2002年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲范文

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历年考研英语真题作文考研十年作文精选范文+翻译(2002-2011)(1)

考研英语十年真题大作文（2002-2011）2002Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International”In the essay you should1、describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2、give your comments on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.2003Directions:Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the followingdescribe the set of drawings and interpret its meaningpoint out its implications in our life.2004Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing.2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.2005Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2006Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you shoulddescribe the photos briefly;interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)图一：把崇拜写在脸上。

2002年考研英语真题及解析

【英汉对照】
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 . It is important to do so.
人们曾经把 20 世纪电视的发展和 15、16 世纪印刷术的传播作过比较。然而， 21 在这两个时段之间却发生了许多事情。正如前面所讲的，直到 19 世纪，报纸 22 才继小册子和图书之后，24 与期刊一起，成为电子时代到来之前的最重要的 23 传播媒介。正是在这段时间，通信革命的发展也 25 加快了步伐，从铁路运输开始， 26 发展到电报、电话、收音机和电影，27 直到 20 世纪的汽车和飞机时代。并不是每个人都能 28 正确地看待这个发展过程。而做到这一点其实是很重要的。

考研阅读逐句译2002年第1篇

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第1篇第1句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.词汇：intend//v.打算，意欲，想要identify //v.辨认，认出，识别结构：If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, （if条件状语从句）//you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems（主句）.译文：如果想谈话幽默风趣，你必须要知道如何去弄清楚彼此共同的经历、共同的问题。

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第1篇第2句Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.词汇：relevant //adj. 有关的，切题的sympathy //n. 同情，同情心；支持，赞同in sympathy with sb. orsth. //对某人某事表示支持或者赞同结构：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them （主句，中间and并列了两个谓语动词）//that you are one of them （that宾语从句）//or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view（or并列的第二个that宾语从句，其中and并列了两个谓语动词）.译文：你的幽默必须要贴近听众，要有助于向他们表明：你是他们中的一员，你了解他们的处境，支持他们的观点。

考研阅读逐句译2002年第2篇

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第2篇第1句Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.词汇：dawn //n. 黎明，破晓；开端，发端ingenuity //n. 善于创造cunning //adj. 灵巧的，巧妙的burdensome //adj. 难以承受的，令人困扰的nasty //adj. 令人不愉快地；不善良的；危险的，威胁的；疼痛的结构：Since the dawn of human ingenuity（since状语从句）, //people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work （主句）//that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty（that定语从句）.译文：从人类具有创造力之初，就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者是讨厌的工作。

翻译思路：理解的要素词汇的理解：dawn，本义是“黎明”，这里是一种比喻意义的用法，指“开端、发端、起源”。

这种比喻意义中文也有，所以比较好理解。

ingenuity，这个词比较抽象，词典上的译文也不那么明确。

朗文词典英文释义为：skill at inventing things and thinking of new ideas（一种创造的能力，或者是一种想到新点子的能力）短语的理解：human ingenuity：那就是“人类具有的一种创造能力”或者“人类具有的奇思妙想的能力”。

the dawn of human ingenuity：“人类具有创造能力或者一种奇思妙想的能力之初”。

考研阅读逐句译2002年第4篇

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第1句The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.词汇：supreme //adj. 最高的，至高无上的；最重要的，最大的court //n. 法庭，法院；宫廷，朝廷；球场physician //n. 医生，内科医生implication //n. 含义，暗含relieve //v. 减轻，解除结构：The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide （主语）//carry important implications （谓语动词和宾语）//for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering （for介词后面跟了一个how宾语从句，整个for介词短语充当状语）.译文：最高法院关于医生帮助病人自杀这一问题的裁决，对于医学界寻求如何减轻病危者的痛苦与折磨，具有重要的意义。

翻译思路：翻译思路的展开有人总说，“觉得自己英语看懂了，可就是觉得中文怪怪的，为什么呢？”这里有两个问题：1.觉得自己英语看懂了——要确信是真的看懂了，对英语主干和修饰的关系很清晰。

