chapter3 翻译过程分解

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基础医学英语课文翻译

【Chapter 1】The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane—as with the hinge joint of the elbow— or movement around a single axis—as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate.颅骨不能运动,是由於骨与骨之间的连接太过紧密.但其他的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前後屈身运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动.The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move jus one part of the body, as when bending a finger.结缔组织是肌肉末端附着於不同的骨面上,所以当肌肉收缩时,两骨彼此靠近而产生运动.这也就使整个人体可以运动起来,如走路,运动躯体某个部位,如弯曲手指.The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halve: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs.心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉.一办吸收来自肺部的血液,并把血液运送到机体的其余部位,另一半使流经全身的血液回流入肺.The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.气管分成左右支气管,各连结左右肺,左右之气管在分支20多次,在终端形成大量为小的肺泡.从空气摄取的氧气流经这些肺泡壁内的毛喜血管流入血液.血液在经肺泡把释放出的二氧化碳排出体外.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.泌尿系统维持水分及体内某些小分子物质,如钠`钾的正常水平.身体是通过让肾过滤血液来做到这一点的.肾是两个有效的过滤器官,他滤出各种多余的小分子物质,保留那些供应不足的小分子物质.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs.脑垂体是一个主要的腺体,他位於头中部脑下方.他至少分泌八种激素,这些激素对人体生长,肾功能及性器官发育有影响.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova( the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and provid- ing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilizedby sperm, and nourishing a newborn child.女性生殖系统产生,输送卵子(女性性细胞),将未受精的卵子排出体外,而当精,卵结合时,女性生殖系统培养,提供胚胎生长场所,并孕育新生儿.【Chapter 2】A symptom is something a patient can de-tect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.症状是病人自己就能察觉到的,比如,高烧,流血,或是疼痛.而徵兆则是医生所能够观察到的,比如,血管扩张或是体内器官肿大.The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resis-tance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however m large areas of the body might become infected.覆盖在体表或者器官开口处的皮肤和黏膜能在很大程度上抵抗细菌或其他感染体的入侵.如果这些屏障遭到了损坏或损伤,身体对感染的抵抗力就会下降.在一些病情较轻的病例中,疥子和小脓胞可能会发生.在病情较重的病例中,身体的大面积区域则可能会被感染.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mu-cus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract.呼吸通道尤其容易受到感染,幸运的是,呼吸道内附盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞,他们能捕捉微小的有机体和尘粒.另外,被叫做纤毛的细小毛发也覆盖了呼吸道,他们像微风下麦田里的小麦一样舞动着,轻轻地将异物扫出呼吸道.In addition, foreign mater in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing.除此之外,呼吸道内的异物还常常因为擤鼻涕`咳嗽`打喷嚏和清喉咙而被弹出.Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread.如果脓块不破裂,里面的脓不排除掉,感染很可能会扩大.1.Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, anda light chain of them. The light chain has special sites where the amino acidscan link with their com-plements on the antigen molecule.每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位(及氨基酸)的重链和一条轻链所构成.这条轻链上有特别的部位,在那里,氨基酸能使其补体和抗原分子相连.2.In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies “butter” thesurface of some antigens and make them “tastier” to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens.在某些情况下,通过调理素作用的过程,抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些”奶油”,让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬他们.3.Sometimes an antibody hooks to bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, orcomplement, to actually destroy the bacterium, As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex “fixes” complement to it.在另一些情况下,抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以後,却需要一个中间体,或补体来实施对该细菌的消灭.於是,当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时,该结合体会有一个补体附体.4.During the first day or so , antibodies against the infection cannot be found inthe blood. But this is only because the basic cells involved in antibody production have been triggered by the presence of antigen to multiply themselves.在第一天左右,血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体,但是,这只是因为涉及抗体制造的基本细胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖.【Chapter 3】The fleshy belly is attached to one bone while the tendon passes over a joint to become firmly attached to the adjoining bone.肌腱跨过关节牢固连接相邻的两块骨头,而腹肌则与骨头紧密相接.Shortening of the fleshy part of the muscle produces movement at the joint by pulling on the tendon. The tendon itself does not change in length.腹肌收缩拉动肌腱使关节运动,而肌腱本身的长度是不变的.The many bundles surrounded by the fibrous connective tissue fascia form the fleshy belly of the muscle.许多纤维束又被纤维结缔组织筋膜所包绕,最後形成肌肉的肌腹部份.The relation of the muscle bundles to the tendons is that the muscle bundles ate surrounded and held together by the fibrous connective tissue that is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue of the tendonous part of the muscle.肌束和肌腱之间的关系是:肌束被纤维结缔组织包绕并连接在一起,纤维结缔组织又与肌键部份的结缔组织相延续.The nerve fibers separate within a muscle with a terminal branch of the nerve going to each muscle fiber.在一块肌肉中神经纤维可分枝出许多神经末梢,分配到每块肌纤维中.【Chapter 4】Flat bones are generally thin and composed of two more or less parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.扁骨一般较薄,由两层大致平行的骨密质骨板围绕一层松质骨构成.Bones undergoing either intramembranous or endochondral ossification are continually remodeled from he time that initial calcification occurs until the final structure appears.