国际实物配送outcome2
HND-国际实物配送2
HND-国际实物配送21Transportation modesMode Totalmode cost Cost perpalletTransittimeAdvantages DisadvantagesSea 620 24.8 7days Cheap andlargecapacity Slow and high risksAir 1265 253 4hours Fast andsecure Expensive and finite capacityRail 1275 51 2days Fast andlargecapacity Less flexible and need railroadDirect road 1350 67.5 3days Better forshipped andconvenient Small capacity and expensiveMulti-mode 1185 47.4 7 days18hours Reducehanding ofcargo andquickertransit timesCost ofinvestment ishighTake sea as an example, because the shipping requires 25 pallets and the total cost is 620, the cost per pallet is 620/25=24.8. In the similar way, other result also can be calculated, except the Multi-mode. The Multi-mode’ cost is 1185 including 125, 620, 295, and145, thus the cost per pallet is 1185/25=47.4.Air transportation is optimum choice. Air transportation can use the least time to convey goods due to faster speed. Besides, it also ensures the security to a large extent relatively. However, it also has some disadvantages. Air transportation has expensive cost, and airport is distant from municipal center.Sea transportation also can be chosen. Though it is the slowest method and vulnerable to bad weather in ocean, it is the lowest expenses of freight and carries the largest quantities.Angus Glen also can select rail. Rail has a large capacity and is less refrained by bad weather. Rail has these disadvantages, it is not much flexible and can notwork without railroad.2 Consignment delivery termFCA Free Carrier(named placeof delivery) A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods named airport, terminal, or other place where carrier operates. Cost loss transfer buyer and risk of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the carriers. The seller fulfils his obligation deliver when he has handed goods over, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named named by the buyer at the named place. When used trade terms, word“free” means seller has an obedience to deliver goods named place for transfer to carrier (, 2016).FOB Free OnBoard(named portof shipment) a term in international commercial law specifying at what point the seller transfers ownership of the goods to the buyer. Under the Incoterms 2010 standard published by the International Chamber of Commerce, FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight, and also defines ownership transfer. The owner of the goods is responsible for damage or loss during transport, so the point of ownership transfer is important(, 2016).CIF Cost,Insurance &Freight(named portof destination) This term is broadly similar to the above CFR term, with the exception that the seller is required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit to the named port of destination. CIF requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of their value under at least the minimu)m cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses of the Institute of London Underwriters, or any similar set of clauses. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract. CIF can be used by any transport by sea and air not limited to containerized or non-containerized cargo and includes all charges up to the port/terminal of entrance. CIP covers additional charges at the port/terminal of entrance(, 2016).CPT Carriage Paidto (namedplace ofdestination) The seller pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named place of destination. However, the goods are considered to be delivered when the goods have been handed over to the first or main carrier, so that the risk transfers to buyer upon handing goods over to thatcarrier at the place of shipment in the country of Export. The seller is responsible for origin costs including export clearance and freight costs for carriage to the named place of destination. If the buyer requires the seller to obtain insurance, the Incoterm CIP should be considered instead(, 2016).CIP Carriage andInsurancePaid to(named placeof destination) CIP requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of the contract value under at least the minimum cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses of the Institute of London Underwriters or any similar set of clauses. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract, and should allow the buyer, the seller, and anyone else with an insurable interest in the goods to be able to make a claim.CIP can be used for all modes of transport, whereas the Incoterm CIF should only be used for non-containerised seafreight(, 2016).DAT Delivered AtTerminal(namedterminal atport or placeof destination) This Incoterm requires that the seller delivers the goods, unloaded, at the named terminal. The seller covers all the costs of transport (export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges) and assumes all risk until arrival at the destination port or terminal.The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange, but must be a facility with the capability to receive the shipment.All charges after unloading are to be borne by buyer. However, it is important to note that any delay or demurrage charges at the terminal will generally be for the seller's account(, 2016).DAP Delivered AtPlace (namedplace ofdestination) Under DAP terms, the risk passes from seller to buyer from the point of destination mentioned in the contract of delivery.Once goods are ready for shipment, the necessary packing is carried out by the seller at his own cost, so that the goods reach their final destination safely. All necessary legal formalities in the exporting country are completed by the seller at his own cost and risk to clear the goods for export(, 2016).DDP DeliveredDuty Paid(named placeof destination) Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. This term is often used in place of the non-Incoterm Free In Store. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer. No risk or responsibility is transferred to the buyer until delivery of the goods at the named place of destination(, 2016).Inc ote rm 20 10 Export-CustomsdeclarationCarriagetoport ofexportUnloadingoftruckinport ofexportLoadingcharges inport ofexportCarriage(SeaFreight/AirFreight) toportofimportUnloadingchargesinportofimportLoadingontruckinport ofimportCarriage toplaceofdestinationInsuranceImportcustomsclearanceImporttaxesEX W BuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerFC Sell Sell Bu Bu Buye Buy Buy Buy Buy BuyFor incoterms ’ importance, it can ensure that transactions are finished successfully and safely. By negotiating, sellers and buyers can sign contract containing right and duty and other pertinent item. It also explicitly shows the price and cost between buyers and sellers. In general, buyers should pay cost, freight and insurance. It is good for solving conflict. In the end, incoterms is beneficial for relevant agencies to carry out operational activities3 Consolidation and groupage arrangementA er er yer yer r er er er er er FOB Sell er Sell er Sell er Sell er Buye r Buy erBuy er Buy erBuy erBuy erCP T Sell er Sell er Sell er Sell er Seller Sell er Sell er Sell erBuy er Buy erCI F Sell erSell erSell erSell erSeller Sell erBuy erBuy erSell er Buy erBuyerCI P Sell er Sell er Sell er Sell er Seller Sell er Sell er Sell er Sell er Buy er BuyerDA T Sell er Sell er Sell er Sell er Seller Sell er Sell er Sell er Buy er Buy er DA P Sell er Sell er Sell er Sell er Seller Sell er Sell er Sell er Buy er Buy er DD PSell er Sell er Sell er Sell erSeller Sell er Sell er Sell erSell er Sell erGroupage Less-than-container load (LCL) is a shipment that is notlarge enough to fill a standard cargo container. Theabbreviation LCL formerly applied to less than car loadfor quantities of material from different shippers or fordelivery to different destinations carried in a singlerailway car for efficiency. LCL freight was often sortedand redistributed into different railway cars atintermediate railway terminals en route to the finaldestination.(Henry, Robert Selph (1942))LCL is "a quantity of cargo less than that required forthe application of a carload rate. A quantity of cargo lessthan that fills the visible or rated capacity of aninter-modal container. It can also be defined as aconsignment of cargo which is inefficient to fill ashipping container. It is grouped with otherconsignments for the same destination in a container ata container freight station.