2.如果“真的看懂了”，“可是中文怪怪的”——问题就出在中文表达的时候，逻辑整理或者顺序安排不够清楚；还有可能是对某一个英语词的中文表达不到位。

怎么办呢？我试图通过这个句子来帮大家展开一下翻译思路。

The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide决定最高法院的决定最高法院的裁决（法院的决定，就是裁决，这里是一种中文表达方式的替换）最高法院关于医生帮助自杀的裁决最高法院关于医生帮助病人自杀这一问题的裁决（医生帮助自杀，有点怪怪的，逻辑不清，补充说明白）carry important implications具有了重要的意义（注意carry implication for的搭配）for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering对于医药如何寻求减轻正在死亡的病人的痛苦和折磨对于医学界寻求如何减轻病危者的痛苦与折磨（医药如何减轻，怪怪的；正在死亡的病人，逻辑不对；通通替换）唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2002年第4篇第2句Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.词汇：rule //v. 统治，管理；控制；裁定constitutional //adj. 宪法的，符合宪法的；（某人）体质的，体格的in effect // 实际上principle //n. 原则，原理；准则，规范permissible //adj. 容许的结构：参见翻译思路译文：尽管裁决规定，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，但最高法院实际上还是认可“双重效应”的医疗原则。

2001-2002年考研英语阅读全文翻译

2001-2002年考研英语阅读全文翻译2001Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments inscience affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the lastcentury and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutesan acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remainin local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。

考研英语二真题原文翻译2002

2002年华东师范大学翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2002年华东师范大学翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (50%)A (35%)So Mrs. Moore had all she wished; she escaped the trial, the marriage, and the hot weather; she would return to England in comfort and distinction, and see her other children. At her son’s suggestion, and by her own desire, she departed. But she accepted her good luck without enthusiasm. She had come to that state where the horror of the universe and its smallness are both visible at the same time—the twilight of the double vision in which so many elderly people are involved. If this world is not to our taste, well, at all events there is Heaven, Hell, Annihilation—one or other of those large things, that huge scenic background of stars, fires, blue or black air. All heroic endeavor, and all that is known as art, assumes that there is such a background, just as all practical endeavor, when the world is the our taste, assumes that the world is all. But in the twilight of the double vision, a spiritual muddledom is set up for which no high-sounding words can be found; we can neither act nor refrain from action, we can neither ignore nor respect Infinity, Mrs. Moore had always inclined to resignation. As soon as she landed in India it seemed to her good, and when she saw the water flowing through the mosque-tank, or the Ganges（恒河）, or the moon, caught in the shawl of night with all the other stars, it seemed a beautiful goal and an easy one. To be one with the universe! So dignifiedand simple. But there was always some little duty to be performed first, some new card to be turned up from the diminishing pack and placed, and while she was pottering about, the Marabar struck its gong.(E. M. Forster: A Passage to India) 【参考译文】摩尔太太得偿所愿。