自最初的钙化发生开始,骨通过膜内骨化或软骨内骨化而不断地得以重塑,直至最後结构的形成.And still others, espe-cially the sex hormones, aid osteoblastic activity and thuspromote the growth of new bone. The sex hormones act as a double-edged sword. They aid in the growth of new bone, but they also bring about the degeneration of all the cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates.还有其他激素,特别是性激素,协助成骨细胞活动因而促进骨生长.性激素作用具有两面性,他能促进骨生长,但也使骺板所有软骨细胞退化.There are two principal effects of aging on the skeletal sys-tem. The first effect is the loss of calcium from bones.衰老对骨骼系统有两个主要作用.第一个作用是骨钙丧失.The second principal effect of aging on the skeletal system is a decrease in the rate of protein formation that results in a decreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix.衰老对骨骼系统的第二个主要影响,是蛋白质合成速度降低至使产生骨基质的有机成分的能力下降.【Chapter 5】The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach, whereas the py-loric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it has sufficiently digested.贲门括约肌的舒张与收缩使食物由食管入胃,而幽门括约肌却使食物在充分消化後出胃. These substances help transform food present in the stomach into a semifluid substance called chime. The pyloric sphincter allows food to pass into the small intestine only after it has been transformed into chime.这些物质(盐酸)协助将胃内现存的食物转变成为称为食糜的半流质物质.幽门括约肌只有在食物完全变为食糜後才将其排入小肠.【Chapter 6】Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity, which is lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs(cilia) to help filter out foreign bodies, as well as to warm and moisten the air.空气通过鼻进入人体内.在通过鼻腔时,其内排列的黏膜和纤毛过滤了异物,同时使进入的空气温暖而湿润Paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-containing spaces within the skull that communi-cate with the nasal cavity.副鼻窦位於头颅骨内,中空含气,并与鼻腔相通.They, too, have a mucous membrane lining and function to provide the lubricating fluid mucus, as well as to lighten the bones of the skull and help produce sound.副鼻窦也有黏膜衬里,其功能是提供润滑黏液,减轻头颅骨负荷,以及协同发声.It is in the hypopharyngeal region that the pharynx, serving as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose, divides into two branches, the larynx(voice box) and the esopha-gus.下咽部是来自於嘴的食物和来自鼻的空气之共同通道,他在这里又分为两支,喉(声音盒)和食管.A special deterrent to this event is provided for by a flap of cartilage attached the root of the tongue that acts like a lid over the larynx.这一起着特殊阻滞作用的物体是一层连着舌根的软骨结构,它像块盖子盖过喉.The measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure is compliance.肺器之所以能在压力下轻松自如地展开,其方法就是因势利导,顺其自然.Breathing is regulated unconsciously by center in the brainstem. These centers adjust the rate and rhythm of breathing according o changes in the composition of the blood, especially the concen-tration of carbon dioxide.脑干里呼吸中心在不知不觉中控制和调节了呼吸.这些中心根据血液里的成分,特别是二氧化碳的浓度来调节呼吸的速率和节奏.If too much carbon dioxide is exhaled by hyper-ventilation, body fluids tend to become more alkaline, a condition termed alkalosis. If too little car-bon dioxide is exhaled as a result of hypoventilation, body fluids tend to become more acid, a condi-tion termed acidosis.如果因为换气过度而二氧化碳呼出过多,身体体液就容易变的偏硷性,一种被称为硷中毒的状态.然而,如果由於换气不足,二氧化碳呼出过少,身体体液就容易变的偏酸性,一种被称为酸中毒的状态.Lining the trachea and bronchial tree are cells that secrete mucus, which traps pollutants and bacteria. Also in the bronchi are cells containing tiny cilia, that project into the blanket of mucus and with constant wavelike motions push the mucus up out of the airways.第一,气管和支气管树铺满能分泌黏液的细胞,它们能捕捉污染物质和细菌.第二,支气管里还有长有细小纤毛的细胞,它们深入遍布的黏液层,不停地通过波浪般的动作把黏液向上清扫出呼吸道.【Chapter 7】There are three major types of blood vessels, . , veins, and capillaries.血管分为三大类,即动脉、静脉、毛细血管The largest artery, the aorta, is about 1 inch in diameter and has the thickest wall.主动脉是最大的动脉,管腔直径约为1英寸,血管壁最厚The capillary boundaries are the most important center of activity of the entire circulatory system.毛细血管网是整各循环系统的最重要活动中心Most veins are equipped with one-way valves that permit the blood to flow in only one direction.They are most numerous in the veins of the extremities.大多数静脉具有单向瓣膜,使血液朝着一个方向流动.在四肢的静脉中,这样的瓣膜最多The pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from the right ventricle, while the pulmonary veins carry blood high in oxygen from the lungs into the left atrium.肺动脉携带右心室出来的、含氧量低的血液；而肺静脉将含氧量高的血液从肺携带到左心房Blood returning from tissues other than the lungs enters the heart by way of the venae cavae: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.从组织(肺组织除外)而来的血液经腔静脉,即上腔静脉与下腔静脉,回到心脏When the atria contract, blood in the right atrium is forced through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.当心房收缩时,右心房的血液则通过三尖瓣进入右心室Atrial contractions force blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve, also called bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle.心房收缩将血液从左心房挤压通过二尖瓣,进入左心室When the ventricles contract, blood in the left ventricle is forced through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery, for distribution to the tissues.当心室收缩时,左心室的血液被挤压通过主动脉瓣,进入主动脉(机体内的最大动脉),然後分配到机体的各个组织【Chapter 8】Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract are absorbed into blood for transport to the tissues.血液吸收肺部来的氧和消化道来的营养物质,并输送到组织At the same time, carbon dioxide and other waste products of cellular metabolism are absorbed from the tissues for transport to the organs of elimination.同时,组织的细胞代谢产生的二氧化碳和其他废物,送到排泄器官The blood also transports hormones from endocrine glands to their target organs.血液还将内分泌腺产生的激素输送到它们的靶器官。