[2]Consolidation People take above Groupage’s containers to samewarehouse to preserve together. Then, carrying them todifferent boat according to these container’s destination,for example, there are 5 containers and 2 boat. If 2containers’destination is the U.S, they will be carriedon A boat.If another 3 containers is to UK, they will becarried on B boat.Circumstances when they could be used The groupage often is normally used by the sea, rail and direct road. Its number is not large and the goods have no rigorous time requirements. Consolidation is fit for air transportation and carries necessities, thus w hen some emergencies happens or transportation need less time, the consolidation will be used. It acknowledges the general products instead of the exceptional productsCost effective pallet load level By the part 1, the choice is direct road whose cost is 1350 and to per pallet is 108 so result is 1350/108 =12.5.By calculating, the result is 12.5, so, when the load is equal to or bigger than 12.5 pallets, the direct road mode is effective. However, according to method, the result should be rounded to the nearest integer, thus the result is 13 finally.4 Least total costRoute A Mode CostKirriemuir to Coatbridge Road145+28=173poundsCoatbridge to Southampton Rail 315+15+12*2+24.5+55=433.5 poundsSouthampton to Port de montreal Canada Sea 1880+24.5+34=1938.5 poundsPort de montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel Road 420+2*18+32=488 poundsHire cost32*6=192pounds Insurance 80*(1+10%)=88 poundsTotal cost 3313 poundsRoute B Mode CostKirriemuir to Tillbury Road505+32+6*15=627 poundsTillbury to Port Sea 2010+24.5+34=de montrealCanada2068.5 poundsPort de montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel Road 420+2*18+32=488 poundsHire cost23*6=138pounds Insurance 80 poundsTotal cost 3401.5 poundsByabovechart,Rout e A-- Kirriemuir Bottling Plant to Coatbridge Railport to Southampton Container Terminal to Port de Montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel is optimum choice. Because the cost of Route A is lower than Route B.5 Procedures and documentation tableArea Procedure DocumentationTransportation Foremost, companyselects freight forwarder Insurance listRoute Mode LeasttotalcostA Road RailSea Road 3313 poundsand sign contract and convey the goods from UK to the port of exports. Then, company loads goods after checking. Next, the purchaser lets bearer to help convey the goods. Then, conveying them to Canada. Next, the purchasers empty the ship. Then, the purchaser convey the goods to the manufacture’s factory. Finally, the goods are in the destination, finishing the process. Commercial invoice[3]Goods classification Packing listCommerce Foremost, buyer consultprice for seller. Then selleranswer the question andoffer quotation andpro-forma invoice. Next,buyer goes to custom andsign CISG[5]. Then sellerexport goods. Proforma invoice[4] Export invoice CISG International commercial contractCustoms Custom staff checkwhether there areforbidden goods. If goodsall are eligible, they willbe allowed to enter intoCanada and tax goods Customs invoice Customs declarationGood classificationIn the transportation, this procedure’s flow chart perhaps is warehouse, station, container freight yard, customs and destination, which involves these documents such as Insurance list, commercial invoice, goods classification, etc. Incommerce, the flow chart, consulting, contract, order formand preparation goods, whose relevant documents have p roforma invoice, export invoice, CISG, international commercial contract. In custom, the pertinent procedure is uploading, checking, taxing and permitting through and its documents have customs invoice, customs declaration, good classification and so on.。
国际食品贸易协议：运输与质量保障条款
国际食品贸易协议：运输与质量保障条款本合同目录一览1. 定义与术语1.1 合同双方1.2 货物1.3 运输1.4 质量保障1.5 违约1.6 第三方2. 货物描述2.1 货物的种类与数量2.2 货物的质量标准2.3 货物的包装要求3. 运输条款3.1 运输方式3.2 运输时间3.3 运输费用3.4 货物保险4. 质量保障条款4.1 质量检验4.2 质量保证4.3 质量问题的处理5. 交付与付款5.1 交付日期5.2 付款方式5.3 付款条件6. 违约责任6.1 卖方的违约行为6.2 买方的违约行为6.3 违约的赔偿7. 争议解决7.1 争议的解决方式7.2 仲裁地点与机构7.3 法律适用8. 合同的生效与终止8.1 合同的生效条件8.2 合同的终止条件9. 保密条款9.1 保密信息的定义9.2 保密义务9.3 保密信息的例外10. 不可抗力10.1 不可抗力的定义10.2 不可抗力的后果11. 合同的修改与补充11.1 合同的修改11.2 合同的补充12. 合同的适用法律与管辖法院12.1 法律适用12.2 管辖法院13. 合同的附件13.1 附件的定义与效力13.2 附件的修改与补充14. 其他条款14.1 通知与通讯14.2 合同的完整性与独立性14.3 合同的转让14.4 合同的解除第一部分：合同如下：1. 定义与术语1.1 合同双方1.2 货物本合同中的货物指（填写货物名称、数量、质量等信息）。
货物应符合国际或双方认可的质量标准。
1.3 运输运输指从卖方所在地将货物运至买方指定目的地的一切活动。
运输方式为（填写运输方式，如海运、空运等）。
1.4 质量保障质量保障指卖方对所供货物质量承担的义务和保证。
1.5 违约1.6 第三方第三方指除合同双方以外的其他自然人、法人或其他组织。
2. 货物描述2.1 货物的种类与数量本合同涉及的货物为（填写货物名称、数量等详细信息）。
货物数量以（计量单位）计，具体为（填写数量）。
国际实物配送outcome
国际实物配送outcome————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Technical report 1--- International Transport Modes Table – International transport modesMod e TotalmodecostCost perpalletTransittimeMode advantages ModedisadvantagesSea £620 £24.8 7days 1.lowest expense of freight.2. large quantities.3.long distance1.slowest2.vulnerable tobad weather3.less punctual4.high riskAir £1265 £253 4hours 1.improve efficiencyoperations2.increase securitye information technology4.faster speed1.high total cost2.the weightlimit3.not too farfrom the airportRail £1275 £51 2days rge capacity2.relatively punctual3.economical4.relatively high speed5.less prone to interruptionsby proo wether1.confined torailroad2.less flexibleDire ct road £1350 £67.5 3days1.better for short-shipped2.flxible and convenient1.small capacity2.high transportcost3.high rate ofgood s damage4.disrupted byweatherMult i-mo de £1185 £47.4 7daysand18hours1.reduce handing of cargo2.permit door-to-door service3.reduce the risk of pilferagewith subsequent savings oninsurance premiums4.quicker transit times5.enable the quotation ofthrough rates to the distance1.investmentcost are high2.not all cargo issuitable forcontainersationThe Explanation of DataSea:the total cost is £620, this is because of the sea transport is 40ft container carrying 25 pallets and the price is £620 per container. Cost per pallet= total mode cost/ pallet, thus the cost per pallet= £620/25= £24.8. The transit time is 7 days in the basic data.Air: the total cost is £1265, this is because of the air will be by airplane cargo hold , at maximum of five pallet and the price is £1265 per 5 pallets. Cost per pallet=total mode cost /pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1265/5=£253. The transit time is 4 hours.Rail: Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet. Thus the cost per pallet=£1275/25=£51. The transit time is 2 days. the total mode cost is £1275, this is due to that the rail transport will be by 40ft container carrying 25 pallets, thus the price is £1275.Direct road: the total mode cost equal to £1350, the price is £1350 per flat bed container lorry and the direct road will be by curtain side rigid lorry carrying 20 pallets. Thus the total mode cost is £1350. Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1350/20=£67.5, the transmit time is 3 days.Multi-mode: first of all, the price is £125 from the Milan Glass Works to Genoa Calata , add the sea mode £620 and the rail cost £295 ,then, add the road form Coatbridge Railport to Kirriemuir Bottling, the cost is £145. Thus Total mode cost=£125+£620+£295+£145=£1185. Total pallet= 25. The total mode cost = £1185/25=£47.4. The time =6 hours+7days+5 hours+7 hours=7 days and 18 hours. the total cost equal to £1185.Technical report 2--- Consignment delivery terms Table- Incoterms and their definitionInitial Incoterm DescriptionEXW Ex Works(namedplace ofdelivery)The buyer is responsible for uploading. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligation on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods ready for collection at his premises on the data greet upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller doesn’t load the goods on collecting vehicles and doesn’t clear them for export.FCA Free Carrier(namedplace ofdelivery)A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods to a named airport, terminal, or other place where the carrier operates. Cost for transportation and risk of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the carrier. The seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed the goods over, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place. When used in trade terms, the word “free”means the seller has an obligation to deliver goods to a named place for transfer to carrier.CPT CarriagePaid to(namedplace ofdestination)The risk of damage or loss to the goods being transported is transferred from the seller to the buyer as soon as the goods have been delivered to the carrier. The seller is responsible only for arranging freight to the destination, and not for insuring the goods shipment when it is being transported. It has been designed to suit the needs of modem business.CIP Carriageand It refers to that the seller deliver the goods to the carrier or first carrier and pay for the carriage of goods up to the namedInsurance Paid to (named place of destination)place of destination. Meanwhile, the seller must obtain the insurance for the goods while it transit. After the seller deliver the goods to the carrier, the risk will transmit to buyer.DAT Deliveredat Terminal(namedplace ofdestination)It means the seller covers all the costs of transport such as the export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges.meanwhile, it must assumes all risk until destination port or terminal. The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange. Import duty/taxes/customs costs are to be borne by Buyer. The risk is transmit to buyer when the buyer control the goods.DAP Deliveredat place(namedplace ofdestination)Refers to the seller to ship the goods within the specified destination, need to prepare for unloading without unloading the complete delivery term referring to the arrival of vehicles including ships, including destination port, the seller shall bear all costs and risks of the goods shipped to the specified destination and charges(except import charges) this term applies to any mode of transportation and milti-mode transport by sea.DDP DeliveredDuty Paid(namedplace ofdestination)It means the Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. When the seller complete the deliver in the named place of destination, the risk transmit to buyer. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyerExplanation:Incoterms 2010 is the eighth set of pre-defined international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce. It include 11 terms, such as the EXW, FCA, FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP,DAP,DAT and DDP. These terms improve the efficiency of international trade and simplify the process and stages.The previous version, the rules are divided into four categories, but 11 incoterms 2010 predefined terms based on the delivery method only can be divided into two categories. The rules of a larger group of seven (g7) can be informs The chopped of The method of transmission, and a small group of four applies only to The sales, only involves The transport of water can verify The condition of The goods The loaded on board The ship. They therefore is not 2 for container transportation.Table – Allocations of cost buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010Explanation:EXW is ex factory (place of delivery). Where the word's biggest obligation to the buyer and the seller's minimum obligations. The buyer will pay the cost of many parts, such as the export declaration, transportation, port of export, etc.FCA is free carrier (designated place of delivery), the seller is responsible for the shipment, the carrier of the buyer, the buyer is responsible for unloading and loading the goods to the carrier. When the goods delivered to the carrier, the risk will transfer the buyer.The CPT is carriage paid to (destination) is responsible for the origin of the shipper cost includes transportation export customs clearance and freight named place (usually a destination port or airport). The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final destination (usually the buyer's facilities), or to buy insurance.CIP is the freight and insurance paid to (designated destination), the seller is responsible for most, such as the export customs declaration form, loading and unloading charges at the port of import and export. Insurance is the responsibility of the seller. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.The delivery DAT is terminal (designated destination), the seller is to cover all shipping costs such as export charges, transportation, unloading from the main carrier at the port of destination and the destination port cost. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.Bounce is (specify the destination of delivery), the seller is responsible for arranging transportation and delivery of goods, from traffic tools ready at discharge, at the specified place. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.DDP delivery duty paid (designated destination), the seller is responsible for the goods sent to the designated place in China buyers, the goods to the destination and pay all fees including import duties and taxes. Where the word's largest responsibility on the seller and the buyer minimum obligation.\3.0 Technical report 3---Consolidation and groupage arrangements Chart – Consolidation and groupage arrangementsDefinition ofGroupage To fill a whole box of goods receipts. Thiskind of goods usually by the carrier,respectively, inland freight and in containerfreight station or freight station, and thenwill be more than two ticket cargo in acontainer, also want to stand at thedestination of inland container depot ordevanning delivery respectively. For thisking of goods, the carrier should afford toboxing and unboxing operations, loadingdevanning fee still charge the goods theresponsibility of the carrier for LCL goods,basically the same as the traditional cargotransportation.This type of cargo suits well micro, smalland medium-sized enterprise(SMEs) wheremost of the time cargo to export or import ismuch less than the required weight orvolume to be efficient.Consolidation Consolidation is refers to that theconsolidator will form a whole batch ofmany different and separate batches ofgoods shipped, then it will shipment in theairline ,using an air waybill and shipped tothe same destination.By the air freightrepresentative company to the destinationspecified in the agent receiving, then makecustoms clearance and distribution to the mode of transportation of the actual consignee. This is one of the main business of air freight agent. The periods of consolidation can be found in charts covering any time interval, such as the hours and days. These period can last for days, months or even a year..Circumstances when they could be used 1In less than one FCL loaded small consignment situation, usually are canvassing by the carrier and container freight station or inland freight stations concentrated, and after more than two votes cargo consolidation in a container, the same should in container freight station or inland stations were unpacking destination delivery. could be used.2. When to be required faster thanmulti-mode transport, consolidation could be used.3. Air transport could be used in case of emergency .Cost effective pallet load level From the report 1, we can know the cost is£1350, and we can know the £108 per pallet.Then we calculate the 1350/108, it can getthe answer 12.5. And then it should acquirethe effective pallet load level, so it shouldchoose the best answer, and the best is costeffective load level is 12.Explanation:from the first report, we can get the total cost of £1350, as a result, we can know each tray £108. As a result, cost effective pallet load level [1] = total price = £1350 /bed/tray £108 = 12.5. Thus the cost effective pallet load level = 12.4.0 Technical report 4---Least total cost concept Recommendation ChartsRoute ARoute A Mode CostKirriemuir—Coatbridge R oad £145+£28 =£173 Coatbridge—Southampton Rail £315+£15+(2×£12) +£24.5+£55 =£433.5sea £1880+£24.5+£34 = £1938.5 Southampton—port demontreal canadaTransit time 2+11+1=14daysHire Fee £6*(1+1+3+14+10+1+2)=£192Insurance[2]£80*(1+10%)=£88Total cost £173+£433.5+£1938.5+£488+£192+£88=£3313 Route B Mode CostKirriemu—Tilbury Road £505+£32+（6×£15）=627sea £2010+£32+£34 =£2076Tilbury—Port demontreal Canadaroad £420+（2×£18）+£32 =£488Transit time 1+1+10+1=13daysHire Fee 6*(2+8+11+1+2)=£144Insurance £80Total cost £627+£2076+£488+£144+£80=£3415According to the graph, we can find that the cost of Route A is £3313 but the Route B only use £3415. The Route A < Route B. Thus the best Route is Route A and the mode is road-rail-sea . Recommendation Chart5.0 Technical report 5---Procedures and documentationRoute AModesRoad ,Rail and Sea Least total cost (Excluding standard on cost such as customs etc) £3313Procedures and documentation tableArea Procedures DocumentationTransport[4 ]Firstly, goods should bemoved. Angus Glen Watershould find a freightforwarder. The report of goodsto the port. Formalities andcontract will be prepared.Then, HM customers and UKborder agency need relaterdocumentations that thecompany should offer. Releaseof goods transportation oncecleared. Imports of goods tothe port. In addition, thecompany simplifies proceduresof export to pass the customsfreight. British goods intoCanada customs warehouse orsecurity area, unless specialarrangements, such