考研阅读逐句译2002年第1篇

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译

2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译S e c t i o n I I U s e o fE n g l i s h人们曾对20世纪电视的发展和15㊁16世纪印刷术的传播进行过比较㊂然而,在这两个时段之间发生了很多事情㊂正如前面所讲的,直到19世纪,报纸才继宣传册和书之后,与期刊一起,成为电子时代到来前主要的传播手段㊂正是在这段时间,通信革命也加快了步伐,从铁路运输开始,发展到电报㊁电话㊁飞机和电影,直到20世纪的汽车和飞机㊂并不是每一个人都能正确地看待(通信革命的发展)这一进程,而做到这一点是非常重要的㊂然而,人们普遍认为20世纪初期计算机的出现,及随后60年代集成电路的发明,极大地改变了这一进程,尽管它对媒体的影响并没有立即见效㊂随着时间的推移,计算机变得越来越小,功能却更加强大㊂而且随着显示效果越来越清晰及存储量越来越大,电脑已不只是团体机构的用具,也成了个人的用具,像人一样,电脑也按代来划分,而且代与代之间的间隔越来越小㊂正是在计算机时代, 信息社会这个词语开始被广泛地用于描述我们生活的环境㊂通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式,同时也改变了我们对时间和空间的思考和感知方式㊂但对这一革命在经济㊁政治㊁社会和文化上的影响,人们还有争议㊂人们把它带来的益处和产生的弊端进行了权衡,但很难得出一个概括性的结论㊂S e c t i o n I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1如果你想在谈话中用幽默语言使人发笑,你必须知道如何识别你与其他人共同的经历和共同的问题㊂你的幽默必须与听众有关,应该向他们显示你是他们中的一员,你了解他们的情况,赞同他们的观点㊂根据你谈话的对象的不同,问题也有所不同㊂如果你在和一群经理谈话,你就可以提及他们秘书的工作缺乏条理;相反,如果你在同一群秘书谈话,你就可以评论他们老板的工作方法紊乱㊂例如,我曾在一次护士集会上听到一个笑话,这个笑话很有效,因为所有听的人对医生的看法都很一致㊂一个人到了天堂,由圣彼得带着四处参观㊂他看到了豪华的住宅㊁美丽的花园㊁明媚的天气等等㊂所有人都很平和㊁礼貌和友善,然而在排队等候午餐时,这位新来的人突然被一位穿白外套的人推到一旁㊂只见这人挤到了队伍的前头,抓过他的食物,咚咚地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁㊂这是谁啊? 新来的人问圣彼得㊂哦,那是上帝, 他回答说, 但有时他认为自己是一名医生㊂如果你是你谈话对象中的一分子,你就能够了解你们所共有的经历和问题,你就可对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足㊂对于其他听众,你就不能试图插入这种幽默,因为他们不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅和总裁有如此微词㊂如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊,那你就会很安全㊂如果你在幽默时感到很别扭,你必须进行练习使它变得更自然㊂插入一些很随便的显然是即兴的话,并用轻松的㊁不做作的方式表达出来㊂常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑,因此说慢一些,并且记住扬起眉毛或者做出一个不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话㊂留意幽默,它常常出奇不意㊂对一句引语的歪曲如你要是一开始未成功,就放弃 ,或者运用双关和对某种情景开玩笑㊂留意夸张和重事轻说的说法㊂考虑一下你的谈话,选出一些词汇和句子,你可以把它们变化一下,添加一些幽默㊂T e x t2从人类发明创造的初期至今,人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具,来处理那些危险的㊁枯燥的㊁繁重的和令人讨厌的工作㊂由于人们不愿从事这些工作,因此便有了机器人学一种将人类的各种技能赋予机器的科学㊂虽然科学家们仍然没有实现科幻小说的幻想,但他们已经开始接近这个目标了㊂因此,智能仪器日益充斥现代世界,我们平时很少注意到它们,而它们的普遍存在已经节省了许多劳力㊂我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏声;我们的金融服务由自动柜员机完成,完成业务后,它们还会机械地㊁有礼貌地谢谢我们;我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶㊂由于电子和微型机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的某些脑部和骨骼手术这要比技术相当娴熟的医生仅凭双手精确得多㊂但是如果要让机器人更进一步起到帮人类省力的效用,它们必须能够在人类指导减少的情况下自我运作,并能独立进行一些决策这是一个真正的挑战㊂虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一个特定的问题, N A S A的机器人计划经理D a v eL a v e r y说, 我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的常识 ,以使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流㊂的确,对真正的人工智能的要求带来了各种各样的结果㊂虽然一开始在20世纪60和70年代有一个乐观的开端,仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器将在2010年前能够模仿人类大脑的活动,但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年㊂在试图构建思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂㊂用人脑建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够识别仪表盘上毫米以下的误差㊂但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景,迅速排除98%的不相干的信息,立即聚焦于森林里蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子,或者一大群人中一张可疑的面孔㊂世界上最先进的计算机系统都不能达到这样的能力,并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的㊂T e x t3过去经济衰退的可怕日子是否又将来临?