环艺设计外文翻译--绿色景观规划的基础设施(节选自书籍)
环境艺术设计外文翻译—城市景观设计中的生态规划
城市景观设计中的生态规划Ecological planning in the urban landscape design城市景观设计中的生态规划Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.key word：Urban landscape、Living environment、HumanizationI. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape isthe result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious livingenvironment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as someresidential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space moreactivities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceThe Landscape Urbanism exhibition contained an international survey of public urban spaces by designers including Adriaan Geuze/West 8, Michael Van Valkenburgh, Patrick Schumacher, Alex Wall, and several Barcelona landscape architects (such as Enric Batlle and Joan Roig, who completed Trinitat Cloverleaf Park in a highway intersection for the 1992 Olympics). American exhibitors included Corner and Mathur, Waldheim’s teachers from Penn, Mapillero/ Pollack from New York, Conway-Schulte of Atlanta Olympics fame, and Jason Young/Omar Perez/Georgia Daskalakis/Das: 20 from Detroit. Corner’s premiated but sadly unbuilt Greenport Harborfront, Long Island Project (1997), stood out in this show. His office, Field Operations, proposed creating a sense of urban activity around the annual raising and lower-ing of the town’s ancient sailing ship Stella Maris up and down a newly created slip, with a historic, children’s carousel housed in an adjacent band shell. Corner envisioned this staged, biannual event as an attractor for peo-ple, the press, and media, who would flock to the town in its off season, inhabiting the newly created commons on the harbor front to watch the ship’s spectacular movements. In the winter, the ship would become a monumental, sculptural presence lit at night in the center of the small port’s commons; in the summer it would return to its accustomed quayside, where its masts would tower above the rooftops. 21Corner’s project in the Landscape Urbanism exhibition illustrates his concept of a “performative” urbanism based on preparing the setting for programmed and unprogrammed activi-ties on land owned in common. The three projects presented in Stalking Detroit provide further insights into this emerging strategy, and each is paired with a commentary by a landscape architect. 22 The Waldheim and Marli Santos-Munne Studio proposes the most comprehensive of landscape urbanism practices in “Decamping Detroit” (104–122). They advocate a four-stage decommissioning of land from the city’s legal control: “Dislocation” (disconnection of services), then “Erasure” (demolition and jumpstarting the native landscape ecology by dropping appropriate seeds from the air), then “Absorption” (ecological reconstitution of part of the Zone as woods, marshes, and streams), and then “Infiltration” (the recolonization of the landscape with heteropic village-like enclaves). As Corner writes in his commentary, this project “prompts you to reflect on the reversal of the traditional approach to colonization, from building to unbuilding, removal, and erasure” (122). This reversal of normal processes opens the way for a new hybrid urbanism, with dense clusters of activity and the reconstitution of the natural ecology, starting a more ecologically balanced, inner-city urban form in the void.All of Landscape Urbanism’s triumphs so far have been in such marginal and“unbuilt” locations. These range from Victoria Marshall and Steven Tupu’s premiated design for ecological mudflats, dunes, canals, and ramps into the water in the Van Alen East River Competition (1998), which would have simultaneously solved the garbage disposal problem of New York and reconstituted the Brooklyn side of the East River as an ecology to be enjoyed as productive parkland. 23 In the Downside Park, Toronto Competition (2000), Corner, with Stan Allen, competed against Tschumi, Koolhaas (who won), and two other teams, pro-viding a showcase for their “Emerging Ecologies” approach. 24 This was further elaborated in the Field Operations’ design that won first place in the Freshkills Landfill Competition, Staten Island (2001). Together with Stan Allen (now Dean at Princeton), Corner analyzed the human, natural, and technological systems’ interaction with characteristic aerial precision. Field Operations presented the project as a series of overlaid, CAD-based activity maps and diagrams, that stacked up as in an architect’s layered axonometric section. These layered drawings clearly showed the simultaneous, differentiated activities and support systems planned to occupy the site over time, creating a diagram of the complex settings for activities within the reconstituted ecology of the manmade landfill. 25 In the Freshkills competition, Mathur and da Cunha’s used a similar approach but emphasized the shifting and changing eco-logical systems of the site over time, seeking suitable places for human settlements including residences. In the first conference on Landscape Urban-ism at the University of Pennsylvania in April 2002, Dean Garry Hack (who coauthored Kevin Lynch’s 1984 third edition of Site Planning) questioned the interstitial and small-scale strate-gies of participants (asking, “Hyper-urbanization: Places of Landscape Architecture?”). Mohsen Mostafavi, the Chairman of the AA, delivered the keynote speech, “Landscape as Urban-ism,” showing the Barcelona-style, large-scale, infrastructural work of the first three years of the AA Landscape Urbanism program. 26Dean Hack identified a key problem for landscape urbanists as they face the challenge of adapting to complex urban morphologies beyond that of an Anglo-Saxon village and its commons. Rifle ranges, the spectacle of the “Devil’s Night,” and the “Staging of Vacancy” suggested in Stalking Detroit may prove to be inadequate responses in an age when many Europeans and Americans live in idyllic, landscaped suburbs. Suburbanites are willing to pay a premium to visit staged urban spectacles. These spectacles can take the form of the Palio annual horse race in Siena, a parade on Disneyworld’s Main Street, or a week-end in a city-themed Las Vegas casino like The Venetian, with its simulation of the Grand Canal as a mall on the third floor above the gaming hall. The desire for the city as compressed hustle and bustle in small spaces remains strong. Even in ruined downtown Detroit, small ethnic enclaves like “Greek Town” or “Mexico Town” satisfy this demand, in the midst of the void. Commercial interests like Disney clearly understand how to stage an event and create an urban street spectacle based in a village-like setting. As yet, the dense urban settings of Hong Kong or New York, or even mid-rise urban morphologies like Piano’s eco-logically sensitive Potsdam Platz, Berlin (1994–1998), do not feature as part of this performative urbanism. Stalking Detroit does not begin to deal with the issue of urban morphologies or the emergence of settlement patterns over time. Itconcentrates on their disappearance and erasure. The problem of this approach is its amnesia and blindness to preexisting structures, urban ecologies, and morphological patterns. A common ground is useless without people to activate it and to surround it, to make it their commons. Housing, however transient or distant, is an essential part of this pattern of relationship, whether connecting to a village green or a suburban mall. With this logic, the International Building Exhibition in Berlin of 1984–1987 sponsored the recolonization of vacant inner-city lots with high-density, low-rise infill blocks in anticipation of the construction of Potsdamer Platz and the demolition of the Berlin Wall. Adaptive reuse, as in the conversion of dockland warehouses or multi-story factories to lofts and apartments, is another successful strategy that has provided housing and workplaces to activate inner-city areas. These approaches have been slowly applied with some success in other American empowerment zones, such as those in the South Bronx and Harlem. Chicago, also a viciously segregated city, is rising slowly from its ashes; North Michigan Avenue functions as a great urban boulevard, comparable to Fifth Avenue in New York, populated with many strange hybrid skyscraper towers containing malls, department stores, hotels, offices, apartments, and parking lots (a form pioneered there by Skidmore Owings and Merill’s mixed-use Hancock Tower in 1966). Even in Detroit, Henry Ford’s grand-son is rebuilding the Ford River Rouge Plant as a model, hybrid, “green” facility. 27Landscape urbanists are just beginning to battle with the thorny issue of how dense urban forms emerge from landscape and how urban ecologies support performance spaces. The lin-ear organization of the village main street leading to a common space, with its row-house typology and long thin land subdivisions, is one of the oldest global urban patterns, studied by the pioneer urban morphologist Michael R.G. Conzen in the 1930s. 28 Urban morphologists look for the emergence of such characteristic linkages between activity and spatial patterns in human settlements. Such linkages, when repeated over time, form islands of local order structuring the larger pat-terns of global, ecological, and economic flows. 29 The pattern of the town square and approach street is another, more formal example of an urban morphology, focusing on a sin-gle center, setting up the central agora or forum as in a Greek or Roman city grid (and echoed in the courtyard-house typology). The Islamic city, with its irregular cul-de-sac structure, accommodating the topography, emerged as a variation on this classical model, with the mosque, bazaar, school, and baths replacing the forum and temples at the center. 30 Medieval European cities, also with cul-de-sacs, but based on a row-house typology, formed another morphological variation of the classical city, with market halls and cathedrals on the city square. In The Making of the American Landscape (1990), edited by Michael P. Conzen of the University of Chicago, contributors illustrate how the morphology of the city shifted from a dense single center to a “machine city.” This bipolar structure was based on railways creating a regional division between dense center and suburban villa edge (involving the separation of consumption from production, industry from farmland, rich from poor, etc.). In the second phase, the “machine city” of the Modernists (best exemplified by the morphology of Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (1933) with its slab blocks and towers set in park-land) replaced the old, denseIndustrial City. With the advent of the automobile, a third morphology emerged in a multi centered pattern and isolated, pavilion, building typologies, a pattern that was further extended by airports on the regional periphery. Joel Garreau identified this as the postmodern “Edge City” morphology of malls, office parks, industrial parks and residential enclaves in 1991. 31In Europe Cedric Price jokingly described these three city morphologies in terms of breakfast dishes. There was the traditional, dense, “hard-boi led egg” city fixed in concentric rings of development within its shell or walls. Then there was the “fried egg” city, where railways stretched the city’s perimeter in linear, accelerated, space-time corridors out into the landscape, resulting in a star shape. Finally there was the postmodern city, the “scrambled egg city,” where everything is distributed evenly in small granules or pavilions across the landscape in a continuous network. Koolhaas and the younger Dutch groups like MVRDV continue this tra-dition of urban, morphological analysis with a light, analogical touch. The organizing group of the 2001 International Conference of Young Planners meeting in Utrecht, for instance, used Price’s metaphors to study the impact of media and communications on the city.32 Franz Oswald , from the ETH Zurich Urban Design program, also examines the “scrambled egg” network analogy in the Synoikos and NEt city Projects . These projects study the distribution of urban morphologies in central Switzerland as layers in a cultural, commercial, industrial and informational matrix within the extreme Alpine topography and its water-sheds. 33 Schumacher, at the AA’s Design Research Laboratory, has also extended his work from Stalking Detroit into an investigation of the role of personal choice in a dynamic, typo-logical, and morphological matrix forming temporary housing structures in the city. 34 His colleagues in the Landscape Urbanism program have also shifted to a more urban orient-tion, studying Venice and its lagoon.This rationalist, morphological and landscape tradition seems to be centered in Venice. Here Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò continue the typo-logical analysis begun in the 1930s, but now applied to the voids of the post-modern city-region, the “Reverse City.” Viganò’s La Città Elementare (The Elementary City, 1999; it deserves translation into English) is exemplary of this larger European Landscape Urbanism movement. For Viganò, large landscape infrastructures form the basis for later urbanization. Le Corbusier’s work at the Agora in Chandigarh is exemplary in its monumental manipulation of the terrain, orientation to the regional landscape, and attempt to form an urban space. Xaveer de Geyter Architects’ A fter Sprawl (2002), with its fifty-by-fifty kilometer “Atlases” of European cities made by various university groups, gives an easily accessible cross section of a wider landscape urbanism and morphological network linked to Venice. In America, Carol Willis in Form Follows Finance (1995) and my colleague at Columbia Urban Design, Brian McGrath, have created a portrait of one building ecology, the sky-scraper, and its typological evolution in the flows of New York in Time formations(2000), viewable at the Sky-scraper Museum website.Activities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big.。
环境艺术设计常用的术语中英文对照_(2)
. Cover 封面 -Content 目录 -Design Explanation设计说明-Master Plan总平面-Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析-Function Analysis功能分析-Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图-Traffic Analysis交通分析-Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图-Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图-Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图-Plan 平面图 -Hand Drawing 手绘效果图 -Section剖面图-Detail 详图 -Central Axis中心公共主轴-Reference Picture参考图片-Planting Reference Picture植物选样-材料类： -aluminum 铝 -asphalt沥青-alpine rock轻质岗石-. boasted ashlars粗凿-ceramic 陶瓷、陶瓷制品-cobble 小圆石、小鹅卵石-clay 粘土 -crushed gravel碎砾石-crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 -crushed stone碎石 -cement 石灰 -enamel 陶瓷、瓷釉 -frosted glass磨砂玻璃 -grit stone/sand stone砂岩 -glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 -granite花岗石、花岗岩 -gravel卵石 -galleting碎石片 -ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 -light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 -light slates轻质板岩 -lime earth灰土 -masonry 砝石结构 -membrane张拉膜、膜结构-membrane waterproofing薄膜防水-. mosaic 马赛克 -quarry stone masonry/quarrystone bond粗石体-plaster 灰浆 -polished plate glass/polished plate磨光平板玻璃-panel 面板、嵌板 -rusticated ashlars粗琢方石-rough rubble粗毛石-reinforcement 钢筋 -设施设备类：-accessory channel辅助通道-atrium门廊-aisle走道、过道-avenue 道路 -access 通道、入口 -art wall艺术墙-academy 科学院 -art gallery画廊-arch 拱顶 -archway 拱门 -arcade 拱廊、有拱廊的街道-axes 轴线 -air condition空调-. aqueduct 沟渠、导水管-alleyway小巷-billiard table台球台-bed 地基 -bedding cushion垫层-balustrade/railing栏杆 -byland/peninsula半岛 -bench 座椅 -balcony 阳台 -bar-stool酒吧高脚凳-beam梁 -plate beam板梁-bearing wall承重墙-retaining wall挡土墙-basement parking地下车库-berm 小平台 -block 楼房 -broken-marble patterned flooring碎拼大理石地面-broken stone hardcore碎石垫层-curtain wall幕墙-cascade 小瀑布、叠水-corridor 走廊 -. couryard内院、院子-canopy 张拉膜、天篷、遮篷-coast 海岸 -children playground儿童活动区-court法院-calculator计算器 -clipboard 纤维板 -cantilever悬臂梁 -ceiling 天花板 -carpark停车场-carpet地毯-cafeteria 自助餐厅 -clearage开垦地、荒地-cavern 大洞穴 -dry fountain旱喷泉-driveway车道-vehicular road机动车道-depot 仓库、车场 -dry fountain for children儿童溪水广场-dome圆顶 -drain排水沟-drainage下水道-. drainage system排水系统-discharge lamp放电管-entrance plaza入口广场-elevator/lift电梯 -escalator 自动扶梯 -flat roof/roof garden平台-fence wall围墙、围栏-fountain 喷泉 -fountain and irrigation system喷泉系统-footbridge 人行天桥 -fire truck消防车-furniture家具、设备 -firepot/chafing dish火锅-gutter 明沟 -ditch暗沟-gully峡谷、冲沟-valley 山谷 -garage 车库 -foyer门厅、休息室-hall门厅-lobby 门厅、休息室-industry zone工业区-. island 岛 -inn 小旅馆 -jet喷头-kindergarten 幼儿园 -kiosk小亭子（报刊、小卖部）-lamps and lanterns灯具-lighting furniture照明设置-mezzanine 包厢 -main stadium主体育场-outdoor terrace室外平台-oil painting油画-outdoor steps/exterior steps室外台阶-pillar/pole/column柱、栋梁 -pebble/plinth柱基 -pond/pool池、池塘-pavilion 亭、阁 -pipe/tube 管子 -plumbing 管道 -port港口-pillow 枕头 -pavement 硬地铺装 -path of gravel卵石路-. public plaza公共休闲广场-communal plaza公共广场-pedestrian street步行街-printer 打印机 -resting plaza休闲广场区-rooftop/housetop屋顶 -pile桩-piling 打桩 -pump泵 -ramp 斜坡道、残疾人坡道-riverway 河道 -sunbraking element遮阳构件-sanitation卫生设施 -skylight 天窗 -skyline 地平线 -scanner 扫描仪 -shore 岸、海滨 -sash 窗框 -slab 楼板、地下室顶板-stairhall楼梯厅 -staircase 楼梯间 -secondary structure/minor structure次要结构-. secondary building/accessory building次要建筑-street furniture小品（椅凳标志）-solarium 日光浴室 -terrace 平台 -chip/fragment/sliver/splinter碎片 -safety belt/safety strap/life belt安全带-safety passageway安全通道-shelf/stand架子 -sunshade 天棚 -small mountain stream山塘小溪-subway 地铁 -safety glass安全玻璃-streetscape 街景画 -sinking down plaza下沉广场-sidewalk人行道 -footpath步行道 -设计阶段： -existing condition analysis现状分析 -analyses of existings城市现状分析 -construction site service施工现场服务 -conceptual design概念设计 -circulation analysis交通体系分析 -. construction drawing施工图-complete level完成面标高-details 细部设计、细部大样示意图-diagram 示意图、表 -elevation 上升、高地、海拔、正面图-development design扩初设计-fa?ade/elevation正面、立面-general development analysis城市总体发展分析 -general situation survey概况 -general layout plan/master plan总平面 -general nature environment总体自然分析 -grid and landmark analysis城市网格系统及地标性建筑物分析-general urban and landscape concept总体城市及景观设计概念-general level design总平面竖向设计 -general section总体剖面图 -layout plan布置图 -legend 图例 -lighting plan灯光布置图 -plan drawing平面图 -plot plan基地图 -presentation drawing示意图 -perspective/render效果图 -. pavement plan铺装示意图 -reference pictures/imaged picture参考图片 -reference level参考标高图片 -site overall arrangement场地布局 -space sequence relation空间序列 -specification指定、指明、详细说明书-scheme design方案设计 -sketch手绘草图-sectorization功能分区 -section 剖面 -site planning场地设计 -reference picture of planting植物配置意向图 -reference picture of street furniture街道家具布置意向图 -设计描述： -a thick green area密集绿化 -administration/administrative行政 -administration zone行政区位 -function analysis功能分析 -arc/camber弧形 -askew 歪的、斜的 -aesthetics 美学 -height高度-. abstract art抽象派-artist 艺术家、大师-art nouveau新艺术主义-acre 英亩 -architect建筑师 -be integrated with与结合起来-bisect 切成两份、对开-bend 弯曲 -boundary/border 边界 -operfloor 架空层 -budget 预算 -estimate 评估 -beach 海滩 -building code建筑规范-。