ascensorship(PARS)beforetravel. Release began totransport to clear goods.Pre-Arrival Review Systemalso should be passed buyershave an enquiry, the sellersgive quotation, next the sellerwill give the pro-formainvoice, the buyer willacknowledge the order, andcontract United NationsFIATA Combined Transport Bill ofLanding[3]Insurance, Packing ListCommercial InvoiceGoods ClassificationCertification of OriginManufacturing DeclarationAccurate ConsigneeInformationPre-Arrival review systemInsurance documentationCustoms declarationUK and Canadian Customs InvoiceConvention on contract for the international Sale Of Goods, seller prepare the goods for export.Commerce Firstly, the buyers enquiry,then the sellers give quotation,next the seller will give thepro-forma invoice, the buyerwill acknowledge the order,and contract United NationsConvention On contract ForThe International Sale OfGoods, seller prepare thegoods for export. Internationalrules for the Interpretation ofTrade Term, INCOTERMS Proforma Invoice[5]Export InvoicePacking listUnited Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale Of GoodsInternational Commercial ContractTitle to sueCustoms The UK and Customs mustensure that there is nounauthorized good, poisonouscargo and other forbiddengoods. On departure andarrival , the UK custom staffmay check goods foranti-smuggling,animal andplant health and others. Theprocedure is that at first,entering data of customsclearance, electronicdeclaration, then thedeclaration checking andchoosing the passageway.Next, printing the tax list and Certification of OriginExport LicensePre-Shipment Inspection certification, International Sales Contact and so onThe buyer should have the packing list, bill of lading and the certification of origin of products export, customs declaration and it will import declaration formCustoms InvoiceCustoms DeclarationGoods Classificationpat for the tax. Finally,clearance.Explanation:In the Transport, the procedure is the include many parts, to the as the CFSP and PARS, the documentation of the include many things,, such as the bill of lading, commercial invoice, insurance, packing list, certificate of origin. Business process including CISG and UCC. These are used for commercial and documents are necessary, such as commercial invoice, pro forma invoice. Customs procedures including input data, declaration, check and pass. In the UK at the same time, the customs will prohibit certain commodities, such as revenue, the health of animals and plants. Documents including the certificate of origin of goods, etc.6.0 Reference[1] Grande, Joseph A. (September 2008). Plastic Pallets Gain Ground In anEco-Conscious World. Plastics Technology. Retrieved 29th April 2015.[4] C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks. The Journal of Risk and Insurance.[3] Levi, Maurice D. (2005). International Finance, 4th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge[4] Data on the barriers and motivators to more sustainable transport behaviour is available in the UK Department for Transport study "Climate Change and Transport Choices" published in December 2010. Retrieved 1 may 2015.[5]"pro forma session". Senate Glossary. United States Senate. Retrieved 2015-5-1.。
跨境货物高效快速配送方案
跨境货物高效快速配送方案第一章跨境货物配送概述 (2)1.1 跨境配送的定义与重要性 (2)1.1.1 跨境配送的定义 (2)1.1.2 跨境配送的重要性 (2)1.2 跨境配送的现状与挑战 (2)1.2.1 跨境配送的现状 (2)1.2.2 跨境配送的挑战 (3)第二章配送策略与模式选择 (3)2.1 配送策略的制定 (3)2.2 配送模式的选择 (4)第三章货物集散与仓储管理 (5)3.1 集散中心的建设与优化 (5)3.2 仓储管理的策略与方法 (5)3.2.1 仓储管理策略 (5)3.2.2 仓储管理方法 (6)第四章跨境运输渠道优化 (6)4.1 运输方式的选择 (6)4.2 运输路线的优化 (6)第五章信息系统的构建与应用 (7)5.1 配送信息系统的设计 (7)5.2 信息共享与协同作业 (8)第六章货物跟踪与监控 (8)6.1 货物追踪技术的应用 (8)6.2 监控系统的构建与运行 (9)第七章配送成本控制与优化 (9)7.1 成本控制策略 (9)7.1.1 优化配送网络布局 (9)7.1.2 选择合适的运输方式和工具 (10)7.1.3 提高运输效率 (10)7.1.4 加强供应链协同 (10)7.1.5 人力资源管理 (10)7.2 成本优化措施 (10)7.2.1 采用先进的物流技术 (10)7.2.2 优化库存管理 (10)7.2.3 强化合作伙伴关系管理 (10)7.2.4 实施绿色物流 (10)7.2.5 开展物流外包 (11)7.2.6 加强物流成本核算与分析 (11)第八章跨境配送风险管理 (11)8.1 风险识别与评估 (11)8.2 风险防范与应对 (11)第九章配送服务与客户满意度 (12)9.1 服务质量的提升 (12)9.2 客户满意度调查与改进 (13)第十章跨境配送的未来发展趋势 (13)10.1 新技术的应用 (13)10.1.1 物联网技术 (13)10.1.2 无人机配送 (13)10.1.3 人工智能与大数据分析 (13)10.2 配送行业的变革与创新 (14)10.2.1 服务模式的创新 (14)10.2.2 企业联盟与合作 (14)10.2.3 绿色物流与可持续发展 (14)10.2.4 政策法规的完善 (14)第一章跨境货物配送概述1.1 跨境配送的定义与重要性1.1.1 跨境配送的定义跨境配送，是指在不同国家或地区之间进行货物的运输、装卸、仓储、配送等一系列物流活动。
SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome1
SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome11.Explain the various tasks which would come under your remit as Physical Resource Manager.As a physical resource manager we have various task such as planning, organising, coordinating, budgeting, controlling and monitoring/evaluating.The first task is planning,as a Physical resource manager we must need know and understand the plan and role in the planning.It is conclude three level of logistics planning:strategic planning, tactical planning, operational planning.The strategic planning is medium to long term planning spanning one to five years. In this case, the Angus Glen Water cooperate with Ecosse Hotels and offer the water to all of the hotel. Due to that the hotel operate in many different countries, Angus Glen Water will enter the international market and this is an big strategy and decision for the company, so they need make the strategic planning.Therefor the manager also need the tactical planning,from we study we can know this planning spanning six months to a year.This planning will deal with annual budgets,which provide the financial basis.Finally we need operational planning,it is controlled the standards and rules and is day to day planning.Manager need detect the weekly and monthly reports to understand the operation of department and take some measures to deal with the problem.The second task is organization,the manager absolutely need to ensure that the plans scheduled and the right task are being done at the right time and by the right person.Dividing up the work is really importance to the manager in organization too.In this task the manager have two small task, the first is find more more manufacturer to produce the glass bottle and find new haulier to transport the product to other countries.The second task is make decision of the transportation mode, such as airline, ship or train,include the production enter in to the new market.After ensure the transportation the manager have to consider the export document.In one word the manager need consider and makesure every process is right and really be done in the whole process from the old market to the new market.Thirdly, coordinating in this task manager have to keeping control at all time to ensure that all plans are met. And this task consist of some small task such as delegating, objective setting. Delegating is one of the most importance coordinating tasks, in this task manager absolutely need to sure that the members of the team understand what is expected of them, just by the way the manager can croodinating. First of all manager must ensure that the person being given the task has the right level of skill to carry out the task[1]. Secondly, is that the manager should tell them what state required results and the resources required. The staff should understand what is the required results and discuss the resources. The manager should set a deadlines and support to them, if the staff meet any problem ,the manager can communicate with them and solve the problem. Finally the manager need evaluate the final results and obtain the feedback. If the manager can delegate the right people , the task will be coordinate. In this case the manager need to coordinate the department and by coordinating improve they work efficiency. Absolutely, setting a target is importance for coordinating, the work person objective. The manager use the objectives to measure the performance and offer some suggestion to others, it will coordinate the task.Fourth task is budgeting, from study we can know the budgeting are cost goal set by top manager, it means through the budgeting the distribution manager can know what the organization goals and objectives are, and what resources will be needed to achieve those goals and objective. Then ensure that distribution activities are profitable and efficient.Fifth is controlling. This task is to ensure that the goals is achieved and comparing the actual results and original objectives. then, the manager canevaluate the detail things and find some good activities and some terrible things.Finally is monitoring and evaluation, as a manager monitoring [2] is essential, because by the way can improve efficient of work such as “independent check ” and “double check ”. In the last task, the