Chapter 3 词汇翻译(二)for students

据统计，英语中动词使用的频率要低于名词，汉语中动词的频率偏高于名词；就英汉两种语言相对比，汉语动词的使用频率要高于英语动词。在英汉互译中，可遵循“词类转换原则”来进行语言转换。
1)林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，得首先把鸦片销毁。
2)徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
3)你已经知道你想要什么。
（三）英汉形容词对比
2)这个古旧的小寨座落在青秀的群山之中。
3)清冷的夜空繁星密布。
2．名词的句法功能
在英汉语中，英汉语名词(名词词组)语法功能的差异在英语名词不能作谓语用，而汉语名词可以。例如：
1)明天星期天。
2）莎拉澳洲人。
3)小张上海人。
4)星期三春节。
5)大米五块钱一斤。
（二）汉英动词对比
1、形式变化
英语动词有丰富的词形变化，汉语动词没有形态变化，语法意义的实现由上下文、词汇(时间词、副词、助词等)、语调等体现。
归化：
内部颠覆者、起内部破坏作用的因素
异化：
特洛伊木马计
2）她在戏中扮演包公。
二、汉英词汇对比
（一）汉英名词对比
1、形式变化
英语可以直接用可数名词的复数形式来表达模糊的、不确定的数量关系，而汉语中，则要使用其他手段，如用数量词组、名词重叠形式以及带数字的固定词组等等来表达类似的意思。
1)一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。
1、句法功能
英语句子的谓语只能是限定动词词组，其他词类不能担任谓语。汉语形容词可以作谓语，形成形容词谓语句例如：
汉语的形容词谓语句翻译成英语时，一般可遵循“增词原则”，增添适当的动词，以符合英语的句法结构。也可以遵循“词类转译原则”。例如：
1）她聪明，漂亮，又善解人意，大家都愿意接近她。