自从3月份石油输出国组织决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格已经从去年12月份的不到10美元一桶上升到大约26美元一桶㊂油价近三倍的上涨令人回想起了1973年的石油冲击,那时油价涨了四倍;还有1979 1980年,那时油价也涨了近三倍㊂前两次油价暴涨都造成了两位数的通货膨胀率和全球性经济衰退㊂那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了?这个星期因伊拉克停止石油出口,油价又一次被抬升㊂强劲的经济增长势头,加上北半球冬季的到来,可能在短期内使油价涨得更高㊂然而,我们有充分的理由相信这次油价暴涨在经济上造成的后果不会像20世纪70年代那么严重㊂在多数国家,原油价格在汽油价格中所占比例比20世纪70年代要小㊂在欧洲,税收在汽油零售价中所占的比例可高达五分之四,因此即使原油价格大幅上涨,它对油品零售价格的影响也比过去要小㊂发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前,因此对油价的波动也不那么敏感了㊂能源储备㊁燃料替代和能源密集型的重工业的重要性的降低都减少了石油的消耗量㊂软件㊁咨询和移动通讯所用的石油要比汽车和钢铁生产少得多㊂发达国家的G D P中每一美元(以不变价格计算)所消耗的石油量比1973年要少近50%㊂国际经合组织在其最近一期的‘经济展望“中估计,如果石油价格在一年中平均为每桶22美元,与1998年的每桶13美元相比,仅使发达国家的石油进口在支出上增加G D P的0.25%至0.5%㊂这将比1974或1980年收入上的1/4损失要小㊂另一方面,进口石油的新兴经济国家由于转向了重工业,消耗能量更大,因此将受到更严重的冲击㊂另外一个不应因油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次不同于20世纪70年代,油价上涨并未在普遍商品价格上涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生㊂世界的一大部分地区刚刚才从经济衰退中解脱出来㊂‘经济学家“的商品价格指数与一年前相比基本未变㊂在1973年,商品价格上涨了70%,而1979年也上涨了近30%㊂T e x t4最高法院关于医生协助病人自杀问题的判决对于医学如何寻求减轻垂危病人的痛苦有着重要的意义㊂虽然法院在判决中认为,宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利,然而它实际上认可了医疗界的双重效果原则,这个古老的道德原则认为,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的㊂近年来医生一直利用这个原则,为他们使用大剂量吗啡来控制临死病人的痛苦提供正当理由,即使增加剂量最终会杀死这个病人㊂M o n t e f i o r e医疗中心主任N a n c y D u b l e r认为,这一原则将会保护这样一些医生, 他们直到现在都一直坚持认为,如果给病人足量的药物来止痛会加快他们的死亡,就不能那样做㊂波士顿大学卫生法律系主任G e o r g eA n n a s认为,只要医生开的药物是出于合法的医疗目的,他就没有做违法的事情,即使病人服用这些药物而加速死亡㊂这就好比外科手术, 他说道, 我们并不把这种死亡称作他杀㊂因为医生并未想要杀死他们的病人,虽然他们拿病人的生命冒险㊂如果你是医生,你可以冒病人自杀的风险,只要你没有想要他们自杀㊂在另一个层面上,很多医疗界人士承认,致使对医生协助性自杀的争论升温的部分原因是病人的绝望情绪,对他们来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦㊂在法院对医生协助性自杀做出判决前仅三周,国家科学院发布了一个两卷本的报告:‘走近死亡:完善临终护理“㊂报告中指出医院临终护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用无效而强制性的医疗程序,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让死亡过程很难堪㊂医疗行业正在采取措施,要求年轻医生到晚期病人医院接受训练,对各种大胆的镇痛疗法知识进行评估,为医院护理制定一个医疗保险付款条例,并且为评估和处理临终病痛建立新的标准㊂A n n a s说,律师可以在要求医疗界把这些善意的医疗行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键的作用㊂不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要,可以预见的痛苦无动于衷 ,以至到了故意虐待病人的地步,他说, 行医资格理事会必须明确表明:病人痛苦地死亡,可以推定是由医生处理不力造成的,应该因此吊销其行医执照㊂P a r t B几乎我们所有的问题都涉及到人类行为,这些问题仅靠物理学和生物技术是不能解决的㊂我们需要的是一门行为技术,但是发展行为技术需要科学为基础,在这方面,我们一直滞后㊂(61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态㊁情感㊁性格特征㊁人性等方面去寻找行为的根源㊂物理学和生物学一度使用类似的方法,而且当它们放弃这些方法后才得以向前发展㊂(62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到㊂环境固然重要,但其作用至今仍不明显㊂环境的作用并不是促进或拉动,而是进行选择,这种作用发现和分析起来都很困难㊂(63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究㊂然而,随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解,一度被认为是由思维㊁感情㊁性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了,因而,建立行为技术也就成为了可能㊂然而,除非行为技术取代科学出现之前形成的传统观念,否则它无法解决我们的问题,而这些传统观念已经根深蒂固㊂自由和尊严就能说明困难程度㊂(64)它们是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提㊂科学分析把责任和成就转向了环境㊂这也引发了关于价值的问题㊂谁来使用这一技术,又要达到何种目的?(65)(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥㊂。