环境艺术设计外文翻译—绿色基础设施景观规划
绿色基础设施景观规划Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning外文原文：Physical infrastructure for promotion of healthParksNaturalistic open space provides the urban dweller with a broad range of services, including scenic, psychological, social, educational and scientific, as well as the opportunity to experience nature. Private development rarely provides public open spaces unless compelled by government. This is because the services listed above are health and quality of life interests that are often beyond the economic calculation of development products and profits. This is to say that developers are not held accountable for the costs of dangerous or unhealthy neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the impacts of these disservices are borne by individuals and the community. Since the free market fails to provide public open space, the public sector acts in the citizens’ interest. When we consider that healthy ecosystems are also in the citizens’ interest, then the preservation of biodiversity, flood protection and other services, such as open space, are justifiable planning and government concerns. Nevertheless, open space generally follows an urban to rural gradient in respect to size and degree of human modification. This reflects land cost and the absence of systematic planning.Although poorly distributed, open space is provided by public agencies including municipalities, counties, park districts and state parks. These agencies maintain over 20 million acres of land in the US. The majority of this is managed as state parks, but over six million acres is provided by municipal agencies. Two million acres of the municipal land is managed as informal open space (51.8 percent), habitat (34.3 percent) or preservation (4.9 percent).It is clear that there is a substantial commitment to both formal recreation space and more naturalistic open space. Of course, the amount of formal parkland should not be reduced, but the acreage and thus the proportion of natural parkland within municipalities will need togrow in the future if urban biodiversity is valued.Although open space is usually unplanned or an opportunistic provision, there are notable examples of deliberate open space systems that contain urban, as well as ecologically valuable, open space. These examples provide us with some of the most important demonstrations of the range and value of ecosystem services provided to urban residents.Open space standardsOften open space in a city accumulates due to unplanned opportunities rather than deliberate physical planning that factors minimum size, location, residential density, connectivity or type of space. More often there is a piecemeal approach with a focus on meeting standards. Although very simple, the disadvantages of this approach are that it doesn’t respond to t he characteristics of the community or the unique qualities of the undeveloped landscape. Standards fail to account for opportunities for place making, multiple use or creating economic and other benefits for citizens. Many of these faults are due to an incremental rather than strategic approach.Open-space standards reflect park acreage compared to city population. This simple formula has evolved to include access or service areas, in addition to acreage. This begins to address the unequal provision of open space by cities. In the UK, the first accessibility standard for open space was introduced in the late 1500s and specified that residents should be within three miles of open space. Several more recent standards have been promoted, including the ANGSt recommendations adopted by English Nature, a UK government agency. English Nature is promoting the adoption of these standards (Table 7.1) by all cities and towns. The standards specify at least five acres (2 ha) of green space within 1,000 feet (300 m) of each residence and a 50-acre (20-ha) space within 1.25 miles.Table 7.1 American and British open space recommendations.National Recreation and Park Association Standards - United StatedPark Type Service Radius(miles) Size(acres)Mini-Park Less than 1/4 0.06-1Neighborhood Park 1/4-1/2 5-10Community Park 1/2-3 30-50Large Urban Park One per city 50 minimum, 75+ acres preferredNature Preserve No recommendation No recommendationSports Complex One per city 25 minimum, 40-80 preferredANGSt Standards- United KingdomPark type Service Radius(miles) Size(acres)Neighborhood 1000 (300 meters) 5(2 ha)Community 5/4miles (2 km) 50 (20 ha)Large Urban Park 3 miles (5 km) 250 (100 ha)Regional 6 miles (10 km) 1236 (500 ha)Nature Preserve 2.5 (1 ha) for each 1000 population increment In the US there are no national government requirements or guidelines for parks, open space, natural areas or trails, but the National Recreation and Park Association published guidelines in the early 1980s that set a standard of 6.25–10.5 acres per 1,000 population for urban areas and 15–20 acres for regional parks. The basis of this recommendation was subjective but widely adopted. These guidelines were revised in 1995 (Table 7.1). They suggest park types, sizes and service radii recommendations that many communities have adopted. The recommendations are clearly urban in orientation and there is no consideration of a networked system of parks. Park trails are classified by the association as single purpose, multipurpose or nature trails, but miles per 1,000 people or network density or other supply recommendations are not provided. Similarly, connector trails that are multipurpose but with a transportation focus are an identified trail type but, again, supply recommendations are not provided. Neither the British nor the American standards recognize the opportunity to structure urban growth or the green infrastructure network potentials.Cities meet the recommended standards to varying degrees. Seattle, for example, provides 4.8 acres per 1,000 population of developed parkland and 5.6 acres of natural parkland per 1,000 residents. Philadelphia provides almost seven acres of parkland per 1,000 people. Often,smaller cities provide more park space per resident than large cities. For example, Boulder, Colorado, with a population of 103,600, provides 19 acres of urban parkland per 1,000 residents and 15 miles of greenway trails. Just beyond the city limit, the city provides 146 miles of trails and owns an additional 45,000 acres of natural open space and habitat.The Trust for Public Lands, a national non-profit organization in the US, developed a method to assess the 40 largest American cities according to the provision of parks. The organization combined several measures, which can serve as a guide for cities and towns that are planning park systems within their jurisdictions. As in the British method, both park acreage and access to it are important considerations. The study measured total acres of parkland within the city, but also determined the acreage as a percentage of the total city area. For the 40 cities, the range was 2.1 percent (Fresno) to 22.8 percent (San Diego) of the city area, with a median of 9.1 percent. The median park size ranged from 0.6 acres to 19.9, with a median size of 4.9 acres. Even the best-performing city achieves less than the 30 percent open-space recommendation of this book for healthy human and ecosystem attainment. None of the largest US cities approach the 40 percent land area dedicated to parks achieved by Stockholm. This data suggest that American cities fail to provide the recommended park acreage and that the percentage of land area dedicated to open space is well below the amount necessary to provide for both recreation and habitat needs.The Trust for Public Land also assessed the subject cities according to the public access to the parklands. They also distributed access according to economic stratification of the population. Access was defined as a ten-minute walk (0.5 miles) from the residence to the park entrance. The route needed to be free of obstacles, such as interstate highways, rivers, etc. The percentage of the urban population with this access ranged from 26 percent (Charlotte) to 98 percent (San Francisco), with a median of 57 percent. This data shows that more that 40 percent of Americans do not have the recommended access to parkland.The last measure considered by the Trust for Public Land is the level of service and investment in parks provided by the cities. The service component used playgrounds as a proxy since they reliably predict the provision of other park facilities. Playgrounds per 10,000residents ranged between 1 and 5, with a median of 1.89. Public investment ranged from $31 (El Paso) to $303 (Washington, DC), with a median of $85 per resident.The cities ranked in the top ten for a combination of acreage, access and service and investment were San Francisco, Sacramento, Boston, New York, Washington, Portland, Virginia Beach, San Diego, Seattle and Philadelphia. Cities with higher population density generally scored better on access but not necessarily on the service and investment issue. Total population was also not a predictor of park score rank. Several cities with low population density provided very l arge total park acreage but didn’t qualify for top ranking due to access, service and investment problems. The top ranked, San Francisco, received an outstanding score for access and scored very high for investment ($291.66 per resident) and well above the median for percentage of land area dedicated to parks (17.9 percent), even though total park acreage isn’t the highest. Unfortunately, the Trust for Public Land doesn’t distinguish undeveloped open space and habitat areas from developed parklands. Therefore, judging biodiversity capacity of the cities isn’t possible. Larger expenditures per resident probably result in parklands that are better maintained and more highly programmed with activities.Programming increases the value of existing park acreage, as demonstrated by the following research results. An analysis of 20 studies investigating the value of open space defined a forested land situation (forest size = 24,500 acres; population density = 87 people per square mile) and found that the open space value was $620 (2003) per acre per year. However, when the forest area increased above 24,500 acres, then the open space value per acre decreased, but total value did not decrease. If recreational opportunities are provided, then the open space value increases by 322 percent. This means that programmed urban parkland has higher open-space value and the municipality is maximizing the benefit of its investment in parkland.Systematic open spaceA reasoned approach to open-space planning balances open-space standards with an assessment of local and regional demand for various outdoor recreation pursuits, the presenceof outstanding visual character and local habitat. Comparison of existing supply with demand and existing service levels in the municipality or county would focus attention on where parks of various types are needed. Park and recreation standards, as suggested in Table 7.1, are a starting point for public participatory planning events to tailor an open-space system to local desires and conditions.Provision of open space at StapletonLarge subdivision projects and planned unit developments in the US are often required to provide a percentage of the site as public open space. The amount is determined through direct negotiation of housing density, commercial space and public amenities. This requirement often arises from a public participatory planning process that is absent from the consideration of small-parcel development. As the result of an extensive public planning process, the developer of Stapleton in Denver was required to dedicate 25 percent of the land area to parks, recreation and habitat restoration.The citizen planning effort at Stapleton established a range of open-space types. The eight types are: (1) formal urban parks (about 175 acres); (2) nature parks (in this case Sandhills Prairie park at about 365 acres and the Sand Bluff Nature Area); (3) community parks (20–40 acres each); (4) neighborhood parks (up to ten acres each); (5) parkways or greenways (planted medians, vegetated street edges or landscape corridors with multiple functions, including stormwater management); (6) sports complexes (107 acres); (7) golf courses; and (8) community vegetable gardens. All of the open space shown in the master plan developed by the citizen planning group comprised about 35 percent (1,680 acres) of the land area, but has been reduced to about 25 percent or 1,200 acres. This reduction had the greatest impact on habitat and biodiversity. However, compared to the 6 percent that is dedicated to parks for Denver as a whole, the case of Stapleton is a great improvement and exceeds the best performance of the 40 largest US cities. Similarly, the provision of a continuous green infrastructure that is multifunctional more efficiently delivers the variety of ecosystem services, including wildlife habitat (Figure 7.9). Residents have great access to spaces ranging from plazas, boulevards, greenways, active recreation and nature areas. Uponcompletion of all development at Stapleton there will be 40 acres of open space for every 1,000 people, exceeding the recommended standards by 400 percent. This also greatly exceeds the acreage provided by Seattle and Philadelphia to their citizens, but is far less than the combined park and habitat area provided by Boulder, Colorado.Density and proximityFigure 7.9 This newly restored stream corridor at Stapleton once flowed through box culverts below airport runways. Today the corridor is valuable habitat connected to a regional preserve and other corridors. Note the new public recreation center building at the upper right. People value public open space more highly as population density increases. When the population density increases by 10 percent, the value of open space increases by 5 percent. Poorly used neighborhood parks (Figure 7.10) are often located in single-family residential areas where ample private open space reduces the demand for public space except for neighborhood celebrations or events. Small urban lots within single family, row house or townhouse neighborhoods are more acceptable to residents if parks are nearby. When planning higher-density neighborhoods where multistory apartment, condominium or mixed-use buildings increase population density to above 20 people per gross acre, adjacent public open space should be prioritized to compensate for the absence of private open space and because these residents are most likely to use the provided amenities.When the open space is close to residences it increases their value. Studies demonstrate that when considering properties an average distance (190 feet) from open space, compared to those 30 feet closer to open space, there is about 0.1 percent increase in price for the closerproperty. The price increase effect grows with each increment closer to the open space.Figure 7.10 This neighborhood park in a single-family residential neighborhood provides lawn, ornamental planting and a shade structure. All of these features are available in most of the private open space, which reduces park use except for neighborhood events. Recreation facilitiesIn the US the National Recreation and Park Association recommends recreation facility standards just as they do for types of park acreage. From the green infrastructure point of view these facilities need to be located where they can be linked to other network resources and the residential and employment centers that might contribute users. Again the proximity of the recreation opportunities will encourage public use.Land-use mix and destinationsGreater use of public open space results when development types are varied. When retail, employment and civic opportunities and residential areas are adjacent to each other and connected by pedestrian-friendly streets, then people are encouraged to walk between use areas (Figure 7.11). Some destinations are anchors within a network of pedestrian and bicycle routes and other uses. Schools, libraries, city administration, shopping districts, civic plazas, waterfronts and many other elements can function as anchors, drawing people along circulation routes. In Figure 7.12 restaurants, shops and offices surround an urban park and plaza. These attract pedestrians from apartments, condominiums, row houses and townhouses,and even regional shopping and auto services that are all visible in this small section of Stapleton. The beautiful promenade shown on the right side of the image and in Figure 7.13 inspire evening strolls and daily commuting on foot. The resulting concentration of people arriving for different purposes encourages other people to come to see the activity (Figure 7.3).Figure 7.11 As residential and employment density increase, so does use of public plazas,promenades and formal parks.Figure 7.12 This image shows the 29th Avenue promenade (right) leading to the Founders Park and urban plaza. The mixed-density neighborhood includes apartments, row houses,townhouses and multistory mixed-use buildings.Figure 7.13 This wide median is a wonderful place to walk and is anchored by a destination –the mixed-use neig hborhood center and plaza on 29th Avenue. It is Stapleton’s version of thepasseggiata.Residential densityLow residential density results in lower pedestrian and bicycle activity and use of public open space. Conversely, as residential density increases, privately owned open space shrinks and the demand for public space and facilities increases. This is also true for the size of the residential living area. In Italy, for example, the evening stroll (passeggiata) is the opportunity to meet with friends, bump into playmates or eat an ice cream or a meal. There is no reason not to window shop, discuss a bit of business or study the latest fashion trends. There is no reason not to relax, get some exercise and enjoy the beauty of the city. This is all possible when the civic realm is nearby and well designed. It is possible even if the home or apartment is too small to accommodate a crowd of friends. Visitors from the US are astounded at the numbers of citizens of all ages who engage in the gregarious passeggiata, even in chilly winter months. It requires more effort, but even in the US we can find inviting urban spaces teeming with our neighbors and visitors (see Figure 7.16). Unfortunately, in the US there arefewer of these settings because the residential density is so low that the walk from the home to the public plaza is too far to become incorporated into our daily lives, unless