Lesson 3 Chapter 3科技英语翻译

An object at rest has no kinetic energy, its velocity being zero. 静止的物体没有动能，因为它的速度为零。 on a large scale 大规模地 a majority of 大多数的 a wealth of 大量的 as a result 结果，因此
I 名词的翻译
1 直译
In an unusual application, this organization uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor the comings and goings of its residents. 一个不同寻常的用途是：这个机构使用指纹扫描器监视居住人员的进出。 A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened. 当含有电感的电路突然断开时，可用电容器消除火花。
2)音意合译
Magnus moment Einstein equation Doppler effect Curie plot Bessel function radar chain force pump 玛格努斯力矩爱因斯坦方程多普勒效应居里曲线贝塞尔函数雷达防线压力泵
EST- Abbreviations
1 Acronyms
laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation "通过受激发射光扩大"。 radar radio detecting and ranging “无线电探测与定位” sonar sound navigation and ranging “声音导航与测距”，是一种利用声波在水下的传播特性，通过电声转换和信息处理，完成水下探测和通讯任务的电子设备。

英语翻译chapter 3

• Jordan is reported to be the celebrity with whom most American children feel most comfortable, and American adults once placed him fifth on a list of all-time "most respected newsmakers".
• His athleticism and fierce competitiveness frightened his opponents, but his graciousness made him an American and international icon. He is most famous as the face of Nike, the athletics shoe and clothing company whose products he has endorsed for the past decade.
• Jordan quickly became a multi-millionaire, thanks to lucrative product endorsement deals such as his Nike promotion. As his fortune grew he put money back into the community, creating a foundation to fund athletics facilities and other projects for children form the inner city of Chicago, his adopted home.

全新版大学英语阅读教程翻译unit3

全新版大学英语阅读教程翻译unit3在圣诞节期间,犯罪率保持相对稳定,但是在1975年结束时,Divers 所居住的街区里的情况彻底恶化了。

那开始于12月30日星期二,有个人在路上走时,在他家后面的小巷中被抢劫了。

在第二天,新年前夜的下午5点,一帮带有棍棒的男孩在人行道上拦下一位老人然后抢走了他的钱包。

半小时后同一帮人抢了一位老妇人的钱包。

在1月6号五点四十五分,Divers的邻居Linda Trum和她3岁的女儿正往家走，这时两个年轻男人出现在他身后,其中一个用手臂勒住她的脖子,在她奋力挣扎的时候,袭击者说:"别叫，把钱交出来！"她说她一点钱没有带,那个男人迅速翻找了她的口袋后逃离了街区。

同一天晚上九点四十五,Colin和Joan正在看电视，这时他们听到房子后面的巷子里传来尖叫。

Colin抓起那个曾经帮他赢得美国列克星顿棒球小联赛的棒球棒冲进巷子.他在那看见一个叫T erry Baksun的女人,她的钱包被抢了,Colin环顾四周,但是抢劫犯已经逃走了。

第二天晚上晚饭后,Divers一家相约去看一种新的真空吸尘器.一位名叫Bobby Jacobs的大学生售货员,十分具有上进心但也很可爱,当他拉着吸尘器在他们餐厅里跑来跑去展示一大堆令人困惑的管子和刷子时,Colin和Joan相视而笑。

晚上8点20分，他们长子布莱德一边走下楼梯一边大声喊：“我觉得我听到外面有尖叫声。

”科林以手势示意雅各布施关掉吸尘器。

“布莱德，你确定吗？”“我想是的吧。

”科林冲向门口，从壁橱抓起他的棒球棒，猛冲到人行道，在那里他看见了一位25岁的黑皮肤女人，她叫来索拉·摩根。

科林问道：“发生了什么事？”“他偷走了我的包。

”“谁？”“一个男的。

他打我的脸一拳然后抢走了我的钱包。

”“他往哪条路逃了？”“那边。

”来索拉说，并且指向特莱蒙街。

当科林朝那个方向走去，他发现一个人拎着一个黑色大手提包跑出朝图书馆旁边的小巷。

新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 3 翻译方法教材

• 【译文】其次是家住郊区，乘公交车到市里上班的人们的纽约——这座城市每到白天就被如蝗的人群吞噬进去，每到晚上又给吐出来。 • 【解析】译文采用了异化译法，取得了“形神皆似”的效果。
• 2. 如果异化译法不能完全达意，或者不能完全通畅，则可考虑汉语的行文习惯，做出一定的归化处理。 • For example: • To those visitors who come from countries where social relationships develop more slowly during a longer period of time, the American way may seem very frightening, too personal, and rude. • 【译文】在一些国家里，居民的社会关系是要长期慢慢地培养的，游客习惯了这种情形，一旦到了美国，可能觉得美国人的方式可怕，过分强调个人，没有礼貌。”
• 3) Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. • 4) All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books. • 5) I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.