manager need make a evaluation about this work. Such as the target, plan,the result is good or bad.2.Explain how the International Trade Department would be structured and how this would benefit Angus Glen over a structure that did not include this department.International trade department can help companies to further expand overseas markets. Including import and export of international trade department, for example, overseas procurement, marketing the three points. Here are some staff to deal with the export or import problem, to the as the export certificate, the document of import and export. The purchasing oversea is in charge of the managementSeniorGeneralProduction Transport andwarehouse Sales and Marketing Research and Developmen Internatio nal trade department Accounts and General administratPurchasing Import andExport Sales and Marketingpurchasing in the world, to the as the material, the bottle and others. The sales and marketing is responsible for the sales and marketing in other countries, and find new customer and sell the product to them.There are some benefit when the company establish the international trade department. At first, this department can help the company expand in the oversea market more convenience and quickly. The second, by establish the department can improve the strength of corporation and improve the popularity of brand. The company has the international trade department and the staff will sell their product to other countries and increase the sales. Finally the company can decrease the cost by international trade department oversea purchasing.3.Describe the links that would operate between the International Trade Department and other departments within the organization. Transport and warehouse department is responsible for transport and preservation stores. Transport department major task is distribution the goods between different city and ensure the goods quality and quantity. Warehouse department have two major task, the first one is preservation the goods this is also the most importance task for warehouse department such as unified the various business processes, periodic inventory system and make sure the consistent of warehouse[3]account, content and card.. The second one is make sure the production is satisfaction.Production department is really important for a company, because this department is link to customers, if the production can’t get satisfaction of customers the company may can not get profit. This department major task is ensure the production activity will finish in time. And this department need have de good corporation with development department and marketing department, because this department need accuracy data to make goods[4].The international trade department is important for the company and it will connect with other department, meanwhile, other department also will get information from the department. Such as, the production department, the international trade department obtain a customer from Canada, so the international trade department will tell the production department to produce the goods and tell them the entail of customer. And the the international trade department is really important to decrease the cost through oversea purchasing. The transport and warehousing department will offer the information of warehousing to international trade department, then the international trade department will help the department to manage the inventory. For the D&R department, the international and trade department can bring some new technology to D&R department from other country. The R&D department will help the international trade department to introduce the goods and offer the technical training. The sales and marketing department will offer the situation of domestic market and help the department to find new customer. Meanwhile, the international trade department can offer the international situation and help the department to adjust their strategy.4.Describe the links the International Trade Department would have with external integrating bodies and why these would exist.There are several external integrating bodies, such as the freight forwarder,import agent, import dealers and others.A freight forwarder, forwarder, or forwarding agent, is a person or company that organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Freight can be booked on a variety of shipping providers, including ships,airplanes, trucks, and railroads. It is not unusual for a single shipment to move on multiple carrier types. International freight forwarders typically handle international shipments. International freight forwarders have additional expertise in preparing and processing customs and other documentation and performing activities pertaining to international shipments.First, it can help companies choose the best transportation and the best transport routes. International trade sector choose to accept orders,, freight forwarding department will contact the production sector. Second, it can help companies to handle different documents, such as customs procedures and other documents, then give the product to the haulier [6]. It also helps the company to pay the freight and customs duties. From freight forwarding task, it can help reduce the cost of international trade sector and risk. At the same time, it can ensure transportation safety products and products.The import agent is a person or company that by accepting the delegation of exporter and help the exporter to handle the import business, It receive some commissions. In general, the import agents do not assume the credit risk, exchange and market, it has no the ownership . of products, there are four types of import agents, such as brokers, factors, manufacturer;. s representatives and managing agents that can help international trade sector to purchase some materials from other countries in order to reduce costs. Because import agency is specialized in importing stuff, so it can ensure the quality and cost. At the same time, it can help the international trade sector input and analysis of the local market. it can help the international trade department to enter and analyze the local market. In this case, if the company need some material, they can use this agent to solve the problem.5.Reference[1] SQA. International Physical Distribution Unit student Guide, Part three.[2] Continent's only press release wire service, African Press Organization PR Week - May 10, 2013[3] Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Potters, Lesley; Vivarelli, Marco,2011 R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data. Empirical Economics 41 (3)[4] Moroney, J. R. (1967) Cobb-Douglass production functions and returns to scale in US manufacturing industry, Western Economic Journal, vol 6, no 1, December 1967, pp 39–51.[5] Kenya Clearing & Forwarding Agents | Kenya Freight Forwarders - Customs Clearance | Aeromarine Logistics - Freight Clearing Forwarding Kenya". Aeromarine.co.ke. Retrieved 2013-01-17.[6] Blaszak, Michael W. "ABC's of Railroading: Trackage and Haulage Rights," Trains, 1 May 2006, accessed 30 August 2011。
国际贸易中的寄送样品技巧
寄送样品的技巧
18.销售旺季来临前举办免费样品促销是最 销售旺季来临前举办免费样品促销是最 为理想的时机。 为理想的时机。 19.不是只有带来订单的样品投入才有价值， 不是只有带来订单的样品投入才有价值， 不是只有带来订单的样品投入才有价值 要发掘有价值的用户 20.要让客户知道，即使样品免费，无论其 要让客户知道， 要让客户知道 即使样品免费， 货值如何，都是您公司的运营成本。 货值如何，都是您公司的运营成本。 21.建议根据客户等级建立样品寄送标准 建议根据客户等级建立样品寄送标准
寄送样品的技巧
THAN说明情况让对方先付一部分的费用后来在大批的货物费用中扣除寄送样品的技巧15
国际贸易中的寄送 样品技巧 商务09002
寄送样品的技巧
1.样品及资料要齐全 样品及资料要齐全 2.在样品上写上自己的联系方式 在样品上写上自己的联系方式 3.在样品里放些轻巧而实惠的小礼物 在样品里放些轻巧而实惠的小礼物 4.给客户提供他想知道的材料信息 给客户提供他想知道的材料信息 5.面对要求寄样品的邮件，只处理那些自 面对要求寄样品的邮件， 面对要求寄样品的邮件 我介绍详细，目标产品明确的邮件。 我介绍详细，目标产品明确的邮件。 6.要求客人提供到付账号，如果没有坚决 要求客人提供到付账号， 要求客人提供到付账号 不打样，不寄样。 不打样，不寄样。
寄送样品的技巧
15.根据谈判的进程，如果接近下单的，可 根据谈判的进程，如果接近下单的， 根据谈判的进程 以先跟对方说明情况， 以先跟对方说明情况，让对方先付一部分 的费用， 的费用，后来在大批的货物费用中扣除 16.查询当地的红盾网，也就是工商管理的 查询当地的红盾网， 查询当地的红盾网 网站，确认企业真实性， 网站，确认企业真实性，再进一步决定是 否寄样 17.一旦寄出样品，告诉顾客单号，方便查 一旦寄出样品， 一旦寄出样品 告诉顾客单号， 询
国际实物配送outcome2