we drive and park, which are often inconvenient.Neighborhood civility and safetyThere are often neighborhood disincentives for walking, bicycling or making other use of the public landscape. Planning and design can make public places safer, but other efforts must be brought to bear when fear of becoming a victim of crime or prejudice prevents people from using the streets, parks and trails. Tackling the problems of poverty, limited education, racism, gangs or other examples of failing community health is as important as it is difficult. Walkability facilities and street connectivityPeople walk or bicycle when the infrastructure encourages it. There is really a fundamental level of service and a more robust infrastructure that is necessary as the numbers of people walking and bicycling increase. Fundamental planning and design measures include supportive street widths, street patterns and environmental measures to reduce heat, glare and accidents, and to increase access. Streets need to connect to other streets in a legible pattern that allows direct routes to community destinations like civic buildings, open space, employment centers, schools, etc. Dead ends and cul-de-sacs should be limited or have non-vehicular routes through them. The system of roads must incorporate the needs of all users, not only those of vehicle operators. For example, short blocks (200–300 feet) encourage pedestrians, while long ones (600 feet) discourage walking because routes become too indirect. Bicycle paths need a minimum network density to allow reasonable routes through the city. Walking requires smooth surfaces and separation from cars and trucks, as well as ramps for wheelchair users and others.When a fundamental and functional set of routes and surfaces have been provided then planning and design should concentrate on quality improvements, as well as system expansion (Figure 7.14). Walkability is as much about the satisfaction of walking as the engineering aspects of routes and surfaces. What will make walking a satisfying experience? There are facilities and amenities that will better support a journey. Frequent places to stopfor water, shade and seating improve the experience. Separation between motorized vehicles, bicycles and walkers is necessary as the density of each increase. The separation improves the experience and reduces conflicts and accidents. For bicyclists, more frequent facilities to lock and store bicycles, and frequent stations where there is air or supplies for bicycle tire maintenance and repair lead to ever more participation in non-motorized transportation. An expanded range of bicycle rental (Figure 7.15) and bicycle storage options, like covered shelters or lockers, serves an expanded group of users. Public or workplace facilities to shower or change clothes are beneficial.Another group of pedestrian and bicycling amenities are less tangible or functional. Walking and bicycle routes should be choreographed. They are, after all, spatial-temporal environments where the experience can be punctuated, focused and enriched by a variety of design elements. Bringing the concepts of nodes, districts and thresholds to the recreation or transportation experiences of walking and bicycling offer many opportunities for creative design. Changes in color and texture of the paving and the character of the plantings or building types can enliven and structure the experience. Manipulating the character of the enclosing edges and overhead plane also changes the spatial experience and increases the variety and sense of place in sections of the journey.Figure 7.14 Special infrastructure is needed to support high levels of bicycle ridership. Thisapplies to increased pedestrian density as well.Cultural, educational or interpretive signage, sculpture and other site art add meaning and place attachment. These elements distinguish one route, city or region from another and increase the satisfaction of moving through the landscape. Cultural and natural history interpretation can be combined with local building and plant materials to create unique settings.TrafficHigh traffic speed and volume discourage use of urban sidewalks. Reducing these factors within central business districts improves the pedestrian experience and willingness to frequent local businesses. Increasing public transportation ridership and creating disincentives for driving a private vehicle has been successful in many US cities. Portland capped the number of parking lots and spaces within the city center. In fact, since this regulation was enacted the number of parking spaces has steadily declined as parking lots are converted to more profitable commercial or residential uses. This has caused the price of daily parking to increase in private and public lots and structures. Light rail and bus ridership for travel to and from the city has increased steadily. Short-term rental of automobiles within the city is growing rapidly to serve the needs of commuters who have to make short trips within the city during the workday. Rentals of publicly or privately provided bicycles satisfy the same needs.Figure 7.15 As bicycle and pedestrian use increases, cities need to respond with additional support facilities, such as bike storage, signage, rest areas, dedicated routes and bicycle rental programs. Additional facilities foster greater citizen participation.Figure 7.16 An autumn afternoon in Boulder, Colorado. This civic and commercial mall is a closed street refurbished with new paving, seating, play areas, trees and outdoor cafes. Slowing the speed of traffic on streets intended to serve pedestrians can be accomplished by narrowing travel lanes slightly, by providing on-street parallel or angled parking and by including planted medians and parkway tree plantings.Pedestrian and bicycle safety structuresOf course, crosswalks and traffic signals need to be provided wherever pedestrian or bicycle safety is a concern, but as pedestrians and bicyclists become a greater pro portion of the users of urban streets, additional safety measures can be implemented. Mid-block crosswalks are safer crossing locations for pedestrians than busy inter sections, since many accidents involve turning vehicles. When the street is wide, curb extensions and a median reduce the expanse of roadway the pedestrian must cross. The median provides a refuge spot if the pedestrian can’t cross the street in a single traffic cycle.Figure 7.17 Bicycle signaling to reduce conflicts with turning automobiles. Copenhagen and other European cities have implemented traffic signals that allow bicycles to cross intersections before autos begin moving or turning operations (Figure 7.17). This practice and the provision of an extensive network of bicycle lanes and other amenities have dramatically increased commuting by bicycle. In addition to increased safety, bicycle traffic signals increase the speed of travel for cyclists, making them more competitive with private and public transit modes. Incidentally, preferential traffic signals and other rules for public transit also increase ridership by making it more time-competitive with the privateautomobile.Figure 7.18 This comfortable park in Stapleton is the focus of enclosing office and retail buildings. Its appealing vegetation offers many benefits.VegetationVegetation is an open-space element that can have many benefits. Elsewhere street tree amelioration of the urban heat island effect was noted, but street trees, hedges and flowers are part of an enjoyable urban environment that encourages walking and bicycling. The beauty, shade and rain protection all contribute to the pedestrian environment (Figure 7.18), as does the real and suggested protection from nearby motorized vehicles. Capture of particulate air pollution is a more direct health benefit of urban vegetation. The presence of street trees and nearby green spaces has been shown to improve physical activity as discussed in the chapter on human health.译文：绿色基础设施的景观规划基础设施促进身体健康公园自然的开放空间为城市居民提供广泛的服务，包括景区，心理，社会，教育和科学等服务，以及体验大自然的机会。
风景园林景观设计专业英语.doc
园林学landscape architecture，garden architecture 园林garden and park绿化greening，planting城市绿化urban greening，urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park儿童公园children park动物园zoo植物园botanical garden墓园cemetery garden盆景园penjng garden，miniature landscape盲人公园park for the blind花园garden历史名园historical garden and park风景名胜公园famous scenic park纪念公园memorial park街旁绿地roadside green space带状公园linear park专类公园theme park岩石园rock garden社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer，green area for environmental protection附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attached to housing estate，residential green space道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square屋顶花园roof garden立体绿化vertical planting风景林地scenic forest land城市绿地系统urban green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿化覆盖面积green coverage绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率greening rate，ratio of green space绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿线boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history，garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art相地site investigation造景landscaping借景borrowed scencry，view borrowing园林意境poetic imagcry of garden透景线perspective line盆景miniature landscape，penjing插花flower arrangement季相seasonal appearance of plant园林规划garden planning，landscaping planning 园林布局garden layout园林设计garden design公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 地形设计topographical design园路设计garden path design种植设计planting design孤植specimen planting，isolated planting对植Opposite planting，coupled planting列植linear planting群植group planting，mass planting园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant攀缘植物climbing plant，climber温室植物greenhouse plant花卉flowering plant行道树avenue tree，street tree草坪lawn绿篱hedge花篱flower hedge花境flower border人工植物群落man-made planting habitat园林建筑garden building园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda，gallery，colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion，pavilion园台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola，trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll，couplet on pillar 园林匾额bian'e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting假植heeling in，temporary planting基础种植foundation planting种植成活率ratio of living tree适地适树planting according to the environment 造型修剪topiary园艺horticulture假山rockwork，artificial hill置石stone arrangement，stone layout掇山piled stone hill，hill making塑山man-made rock work园林理水water system layout in garden驳岸revetment in garden喷泉fountain风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning 风景名胜famous scenery，famous scenic site风景资源scenery resource景物view，feature景点feature spot，view spot景区scenic zone景观landscape，scenery游览线touring route环境容量environmental capacity国家公园national park。
景观设计中英文对照
2.0001 园林学 landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学 garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学 environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学 ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术 garden art2.0006 园林美学 garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学 garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑 garden building2.0009 园林工程 garden engineering2.0010 园林植物 landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物 ornamental plant2.0012 盆景 miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林 garden and park2.0014 园林学史 history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划 garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计 garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理 garden management2.0019 园林生态 landscape ecology2.0020 绿化 greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化 environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积 green area2.0023 绿地率 ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化 street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化 mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化 suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化 highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化 railway greening, railway planting2.0034 堤岸种植 bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化 balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化 window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化 roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化 vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化 climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化 bridgehead greening2.0041 花园 garden2.0042 专类花园 specified flower garden2.0043 花园村 garden village2.0044 园林城市 landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园 rose garden2.0046 松柏园 conifer garden2.0047 球根园 bulb garden2.0048 宿根园 perennial garden2.0049 假山园 rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场 hunting ground2.0051 街心花园 street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园 petty street garden2.0053 水景园 water garden2.0054 铺地园 paved garden2.0055 野趣园 wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园 rustic garden2.0058 盆景园 penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园 zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园 cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园 bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园 school garden2.0064 室内花园 indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园 fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园 garden for the blind2.0067 公园 park, public park2.0068 城市公园 city park, urban park2.0069 区公园 regional park2.0070 儿童公园 children park2.0071 体育公园 sports park2.0072 森林公园 forest park2.0073 纪念公园 memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园 comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园 cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园 central park2.0079 天然公园 natural park2.0080 海滨公园 seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园 historic site park2.0082 河滨公园 riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园 lakeside park2.0084 路边公园 roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园 amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园 sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园 recreation park2.0088 疗养公园 sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园 national park2.0090 邻里公园 neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园 special park2.0092 植物园 botanical garden2.0093 植物公园 abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园 alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园 tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地 green space2.0098 公共绿地 public green space2.0099 单位绿地 unit green area2.0100 城市绿地 urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地 residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地 green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地 suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地 residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地 attached green space2.0107 生产绿地 productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃 nursery2.0109 风景 landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观 natural landscape2.0111 人文景观 human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观 prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观 mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观 geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观 lake view2.0116 郊区景观 suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观 geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观 karst landscape2.0119 植物景观 plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林 royal garden2.0126 私家园林 private garden2.0127 江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林 western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林 English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林 Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林 Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林 French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林 Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林 Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园 manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园 peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊 xystus2.0141 迷阵 maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿 Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼 Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫 E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官 Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园 Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑 Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园 Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景 view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景 distant view2.0161 近景 nearby view2.0162 障景 obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景 borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景 opposite scenery, view in opposite place2.0165 缩景 miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景 leaking through scenery2.0167 框景 enframed scenery2.0168 尾景 terminal feature2.0169 主景 main feature2.0170 副景 secondary feature2.0171 配景 objective view2.0172 夹景 vista line, vista2.0173 前景 front view2.0174 背景 background2.0175 景序 order of sceneries2.0176 景点 feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观 upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观 downward landscape2.0179 季相景观 seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观 meteorological diversity scenery 2.0181 视野 visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间 garden space2.0184 开敞空间 wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间 enclosure space2.0186 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery 2.0187 苍古 antiquity2.0188 空灵 spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观 in-motion viewing2.0190 静观 in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉 visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡 symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称 bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称 radial symmetry2.0197 透景线 perspective line2.0198 轴线 axis, axial line2.0199 主轴 main axis2.0200 副轴 auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴 hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线 skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术 art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调 monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调 compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出 contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调 approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色 warm color2.0209 冷色 cool color2.0210 色感 color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划 urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统 green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额 public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标 