科技英语翻译-第3章

Chapter Three Translation of Nouns & Articles

名词的翻译一、直译所谓直译，就是把原文中名词或名词短语本身的含义翻译出来。如： A power reactor has no need of air, for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of unclear fission, not of combustion. 动力反应堆不需要空气，因为在铀堆中产生的热室核裂变而不是燃烧的结果。 Differentiation can also be expressed in terms of biochemical activities. 分化也可以用生化活动来表达。
Chapter Three Translation of Nouns & Articles

名词的翻译三、增译名词的增译多数是为了使译文更符合汉语的表达方式与习惯。如： Breeding of hummingbirds takes? place in May and June. 蜂鸟生育繁殖的时间是每年的五月和六月。译文在breeding后增译了“时间”;在in May and June前增译了 “每年”，使整个句子读起来更加通顺，意思表达更准确完整。 A drilled hole can be made accurate and smooth by a? reamer. 钻好的孔可用铰刀加工，使其尺寸精确，表面光滑。该句在形容词accyrate and smooth前分别增译了名词“尺寸”和 “表面”，译文的意思表达的更明确一些。
Chapter Three Translation of Nouns & Articles

Unit 3 Out of step课文翻译综合教程三

18The fact is, we not only don’t walk anywhere anymore in this country, we won’t walk anywhere, and woe to anyone who tries to make us, as the city of Laconia, N.H., discovered. In the early 1970s, Laconia spent millions on a comprehensive urban renewal project, which included building a pedestrian mall to make shopping more pleasant. Esthetically it was a triumph— urban planners came from all over to coo and take photos--but commercially it was a disaster. Forced to walk one whole block from a parking garage, shoppers abandoned downtown Laconia for suburban malls.
15I had this brought home to me one summer when we were drivor coffee in one of those endless zones of shopping malls, motels, gas stations and fast-food places. I noticed there was a bookstore across the street, so I decided to skip coffee and head over.