Tech ni cal report 1--- Intern ati onal Tran sport Modes Table —Intern ati onal tra nsport modesThe Expla nati on of DataSea：the total cost is 览20, this is becauseof the sea transport is 40ft container carrying 25 pallets and the price is 览20 per container. Cost per pallet= total mode cost/ pallet, thus the cost per pallet= 620/25= 24.8£The tran sit time is 7 days in the basic data.Air: the total cost is £265, this is becauseof the air will be by airplane cargo hold , at maximum of five pallet and the price is £265 per 5 pallets. Cost per pallet=total mode cost /pallet, thus the cost per pallet=1265/5= 253. The tTan sit time is 4 hours.Rail: Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet. Thus the cost per pallet= 1275/25= 51. £The transit time is 2 days. the total mode cost is £1275, this is due to that the railtran sport will be by 40ft container carry ing 25 pallets, thus the price is 1275. £Direct road：the total mode cost equal to £350, the price is £350 per flat bed container lorry and the direct road will be by curtain side rigid lorry carrying 20 pallets. Thus the total mode cost is 1350. Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet, thus the cost per pallet= 1350/20= 67.5, the tran smit time is 3 days.Multi-mode：first of all, the price is 125 from the Mila n Glass Works to Genoa Calata , add the sea mode £620 and the rail cost £295 ,then, add the road form Coatbridge Railport to K irriemuir Bottling, the cost is £45. Thus Total mode cost= 125+ £620+ £295+ £45= £1185. Total pallet= 25. The total mode cost = £185/25= 47.4. The time =6 hours+7days+5 hours+7 hours=7 days and 18 hours. the total cost equal to 1185. £Tech ni cal report 2--- Con sig nment delivery terms Table- In coterms and their defi niti onplace of destination. Meanwhile, the seller must obtain thein sura nce for the goods while it tran sit. After the seller deliver the goods to the carrier, the risk will tran smit to buyer. Expla nati on:In coterms 2010 is the eighth set of pre-defi ned intern ati onal con tract terms publishedby the International Chamber of Commerce. It include 11 terms, such as the EXW, FCA, FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP,DAP,DAT and DDP. These terms improve the efficie ncy of intern atio nal trade and simplify the process and stages.In sura nee Paid to (n amed place of desti natio n)DATDelivered at Terminal (n amed place of desti natio n)It means the seller covers all the costs of tran sport such as t export fees, carriage, uni oadi ng from main carrier at desti nati on port and dest in ati on port charges.mea nwhile, it must assumes all risk un til desti nati on port or term in al. The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange. Import duty/taxes/customs costs are to be borne by Buyer. The risk is tran smit to buyer whe n the buyer con trol the goods.neDAPDelivered at place (n amed place of desti natio n)Refers to the seller to ship the goods withi n the specified dest in ati on, n eed to prepare for uni oad ing without uni oad ing the complete delivery term referri ng to the arrival of vehicles in clud ing ships, in cludi ng dest in ati on port, the seller shall bear all costs and risks of the goods shipped to the specified dest in ati on and charges(except import charges) this term applies to any mode of tran sportatio n and milti-mode tran sport by sea.DDPDelivered Duty Paid (n amed place of desti natio n)It means theSeller is resp on sible for deliveri ng the goods to the n amed place in the country of the buyer, and pays all co: in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not resp on sible for uni oad ing. When the seller complete the deliver in the named place of destination, the risk transmit to buyer. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyerThe previous versi on, the rules are divided into four categories, but 11 in coterms 2010 predefi ned terms based on the delivery method only can be divided into two categories. The rules of a larger group of seve n (g7) can be in forms The chopped of The method of tran smissi on, and a small group of four applies only to The sales, only invo Ives The tran sport of water can verify The con diti on of The goods The loaded on board The ship. They therefore is not 2 for container tran sportati on.Table -Allocati ons of cost buyer/seller accord ing to In coterms 2010EXW is ex factory (place of delivery). Where the word's biggest obligati on to the buyer and the seller's minimumobligations. The buyer will pay the cost of many parts, such as the export declarati on, tran sportati on, port of export, etc.FCA is free carrier (designated place of delivery), the seller is responsible for the shipme nt, the carrier of the buyer, the buyer is resp on sible for uni oadi ng and load ing the goods to the carrier. When the goods delivered to the carrier, the risk will transfer the buyer.The CPT is carriage paid to (destination) is responsible for the origin of the shipper cost in cludes tran sportati on export customs cleara nee and freight n amed place (usually a destination port or airport). The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final desti nati on (usually the buyer's facilities), or to buy in sura nee.CIP is the freight and in sura nee paid to (desig nated desti nati on), the seller is resp on sible for most, such as the export customs declarati on form, loadi ng and uni oad ing charges at the port of import and export. In sura nee is the resp on sibility of the seller. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.The delivery DAT is terminal (designated destination), the seller is to cover all shipp ing costs such as export charges, tran sportati on, uni oad ing from the main carrier at the port of destination and the destination port cost. The buyer is responsible for the import customs cleara nce and tax. The seller pays for most.Bounce is (specify the desti nati on of delivery), the seller is resp on sible for arranging tran sportati on and delivery of goods, from traffic tools ready at discharge, at the specified place. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.DDP delivery duty paid (desig nated dest in ati on), the seller is resp on sible for the goods sent to the desig nated place in China buyers, the goods to the dest in ati on and pay all fees including import duties and taxes. Where the word's largest responsibility on the seller and the buyer minimum obligati on.3.0 Tech ni cal report 3---Con solidati on and groupage arran geme nts Chart -Consolidation and groupage arrangementsExpla nati on:from the first report, we can get the total cost of 1350, as a result, We can know each tray 108. As a result, cost effective pallet load level [1] = total price = 1350 / bed/tray 106 = 12.5. Thus the cost effective pallet load level = 12.4.0 Tech ni cal report 4---Least total cost con ceptRecomme ndati on ChartsRoute AAccording to the graph, we can find that the cost of Route A is 3313 but the Routed only use 均415. TheRoute A < Route B. Thus the best Route is Route A and the mode is road-rail-sea . Recomme ndati on Chart5.0 Tech ni cal report 5---Procedures and docume ntati on Procedures and docume ntatio n tableIn the Tran sport, the procedure is the in elude many parts, to the as the CFSP and PARS, the documentation of the include many things,, such as the bill of lading, commercial inv oice, in sura nee, pack ing list, certificate of orig in. Busin ess process in cludi ng CISG and UCC. These are used for commercial and docume nts are n ecessary, such as commercial inv oice, pro forma inv oice. Customs procedures in clud ing in put data, declarati on, check and pass. In the UK at the same time, the customs will prohibit certain commodities, such as revenue, the health of animals and pla nts. Docume nts in cludi ng the certificate of orig in of goods, etc.6.0 Refere nee[1] Gran de, Joseph A. (September 2008). Plastic Pallets Gain Ground In an Eco-Co nscious World. Plastics Tech no logy. Retrieved 29th April 2015.[4] C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). The Impact of the European Union In sura neeDirectives on In sura nee Compa ny Stocks. The Jour nal of Risk and In sura nee.[3] Levi, Maurice D. (2005). I nternatio nal F inance, 4th Editio n. New York, NY: Routledge[4] Data on the barriers and motivators to more susta in able tran sport behaviour is available in the UK Departme nt for Tran sport study "Climate Change and Tran sport Choices" published in December 2010. Retrieved 1 may 2015.[5]"pro forma sessi on". Sen ate Glossary. Un ited States Sen ate. Retrieved 2015-5-1.。
全球食品配送市场发展趋势分析
全球食品配送市场发展趋势分析近年来，随着全球经济和城市化进程的不断发展，食品配送行业逐渐成为全球市场的重要组成部分。
越来越多的人们选择将食物送到家门口，这催生了全球食品配送市场的蓬勃发展。
本文将重点分析全球食品配送市场的发展趋势，并从三个方面进行论述。
一、技术创新带来便捷化随着科技的不断进步和创新，互联网、物联网以及智能设备的广泛应用，使得食品配送市场愈发便捷化。
全球范围内的食品外送平台和手机应用程序的兴起，使得消费者能够随时随地通过手机或电脑订购各种美食。
同时，物联网技术的应用也使得消费者和配送员之间的交流更加便捷，提高了配送的效率。
二、冷链物流提升品质保障随着人们对食品安全和品质要求的提高，冷链物流在全球食品配送市场中发挥着重要作用。
冷链物流能够及时将食品从生产地配送到消费者手中，保持食品的新鲜度和口感，确保食品的品质安全。
运用先进的冷冻、冷藏和保鲜技术，加强温度和湿度的控制，可以保证食品在配送过程中不受影响，从而提升消费者对食品配送市场的信任度。
三、可持续发展引领未来如今，全球范围内越来越多的人们开始重视环境保护和可持续发展。
在食品配送市场中，电动车辆和无人机等新兴技术开始逐渐应用。
电动车辆具有零排放的特点，有效降低了配送过程中的环境污染。
而无人机则具有快速、高效、准确的特点，可以应对部分特殊情况下的紧急配送需求。
可持续发展将是全球食品配送市场未来的发展方向。
综上所述，全球食品配送市场面临着技术创新、冷链物流和可持续发展等多重趋势。
随着科技的进步，食品配送市场将变得更加便捷化，消费者将更加方便地享受到各种美食。