public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局 green space layout2.0216 吸引圈 attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离 attractive distance2.0218 有效半径 effective radius2.0219 绿地资源 green space resource2.0220 绿地效果 green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序 planning procedure of the green space2.0222 空间规划 space planning2.0223 形象规划 image plan2.0224 实施规划 implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间 necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间 leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度 usage frequency2.0228 树种规划 planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型 type of green space2.0230 环状绿型 annular green space2.0231 块状绿地 green plot2.0232 点状绿地 green spot2.0233 放射状绿地 radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地 wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地 buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地 noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论 scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地 reserve garden2.0239 公园规划 park planning2.0240 园林总体规划 garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划 site planning2.0242 园林分区 garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区 tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区 children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场 children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区 sports activities area2.0247 野餐区 picnic place2.0248 散步区 pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 2.0252 草坪区 lawn space2.0253 绿荫区 shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区 historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区 youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区 bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区 fishing center2.0258 野营区 camp site2.0259 游人中心 visitors center2.0260 服务中心 service center2.0261 探险游乐场 adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区 cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统 approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统 circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统 latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统 radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统 informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统 formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统 mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图 garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书 garden planning direction 2.0272 城市公园系统 urban park system2.0273 公园分布 distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型 park type, park category2.0275 公园间距 distance between parks2.0276 公园形式 park styles2.0277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游览区 no-admittance area2.0279 办公区 administrative area2.0280 服务区 service center2.0281 动休息区 dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区 static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区 entertaining performance place 2.0284 主要入口 main entrance2.0285 次要入口 secondary entrance2.0286 人流量 visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量 vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路 park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量 visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource uation2.0292 风景学 scenicology2.0293 风景规划 landscape plan2.0294 风景设计 landscape design2.0295 游览路线 touring route2.0296 旅游资源 tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理 tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质 tourism geology2.0299 历史名城 famous historical city2.0300 文化名城 famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址 ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆 natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌 natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌 imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区 scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区 alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区 seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区 forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区 valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区 river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区 lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区 hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区 waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区 region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区 region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区 crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区 nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区 protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物 natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区 biosphere protection area。
green building 外文文献翻译
外文文献：Green buildingGreen building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by:Efficiently using energy, water, and other resourcesProtecting occupant health and improving employee productivityReducing waste, pollution and environmental degradationA similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Although some green building programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do. Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new construction.A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance. In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put onyour roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you 1 contribute to sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in theretrofiring of existing structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimizationof one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement(daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete, etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture isin one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust. Energy efficient building materials and appliances are promoted in the United States through energy rebate programs, which are increasingly communicated to consumers through energy rebate database services such as GreenOhm.The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED. HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEA Mlimits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth.A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating ahigh performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the buildup of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place. Waste reduction Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the website . The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduceswaste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.中文译文：绿色建筑绿色建筑（也被称为绿色建筑或可持续建筑）是指一个结构和使用的过程，是对环境负责和资源节约型整个建筑物的循环生活：从选址到设计，施工，运行，维护，改造和拆迁。
【西建大风景园林考研理论必看】-绿色基础设施与绿道
一、绿色基础设施（一）绿色基础设施（Green Infrastructure，简称 GI）绿色基础设施是"灰色基础设施"概念的拓展，作为一种生命支撑系统，是生活的必需品。
它具有生态作用，对自然有益，对人也有益。
（二）绿色基础设施的组成（2）自然保护廊道（Conservation Coridors）;如河流，它是野生生物生态库道，同时又适宜大众用于休息娱乐。
（3）绿色通道（Greenways）∶线形的可供人和自行车通行的绿地空间。
（4）城市绿带（Greenbelts）∶在城市的周边或近邻地带，特意保留的较大面积未被开发的荒野或是农业用地，具有线形特征，既用于防止城市蔓延，同时又保护野生环境和城市农业。
（5）生态链（Ecohelt）;在城市社区和农田间的绿化缓冲区或廊道口，具有生态和社区休闲功能，为城市和农村居民共同享用。
二、绿道（一）绿道（Greenway）绿道（Greenway）是将公园、自然保护地、名胜区、历史古迹等与高密度聚居区之间进行连接的开敞空间纽带，包括自行车线路、野生动物廊道、滨水恢复区或者从城市中延伸出来的沿着溪流或港湾的林荫小径等。
这些绿道使得景观从破碎化走向整体化，为人类的游憩活动和动物繁衍、迁徙提供了空间，并且具有遮阳降温、风道、防治污染等重要生态功能以及极佳的城市美化效果。
国际上诸多学者都曾提出过绿道的分类，如早期福曼·戈德龙（Forman Godron）依据绿道的形态将其分为线状廊道、带状廊道、河流廊道三类。
其中、利特尔（Limle）在《美国的绿道》一书中的论述较为经典，认为绿道依据其形成条件、功能可分为五类∶a）城市河流型绿道;b）游憩型绿道（休闲绿道）;c）自然生态型绿道;d）风景名胜型绿道;e）综合网络型绿道。
法布土（Fabos）则按功能将绿道分为生态型绿道、游憩型绿道、遗产型绿道三类。
表11-2对国外绿道的分类思想进行了简单归纳。
国内方面也有相关的理论，如俞孔坚教授认为，按照绿道的形式与功能，中国存在着三种类型的绿道∶沿着河道或水域边界分布的滨河绿道;公园道路绿道或具有交通功能的道路绿道;沿田园边界分布的田园绿道。
景观绿色基础设施的规划与建设
景观绿色基础设施的规划与建设摘要：绿色基础设施作为一种具有内部连接性的自然区域及开放空间的网络，为人与野生生物提供栖息地、迁徙通道及净水源在内的自然活动场所，具有重要的自然生态价值，可以成为保证社会、经济、环境间良性循环，实现可持续发展的生态框架。
本文从绿色基础设施的概念和组成出发，分析了其建设规划中的原则及具体方法，并就其发展的现状进行了讨论。
关键词：景观设计绿色基础设计规划生态系统Abstract: green infrastructure as a has the natural areas and internal linkage of open space network, human and wildlife habitats for migration channels and clean water, natural, activity place, has the important natural ecological value, can become guarantee the society, economy and environment between benign circulation and realize the sustainable development of ecological framework. This article from the concept of green infrastructure and composition, we analyzed the construction planning in the principles and specific method and the present situation of its development are discussed.Keywords: landscape design green foundation design planning ecological system1 景观绿色基础设施概述1.1 绿色基础设施的概念生态的稳定程度是由种群活动的自由度决定的，而被城市建设隔绝了的斑块型绿地，严重限制了生物种群间以及种群内部个体的接触和交流，生物多样性的减少，使种群的生存和进化都受到了抑制，孤岛效应的产生直接影响着种群的健康发展和生态的稳定平衡。
景观规划设计专业英语词汇_5
景观规划设计专业英语词汇施工布局construction layout施工顺序 construction consequence人工湿地 constructed wetlands喷灌泵 display pumps照明 lighting踏步宽和踏步高的比值 tread-riser ratio表土剥离 topsoil stripping儿童游乐场 tot lots流域 watershed场地选择 site selection方案研究 schematic studies工作范围 scope of services铺草皮sodding总体规划 master planning柱posts铺装 paving居住开发 residential development灌溉系统 irrigation system总承包商 general contractor跨度表 span table廊道corridor栈桥 boardwalks中国古典园林 classical Chinese garden中国传统园林 traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林 ancient Chinese garden中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden 帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林 private garden江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林 western classical garden英国式园林 English style garden中英混合式园林AngloChinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林 Spainish style garden法兰西式园林 French style garden勒诺特尔式园林 Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林 Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林 Baroque style garden庄园manor,villa garden廊柱园 peristyle garden,patio绿廊xystus迷阵 maze, labyrinth灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden周代术语灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden周代术语灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden周代术语阿房宫E-Pang Palace秦代术语上林苑 ShangLin Yuan汉代术语未央宫WeiYang Palace汉代术语洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace魏代术语华清宫 Hua-Qing Palace唐代术语艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden宋代术语圆明园 Y uan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄 Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden悬园 Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
风景园林景观设计专业英语
风景园林景观设计专业英语园林学landscape architecture，garden architecture 园林garden and park绿化greening，planting城市绿化urban greening，urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park儿童公园children park动物园zoo植物园botanical garden墓园cemetery garden盆景园penjng garden，miniature landscape盲人公园park for the blind花园garden历史名园historical garden and park风景名胜公园famous scenic park纪念公园memorial park街旁绿地roadside green space带状公园linear park专类公园theme park岩石园rock garden社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer，green area for environmental protection附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attached to housing estate，residential green space道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square屋顶花园roof garden立体绿化vertical planting风景林地scenic forest land城市绿地系统urban green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿化覆盖面积green coverage绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率greening rate，ratio of green space绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿线boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history，garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art相地site investigation造景landscaping借景borrowed scencry，view borrowing园林意境poetic imagcry of garden透景线perspective line盆景miniature landscape，penjing插花flower arrangement季相seasonal appearance of plant园林规划garden planning，landscaping planning 园林布局garden layout园林设计garden design公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 地形设计topographical design园路设计garden path design种植设计planting design孤植specimen planting，isolated planting对植Opposite planting，coupled planting列植linear planting群植group planting，mass planting园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant攀缘植物climbing plant，climber温室植物greenhouse plant花卉flowering plant行道树avenue tree，street tree草坪lawn绿篱hedge花篱flower hedge花境flower border人工植物群落man-made planting habitat园林建筑garden building园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda，gallery，colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion，pavilion园台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola，trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll，couplet on pillar 园林匾额bian'e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting假植heeling in，temporary planting基础种植foundation planting种植成活率ratio of living tree适地适树planting according to the environment 造型修剪topiary园艺horticulture假山rockwork，artificial hill置石stone arrangement，stone layout掇山piled stone hill，hill making塑山man-made rock work园林理水water system layout in garden驳岸revetment in garden喷泉fountain风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning风景名胜famous scenery，famous scenic site风景资源scenery resource景物view，feature景点feature spot，view spot景区scenic zone景观landscape，scenery游览线touring route环境容量environmental capacity国家公园national park园林专业外语词汇大全主入口大门/岗亭main entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle & pedestrian)次入口/岗亭2nd entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle & pedestrian) 商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.水景water feature小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre迎宾景观welcoming feature观景木台timber deck (viewing)竹园bamboo garden漫步广场walkway plaza露天咖啡廊out door café巨大迎宾水景-2 grand welcoming feature -2 木桥timber bridge洞穴grotto吊桥hanging bridge休憩台地(低处) lounging terrace(lower)休憩台地(高处) lounging terrace(upper)特色踏步feature stepping stone 野趣小溪river wild儿童乐园children's playground 旱冰道slide羽毛球场badminton court旱景dry landscape日艺园Japanese garden旱喷泉dry fountain观景台viewing deck游泳池swimming pool极可意Jacuzzi嬉水池wading pool儿童泳池children's pool 蜿蜒水墙winding wall 石景雕塑rocksculpture中心广场central plaza健身广场exercise plaza 桥bridge交流广场meditating plaza趣味树阵tree battle formation停车场parking area特色花架trellis雕塑小道sculpture trail(高尔夫)轻击区putting green高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit 篮球场basketball court 网球场tennis court阶梯坐台terracing seatwall广场main plaza森林forest garden石景园rockery garden旱溪dry stream凉亭Pavilion户外淋浴outdoor shower拉膜结构tensile structure台阶stair高尔夫球车停车场parking(golf car)健身站exercise station晨跑小路jogging footpath车道/人行道driveway/sidewalk人行漫步道promenade瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) water fall and dancing fountain (entry plaza)特色入口entry feature石景广场rockery plaza园林学Landscape architecture garden architecture造园学Garden making, landscape gardening 环境园艺学Environmental horticulture观赏园艺学Ornamental horticulture园林艺术garden art园林美学Garden aesthetics园林建筑学Garden architecture园林建筑Garden building园林工程Garden engineering园林植物Landscape plant观赏植物Ornamental plant盆景Miniature landscape,penjing园林Garden and park园林学史History Of garden architecture园林规划Garden planning,landscaping planning 园林设计Garden design园林机具设备Gardening machine园林管理Garden management园林生态Landscape ecology绿化greening,planting环境绿化Environmental greening绿地面积Green area绿地率Ratio Of green space城市绿化覆盖率Urban Green coverage工厂绿化Factory greening,factory garden-ing 街道绿化Street greening,street planting车行道绿化Driveway greening分车带绿化Dividing Stripe greening人行道绿化Sidewalk greening群众绿化Mass Planting movement郊区绿化Suburban greening公路绿化Highway greening铁路绿化Railway greening,railway planting 堤岸种植Bank planting阳台绿化Balcony greening窗台绿化window-sill greening屋顶绿化Roof greening垂直绿化Vertical greening攀缘绿化Climber greening桥头绿化Bridgehead greening花园garden专类花园Specified flower garden 花园村Garden village园林城市Landscape garden city蔷薇园Rose garden松柏园Conifer garden球根园Bulb garden宿根园Perennial garden假山园Rock garden,Chinese rockery狩猎场Hunting ground街心花园Street crossing center garden小游园Petty Street garden水景园Water garden铺地园Paved garden野趣园Wild plants botanical garden野生植物园Wild plants garden乡趣园Rustic garden盆景园Penjing garden,miniature land-scape 动物园zoo,zoological garden墓园Cemetery garden沼泽园Bog and marsh garden 水生植物园Aquatic plantsgarden 学校园School garden室内花园Indoor garden芳香花园Fragrant garden盲人花园Garden for the blind公园park,Public park城市公园City park,urban park 区公园Regional park 儿童公园Children park体育公园Sports park森林公园Forest park纪念公园Memorial park烈士纪念公园Martyr memorial park。
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscapeforms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscapeand ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, tothousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "halfnatural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the righttemperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and longgrowth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is thefoundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 1992城市与景观摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
景观设计外文文献翻译
译文题目：Ecological planning in the urban landscapedesignAbstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
本文中着重论述了景观对城市居住环境的影响。
景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。
景观、城市、生态以及人性化的设计理念之间存在着微妙而复杂的联系。
I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics ofthe geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to inlandscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities.Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the right temperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plantform the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and long growth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increasein the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is the foundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 19921 城市与景观1.1 景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人的思想活动，表现为艺术活动。
环境艺术设计毕业设计外文翻译—绿色基础设施景观规划