Unit3AHanging课文翻译

Unit3AHanging课文翻译Unit 3A HangingA HANGINGGeorge Orwell1.It was in Burma, a sodden morning of the rains. We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages. Each cell measured about ten feet by ten and was quite bare within except for a plank bed and a pot for drinking water. In some of them brown silent men were squatting at the inner bars, with their blankets draped round them. These were the condemned men, due to be hanged within the next week or two.Detailed Reading2.One prisoner had been brought out of his cell. He was a Hindu, a puny wisp of a man, with a shaven head and vague liquid eyes. Six tall Indian warders were guarding him and getting him ready for the gallows. Two of them stood by with rifles and fixed bayonets, while the others handcuffed him, passed a chain through his handcuffs and fixed it to their belts, and lashed his arms tightly to his sides. They crowded very close about him, with their hands always on him in a careful, caressing grip, as though all the while feeling him to make sure he was there. But he stood quite unresisting, yielding his arms limply to the ropes, as though he hardly noticed what was happening.3.Eight o'clock struck and a bugle call floated from the distant barracks. The superintendent of the jail, who was standing apart from the rest of us, moodily prodding the gravel with his stick, raised his head at the sound. "For God's sake hurry up,Francis," he said irritably. "The man ought to have been dead by this time. Aren't you ready yet?"4. Francis, the head jailer, a fat Dravidian in a white drill suit and gold spectacles, waved his black hand. "Yes sir, yes sir," he bubbled. "All is satisfactorily prepared. The hangman is waiting. We shall proceed."5."Well, quick march, then. The prisoners can't get their breakfast till thisjob's over."6.We set out for the gallows. Two warders marched on either side of the prisoner, with their rifles at the slope; two others marched close against him, gripping him by arm and shoulder, as though at once pushing and supporting him. The rest of us, magistrates and the like, followed behind.7.It was about forty yards to the gallows. I watched the bare brown back of the prisoner marching in front of me. He walked clumsily with his bound arms, but quite steadily. At each step his muscles slid neatly into place, the lock of hair on his scalp danced up and down, his feet printed themselves on the wet gravel. And once,in spite of the men who gripped him by each shoulder, he stepped slightly aside to avoid a puddle on the path.8.It is curious, but till that moment I had never realized what it means to destroy a healthy, conscious man. When I saw the prisoner step aside to avoid the puddle I saw the mystery, the unspeakable wrongness, of cutting a life short when it is in full tide. This man was not dying, he was alive just as we are alive. All the organs of his body were working -- bowels digesting food, skin renewing itself,nails growing, tissues forming -- all toiling away in solemnfoolery. His nailswould still be growing when he stood on the drop, when he was falling through theair with a tenth of a second to live. His eyes saw the yellow gravel and the gray walls, and his brain still remembered, foresaw, reasoned reasoned even about puddles. He and we were a party of men walking together, seeing, hearing, feeling, understanding the same world; and in two minutes, with a sudden snap, one of us would be gone -- one mind less, one world less.9. The gallows stood in a small yard. The hangman, a gray-haired convict in the white uniform of the prison, was waiting beside his machine. He greeted us with a servile crouch as we entered. At a word from Francis the two warders, gripping the prisoner more closely than ever, half led half pushed him to the gallows and helped him clumsily up the ladder. Then the hangman climbed up and fixed the rope around the prisoner's neck.10. We stood waiting, five yards away. The warders had formed a rough circle roundthe gallows. And then, when the noose was fixed, the prisoner began crying out tohis god. It was a high, reiterated cry of "Ram! Ram! Ram! Ram!" not urgent andfearful like a prayer or a cry for help, but steady, rhythmical, almost like thetolling of a bell.11.The hangman climbed down and stood ready, holding the lever. Minutes seemed to pass. The steady crying from the prisoner went on and on, "Ram! Ram! Ram!" never faltering for an instant. The superintendent, his head on his chest, was slowlypoking the ground with his stick; perhaps he was counting the cries, allowing the prisoner a fixed number -- fifty, perhaps, or a hundred. Everyone had changed color. The Indians had gone gray like bad coffee, and one or two of the bayonets were wavering.12.Suddenly the superintendent made up his mind. Throwing up his head he made aswift motion with his stick. "Chalo!" he shouted almost fiercely.13.There was a clanking noise, and then dead silence. The prisoner had vanished, and the rope was twisting on itself. We went round the gallows to inspect the prisoner's body.He was dangling with his toes pointing straight downward. Very slowly revolving, as dead as a stone.14.The superintendent reached out with his stick and poked the bare brown body; it oscillated slightly. "He's all right," said the superintendent. He backed out from under the gallows, and blew out a deep breath. The moody look had gone out of his face quite suddenly. He glanced at his wrist watch. "Eight minutes past eight. Well, that's all for this morning, thank God."15. The warders unfixed bayonets and marched away. We walked out of the gallows yard, past the condemned cells with their waiting prisoners, into the big central yard prison. The convicts were already receiving their breakfast.They squatted in long rows, each man holding a tin pannikin, while twowarders with buckets march round out rice; it seemed quite a homely, jolly scene, after the hanging. An enormous relief had come upon us now that thejob was done. One felt an impulse to sing, to break into a run,to snigger.All at once everyone began chattering gaily.16. The Eurasian boy walking beside me nodded toward the way we had come,knowing smile, "Do you know sir, our friend (he meant the dead man) when he heard his appeal had been dismissed, he pissed on the floor of his cell. Fromfright. Kindly take one of my cigarettes, sir. Do you not admire my newsilver case, sir? Classy European style." 17. Several people laughed -- atwhat, nobody seemed certain.18. Francis was walking by the superintendent, talking garrulously, "Well,sir, passed off with the utmost satisfactoriness. It was all finished --flick! Like that. It is not always so -- oah no! I have known cases where thedoctor was obliged to go beneath the gallows and pull the prisoner's legs to ensure decease. Most disagreeable." 19. "Wriggling about, eh? That's bad," said thesuperintendent.bars of his cage when we went to take him out. You will scarcely credit, sir, that it took six warders to dislodge him, three pulling at each leg."21. I found that I was laughing quite loudly. Everyone was laughing. Even superintendent grinned in a tolerant way. "You'd better all come and have adrink," said quite genially. "I've got a bottle of whiskey in the car. We coulddo with it." 22. We went through the big double gates of the prison into the road. "Pulling at legs!" exclaimed a Burmese magistrate suddenly, and burst into a loud chuckling. We all began laughing again. At that moment Francis' anecdote seemed extraordinarily funny.We all had a drink together, native and European alike, quite amicably. The dead man was a hundred yards away.1. 那是发生在缅甸的事情。