2002年考研英语真题及解析(答案很详细-值得下载一看)

2002年Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have b een weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “wecan't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side ofa winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs［B］ experts［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot thatcan .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memoriesof the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,”he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetent ly managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (line 4, paragraph 7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until itreplaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous （self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。

考研英语二真题手译翻译2002

What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.
41) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！
As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore b1 Translation
1- Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.

2002考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

2002 Text 1Paragraph 11、If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. 如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。

1.1 identify英/aɪ'dentɪfaɪ/ 美/aɪ'dɛntɪfaɪ/vt. 确定；鉴定；识别，辨认出；使参与；把…看成一样vi. 确定；认同；一致2、Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. 你的幽默必须与听众有关，能够向他们显示你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况，同情他们的观点。

2.1 sympathy英/'sɪmpəθɪ/ 美/'sɪmpəθi/n. 同情；慰问；赞同3、Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. 根据与你谈话的不同对象，问题也有所不同。

4.2 secretary英/ˈsekrətrɪ/ 美/'sɛkrətɛrɪ/n. 秘书；书记；部长；大臣4、If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. 如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作方法紊乱；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作方法紊乱。

2002年考研真题第二篇原文和翻译-since the dawn human ingenuity

HUMAN INGENUITYSince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty . That compulsion has resulted in robotics--the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines . And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.从人类最初有了智慧至今人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。

这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。

如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。

As a result , the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers . And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot system that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.由此引起的结果是现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。

考研英语2002真题翻译

考研英语2002真题翻译2002年考研英语真题中的翻译部分是一个非常重要的考查点，要求考生对中英文之间的翻译有一定的理解和应用能力。

下面将根据该真题要求进行分析和解答。

原文：关学位的教育目标是培养德、智、体、美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人，适应社会主义现代化建设和社会主义市场经济的需要，具有高度的职业道德和创新精神，掌握一定的自然科学、人文社会科学和相关学科的基本理论和基本知识，具有较强的科学研究和自我开发的能力，掌握一门外语，掌握一定综合文化修养和一定的业务水平。

翻译：关学位的教育目标是培养德、智、体、美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人，适应社会主义现代化建设和社会主义市场经济的需要，具有高度的职业道德和创新精神，掌握一定的自然科学、人文社会科学和相关学科的基本理论和基本知识，具有较强的科学研究和自我开发的能力，掌握一门外语，掌握一定综合文化修养和一定的业务水平。