绿色基础设施景观规划：整合人类与自然系统Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning:Integrating human and natural systemsChapter TwelveStockholm: green infrastructure case studyContextThe city and county of Stockholm demonstrate the planning and implementation of green infrastructure advocated in this book. The city is located approximately at latitude 59° N in southeast Sweden (Figure 12.1) within an astoundingly complex configuration of islands, coastline, freshwater lakes and saltwater estuaries on the Baltic Sea (Figure 12.2).About half of the County of Stockholm is composed of primarily fertile coniferous forest, but deciduous forests also occur here. Forested land and the amount of protected forest is increasing in the county at the expense of agriculture, but the rate of increase is insufficient to protect biological diversity.1 Within the city there are eight natural areas, including nature and cultural reserves and an urban national park, with a total area of 5,680 acres (2,299 ha). Of this 828 acres (335 ha) is water and 4,855 acres (1,965 ha) is land.332The built environmentLike many European cities, Stockholm was initially located to be geographically defensible. Constrained by the area of a small island in LakeMälaren, the city was compactly developed with multistory buildings, narrow streets and little natural open space. As the city expanded, especially after World War II, growth followed the road alignments.Today, 872,000 people live in the Stockholm city area of 73 square miles(188 km2). Development within the city is compact since nearly 90 percent of residents live in multi-family buildings (Figure 12.3). The resulting population density is 11,944 inhabitants per square mile (4,638 per km2). The region is increasingly polycentric and growing with the addition of 20,000 people per year.2 The population of the metropolitan area is now 2,050,000.3 The sections below consider the municipal and regional scale, before focusing on a recently developed urban infill district near the city center.In a competitive process, Stockholm was designated the first Green Capital of Europe in 2010. The Green Capital competition assesses many factors of sustainability, which is broader than the consideration of green infrastructure, but many factors overlap, of course. Of particular interest here is the regional, municipal and neighborhood green infrastructure that supports multiple uses.333Figure 12.1 Stockholm location map.Figure 12.2 Physiography of the Stockholm region. Photo 59°19'44. 15" N, 18°3'53.68" E,12 September 2007 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth.334Figure 12.3 Stockholm urban core. Photo 59o19'21.92" N 18o04'26.36" E, 12 September2007 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth.335Regional systemGreen wedgesThe concept of a regional green infrastructure was articulated in the 1930s. Alternating fingers of natural landscape and human habitation with transportation infrastructure was adopted as a general planning principle (Figure 12.4). Traditionally, Swedish farmsteads and villages were constructed on high ground or benches above a river or stream. The floodplain and agricultural fields lay between the watercourse and the settlement. It is often this floodplain and old agricultural fields or pastures that form the spines of the green wedges flanked by the settlements and the roads that connect them.4 Voluntary comprehensive planning of green wedges and then legally binding detailed development plans for cities and towns were in place by 1998. Stockholm adopted an urban infill plan in 1999 and in 2001 the County of Stockholm adopted a spatial, green wedge regional development plan, which was updated in 2010.2These decisions resulted in a radial regional plan with wedges of continuous green infrastructure that had significant biodiversity value while being close to residential districts. The plan features ten long corridors of agriculture, forest and habitat at least 1,640 feet (500 m) wide (Figure 12.4). These corridors connect huge natural preserves outside the city and are essential to the high biodiversity near the city center. Ecologists in Stockholm found that habitat areas of 740 acres supported the needs of most native species, particularly when the area was more compact, rather than linear in shape. The widths of ecological corridors are variable according to the target species, but a 0.3 mile (0.5 km) width is defined by the regional development plan as the minimum to accommodate both wildlife and recreation uses. There are many existing areas within the green wedges that are less wide than the recommendation, particularly near the city center. These are identified and labeled as one of three categories of weak points where more careful planning is to take place to avoid further erosion and where mitigation measures are to be undertaken. In fact, a detailed study identified all of the corridor breaks and barriers as a first step toward mitigation. Planning documents also stress the almost insurmountable obstacles to dispersal of some species that busy highways present.5 336Figure 12.4 The green wedges are shown as core habitat (dark green), secondary habitat(light green) and large recreation and natural areas (orange) within the urban (white) andaquatic (blue) matrix.2Human use of the green wedges (Figure 12.5) is as important as the biodiversity benefits. For example, the National Urban Park in Stockholm receives 15 million visitors each year.6 To foster public use of this and other green areas, 43 public transit stations have been designated as green stations. These are transit stops where citizens can walk 984–1640 feet (300–500 m) to reach a green wedge. Major green transit stations feature information about the adjacent natural resource.5337Figure 12.5 Social areas and recreation use are major components of the green infrastructure and this area of the National Urban Park.The green wedges are being increasingly codified. In 2003 the county made the commitment to add 71 new nature reserves and 28 study areas. By 2012 36 of these were realized. This official protection, rather than planning guidelines, assures that urban growth will follow the existing roads and rail lines rather than sprawling into the landscape infrastructure.The National Urban ParkStockholm established the world’s first urban national park in 1995 (Figure 12.6). The park is part of one of the regional green wedges and the largest park within the city limits. It also extends into two other municipalities. In the European tradition, the 6,670-acre park is a mixture of cultural facilities, such as museums, recreation areas and protected wildlife habitat.Initially the Parliament defined the area as one of natural interest. The core of the park was inherited from royal hunting grounds of the previous centuries. The municipalities were given planning authority to foster democratic participation but secret negotiations between private construction companies and municipalities regarding development of public land before the initiation of public processes resulted in the development of hundreds of acres within the national interest area boundary. The controversy generated by this practice led 338to citizen planning efforts and petitions organized by non-governmental organizations and supported by the media. With the prospect of a large road infrastructure project that would have damaged the area, the National Parliament voted unanimously in late 1994 to establish the National Urban Park. The act took effect in 1995 and specified more clear boundaries (Figure 12.6), purposes and protections.7Figure 12.6 Plan view of the Stockholm National Urban Park. Photo59°23'34.56" N,18°01'28.84" E, 3 April 2012 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth. Development of new buildings and roads was not prohibited by the act, but development is not permitted if it negatively impacts any of the three purposes of the park — cultural, recreational and environmental. Existing buildings can be expanded if they do not impact the park. In contrast, facilitates in support of park purposes were to be developed and protected within the park boundaries. Figure 12.6 shows that the park boundary encloses two core areas and a corridor through the urban development.7Public agencies are focused on strengthening the ecological connections diminished before the park was created8 and on the development plans for the industrial and port area to the east of the park.Ecology and the green wedges339In the initial stages of planning the green wedges, ecologists studied native forest species in need of conservation attention to determine whether the green wedges had the capacity to sustain them. Some species are difficult to sustain in growing urban districts due to large territory requirements, large core arearequirements, specialized habitat needs, small or scattered populations or low dispersal rates. Species with one or more of these characteristics are especially vulnerable to the habitat fragmentation and degradation that accompanies urbanization. Two of the bird species in the study (nutcracker and the honey buzzard) have specialized habitat requirements associated with certain species of shrubs and trees, and both had low and scattered populations. In the study area, forest clearing, removal of mature trees and conversion of deciduous forest to coniferous forest were the most serious threats to the study species.9 The six bird species included in the study were honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), stock dove (Columba oenas), black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) and nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). The study found that the size of the available habitat, and the type and degree of connectivity, determined the presence of breeding pairs of these birds. The study mapped the green wedges and identified 67 sites within and outside the green wedges. Surveys were conducted in 28 of these sites. These defined a gradient from the city center to the rural landscape. Near the city center habitat patches were smaller and more isolated. The forest coverage for the study area was 39 percent. For the area within 6.2 miles (10 km) of the city center, the forest coverage was 25 percent, while the area within 6.2 miles of the city center but outside the green wedges had only 15 percent forested area.The study discovered a wide range of habitat requirements for the target species. The black woodpecker required territory with mature, mostly coniferous, forest as large as 1,235 acres (500 ha). However, this could be comprised of several habitat patches within an agricultural matrix with only 26 percent forest cover. In contrast, the lesser-spotted woodpecker preferred strips of moist deciduous forest along lake shorelines and required only 49–123 acres (20–50 ha) of good habitat. However, this habitat type is not as extensive as coniferous forest.The goshawk prefers large forest areas but has adapted to breed in fragmented patches within the urbanizing region. The nutcracker and the honey buzzard required the largest territories, but benefited from good connectivity between habitat patches.The study outlined above determined that the needs of the bird species in the 340Stockholm region can be met in the green wedges if large and diverse forest habitats are preserved. It also determined that smaller habitat fragments are valuable if proximity is good.9 Continuous corridors linking habitat fragments will be more important for terrestrial animals than for the bird species in thisstudy.Large habitat areas still exist in Stockholm County, but nearer the city center habitat is fragmented into smaller parcels with a few exceptions. However, in this situation groups of fragments may serve as territory for some native species. For birds and mobile terrestrial species, the fragments can simply be close together, but for many species an ecological corridor must connect the habitat fragments. This was demonstrated in a study of a bird, the coal tit (Parus ater), in the Stockholm region. This bird was known to be a habitat specialist requiring coniferous forest habitat of 25 to 74 acres (10–30 ha). However, the bird was found in habitat fragments within a network. Patch networks with a total area of 12–25 acres (5–10 ha) but where the fragments were separated by no more that 164 feet (50 m) served as breeding territory. The bird was found in habitat fragments greater than 2.5 acres (1 ha).10 This finding is important for physical planning in urban and suburban areas where extensive damage to habitat has occurred. As noted earlier, for terrestrial animals it is more likely that the habitat fragments will need to be connected with ecological corridors for the network to serve as breeding habitat.Figure 12.7 This wetland and forest is in the northern core of the National Urban Park, butadjacent to high-density urban development.Wetlands amount to, at most, 4 percent of Stockholm County. About 1.2 341square miles (3 km2) of wetlands have been lost and 4.6 square miles (12 km2) remain (Figure 12.7). Wetlands have been lost to roads and other development and 90 percent of the remaining wetlands are impacted by human activity. There are 850 lakes in the county and about 100 of these are impacted by acidification (30 are treated with lime regularly to mitigate the acidity). This is primarily the result of air pollution originating on the European continent. The Stockholm archipelago is impacted by excess nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage plant effluent and stormwater runoff and by heavy metals from urban runoff.1 The cityand county have an ambitious, continuous and cooperative environmental monitoring program. It correctly focuses on habitat and species monitoring to assure sustained biodiversity. However, annual tracking of the populations of target species, such as greater cormorants and other species, is undertaken to monitor endangered species or sudden changes in species numbers.1 342Urban parks and open spaceThe green wedges extend from the county into the city. Within the city there are21,000 acres (8,500 ha) of parkland representing 40 percent of the total land area and resulting in 27 acres (11 ha) of parkland per 1,000 residents.11 This compares to Los Angeles, with 10 percent of its area dedicated to parkland, and Portland with 15.8 percent.11 The parkland in Stockholm includes 12 parks that are over 200 acres (81 ha) in size. The dozen parks contain about one-third of the city land area.The goal of green space near every resident is taken seriously in Stockholm since surveys demonstrate the public demand. Seventy percent of inner-city residents wish to visit green spaces more often and spend more time there. This desire is independent of gender, age and socio-economic status. Distance from a green space and lack of time are the two reasons for less use of green spaces than desired.5 New planning goals established distance and park size standards. Residents are to be no more than 600 feet (200 m) from a pocket or neighborhood park 2.5–12.5 acres (1–5 ha) in size and no more than 1,500 feet (457 m) from a district park of 12.5–125 acres (5–51 ha). In addition, residents are to be no more than 0.6 miles (1 km) from a nature preserve larger than 125 acres (50 ha) in size.11As demonstrated earlier, the parkland amenity is also an economic value as expressed by rent and property values. When comparing condominiums, those near 27 acres (11 ha) of park land commanded $783 more for each 11 ft2 of floor area (600 €/m2) compared to similar units with parks with 17 acres (7 ha) of park environment.4343Ecosystem value of the National Urban ParkDeciduous forests dominated by red oak trees are prized in Stockholm. In the National Urban Park one-quarter of all trees are oaks (see Figure 12.9). Oak trees had royal protection beginning in the 1300s and could not be legally cut by private parties until the late 1800s, due in part to their value in shipbuilding. However, much illegal harvesting took place and other oaks were lost when forest was converted to farmland. In 1809 the royal hunting park in Stockholm was formalized and protected the oak forest.7Figure 12.8 The Eurasian jay is critical for the maintenance of the oak woodland andprovides valuable ecosystem services.Hundreds of species are associated with old-growth stands of oaks. For example, the oaks are dependent on the Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandiarius) to spread their seeds (Figure 12.8). Jays bury a store of acorns in the fall and live on them in the winter. The nearly 100 jays living in the National Urban Park hide about half a million acorns per year. About 30 percent of these are notrecovered from the soil and can grow into new oaks. An estimated 85 percent of the park’s oaks are the result of the jay’s natural seed dispersal. In order to estimate the economic value of birds’ work, the cost of humans planting oaks can be calculated. Depending on the planting method (seeds or seedlings) each pair of jays does a job that corresponds to $880–3,920 per acre. Jays are limited to oak forests and unwilling to cross open areas. Therefore, it is important that large areas of oak forest or corridors connecting smaller patches are preserved to maintain the population of both birds and oaks.4 344Figure 12.9 The National Urban Park provides heterogeneous ecosystems. In this image awetland and heron rookery are framed by oak and coniferous woodlands.The National Urban Park contains a great diversity of habitats including deciduous and coniferous forests, meadows and pastures, wetlands, lakes and rivers, a long coastline and numerous islands. There are 880 species of flowering plants, 40 fish species, 1,000 species of butterflies and about 100 species of birds that breed in the park. Nine of the 14 species of bats in Sweden are found in the park, including two threatened species (whiskered and Natterer’s bat). Of course, many exotic, invasive species exist here too. One is the American mink.The most important habitat type in the park is the deciduous forest, since most of the country is dominated by coniferous forest. In this forest, the oaks are associated with elm, ash, linden and maple. Man has managed all habitat types in the park, including the deciduous forest, for centuries through mowing, grazing and tree planting. Groves of 200–300-year-old trees create a unique ecological environment, which is increasingly rare in Sweden and Europe. As limbs or entire oak trees die, they remain standing and become a long-lasting resource for hole-nesting birds, mammals and a host of beetles and other insects. There are actually about 1,500 species of insects, wood fungi and lichens linked to oaks, especially the ancient ones. The 1,200 species of beetles, which are involved in the decomposition of the bark and decaying wood, make up the majority of the species linked to the oak trees. Ninety percent of the beetle species prefer standing trunks in sunlight. Many endangered 345invertebrates, such as the broad-banded beetle (Plagionotus detritus) are members of the old-growth oak groves. In addition, oak and beech acorns support birds and mammals.12The large size of the park supports core habitat areas, although the species most sensitive to human activity or needing the largest territories may becompromised. Keys to the dispersal of offspring are corridor connections between the north and south core areas of the park and more regionally to the deciduous forest stands south of Stockholm (Figure 12.4). The corridors between the core areas are vulnerable to development and habitat loss. The city is working carefully to develop the royal port, on the eastern edge of the city, to strengthen the corridor within the National Urban Park and reduce the hostility of the matrix. Extending an ecological corridor south of the park will be difficult