了不起的盖茨比第三章中英翻译The-Great-Gatsby-Chapter-3

Chapter 3THERE was music from my neighbor's house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor−boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week−ends his Rolls−Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing−brushes and hammers and garden−shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruitier in New York every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulp less halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butler's thumb.At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby's enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors−d'oeuvre, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. In the main hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another.总是有悠扬的音乐在夏夜的晚上从我隔壁传出。

英语翻译的过程

确切理解单词意义的方法
翻译过程的理解同一般的阅读理解有区别：英译汉过程中的理解，指解读原文以最大程度地获取原文所蕴含的信息量。方法： • 有效地扩大词汇量，减少理解中的“拦路虎”。 • 根据上下文语境和词语搭配进行判断 • 重视熟悉单词的一词多义现象。
课堂互动：判断哪个译文正确？
1. I was so angry that I couldn’t find my tongue.
Texts
理解是英汉翻译过程中的第一步，也是整个过程中最关键的一步。译者能否准确地表达原文的思想内容，关键在于是否准确理解了原文。因此，理解是表达的基础，是表达的先决条件。没有正确的理解就不可能有忠实的译文，当然也谈不上通畅、自然的表达。
Question：How to accurately comprehend the original text? 例1：If it worked once, it can work twice.
I. Lead-in
Warming-up question:
Please tell us what is your own process of translation?
II. Explanations on the process of translation
The four basic processes in translating consist of (1) analysis of the source text, (2) transfer from source to target language, (3) restructuring in the target language, (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended audience.

第三版新视野大学英语3读写教程books3unit3译文及讲解

Unit 3 Section AAudrey Hepburn — A true angel in this world奥黛丽·赫本——人间天使1 Audrey Hepburn thrilled audiences with starring roles in noteworthy films like Breakfast at Tiffany's, Sabrina, Roman Holiday, My Fair Lady, War and Peace, and Always.1 奥黛丽·赫本在《蒂凡尼的早餐》、《龙凤配》、《罗马假日》、《窈窕淑女》、《战争与和平》和《直到永远》等出色电影中主演的许多角色让观众为之陶醉。

1 Audrey Hepburn thrilled audiences with starring roles in noteworthy films ... (Para. 1) Meaning: Audrey Hepburn played leading roles in many extraordinary films, and such roles gave great pleasure to the people who watched the films...2Despite her success in the film domain, the roles she most preferred portraying were not in movies. She was an exemplary mother to her two sons and a UNICEF (the United Nations International Children's Emerg ency Fund) Ambassador of Goodwill serving victims in war‐torn countries.2 尽管在电影界获得成功，但她最愿意塑造的角色却并不在影片中，而是做两个儿子的模范母亲和联合国儿童基金会亲善大使，为饱受战争蹂躏的人们服务。

chapter3 翻译过程

Homework
• All my life, it seems, folks have been telling me what I can’t do. In school, my learning disability kept me from picking up things as quickly as the other student. On the playground , I was the biggest, slowest kid . No one thought I could ever be an athlete---except for my mum and dad, who were always telling me that with prayer and persistence I could find the strength to do anything.
only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours.
(Which translation is better?) a. 读书只能为智慧供给心灵以知识的材料，思想才能把我们所读的东西变成自己的东西。 b. 读书只能为头脑提供知识性资料，思考才能把所读东西变为己有。
意译 Adam’s apple at sixes and sevens 喉结乱七八糟 Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早不必自寻烦恼 Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌
比较 Valuable left in full view can be invitation to theft. 把贵重物品放在显眼处等于是给小偷发请帖。应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都既有玫瑰又有荆棘。生活总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。

