实质

1、大众媒介的新闻报道与信息传播并不具有纯粹的“客观中立性”，而是根据传媒的立场、方针和价值标准而进行的取舍选择和加工活动。The news report we read everyday is not absolutely neutral. The information has been selected by the press. You can find many cases about it, especially talking about the ideology(意识形态).

2、新闻和信息的选择尽管受到媒体的经营目标、受众需求以及社会文化等多种因素的制约，但是与媒介方针和利益一致或相符的内容更容易优先入选、优先得到传播。Although the standards of gate keeping is influenced by the market, the reader’s needs, the culture and so on, but the information which is correspond to the benefit and policies of the press is more probable to be chosen. An economic newspaper will prefer to report the situation of stock market rather than a murder.

3、媒介的“把关”是一个多环节、有组织的过程，其中虽有记者、编辑个人的活动，但是“把关”的结果在总体上是传媒组织的立场和方针的体现。

Although a news report will experienced many cuttings by reporters and editors before it is published, and every gate keeper has their own standards, the results of gate keeping is not the reflection of their own opion, but the organization’s. That because whoever they are, they stand on the organization’s side.So Wright said that news gate keeping is a personal behavior is false.

面临挑战

挑战一：把关人的角色被弱化

传统媒体的信息控制通过各个层级的把关人来完成，“把关人”在传统媒体中处于决定媒介内容的支配地位。网络是一种“去中心化”的“新型互动媒介”，在网络传播中并不存在着一个固定的传播者的概念

网民获得信息时拥有更多的自主权，即可以自己控制以何种方式获得信息，还可以随时作出反馈。人们更多的是采取讨论交流、评价质疑等十分便捷及时的交互方式接收信息。这种交互性方式使“把关”角色被弱化。

挑战二：把关的可行性降低

网络传播信息的迅捷性和无障碍性大大降低了“把关”的可行性。由于传播的迅速，把关人可能根本来不及作出反应，一些帖子就已经造成不良的社会影响，把关人处境尴尬。

其次，网络论坛的海量信息也导致把关难度加大。

挑战三：把关权的分化

网络是一种没有中心的“蜘蛛网”，传者和受众都是这个网上的一个个节点。也就是说，网络论坛中，传播权几乎已经完全被大众所分享，传统意义上的把关人在网络论坛中就分解为以下几个层面。

1.网民个人。

2.网站编辑。

3.版主角色。为网民提供一种价值观念与审美情趣的标准，以使网络论坛实现健康、有序的发展。

4.媒体外部组织及环境。这里主要是指媒介制度。其表现法律法规及职业守则等。