and require local and regional coordination and public support. Since deciduous forest is not the dominant forest type and because the National Urban Park is more isolated by urban development than in the past, there is a concern that the deciduous woodland in the park is a relic landscape that will slowly decline. Reduction of the original oak ecosystem below 25 percent of its original size is a threshold that threatens the viability of the ecosystem. The long life span of the oaks creates some uncertainty about the long-term prospects of the forest.City centerThe green infrastructure of the city center primarily expresses human values. Vibrant streets, public squares, urban parks, historic districts and sustainable transportation serve the citizens in the cultural, government and financial old town. These spaces are also part of the green infrastructure of the city, even if they don’t focus on the non-human aspects of the environment. They are volumesthat make high-density, mixed-use districts vibrant and desirable places to live, work and shop. Stockholm offers a full range of urban spaces from the largely paved plazas that can host thousands of people for celebrations (Figure 12.10)to green oases that provide a respite from the bustle of the city. There are promenades (Figure 12.11) along the water and through the old town that connect a variety of spaces and use areas, such as transportation centers, government complexes and the urban waterfront.The combination of high population density and high percentage of open space is unusual. In San Francisco, the population density is higher than in Stockholm, but this is at the expense of parkland and especially biodiversity.346Only 14 percent of the land area in San Francisco is park and open space and the park acreage per person is very low (Table 12.1). In contrast, the city of Austin covers more than three times the area of Stockholm but has only onequarterof the density. The percentage of land dedicated to open space is muchlower in Austin than in Stockholm, although acres per 1,000 people are quite high. Austin manages two Texas state parks within the city limits. In summary,Austin is a sprawling low-density city with a great open-space system, while San Francisco is a very urban, high-density environment without the balance of habitat and open space amenities of Stockholm.14Figure 12.10 Outstanding architecture frames a series of urban plazas and parks largeenough to host civic celebrations, fairs and street performers.347Figure 12.11 Pedestrian streets, anchored by transportation hubs and the government center,teem with tourists and locals for shopping and entertainment.New Urbanism proponents in the US worry that green infrastructure is arecipe for the ruralization of American towns and cities. Stockholm demonstrates that cities can have it all — vibrant urban environments and rich biodiversity. Providing 25 percent or less open space in a city stresses the remaining ecosystems and is too low to accommodate both recreation and urban biodiversity without conflict. Population densities need to increase in most American cities in order to preserve land for recreation, scenery, stormwater treatment, habitat and other ecosystem functions and services.The high population density in Stockholm has substantial secondary benefits since it precludes the loss of natural landscape to suburban sprawl. This regional city is clearly the center of civic life and remains the focus of smaller cities connected to it by roads and rail lines.348背景斯德哥尔摩市、县展示的策划和实施在这本书中提倡的绿色基础设施。
图书馆前绿化布局英语作文
图书馆前绿化布局英语作文In the heart of the academic city, nestled within the quietude of stone and glass, stands the library. A sanctuary of knowledge, it is not just a repository of books but also a haven for thoughts and ideas. However, what often goes unnoticed is the verdant carpet that graces its forefront, a绿化布局 that not only beautifies the space but also serves multiple purposes.The greenery before the library is a masterful blend of aesthetics and functionality. The choice of plants, their arrangement, and the overall design reflect a deep understanding of environmental psychology and the needs of the students and visitors. The use of native species ensures sustainability and reduces the carbon footprint, while the variety of plants ensures seasonal interest and visual diversity.The layout is carefully planned to create a calming and inviting atmosphere. Wide lawns invite students to sit, relax, and reflect, while shady trees provide a natural canopy for those seeking respite from the sun. Theinclusion of flowering plants and shrubs adds a pop ofcolor, brightening the space and stimulating the senses. The greenery also serves as a natural buffer, reducing noise pollution and providing a barrier between the hustle and bustle of the city and the serene learning environment of the library.Moreover, the green layout encourages passive recreation, where students can take a break from their studies, engage in light exercise, or simply enjoy the outdoors. This is crucial in today's fast-paced academic world, where students often find themselves buried under a pile of books and stressed out. The greenery offers a much-needed escape, a respite from the rigors of academic life. The integration of green spaces into the library's design is also a testament to the institution's commitment to sustainability and environmental conservation. It sends a powerful message to the students, encouraging them to adopt eco-friendly practices in their daily lives. By embedding greenery into its very fabric, the library becomes a living classroom, teaching students about the importance of preserving and nurturing nature.In conclusion, the greening of the library's forefrontis not just a visual treat but a strategic decision that benefits both the environment and the students. It createsa harmonious blend of nature and culture, fostering a sense of community and belonging. As students walk through the green gateway, they are reminded of the beauty andtranquility that nature can bring to their lives, inspiring them to cherish and protect it for generations to come.**图书馆绿化：美观与功能的完美结合**在学术之城的心脏地带，玻璃与石头构建的宁静之中，矗立着一座图书馆。
环境艺术设计外文翻译—Beshghardash景观生态公园中的设计模式
Beshghardash景观生态公园中的设计模式A Pattern for Eco-park design in Beshghardash landscapeMojgan Ghorbanzadeh1, Seyed Hasan Taghvaei21伊朗博琼德大学建筑系讲师2伊朗德黑兰沙希德·贝赫什提大学景观建筑系副教授摘要如今，受到国家人口增长和发展进程影响，设计师要注意的主要问题之一是在自然环境适宜的条件下，注重环境问题和促进环境质量。
在以此为重点的情况下提出的功能性和生物多样性以及怎么样在国内应用。
生态园的设计目标要追随以下功能：保护环境和提高保护环境技术的进步，游览和观光，公众学习关于自然和人类之间的统一关系的知识以及促进人类与自然之间的相互关系的知识。
本文的作用是关于调查和认知，怎样创造合适的场所改变区域生态公园。
研究的案例是距离博琼德（北呼罗珊省的中心）5公里被命名为“Beshghardash”的景观生态公园。
该地区大约380公顷，气候寒冷干燥，这里是本地区具有吸引力的旅游中心之一。
这项研究是基于四个原则：保护原则，发展原则，目前和未来的原则，适应原则。
最终Beshghardash生态公园体现了可持续发展的设计模式，可以说Beshghardash生态公园是一个自然的环境，实现了环境价值，体现了可持续发展，比如提高人类生活质量。
关键词：生态公园，Beshghardash，可持续性，半干旱的风景线。
1.引言据显示，地球正经历环境危机。
这场危机的三大主题是：·人类人口的迅速增长及其相关的经济活动；·不可再生和可再生资源的枯竭；·对生态系统和生物多样性造成广泛和严重的伤害。
[1][2][3][4]在这种危急的情况下，科学和艺术的学科有责任提新的方法来解决或至少减少这方面的问题。
如今建筑和景观建筑艺术的知识与众多学科跨越连接，虽然景观设计可以是一个焦点，但同样的环境保护学家、生物学家、艺术家和环境设计师的方法往往是同样有效。
外文翻译---绿色建筑概述
Green Building General State1.The background of green building:Present society the theory of sustainable development have permeated every aspect of human social development, how to can promote the economic development of human society to again solve the problem of environmental protection have also become people broad is the problem of solicitude one. sustainable development ask the development of society economy must restrict in the environment and resource of the earth can bear ability in. well-known, in recent years mankind in economy develop fast at the same time, bring environmental resource consume rapidly and atmosphere 2 C0 plenty of increases, so make atmospheric temperature go up , cause global climate to warm , the damage of ozonosphere, the damage of as well as natural landscape and so on. nowadays mention extensively green building system only put forward according to this problem. Forestation construction is that the opinion that uses ecology ( Ecological thinking) come to working space and the life of creation people. So, create to come out, healthy and comfortable space, not only, do not increase investment , can have energy-saving function actually more and reduce operation cost, and the production efficiency of improvement space user.2. the environmental problem of green buildingIt can offer the comfortable indoor environment that has safety , should at the same time have if so-called green building is not only wanted with natural environment the good building external environment of harmonious appearance.Green building consider local climate, building form and use square work , facility condition , construct process, housing materials and use manage the influence for external environment, as well as comfortable, healthy internal environment, at the same time consider investment person and user , design , install , run , the interests of maintenance technician, change speech may lasting design and good environment and is benefited should have balance between 3 user , well move mutual concern reach the forestation effect .. of optimization Green building is only that the energy of difference and the demand of difference between the coordinative internal and external environment and user and balance of starting point is relied onwith this viewpoint level reaches the nature of building and environment , is melted with.2. 1 The indoor environment of green buildingsGreen building emphasize indoor environment , because the thought of main stream of air-condition circle is want to strive for a relation of balance in between external environment, for internal environment for health , comfortable and building user produce efficiency, show the demand of difference.Temperature problemFirst hot comfortable obvious influence work efficiency. the air-condition system of tradition can maintain indoor temperature, however, in last few years study show , indoor reach absolute comfortable, cause easily " air-condition disease " problem, consume plenty of energies just, increase freon for the damage of ozonosphere。
景观设计外文翻译--基于绿色建筑设计理论的绿色社区的景观设计方法(译文)
中文4172字出处：Guo H F, Jian G, Miao Y, et al. Landscape design method for a green community based on green building design theory[J]. 浙江大学学报(英文版)(a辑:应用物理和工程), 2010, 11(9):691-700.中文译文基于绿色建筑设计理论的绿色社区的景观设计方法摘要：绿色社区景观设计应该对周围生态环境和优化当地居住空间气候与居民环境质量都有利。
本文提出了考虑到减少噪音、降低热岛效应、优化通风效果的植物造景设计的最佳方式。
这些方法通过基于不同植物的配置方式和各种发光环境，如经过外发光模拟后的外界阳光和阴影区以及通过 ECOTECT, CADNA/A,和PHEONICS软件模拟的居住区的声和热环境。
模拟的住宅建筑包括三种不同类型：分别是浙江大学西溪校区教师公寓、华清别墅和港湾家园教师公寓，这些建筑设计都基于绿色设计理论。
另外，这些绿色社区的创建方法也体现了外部物理环境的重要性。
关键词：景观设计；绿色社区；绿色建筑；外部物理环境1.前言经过环境监测数据统计，在过去的100年里，人类活动是造成气候变化的大部分原因。
在工业革命之前，大气中二氧化碳浓度为 280.0×10−6，但是到了2007年，这个数字已经增长为383.1×10− 6。
全球平均气温在同一时期升高了0.74摄氏度。
全球百分之五十的能源消耗在建筑施工与运营上，其中百分之三十四与建筑有关。
人类破坏环境的行为必须被制止并且建立一个更加生态自然的环境。
从二十世纪七十年代开始，西方国家便着手于抑制能源消耗的活动中。
经过40年对于建立舒适建筑环境的实践，在一些发展中国家，新建筑单位面积耗能减少到30年前的三分之一到五分之一。
在中国，高能源消耗建筑达到城市总建筑的百分之98，超过4×1010㎡。
绿化设计英语作文
绿化设计英语作文Greening DesignGreening design is an important aspect of urban planning and development. It involves the incorporation of natural elements such as trees, plants, and green spaces into the built environment to create a more sustainable and livable city. The goal of greening design is to enhance the quality of urban life, improve air and water quality, and promote biodiversity. It also helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect, reduce energy consumption, and increase property values. In this essay, I will discuss the principles of greening design and its benefits, as well as some examples of successful greening projects.Principles of Greening DesignThe principles of greening design are based on the idea of integrating nature into the urban environment. This can be achieved through various strategies such as:1. Increasing the number of trees and plants in the city to provide shade, improve air quality, and reduce the heat island effect.2. Creating green spaces such as parks, gardens, and green roofs to provide recreational areas for residents and habitats for wildlife.3. Incorporating sustainable landscaping techniques such as rain gardens and permeable pavements to managestormwater and reduce runoff.4. Promoting biodiversity by using native plant species and creating wildlife corridors to connect natural habitats.5. Designing pedestrian-friendly streetscapes with tree-lined sidewalks and bike lanes to encourage walking and cycling.Benefits of Greening DesignGreening design offers a wide range of benefits for both the environment and the community. Some of the key benefits include:1. Improved air and water quality: Trees and plants help to absorb pollutants and filter stormwater, leading to cleaner air and water.2. Enhanced biodiversity: Green spaces provide habitats for wildlife and support the preservation of native plant species.3. Urban heat island mitigation: Trees and green roofs can help to reduce the heat island effect, lowering temperatures in the city.4. Health and well-being: Access to green spaces has been linked to reduced stress, improved mental health, and increased physical activity.5. Economic value: Greening design can increase property values, attract investment, and create jobs in landscaping and horticulture.Examples of Successful Greening ProjectsThere are many successful greening projects around the world that demonstrate the positive impact of greening design. One example is the High Line in New York City, which transformed an abandoned elevated railway into a linear park with lush plantings, seating areas, and public art. Another example is the Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) in Milan, Italy, where two residential towers arecovered with more than 900 trees and 2,000 plants, creating a vertical forest that helps to reduce air pollution and energy consumption.In China, the Liuzhou Forest City is a groundbreaking project that aims to build a green city with abundant trees and plants to combat air pollution and improve the quality of life for residents. The city will be self-sufficient in terms of energy and water, with green roofs, green facades, and a comprehensive public transportation system.ConclusionIn conclusion, greening design plays a crucial role in creating sustainable and healthy urban environments. By incorporating natural elements into the built environment, greening design can improve air and water quality, promote biodiversity, and enhance the well-being of residents. Successful greening projects around the world serve as examples of how greening design can transform cities and improve the quality of life for all. It is important for urban planners and designers to prioritize greening design and work towards creating more sustainable and livable cities for future generations.绿化设计绿化设计是城市规划和发展的重要方面。
外文翻译--生态景观设计的原则
生态景观设计的原则Principles of Ecological LandscapeDesign学部（院）：建筑与艺术学院专业：艺术设计（环境艺术设计）学生姓名：学号：指导教师：完成日期：4ComplexCreations:Designing and ManagingEcosystemsA dragonflyflitsoverthesun-mirroredsurfaceofapond,snappingathatchingmosquitoesbeforecom- ing to rest on an overhanging rush. This is an ecosystem: animals, plants, and theirphysicalenviron- mentlinked together in the exchange of energy and materials. If this were our pond,ourecosystem,wewouldhaveitall:abeautifullandscapefeature,enlivenedbycreaturesweneve rhadto carefor,andhassle-freepestcontrol.Ecosystemslikethisponddoquiet,crucialwork,keepingalivethebiosphereofwhichweareapart.W heresuchanaturalpond,oraforestorfloodplain,exists,itbehoovesustoprotectit.Whereonehasbeen degraded,wewouldbewellservedtorestoreit(seechap.10).Butwheresuchecosystemshavebeenplo wedunderorpavedover,wecanendeavortoreplacethembyfillingthebuiltenvironmentnot justwithlaw nsandplazasandfountainsbutwithecosystems.Anecosystemconsistsofallofthelivingorganismsinanareaalongwiththeirphysicalenviron-ment,anditspropertiesarisefromtheinteractionsbetweenthesecomponents.Anoceanbayisanecos ystem,asisanalpinemeadoworagreenroof.Perhapsbecauseoftheirclearboundaries,lakes andstreams wereimportantobjectsofstudyinthedevelopmentofecosystemecology.Wherebound- ariesarelessdistinct,thelimitsofanecosystemcanbe defined,evenarbitrarily,basedonthequestionanecol ogistisstudyingortheboundariesofa designer’s site.Designedlandscapesalreadybringtogetheramanipulatedphysicalenvironmentandlivingor-ganisms.Theydonotnecessarilyfunctionasnaturalecosystemsdo,however.Theyaredisconnect-ed,toooftenwastefulanddemanding,orelsetheysimplyfailtothrive.Whenwesucceedincreat-ingintegratedecosystems,theresultscanberemarkable.Lifecanspringforth,almostunbidden.Waste scanbetransformedintoresources.Thevariousmembersofalivingcommunitycanreacha tentativebalance.Thebuiltenvironmentcanpurifywater,protectusfromfloods,andstrengthenour sense ofwell-being.T.Beck,PrinciplesofEcologicalLandscapeDesign,DOI10.5822/978-1-61091-199-3_4,©2013TravisBeckComplex Creations: Designing and ManagingTHE ECOSYSTEMCONCEPTTheideathatplantsandanimalsandtheirenvironmentformanintegratedwholeisattherootofthedi sciplineofecology,althoughittookdecadestoarticulateinitsmodernform.In1887,inanaddresstothe Peoria ScientificAssociation,StephenForbesdescribedthelakeas“amicrocosm.”In orderforascientisttounderstandanyonespecies,heargued,Hemustevidentlystudyalsothespeciesuponwhichitdependsforitsexistence,andthevariouscondi tions upon which these depend. He must likewise study the species with which it comesincompetition,andtheentiresystemofconditionsaffectingtheirprosperity;andbythetimehe has studiedallthese sufficiently hewillfindthathehasrunthroughthewholecomplicatedmechanismofthe aquaticlifeofthelocality,bothanimalandvegetable,ofwhichhisspeciesformsbutasingleelement. (Forbes 1887:537)Theterm microcosm didnotenterintowiderecologicaluse.However,theideaofmanyorganisms formi ngalargerentitygainedexpressionintheturn-of-the-centuryconceptoftheclimaxcommu-nity(seechap.2).ThisconceptwassingledoutbyBritishecologistArthurTansleyina1935articleprovoca tively titled“TheUseandAbuseof VegetationalConceptsand Terms.”Theabusetowhichhereferredwas theinsistenceofClementsandotherecologistsonapplyingtheterm organism tothe climaxcommunity.“Thereisnoneedtowear ythe reader,”hewrote,“withalistofthepointsinwhichthebiotic communitydoes n ot resemblethesingleanimal orplant”(Tansley1935:290).However,hedidnot holdbackfrommentioningtha ta community’sprocessofdevelopmentisverydifferentfromthelife cycle of animals and plants. At best, Tansley offered, vegetation might resemble a“quasi-organism,”thoughonenotnearlysowellintegratedasahumansocietyorahiveofbees.Thisacceptance ofa quasi-organismalstatusforcommunitiesdifferentiatesTansley’s criticismofClementsianecology fromGleason’s purelyindividualisticfocus.Thereisacertaintruthtotheideaoftheclimaxcommunitybeing wellintegrateda ndself-regulating,Tansleyargued,butitcouldbestatedmoreaccuratelyanotherway.Tansleypreferredtothinkintermsofintegratedsystems.Hisnotionofsystemswasborrowedfrom thephysical sciences.