新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 3 翻译方法

归化译法把一种文化中的异质成分转化为另一种文化中人们所熟知的内容使读者领略到不同文化之间不谋而合的妙趣降低了理解的难度但失去了了解欣赏和借鉴其他国家和民族文化的意义
CHAPTER THREE
Approaches of Translation
3.1 Literal Translation vs. Liberal/Free Translation
• 例2: The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away. • 【译文】那还是半辈子前的事，我第一次看见她，她差一点把我的魂都勾走了。 • 【解析】若把took my breath away译成“把呼吸夺走了”，恐怕谁也看不懂是什么意思。下一句也同样体现了归化译法的这种特点。 • 例3：High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing. • [译文] 在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。 • 在北京，高楼大厦犹如蘑菇般地涌现。 • 因此，在进行文化传译时，既要尽量传达原作的异国情调，又要确保译文为译语读者所接受。
课堂互动练习：翻译句子
• 翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达。 • 1) Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted. • 2) When we make friends, we should choose those who are our supporters in danger. (Aesop)

essentials of financial management chapter3 讲义翻译版

•
Board of Directors has ordered that changes must be made!
· 零食公司在2014经历了重大扩张。到目前为止，扩张的结果并不令人满意。§公司的现金状况较弱。§供应商的付款很晚。§银行威胁要切断信贷。董事会已下令必须作出改变！
3-3
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
STMT/CFs
FREE CF
FED TAX SYSTEM
Income Statement
2015 $6,034,000 5,528,000 519,988 $6,047,988 116,960 ($ 130,948) 136,012 ($ 266,960) (106,784) ($ 160,176) 2014 $3,432,000 2,864,000 358,672 $3,222,672 18,900 $ 190,428 43,828 $ 146,600 58,640 $ 87,960
INTRO
BAL SHEET
INCOME STMT
STMT/STK EQ
STMT/CFs
FREE CF
FED TAX SYSTEM
Chapter 3
Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes
主要财务报表资产负债表 · 损益表 · 股东权益表现金流量表自由现金流量联邦税制

Chapter3翻译的过程

Chapter 3 翻译的过程翻译的过程是正确理解原文和创造性地用另一种语言再现原文的过程，大体上可分为理解、表达和校核三个阶段。

在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、往返反复的统一过程，不能截然分开。

在理解的时候，译者已自觉或不自觉地在挑选表达手段；在表达的时候，又进一步加深了理解。

在处理句子、段落或文章时，译者往往要从英语到汉语，从汉语到英语，反复推敲，仔细研究。

1 理解阶段——基础和关键理解（comprehension）可分为广义理解和狭义理解。

广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反映。

狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理解。

对原文透彻的理解是确切翻译的第一步，也是翻译全过程最重要的一步。

正确的理解有助于正确的表达，而正确的理解取决于译者能否对原文进行深入细致的语法分析grammatical analysis、语义分析semantic analysis、语体分析stylistic analysis和语篇分析text analysis。

1.1语法分析——从语法的角度去剖析原文里句子的语法结构，弄清句子所传递的意义。

1.She recalled faintly an ecstasy of pain, the heavy odor of chloroform, a stupor which had deadened sensation, and an awakening to find a little new life to which she had given being, added to the great unnumbered multitude of souls that come and go.（重复译法）她模糊地回想起当时极度的痛苦，想起了浓烈的三氯甲烷麻醉剂的气味；她记得自己失去了知觉，昏了过去，而醒来时发现自己又为来来往往的芸芸众生增添了一条小小的新生命。

大学英语第三册UNIT3全文翻译对照

大学英语第三册UNIT3全文翻译对照The land of the lock1. Years ago in American, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. In this essay, Greene regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security system to protect themselves and their valuables.Although the author is writing his opinion, he uses many examples to reinforce his ideas and to prove his thesis.几年前在美国，许多美国家庭的门通常都是日夜不上锁的。

在本文中，格林遗憾地指出人们已经不再彼此信任，不得不求助于各种复杂的安全设备来保护自身及其贵重物品。

作者在提出自己观点的同时，举出了大量的事例来证实和强调自己的观点；2. In the house where i grow up, it was our custom to leave the front door on the latch at night. I don't know if that was a local term or if is universal;"on the latch"meant the door was closed but not locked . None of us carried keys the last one in for the evening would close up,and that was it. 在我长大成人的家里，我们的习惯是晚上把前门闩上。

chapter 3 词语的翻译

chapter 3 词语的翻译
• The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. • 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。
• An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. • 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。 • An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. • 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。
chapter 3 词语的翻译
• 路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 • By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean and the rickshaw man
quickened his pace. (鲁迅《一件小事》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。
2) The flyers practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 飞行人员反复地在一块有限空地上练习起飞。
3）took the brake off， took 20 percent off. 松开刹车优惠百分之二十
她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）
chapter 3 词语的翻译
• 任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。
• examples
chapter 3 词语的翻译