解析：此段中文原文描述了学位教育目标，即培养一种综合发展的人才，他们要具备全面的素质，适应社会主义现代化建设和市场经济的需要。

同时，他们还要有高度的职业道德和创新精神，并且要具备一定的基础理论知识、科研能力和外语能力，以及综合文化修养和业务水平。

在翻译中，需要注意准确表达中文原文的意思，并保持语句通顺和语法正确。

此外，在使用英语词汇时，应选用适当的用词，以符合原文描述的要求。

同时，避免直译和机械翻译，在保持句意的前提下，适当调整词序和表达方式，使之符合英语的表达习惯。

总结：考研英语2002真题的翻译部分要求考生能够准确理解和应用中英文之间的翻译，通过将中文原文转化为符合英语表达的句子。

在解答该题时，需要注意准确表达中文原文的意思，保持语句通顺和语法正确。

同时，应选择适当的词汇和表达方式，使之符合英语的表达习惯。

这样才能完成一个准确、流畅、地道的翻译。

2002年考研英语一参考译文

2002年的考研英语一试题，是许多考生心中难以忘怀的一段经历。

那一年的试题，不仅考察了我们的英语知识，更考验了我们的逻辑思维和解决问题的能力。

首先，阅读理解部分，文章选材广泛，涉及社会、科技、文化等多个领域。

其中，有一篇关于网络的文章，让我印象深刻。

文章通过讲述网络的发展，揭示了网络对人们生活的影响，同时也提出了网络可能带来的问题。

这让我认识到，作为新时代的我们，既要充分利用网络的优势，也要警惕其可能带来的问题。

其次，完形填空部分，文章讲述了一个关于友谊的故事。

通过这个故事，我深刻理解了友谊的真谛：真正的朋友，是在你困难时给予你帮助，而不是在你成功时与你分享喜悦。

最后，翻译部分，虽然难度较大，但是通过反复练习，我还是取得了不错的成绩。

这让我明白，只有通过不断的努力和实践，才能真正提高自己的能力。

总的来说，2002年的考研英语一试题，不仅提高了我的英语水平，更让我收获了许多人生的启示。

我相信，这些经历和感悟，将会成为我未来人生道路上的宝贵财富。

2002年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译

但为君故系列
C. 享有某些特权 D. 用午餐时都很忙 23. 从文中可以推出，公共服务____。 A. 给许多人带来利益 B. 是公众注意的焦点 C. 不适合作为幽默的笑料 D. 经常是大家的笑料 24.为了达到预期的效果，幽默故事应该以____方式讲述。 A. 话语措辞得当 B. 尽可能地不自然 C. 用夸张的词语 D. 尽可能自然。 25. 这篇文章最好的标题是 A. 有效地使用幽默 B. 各种各样的幽默 C. 在谈话中添加幽默 D. 不同的幽默策
但为君故系列
人自杀，你就可以去冒你病人自杀的风险。 ”
6
谋杀，因为医生并没有想杀死病人。假定你是一名医生，只要你的目的不是让病另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡：完善临终护理》。报告确定了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序” ，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让病人临终时痛苦不堪。医疗行业正在采取措施，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，测试各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识，为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例，以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人的临终痛苦。安纳斯说，在坚持让善意的医疗动机转化成更好的护理方面，律师可以发挥关键作用。 “不少医生对病人不必遭受的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷” ，甚至构成 “蓄意虐待病人” 。他说，行医执照颁发机构“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡可以被认为是由于医生治疗不当造成的，应当吊销其行医执照” 。 36. 从前三段中，我们可以知道 A. 医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法控制病人的疼痛 B. 医生帮助病人结束生命仍是不合法的 C. 最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人结束生命 D. 病人没有法律赋予的权力去自杀 37. 按照课文，下列哪个观点是正确的? A. 如果医生冒病人死亡的风险，他将被认为有罪。 B. 现代医学一直在帮助那些临死病人进行无痛康复。 C. 法院判决，医生可以开大剂量镇痛药。 D. 医生开出的药是否合法不再取决于他们的意图。 38. 根据 NAS 的报告，临终关怀的问题之一是 A. 延长的医疗程序 B. 对病痛处理不力 C. 蓄意的药物滥用 D. 医院护理不足 39. 第七段第二行出现的 aggressive 的含义是什么？ A. 大胆的。 B. 有害的。 C. 粗心的。 2016 硕士研究生入学考试但为君故。

2002年考研英语二阅读text3精翻

2002年考研英语二阅读text3精翻（原创版）目录1.考研英语阅读理解真题 Text3 概述2.文章主要内容概括3.文章结构分析4.文章精翻及重点单词正文一、考研英语阅读理解真题 Text3 概述本文为 2002 年考研英语阅读理解真题 Text3，文章主要讨论了经济衰退的潜在影响以及 opec 减产对油价的影响。