“These ecosystems,aswemaycall them,”hewrote,“areofthemost variouskinds andsizes.Theyformonecategoryofthemultitudinousphysicalsystemsoftheuniverse,whichrange from the universe as a whole down to the atom” (Tansley1935: 299). An essential partof T ansley’sdescriptionoftheecosystemisthatheincludedinitnotonlyalloftheplantsandanimalsandoth erlivingthingsinagiven“weboflife”butalsothe entiretyofthephysicalcomponentsoftheir environmen t,suchassoil,sunlight,andwater.CREATEECOSYSTEMSBuiltlandscapesalsohavephysicalandbiologicalcomponents:crudely,inindustryterms, hardscapeandsoftscape.Toooften,thesecomponentsarefarfromintegrated.Thehardscapeissetin respo nse to programmatic needs, and plants are tucked into the remaining spaces. If thephysicalenvironmentisnotrightforthebiologicalcomponents,thenitisaltered,byprovidingirrigati on,forinstance (seechap.1).Complex Creations: Designing and Managing Consideratypicallandscapepond.Anestateownermightpayacontractortoclearanarea,ex-cavateahole,lineit,fillitfullofwaterfromawell,andtrimthewholesetupneatlywithrocksorlawnandpe rhapsafewaquaticplantsonaplantingshelf.Aswaterevaporatesfromtheunshadedpond,thewellpum pkicksinandtopsoffthepond.Evensuburbanhomeownerswanttheirownpondsandwaterfalls,fullofmunicipalwaterandlinedwithdwarfconifersorJapaneseiris(Irisensata)sittinglike rockyp uzzlepiecesontheirlawns.Thesesystemsare fullyartificial,rely onsupplementalwater,and often require filtration or even sterilization to remain aesthetically acceptable. Physical andbiological elements are divorced from each other and from theirsurroundings.Bycontrast,apondthatisconceivedofasanecosystemfusesphysicalandbiologicalelements intoawholethatintegrateswith,ratherthansitsapartfrom,ndscapearchitectsAndropogonAssociatescreatedsuchapondonapropertyinGreenwich,Co nnecticut.Naturally,throughout NewEngland’s forests,inthespringsmalldepressionsintheland-scapefillwithwater,which infiltrates asgroundwaterlevelsdropinthesummer.Thesevernalpoolsprovid eimportanthabitatforamphibianssuchassalamandersandfrogs.Onthispropertysuchadepressionexi sted,setagainstagraniticoutcrop,onlyithadlongbeenfilledwithbranches,leaves,andothergreenwast ebygenerationsofgardeners.WhenColinFranklin,foundingprincipalatAndro-pogon,discoveredtherockydellandthesmallspringatitsbase,hesawanopportunity.AndropogonAssoci ates’design philosophy haslongbeentobuild“d ynamic,holisticsystems,”thatis,ecosystems.Franklin’s approachwastolinethecenterofthedepressioninordertomaintainaminimumwaterlevelbutleavethe edgesunlined.Waterfromthespringiscollectedinasumpbeneaththepondandpumpedviaaslenderw aterfallofftherockoutcropandintothepond.Inspringthepond overflows,recharginggroundwaterinthe area(fig.4.1).Themarginsareplantedwithtreesandotherplantsthatareadaptedtothisseasonalflooding.Betweentheopenwater,theplantedwetlandatthepond’sedge,a ndtheseasonalwetlandbeyond,thedesignprovidesdiversehabitat(seechap.7).When waterlevelsdroptotheleveloftheliner,thewettedmarginsdry,mimickingthecycleofvernalpools.Ifwa terlevelsdropfurther,thesumppumpandwaterfallcanmakeupthedifferencefromthe rechargedgroundwater.Becausethepondisintheforest,however,evaporationandthe needformakeupwaterareminimal.Thisforestedpondisnowahuboflifeandthecenteroftheentirelandscape.Ratherthancreatea sterilewaterfeatureofdissociatedelements,Andropogoncreatedanecosystem,withnaturalphysicalcycle sandplantsandanimalsadaptedtothem. ECOSYSTEMSARECOMPLEXADAPTIVESYSTEMSEcologists’ understanding of the multitudinous systems of the universe has evolved since Tansleywrote hiscritiqueofClementsin1935.Mostrecently,ecosystemshavebeenregardedascomplex adap-tivesystems.SimonLevin(1998,1999),abiologistatPrinceton,isachiefproponentofthisview.Incompl exadaptivesystems,asexplainedbyLevin,heterogeneousindividualagentsinteractlocallytocreatelar gerpatterns,andtheoutcomeofthoselocalinteractionsaffectsthefurtherdevelopmentofthesystem(fig.4.2).Itiseasytoseehowthisappliestoecosystems.Theplantsandanimals,rocks andwateranddetrit usthatmakeupapondarealldifferent,yettheyinteracttocreatearecognizableComplex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.1SchematicdesignoftheAndropogon-designedpondecosystem.Duringnormaldryweatherconditions(a)alinerandgroundwaterpumpmaintainaper manentwaterlevel.Duringnormalwetseasonconditions (b) overflow enters peripheral seasonal wetlands and recharges groundwater. (Drawing byColinFranklin.)systemwithpropertiesofitsown.Ifaplantthatproducesmorebiomasscompetitivelyexcludesothe rs alongthe pond’s margins,thentheaccumulationofdetritusinthepond,thepopulationsof bottomfeeders,andotherecosystempropertieswillallbeaffected.Levinfurtherdescribedfourcharacteristicsofcomplexadaptivesystems.Theyarediverse,ag-gregated,nonlinear,andconnected byflows.Ecosystemsincludeindividualorganismswithdiversechar acteristics.Throughtheirinteractions,theindividualagentsinanecosystembecomegrouped intolargerorganizationalentities.Forexample,populationsaregroupsofinteractingindividualsofthe sames pecies(seechap.2).Themostaccuratewaytoviewaggregationisthroughthecompositionofahierarchy (seechap.9).Nonlinearitymeansthatsmallchangesinanecosystemcanleadtooutsizedeffects.Remov alofasinglekeystonespecies,forinstance,canchangethecompositionofanentire community(seechap.7).Nonlinearityalsoreferstothefactthatecosystemsareaffectedbyhistoryas muchasbypresentconditio ns.Finally,asweshallseeinthefollowingsections,ecosystemsclearly exhibitflowsofenergyandmaterial sthatconnectalltheirindividualparts.LET CONSTRUCTED ECOSYSTEMSSELF-DESIGNIf ecosystems are complex adaptive systems that develop from the interaction oftheir componentsandtheeventsofhistory,thensuccessfulecosystemsareunlikelytospringforthfromour headsfullyformedbutshouldemergeinsteadthroughaprocesswemightcallself-design.Complex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.2Turingpatterns,likethisone,areanexampleofacomplexsystemformedfromlocalinteractions.Inthisc ase,each pixel’s colorisdeterminedbythecolorofthesurroundingpixelsaccordingtoacomputer algorithm.Startingfromarandomi nitialstate,thepatterncontinuestoevolve.(ImagebyJonathanMcCabe,underCreativeCommons2.0GenericLicense.) BillMitschandhiscolleaguesexploredself-designattheWilmaH.SchiermeierOlentangyRiver WetlandResearchParkinColumbus,Ohio(Mitschetal.1998).Theyintentionallyleftoneoftwobasinsintheir newlycreatedexperimentaloxbowunvegetated.Theyknewthatwind,water,andanimalswould bringinne wplantssoonenough,andtheywantedtoseehowcloselytheunplantedwetlandwouldresembletheon etheyplanted.Within3years,thetwowetlandswereremarkablysimilarintermsofvegetativecover,dive rsityofplants,waterchemistry,andseveralothermeasuresofecologicalfunc-tion(fig.4.3).Thiscongruenceresultsnotsimplyfromtheunplantedwetlandcomingtoresemblethepla ntedonebutfrombothwetlandschangingto reflect siteconditionsandmigrations.Ofthethirteenorigin alspeciesintheplantedwetland,fourdiedoff.Thesurvivingspecieswerejoinedbyanaddi-tionalfifty-twounplantedspecies.BecausethewetlandswereconnectedhydrologicallytothenearbyOlentangyRi ver,thenatural inflow ofspecieshadamuchgreater influence onthemakeupoftheplant communitiesinthetwowetlandsthandidtheinitialplantingofonebasin.Thesuccessofthetwobasinsasself-designedecosystemsisindicatedbytheOlentangyRiver Wetland’s designation under the RamsarConvention as a Wetland of International Importance.Complex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.3AerialviewofthetwoOlentangyRiverWetlands.(CourtesyofWilliamJ.Mitsch,WilmaH.Schierm eierOlentangy River Wetland ResearchPark.)ECOSYSTEMSAREORGANIZEDINTROPHICLEVELSAs complex adaptive systems, ecosystems are animated by the interactions betweentheirconstituentpartsandtheflowsthatconnectthem.Inthe1940sayoungAmericanecologi st,RaymondLindeman, suggestedawayofanalyzingecosystemsintermsofenergyflow.AswithForbesbeforehim,Linde-man’s focuswasonlakes.After5yearsoffieldworkonthesmallCedarBogLakeneartheUniversityofMin nesota,LindemansignedupforapostdoctoralyearatYaleUniversitywithG.EvelynHutchinson (wholateradvisedRobertMacArthuronhisstudyofresourcepartitioninginwarblers)(seechap.3).Duri ngthatyearheandHutchinsonworkedonthearticlethatwas tobecome“The Trophic–DynamicAspectof Ecology”(Lindeman1942).Tragically,Lindemandiedattheageof27,afewmonthsbe forehisarticle,whichwasinitiallyrejectedasbeingtootheoretical,wasfinallypublishedintheflagshipj ournaloftheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica.Theideasheputforthhavehadalastingimpactonthefieldofecosystemecology.Lindeman’s focus was on the trophic, or “energ y-availing,” relationships within an ecosystem.Bor- rowingfromGermanlimnologistAugustThienemann,heabstractedthefamiliarfoodwebsthatnatural-istsandecologistshadproducedforlakesandothersystemsintotrophiclevels:Producersareorgan-ismssuchasplantsandphytoplanktonthatobtaintheirenergyfromthesun,consumersareorganisms suchaszooplanktonandfishthatobtaintheirenergyfromeatingproducers,anddecomposersarethe bacteriaandfungithatobtaintheirenergyfrombreakingdowntheorganicsubstancesinthewastes and remainsofotherorganisms.Byabstractinganecosystemtotrophiclevels,Lindeman sacrificed aComplex Creations: Designing and Managingcertainamountofbiologicalreality.Healsocreatedtheproblemofhowtoclassifyorganismsthateat both producers and consumers. There can be several levels of consumers in anecosystem,although earlier ecologists had noted that rarely are there more than five trophic levels intotal.Lindeman’s analysisexplainedthisphenomenon.Unlikethechemicalelements,whichcan cycleindefinitely inanecosystem(seechap.6),energy flow sthroughanecosysteminonedirectiononly:fromthesuntoproducerstoconsumerstosecond-aryconsumerstodecomposers.Ateachtransferofenergybetweentrophiclevels,Lindemannoted,a certainamountislost (fig.4.4).Primaryconsumerssuchasbrowsingsnailsexpendacertainamountofenergyjustlivingand findingproducerstoeat.Someofthemdiebeforetheyareeatenbybenthic predat ors.SomeoftheenergycontainedinthebodiesofthosethatareeatenistiedupintissuessuchFigure4.4Lindeman’s diagramofthefoodwebanddifferenttrophiclevelsinageneralizedlake.Energyandnu trientsenterthesystemfromtheoutside.Thesearecapturedandtransformedbybothmicroscopicand macrosco pic producers (phytoplanktersand pondweeds, A 1). Primary consumers (zooplankters and browsers, A 2)eattheproducersandinturnareeatenbysecondaryconsumers(planktonpredatorsandbenthicpre dators,A 3).Tertiaryconsumers(planktonpredatorsandbenthicpredators,A 4)areatthetopofthe foodchain.Alltheorganicmatterinthesystemultimatelycyclesthroughthebacterialdecomposersintheoozeatthebottomofthelake,whichinturnfeedszooplanktersandbrowsers.(FromLindeman,R.L.Copyright©1942,Ecolo gicalSocietyofAmerica.Thetrophic –dynamicaspectofecology.Ecology 23:399–417.WithpermissionfromtheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica.)Complex Creations: Designing and Managingλasshellsthatare difficult todigestandwhoseenergyisnotpassedalong.Theavailableenergyineacht rophiclevel,then,islessthanthatintheprecedinglevel.Lindemanexpressedthisrelationship usingthep roductivitysymbollambda(λ):0 >λ1 >λ2 . . . >λn .Aswemovetohigherandhighertrophiclevels,lessandlessenergyisavailable.Becausehigher-orderconsumersalsoneedever-greaterlevelsofenergytoseekouttheirprey,atsomepointin everyecosystem,thereisnolonger sufficientenergy tosupportanothertrophiclevel.Lindemancalculatedtheproductivityand efficiency ofenergytransferbetweentrophiclevelsforse verallakesforwhichhehaddataanddrewsomepreliminaryconclusions.This prefigured themore precisemodelingofecosystemsthatwastocomeinthenextphaseofecosystemecology.INTEGRATEPRODUCERS,CONSUMERS,ANDDECOMPOSERSAllecosystemsaregovernedbytherulesofenergy flowthatLindemanoutlined.Aswemanageexisti ngecosystemsandstrivetocreatefunctioningecosystemsofourown,weneedtobesurethedifferenttr ophiclevelsarerepresentedintheirproperratios.Ifalevelismissingortherearetoofeworganismsattha tlevel,energy,intheformoforganicmatter,willaccumulateaswaste,orundesirableorganismsmaytakea dvantageofthebounty.Iftherearetoomanylevelsortoomanyorganisms,theywill need supplemental inputs to survive, or else they will die or move away. Using anecosystemapproach,wecancreateamorebalanceddesignedlandscapeinwhichvariouscomponen tssupport eachotherandproducelittlewaste.AtElMonteSagrado,anecologicallymindedluxuryresortinTaos,NewMexico,alinkedseriesofcaref ullydesignedaquaticecosystemsprovidewastewatertreatmentandanessentialpartofthelandscape.The systems’ability to filterwaterdependsontheintegrationofdifferenttrophiclevels.Attheheartofth ewastewater filtrationprocessisaLivingMachine.LivingMachineswereoriginallydeveloped by ecological designer John Todd in the 1970s and 1980s (Todd and Todd 1993).Theyhavesincebeen refined andarenowdesignedandsoldbyLivingMachineSystems.Inthewor dsofgeneralmanagerEricLohan,oneofthedesignersofthesystematElMonteSagrado,theyworkby tak ingnaturalecosystemprocessesand “turbo -charging”them.Inthewastewater system,muchoftheinitialenergycomesnotfromsunlightbutfromthewa steproductsthemselves,whichareconsumedby bacterialdecomposers.Thusfartheprocessresembles aconventionalsepticsystem,inwhichexcessbacterialbiomasssettlesoutassludgethateventuallyhast oberemoved.IntheLivingMachine,the bacteriathatperformtheinitialdecompositionarecentraltoanen tireecosystem(justasbacteriaarein Lindeman’s diagramofalakeecosystem),inwhichtheyareconsumed byprotozoans,microcrusta-ceans,andsnails.Plants floatingabovethewastewaterasitistreatedtakeupaportionofthenewly availa blenutrientsandprovideintheirrootsalivingsubstrateforthisdiversecommunity.Afterdisinfectionand finalpolishinginanoutdoorwetland,thenowclearwaterentersindoordis-playpondsandanotheraquaticecosystem.Hereproducersincludeavarietyoftropicalplants,phyto-plankton,andalgae,and fishplaytheroleofconsumers.Resortguestsalsoserveasconsumerswhen they enjoystarfruit(Averrhoacarambola )andkumquatfromtheplantsthatareirrigatedbythetreatedwastewa ter.Byincludingallthetrophiclevels,thissystemfullyusestheenergyandnutrientspresentComplex Creations: Designing and Managing inthewastewatergeneratedbyresortguests,resultinginclearwaterandvaluableendproductsrath erthanmurkygraywaterandsewagesludge.Ontopofthis,thankstothe efficient reuseofwater thatthea quaticecosystemsallowandtheircentralitytotheoveralldesignoftheresort,eveninthehigh desertElMont eSagradohasalushambiencethatinvitesgueststorelaxandfeelthemselvesapartof living processes (fig.4.5).Figure4.5TreatedwaterfromtheLivingMachineentersanindoordisplaypondatElMonteSagrado resortinTao s,NewMexico.(PhotocourtesyofWorrellWaterTechnologies.)NEGATIVEFEEDBACKLOOPSHELPECOSYSTEMSMAINTAINSTABILITYOne of the aspects of ecosystems that fascinated the early ecologists who studied themwas that ecosystems can demonstrate, in Arthur Tansley’swords, a “relatively stabledynamic equilibrium.”Fifteenyears afterthepublicationofLindeman’sarticleontrophic dynamics,HowardOdum(1957)am assedlargeamountsofdataintoamuchmoreexactpictureofthesurgingdynamics behind such apparentstability.TheecosystemOdumstudiedwastheheadwatersofSilverSprings,Florida.Sincethenineteenth cen turySilverSpringshasbeenatouristattractiontowhichvisitorsflocktoadmirethecrystalclearwa-ter,schoolsoffish,andwavingfreshwatereelgrass(Sagittariasubulata)(fig.4.6).Theglass-bottomed boatwasinventedatSilverSprings,infact,andtothisdayonecantakeaboatridearoundthethr ee quartermilesofwateryattractionswithfolksynamessuchasFishReceptionHall.SilverSpringsmadeComplex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.6ResearchdiversinmainboilofSilverSpringsholdherbivorousturtlesamidalgae-coveredeelgrass.(FromOdum,H.T.Copyright©1957,EcologicalSocietyofAmerica.Trophicstructureandproducti vityofSilver Springs,Florida.EcologicalMonographs27:55–112.WithpermissionfromtheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica.)an excellent natural laboratory for Odum because of the constancy of its flow, temperature,and chemi-calproperties.Odumnotedthatthesprings’“hydrographicclimate”wasata steadystateand thatalong-standingclimaxcommunityhadresulted.Odumandhisteamofresearcherswenttoremarkablelengthstocapturedataoneveryaspectofthe SilverSpringsecosystem.Bendingoverthebowofamotoringboat,theymeasuredthetempera-turechangesinwaterasitflowedoutofthemainboilanddownstream.Byharvestingandweighingsampl esofeelgrassandthealgaethatcoveredit,theydeterminedthebiomassoftheseproducers.Theygrews nailsincagesonthebottomofthestreamandmeasuredtheirincreaseinweight.Theysnuckuponquadr atsmarkedintheeelgrassandpartedtheleavestocountatypeof sunfishcalled stumpknockers(Lepomisp unctatus)wheretheyhid.Cleverly,Odumandhisteamwereabletomeasuretheoverallmetabolismofthecommunitybycomparingoxygen levels in the water during the day and at night. The regular flow of SilverSprings carried all the “waste products” of the ecosystem past the measuring station three quarters of amiledownstreamfromtheboil.Atnightalltheorganismsinthecommunityrespired,loweringoxygenlevelsto apoint that reflected their cumulative metabolism. During the day, respiration continued, butthe photosyntheticproducersalsogaveoffoxygen.Thedifferencebetweendaytimeandnighttimeoxygenlevel s,multipliedbythevolumeofthecurrent,thereforeprovidedameasureofthedifferencebetweenphotosynthesisand respiration, which is the ecosystem’s net primaryproduction.Combiningallthesemeasurements,Odumwasabletocreateadetaileddescriptionoftheflowofenergyin the entire ecosystem. This analysis also allowed him to explain how Silver Springs maintained itself inaseeminglyunchangingstate.Basedontheratioofcommunityproductivitytostandingbio-mass,Odum estimatedthattheentirecommunityturnedover(diedandwasreplaced)eighttimesperyear.Clearly,smaller organi smsturnedovermanytimesmorethantheaverageandlargerlonger-livedorganismsless.Becauseofthedifferentamountofsunlightreachingtheprimaryproducersinwinterands ummer,therewasanaturalpulseinproductioninthesystem.Onemightexpectthisburstofproductivitytober eflected inaflushofnewgrowthintheeelgrassoranincreaseinthepopulationofprimaryconsumers.Infact,sta ndingbiomassandpopulationlevelswerestablethroughouttheyear.Odumevenreportedanoldboatcaptain askinghim whethertheeelgrassevergrew.Seasonalspikesinconsumer reproduction seemedto betimedto matchtheincreasedproductivity,andtheextrayounginonetrophiclevelwerequicklyeatenbytheextrayounginthenext,so thatalthoughmoreenergymayhavebeenflowingthrough,standingbiomassintheecosystemremained const ant.Negativefeedbackloopssuchasanincreaseinconsumptionthatabsorbsanincreaseinproduction helpecosystemsre-mainstable.Wherenegativefeedbackloopsmeetaconstantenvironment,asatSilver Springs,overall stabilitycanbemaintainedforanextendedperiod.第4章复杂的作品:生态景观设计的原则Principles of Ecological LandscapeDesign设计和管理生态系统一只蜻蜓掠过波光粼粼的池塘表面,抓住孵化后的蚊子之前在一个悬臂冲旁休息。