同时，冷链物流的发展将保证食品的供应质量，提高消费者对食品配送市场的信任度。
最后，可持续发展将引领全球食品配送市场的未来，推动该市场朝着更加绿色、环保的方向发展。
商法Outcome 2 案例
DE3E 34: Business Law: An IntroductionOutcome covered 2Case Study 1Samir is walking down Princes Street one Saturday morning when he notices a very eye-catching display of sets of golf clubs in the window of Fairways, a well-known Edinburgh sports retailer. As Samir is a very keen golfer, he stops to pay more attention to the window display. Samir immediately notices that a set of golf clubs (by Japanese master craftsman Matsumoto) is priced at an incredible ￡150. He is astonished at the low price for the golf clubs and he immediately rushes into the shop where he heads straight for the cash desk so that he can purchase the goods. On reaching the cash desk, Samir is incredibly annoyed to be told by the (somewhat superior) sales assistant that some sort of mistake has obviously occurred. There is no way that the store would see a set of Matsumoto golf clubs for a mere ￡150. The goods have been incorrectly priced and if Samir wishes to purchase the clubs he must pay ￡1,500 for them. Samir insists that Fairways has made him a definite offer and that he has now accepted that offer ---- there is a legally enforceable contract between him and the store. The sales assistant is absolutely unimpressed by Samir‟s line of argument. Admittedly, it is often the case that Fairways will give customers goods which are wrongly priced for the price as it is marked on the ticket, but this is purely a gesture of goodwill. In this situation, the sales assistant is absolutely certain that her supervisor would be most unhappy if Samir was able to obtain the goods for the ridiculous price of ￡150. Samir begins to lose his temper and the other customers in the store are beginning to stop and stare at the disturbance. However, the sales assistant still refuses to sell the golf clubs to Samir for ￡150.On storming out of Fairways, Samir runs into an old friend, Susan, whom he agrees to meet for a meal at 7 o‟clock that evening at Shanghai Surprise restaurant. Susan rushes off to her favorite designer clothing store, Tiffany‟s Boutique, in order to purchase an outfit for her night out with Samir. Susan spends nearly a ￡1,000 on her outfit from Tiffany‟s. As things later turn out, Samir will conveniently forget that he made arrangements to go out with Susan that evening. Susan is now determined to sue him for the cost of her new outfit, her taxi and the disappointment caused.On arriving home just before lunch-time, Samir plays back his telephone answer machine and hears a message from Dougie Campbell, the builder withdrawing his earlier offer to build a conservatory and patio for ￡10,000. Samir had e-mailed his acceptance of Campbell‟s offer several days previously. However, unknown to Samir, he mistyped Campbell‟s e-mail address and his acceptance never arrived at its intended destination.Later on Saturday afternoon, Samir receives a call on his mobile from Stuart w ho offers to sell him his car for ￡4,500. Samir is very anxious to purchase the car, but in response to the offer he says to Stuart …I‟ll give you ￡4,000 for the car.‟ Stuart refuses to bargain with Samir and tells him bluntly that the price is ￡4,500 if he wants the car. An hour later, Samir phones Stuart agreeing topay ￡4,500, but he is somewhat shocked to be told by Stuart that he is no longer interested in dealing with him and that someone else is coming over to look at the car.Case Study 2Robert, a sales person at Marvellous Motors, approaches Christine who is looking at a car sitting on the dealership‟s forecourt. Robert says to Christine: “Y ou‟ve obviously got an eye for a bargain. Let me give you the vehic le‟s background. Y ou‟re looking at a fantastic deal for a five year old car. The price is ￡3.999 and I think we‟re really going the extra mile here for our customers ---- an elderly lady, who kept it in immaculate condition. The previous owner was getting too old to drive and she had to get rid of the car. I can guarantee you that this is one of the best buys you will ever make!”Christine is by now very interested in buying the car. It would appear from a reading of the milometer that the car has only covered 10,000 miles. After giving matters some thought, Christine decides to go ahead and purchase the car. After a mere four weeks of driving the car, however, the engine completely seizes up. Christine gets one of her friends, Jutinder, who is a motor mechanic to examine the car and he informs her that the engine has suffered irreparable damage as a result of being involved in a serious collision with another vehicle. Furthermore, Jutinder suspects that the mileage of the car is much higher ---- the true reading should, in his opinion, be somewhere in the region of 200,000 miles.Case study 3Alasdair had entered a contract to purchase a valuable painting by the famous Galashiels portrait artist, Ishbel Whistler. When he arrived at the antique dealer‟s premises, he was informed by the sales assistant that his employer had changed her mind about selling the Whistler painting to him. Apparently, the antiques dealer has now received a much better offer from a prospective buyer in the United States.Case Study 4Karen runs a business which imports cheap cigarettes into Scotland from the remote Central Asian Republic of Waziristan. These products have proved very popular with Scottish smokers at a time when tobacco prices have risen sharply. Karen is shocked to be informed that the Scottish Parliament has now brought in legislation (The Regulation of Foreign Tobacco Products (Scotland) Act 2005), after medical studies showed that people who smoked these Waziri cigarettes were on average 100 times more likely to develop cancer when compared to smokers of other tobacco products.As a result of the new legislation, it is a now a criminal offence to offer to sell or supply these products. Karen has huge consignment of cigarettes presently sitting in her warehouse waiting to be delivered to her business customers. Many of these business customers have now cancelled their orders as a result of the introduction of the new legislation.。
outcome3国际实物配送
Packing:Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. The first，In this case Angus Glens’ water needs packing by glass bottle. Because the use of glass bottles of mineral water to avoid water evaporation, but also to avoid water pollution.Second，The Angus Glens puts the water bottles and glass bottles to the wooden box.Because before the use of glass bottles of this product, if the use of cartons, then it is likely to cause the broken glass bottles, and the use of wooden boxes to avoid this result.But to note is in between the glass bottles also need to put some cotton or sponge like things, so you can avoid them in the transit of the collision.Third，in this case Angus Glens make the 25 full of mineral water packed in wooden containers loaded in 1200 × 1800 pellets. Because of the quantity of this product, Angus Glens can only use the container. But in the process of packing it is needed to put some sponges or cotton between the wooden box in order to prevent the collision between the wooden box.Marking:In the first The Angus Glens can mark the production date on the glass bottle so that consumers can see more clearly whether this bottle of water can be used.Can also be marked on the glass bottle this glass bottles can be recycled. Also can be in this glass bottles affixed to their own trademarks.Second，Can be marked on the wooden box inside the number of bottles, so that it can be convenient to count the number, but also can be marked on the wooden box this is a fragile product.In the process of handling should be handled with care.Third，The order number of these products can be marked on the container as well as the city to be shipped. And some detailed information, such as the name of the shipping company, the date of shipment, the destination of the contract number, etc.①Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance involves pooling funds from many insured entities (known as exposures) to pay for the losses that some may incur. The insured entities are therefore protected from risk for a fee, with the fee being dependent upon the frequency and severity of the event occurring. In order to be an insurable risk, the risk insured against must meet certain characteristics. Insurance as a financial intermediary is a commercial enterprise and a major part of the financial services industry, but individual entities can also self-insure through saving money for possible future losses.The purpose of insurance is to compensate the loss of the insured, the insured will be re placed in the position where they have lost.In this case The Angus Glens’ goods in the waterway, railway, highway and transportation in the process of transportation, namely, the liability insurance due to natural disasters or accidents loss can get financial compensation, and strengthen traffic safety and loss prevention work to promote commodity production and the commodity circulation.