二、文章主要内容概括文章首先提到了经济衰退的坏日子可能会再次到来，因为 opec 同意进行供应削减。

随后，文章指出了由于 opec 的供应削减，原油价格大幅上涨。

最后，文章分析了油价上涨对经济的影响，以及人们如何通过发明更多巧妙的工具来应对危险、枯燥、繁重或讨厌的任务。

三、文章结构分析文章共分为三段。

第一段引入话题，提出了经济衰退的潜在影响；第二段详细介绍了 opec 的供应削减对油价的影响；第三段讨论了油价上涨对经济的影响以及人们如何应对各种问题。

四、文章精翻及重点单词1.indeed: 确实，实际上2.hence: 因此，所以3.however: 然而，但是4.therefore: 因此，所以5.brough: 带来，引起6.followed: 跟随，接着7.stimulated: 刺激，激发8.characterized: 表现为，以…为特征9.unless: 除非，如果不10.since: 自从，因为11.institutional: 机构的，体制的12.universal: 普遍的，通用的13.fundamental: 基础的，根本的14.instrumental: 仪器的，有帮助的petitive: 竞争的，具有竞争力的16.controversial: 有争议的，引起争论的17.distracting: 使人分心的，干扰的18.irrational: 不合理的，无理的19.context: 上下文，背景20.range: 范围，区间21.scope: 范围，程度22.territory: 领土，地域23.regarded: 被认为，被看待24.impressed: 留下印象，印象深刻25.influenced: 影响，作用26.effected: 产生影响，实现27.apparent: 明显的，显然的28.desirable: 值得要的，理想的29.negative: 消极的，负面的30.plausible: 似乎有理的，似乎可信的通过这篇文章，我们可以看到 opec 的供应削减对油价产生了重大影响，而油价的上涨可能会对全球经济产生多种影响。

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句子拆分：
拆分点参考：连词
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change//partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and//partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：谓语动词,连词
The role of natural selection in evolution//was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, //and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior ofthe individual//is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：从属连词，谓语动词
One difficulty is //that almost all of what is called behavioral science // continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
（2）被动语态：按照被动语态的翻译方法，第一个简单句中的was formulated,处理成“得以、得到”，第二个简单句中的to be recognized and studied也可处理成“得以、得到”。
（3）连接这两个简单句的and在语法上表示并列关系，但在意义上是转折关系，故翻译为“而”表示对立。
other kinds of explanations其他解释方式
技巧点拨：
（1）汉语中习惯前因后果，故原则上本句中的原因状语需要翻译到主句之前；但也有例外，我们可以借助词汇进行处理，用六个字“之所以......是因为（原因是）......”，这样就不需要对原文大动干戈了。
（2）被动语态to be directly observed（直接被观察到），可采用省略“被”字的翻译方法，译为“直接观察到”，这在汉语中与“水可以直接喝”类似，都是用主动的词汇表达被动的意思。
完整译文：
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始得到认识和研究。
二、翻译题解
（61）One difficultyisthatalmost all ofwhatiscalled behavioral sciencecontinuesto trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
完整译文：
行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
（63）The role of natural selection in evolution //was formulatedonly a little more than a hundred years ago, //andthe selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual//isonly beginning to be recognized and studied.
完整译文：
难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格（特征）、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
（62）The behavioral scienceshave beenslow to change partlybecausethe explanatory items oftenseemto be directly observed and partlybecauseother kinds of explanationshave beenhard to find.
解析：
（1）主句是The behavioral sciences have been slow to change。
（2）and连接两个并列的原因状语从句：partly because ... and partly because ...。
词的处理：
the explanatory items用以解释的要素、依据（内容，项目）
behavioral science行为科学
states of mind心态，意识状态
feelings感情
traits of character性格特点
技巧点拨：
（1）what和that引导的名词性从句直接翻译均可，无需调整顺序。
（2）减词法：短语states of mind（心理状态）、traits of character（性格特征）、human nature（人类本性）均可以采用减词法，分别翻译成两个字的形式：“心态”“性格”“人性”，朗朗上口，符合汉语对仗的习惯。
formulated阐述；表述；解释；论证
shaping形成（造就）
maintaining保持，维护
recognized认可，承认
技巧点拨：
（1）定语前置翻译：in evolution修饰natural selection，而of natural selection又作定语修饰the role，因此role为主语中心词，将定语前置翻译，译文为“自然选择在进化过程中的作用”。
解析：
（1）主干结构是One difficulty is that...
（2）almost all of what is called behavioral science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓ues to trace behavior to ...继续针对……研究行为
2002年考研英语翻译真题精练精讲
万学海文
一、全真试题
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior，and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior，but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.61）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.62）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important，but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull，it selects，and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood，however，effects once assigned to states of mind，feelings，and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions，and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.64）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning“values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends?65）Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.