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中文4473字本科外文翻译绿色景观规划的基础设施Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning学部（院）：建筑与艺术学院专业：环境艺术设计学生姓名：学号：指导教师：完成日期：2015/4/10Chapter ThreeEcosystem functions and healthMaintaining biological diversityOne of several goals of the following chapters is to show how to maintain or enhance biodiversity at the landscape and municipal level through the use of green infrastructure. Maintaining biodiversity is a challenge, since many species are negatively impacted by human activity or require large territories. In fact, some species require huge territories virtually undisturbed by humans in order to sustain viable populations (Figure 3.11). For example, grizzly bears occupy overlapping home ranges, but their density in the Yellowstone ecosystem is about one bear per 34 square miles.20 Other species are extremely sensitive to human presence and activity (Figure 3.12). For these species, a country residence in the forest can reduce the presence of these species for as much as 600 feet into the forest.21Figure 3.12 The hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) is a forest interior species and highly sensitive to human presence and activity. Its presence is reduced around country residences in the forest for as much as 600 feet.In contrast, many species do adapt to the presence of people and the land-use changes they establish. Some species seem to adapt to fragmentation of their habitat. The scarlet tanager is an interior forest bird, but it seems to breed in forest fragments less than 25 acres (10 ha) in size when its preferred interior habitat is diminished.10 Some species, such as crows, are even considered completely urbanized and flourish in cities even to the point of becoming pests, as is the case with rats and cockroaches. Biological diversity within urban areas can be higher than it is within the surrounding, more natural, ecosystems. This is explained by the many exotic or invasive species that are encouraged or supported by human activities. Exotic plants, whose original habitats are distributed across the globe, usually dominate the ornamental landscape of urban centers and residential gardens. The biodiversity of native species is always much lower within urban and suburban environments. However, the variety of native species and the number of individuals supported in these environments can be maximized through careful urban planning and design, as discussed in the following chapters.Invasive speciesNon-indigenous species that become established within natural ecosystems threaten the healthy function of the system. Invasive species in the US, such as kudzu, zebra mussels, grass carp, starlings and nutria, have damaged ecosystem health.4 As for biodiversity assessment, there is no national mapping and monitoring of all invasive species and their impact, although for some areas and habitat types more information is available. The assessment of the aquatic ecosystems (soft-bottom estuaries) along the coast from northern California to Canada can serve as an indicator of the impact of invasive species. A study of this region measured the abundance of benthic (organisms living on the sediment or in sediment) invasive species. It revealed that the invasive species had a higher negative impact on the ecosystem than sedimentation or eutrophication, which are also anthropogenic in origin. About 15 percent of the monitored sites within this region contained a greaternumber of invasive than native organisms. Another 20 percent of the monitored sites were moderately invaded by nonnative species.4Ecosystem resilienceEcosystems are subject to shocks from natural and man-made catastrophes. Some ecosystems are quite vulnerable to perturbation. Some, such as fireadapted communities, even invite certain kinds of dramatic change. Other ecosystems have a greater capacity to adsorb shocks while maintaining ecosystem functions, but recover slowly.5 This variability of vulnerability and resilience leads to a regional landscape of dynamic ecosystems. Thus regions are composed of disturbed, recovering and mature ecosystems that form a landscape mosaic. The biological diversity present in ecosystems before perturbations occur is related to their resilience. Each species extinction, whether local or global, represents a potential loss of ecosystem resilience. Extinction of a functional group of species can be a severe impact to ecosystem functions.Resilience is the ability to return to the stable state after disturbance. If the disturbance is severe, it can cause the ecosystem to change states and represents long-term declines in species composition and ecosystem functions. Resilience can be expressed as a measure of the time it takes the ecosystem to return from the stressed state to the original condition, or expressed as the return of the network of species in the undisturbed system.Climate influences ecosystem resilience, so climate change could increase or decrease recovery rates. At the local scale, resilience is reduced if infiltration, soil moisture and nutrient cycles diminish. Therefore, soils structurally resistant to change contribute to high resilience.22 Sustainable use and management of forest ecosystems requires protection of soils and preservation of seed sources and the rapid migration of seed into damaged landscapes. Since commercial forestry and damage associated with climate change, such as fires and insect infestations, have large impacts on expanses of forest, attention to the resilience of this ecosystem is urgent. Poorly resilient ecosystems that are damaged may require active management and restoration by humans (Figure 3.13), such as thinning stands, fuel load reduction, erosion prevention and re-vegetation. The resiliency of the ecosystems damaged by hurricanes has been studied. Publicly availableremote-sensing data (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS) was used to monitor the recovery of the landscape after Hurricane Rita. Rita came ashore on 24 September 2005 and caused considerable damage to southwestern Louisiana towns, crops and natural ecosystems. This study established a baseline of gross primary biomass production derived from data collected between 2000 and 2005. Gross primary production was measured for several ecosystem types for the 12 months following Hurricane Rita and this was compared to the baseline. This study really traces the regeneration of the landscape, which is slightly different from resilience since only one ecosystem function is being measured. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated that ecosystem biomass recovery was surprisingly rapid for coastal wetlands and several other ecosystems. The exception was evergreen forests, which remained below the baseline for the entire year. The most resilient ecosystem was the shrub/scrub type. As during Hurricane Katrina, it was resistant to storm damage.23Figure 3.13 A helicopter on a recently burned forest in Arizona drops a 900-pound bale of straw to control erosion and flooding. One ton of straw per acre was placed over 25,000 acres seeded with barley and other plants to help restore damage from the largest forest fire in the history of Arizona.The Louisiana study also demonstrated links between the resilience of the ecosystems and recovery of human systems. Businesses linked to ecosystem services, such as fisheries, agriculture and forestry, were least resilient when tied to the least resilient ecosystem types. Conversely, the resilient wetlands and croplands were linked to higher business resilience.23IndicatorsThe study above used an indicator of ecosystem health, assuming that other aspects would match the performance of the indicator. Ecosystem resilience is even more complex to demonstrate and monitor than ecosystem health. To simplify the process, reduce cost and communicate more clearly with citizens and decision makers, the use of ecosystem indicators simplifies data collection, assessment and communication. Many people are familiar with the concept of indicator species. The presence, abundance and distribution of the indicator species are used as proxies for the whole system. For example, the condition and number of plants of a native buckwheat species has been used in California as an indicator of sustainable human recreational use of a natural area because it is sensitive to trampling.Figure 3.14 Removal of invasive species and other management activities may be required to sustain healthy ecosystems within the green infrastructure.Indicators are numerical values that define the state and trend of a system. Generally, several indicators are necessary to describe complex systems or relationships. The most critical and difficult task is establishing the set of indicators and testing that they reliably describe the system. For example, a set of indicators was proposed to define the health of the urban forest in and around Gainesville, Florida and its provision of ecosystem services. Of course, the forest was mapped and data were collected from sample plots. The data were entered into a widely used forest health model (UFORE) that estimated ecosystem health, including the impact of pollution levels. The model characterized the effects of various land uses. The result was an understanding that the indicators of tree cover, soil pH and soil organic matter were most useful for defining sustained provision of ecosystem services. Which ecosystem services are prioritized will vary by region. In Florida, storm abatement was a very important ecosystem benefit. Therefore, the ecosystem benefit is storm protection and the indicator is forest structure. The quantifiable expression of the indicator is tree density and percent coverage within designated sample plots. In a different region, abatement of particulate pollution might be a more highly prioritized ecosystem service benefit and a different indicator would be developed. These examples focus on ecosystem services, but other indicators would target ecosystem health. Once the indicators are validated they can be measured regularly at a low cost to communicate ecosystem health in relation to changes in use, management or community goals.24 This approach to assuring continued ecosystem service is an alternative to the economic assessment of value to humans, but is compatible and could be directly tied to processes that estimate economic value.In municipalities the creation of a green infrastructure will involve preservation of existing habitat and corridors, but will also require newly designed or restored landscapes. Existing habitat in the city will require management to mitigate the impacts of pollution and human use, as well as controlling invasive species (Figure 3.14). New or restored landscapes can increase rare ecosystems, such as wetlands, and build the components that lead to healthy ecosystems, such as improvements to soil and vegetation structure. Resilient designed landscapes depend on a high diversity of native plants, soil restoration, varied topography, a perennial water source, microclimate situations and other measures appropriate to the climate, regionand native species. However, green infrastructure in the urban setting will require monitoring and management. Guilds of indicator species should be identified and monitored to measure the success of restored landscapes and the health of existing habitat. Subsequent chapters address many of these planning and design issues, but first a discovery of the services and benefits to humans provided by ecosystems is covered in the next chapter.References1 Gomez-Baggethun, “Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services,”in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.2 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005.3 F. He, “Species–rea Relationships Always Overestimate Extinction Rates from Habitat Loss,”Nature, vol. 473, pp. 368–371, 2011.4 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPA’s 2008 Report on the Environment,”National Technical Information Service, Environmental Assessment EPA/600/R-07/045F, 2008.5 R. M. Hassan, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, D. Capistrano and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005.6 L. Fahrig, “Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity,”Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 487–515, 2003.7 T. Dahl, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009, Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010.8 D. Patton, J. Bergstrom, A. Covich and R. Moore, National Wildlife Refuge Wetland Ecosystem Service Valuation Model, Phase 1 Report: An Assessment of Ecosystem Services Associated with National Wildlife Refuges, Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012.9 G. Daily, Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems, Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America, 1997.10 A. Fitter, “An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe,”in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.11 US Fish and Wildlife Service, “Contaminants,”8 October 2010. [Online]. Available: /r5crc/Habitat/Contaminants.html (accessed 15 March 2013).12 J. Thornes, “Atmospheric Services,”in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.13 “Surface-Level Ozone Pollution Set To Reduce Tree Growth 10% By 2100,”Science News, 10 December 2008. [Online]. Available: /releases/2012/10/121030161523.htm (accessed 1 March 2013).14 “Ozone’s Impact on Soybean Yield: Reducing Future Losses,”Science News, 30 October 2012. [Online]. Available: /releases/2012/10/121030161523.htm (accessed 1 March 2013).15 US EPA, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2009,”EPA 430-R-11–05, 2011.16 D. Shindell, “Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security,”Science, vol. 335, no. 6065, pp. 183–189, 2012.17 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, “Summary Statistics,”2011. [Online]. Available: /about/summary-statistics#Tables_1_2 (accessed 8 March 2013).18 US Fish and Wildlife Service, “Species Fact Sheet: Northern Spotted Owl, Strix occidentalis caurina,” 5 November 2012. [Online]. Available: /oregonfwo/Species/Data/NorthernSpottedOwl (accessed 8 March 2013).19 J. R. Sauer, J. E. Hines, J. E. Fallon, K. L. Pardieck, D. J. Ziolkowski and W. A. Link, “The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–010,”2011. [Online]. Available: /bbs/bbs.html (accessed 8 March 2013).20 F. Craighead, “Grizzly Bear Ranges and Movement as Determined by Radiotracking,”in Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 3, Binghamton, NY, and Moscow: JSTOR, 1974.21 M. J. Glennon and H. E. Kretser, “Size of the Ecological Effect Zone Associated with Exurban Development in the Adirondack Park, NY,”Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 112, pp. 10–17, 2013.22 H. Yan, J. Zhan and T. Zhang, “Resilience of Forest Ecosystems and Its Influencing Factors,”Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 10, pp. 2201–2206, 2011.23 A. E. Frazier, C. S. Renschler and S. B. Miles, “Evaluating Post-Disaster Ecosystem Resilience Using MODIS GPP data,”International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 21, pp. 43–52, 2013.24 C. Dobbs, F. J. Escobedo and W. C. Zipperer, “A Framework for Developing Urban Forest Ecosystem Services and Goods Indicators,”Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 99, no. 3–4, pp. 196–206, 2011.Chapter FourEcosystem servicesIntroductionIn contrast to the previous chapter, the sections below concentrate on the potential ecosystem services and the actual benefits to man. When humans directly or indirectly use the environment and products from it, they are receiving ecosystem services. Examples of ecosystem products include clean water, food, lumber, minerals, fibers, etc. ( Figure 4.1). Non-product services include water purification, waste treatment and intangible elements such as recreation and beauty. An ecosystem benefit is the human valuation of an ecosystem service.1The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment divided ecosystem services that benefit humans into four classes: (1) supporting; (2) regulating; (3) provisioning; and (4) cultural. Supporting ecosystem services indirectly benefit humans but are fundamental to the other three categories of services that are more directly enjoyed by people.2 “Ecosystem services”is a deliberately anthropocentric phrase that frames the argument for preservation of natural systems in the cost–enefit terminology of economics. It is hoped that this language and demonstration of economic value will foster an understanding of the true value of healthy ecosystems and lead to greater commit ment and investment in their conservation. This chapter provides many examples of the economic valuation of ecosystem benefits.Green infrastructure organizes several elements that provide human and ecosystem benefits. This chapter establishes the typology of ecosystem services and benefits, as well as threats to them, in the context of green infrastructure at the municipal and landscape scale. Components that are managed ecosystems for the explicit purpose of maximizing certain ecosystem products, such as wastewater treatment, are the subjects of later chapters. The eight functions and services identified in Figure 1.5 interact with each other as discussed below. They are organized according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment categories.Human benefits from supporting ecosystem functionsThe provision of seafood, timber, fodder and other commonly traded natural products are ecosystem services provided on a scale that is larger than generally associated with green infrastructure. However, networks of corridors, spaces and habitat areas within the city and county have an impact on these more distantly derived products. Community agriculture and forestry, and certainly residential and public landscapes, depend on the maintenance of supporting ecosystem services,3 such as soil formation and nutrient cycling. Habitat provision, water cycling and primary production are three more examples of supporting ecosystem services tied to human activities at a scale somewhat larger than cities but linked to them. Some of the topics in this chapter will be familiar since they relate to ecosystem health as discussed in the previous chapter, but this discussion approaches the topics from an anthropocentric perspective.Figure 4.1 Products, like lumber, food and medicine, are the most obvious of the ecosystem benefits, but there are many other important services including air and water purification, waste decomposition, soil and nutrient cycling, climate andradiation regulation, habitat noise pollution control, aesthetic and cultural.绿色景观规划的基础设施Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning第三章生态系统功能和健康维持生物多样性接下来几个章节的阐述核心之一就是揭示怎样通过使用绿色基础设施维持或增强庭院设计中的生物多样性。