②According to the situation and the type required, there are several sets of terms that can be attached to the policy of the Institute.It is usual practice to insure under clauses A,B or C and Pay extra premium for war risk or strike.All risks of loss or damage to the insured subject to the terms and conditions of the goods must be excluded from all the usual terms of the goods.Cargo B&C are similar to clause A with additional exclusions.③Open cover ：The is an insurance company which is insured by the insurer to ship the goods within a certain period of time, and the insurance policy for the export of the goods at the price of CIF or the import of the goods at the price of CFR FOB. It stated the scope of the insurance coverage, the insurance premium, the premium rate, the maximum amount of insurance for each shipment and the calculation of the premium.Where belongs to the open cover insurance within the scope of import and export cargo, shipment automatically according to the appointment insurance policyconditions listed underwriting, but was the insurer was informed that the shipment of each batch of goods, should immediately to notice of shipment or other written form will be the goods name, quantity, amount of insurance and transport type and name, a range of origin destination location, sailing date and notify the insurance company.Q3Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. The movement of people into and out of a country is normally monitored by immigration authorities, under a variety of names and arrangements. The immigration authorities normally check for appropriate documentation, verify that a person is entitled to enter the country, apprehend people wanted by domestic or international arrest warrants, and impede the entry of people deemed dangerous to the country.Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, which its customs authority enforces. The import or export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden. In most countries, customs are attained through government agreements and international laws. A customs duty is a tariff or tax on the importation (usually) or exportation (unusually) of goods. Commercial goods not yet cleared through customs are held in a customs area, often called a bonded store, until processed. All authorized ports are recognized customs areas.Q4①Sea model: The advantage of ocean transportation is that his cost is low, and they are relatively large.But its disadvantage is that the speed is slow, the navigation risk is big, the sailing date is not accurate. Ocean shipping mode is the most important mode of transport in international trade.Rail model：The Characteristics of rail model are the low energy consumption；Transport capacity; high speed; low transportation cost; universal; natural environment and good influence; continuity.Air model：The best advantage of air model is very fast. It can save much time. But the cost of the air model is highly. The construction and maintenance of the airport requires a lot of money.D irect road：The cost of the direct road is highly, And the per pallet cost is also a bit of expansive. But it is shipped every day, and the model is very cyclical.In addition，Direct road transport time is not long.Multi-model：The cost of the Multi-model’s per pallet is cheap. In addition,the model is very cyclical. But in this modes. The cost of this model is not cheap. And it will spend more time in change the model.②First，Terms of payment.The buyer must pay in accordance with the terms of the contract. They cannot use other means of payment.Such asThe seller asked the buyer can only use L/C payment, the buyer can only use the L/C as a payment method. Second，Date of Arrival，The seller must deliver the goods to the designated place within the time specified in the specified time, not exceeding the time. Because some products must be delivered to the destination within a certain period of time, otherwise the product may be over the use of the period.Third，packing，The seller must carry out the packing of the products in accordance with the requirements of the buyer.Because different countries have different language and culture, so the use of language and pictures on the packaging to meet the requirements of their country.The seller may be required to carry out the packing in order to avoid unnecessary trouble.③We should consider the unexpected circumstances. For example, the financial turmoil or the devaluation of the currency will affect the price of the product, etc., in the way of a state government issued some of the embargo will lead to an increase in the transport of goods. Of course, in the course of transport will encounter storms, typhoons and other natural disasters, which will lead to transport time has become unstable, and may cause damage.In some areas, as well as war and terrorism, these will make transportation is not smooth.。
国际实物配送outcome2
国际实物配送outcome2Technical report 1--- International Transport Modes Table – International transport modesMo de TotalmodecostCostperpalletTransittimeMode advantages ModedisadvantagesSea £620 £24.8 7days 1.lowest expense offreight.2. large quantities.3.long distance1.slowest2.vulnerableto badweather3.lesspunctual4.high riskAir £1265 £253 4hours 1.improve efficiencyoperations2.increase securitye informationtechnology4.faster speed1.high totalcost2.the weightlimit3.not too farfrom theairportRail £1275 £51 2days rge capacity2.relatively punctual3.economical4.relatively high speed5.less prone tointerruptions by proowether1.confined torailroad2.less flexibleDire ct roa d £1350 £67.5 3days1.better forshort-shipped2.flxible and convenient1.smallcapacity2.hightransport cost3.high rate ofgood sdamage4.disruptedby weatherMul ti-m ode £1185 £47.4 7daysand18ho1.reduce handing ofcargo2.permit door-to-doorservice3.reduce the risk of1.investmentcost are high2.not all cargois suitable forcontainersatiurs pilferage withonsubsequent savings oninsurance premiums4.quicker transit times5.enable the quotation ofthrough rates to thedistanceThe Explanation of DataSea:the total cost is £620, this is because of the sea transport is 40ft container carrying 25 pallets and the price is £620 per container. Cost per pallet= total mode cost/ pallet, thus the cost per pallet= £620/25= £24.8. The transit time is 7 days in the basic data.Air: the total cost is £1265, this is because of the air will be by airplane cargo hold , at maximum of five pallet and the price is £1265 per 5 pallets. Cost per pallet=total mode cost /pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1265/5=£253. The transit time is 4 hours.Rail:Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet. Thus the cost per pallet=£1275/25=£51. The transit time is 2 days. the total mode cost is £1275, this is due to that the rail transport will be by 40ft container carrying 25 pallets, thus the price is £1275.Direct road: the total mode cost equal to £1350, the price is £1350 per flat bed container lorry and the direct road will be by curtain side rigid lorry carrying 20 pallets. Thus the total mode cost is £1350. Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1350/20=£67.5, the transmit time is 3 days.Multi-mode: first of all, the price is £125 from the Milan Glass Works to Genoa Calata , add the sea mode £620 and the rail cost £295 ,then, add the road form Coatbridge Railport to Kirriemuir Bottling, the cost is £145. Thus Total mode cost=£125+£620+£295+£145=£1185. Total pallet= 25. The total mode cost = £1185/25=£47.4. The time =6 hours+7days+5 hours+7 hours=7 days and 18 hours. the total cost equal to £1185.Technical report 2--- Consignment delivery termsTable- Incoterms and their definitionInitial Incoterm DescriptionEXW Ex Works(namedplace ofdelivery)The buyer is responsible for uploading. This term places the maximum obligation on the buyer and minimum obligation on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods ready for collection at his premises on the data greet upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller doesn’t load the goods on collecting vehicles and doesn’t clear them for export.FCA FreeCarrier(namedplace ofdelivery)A trade term requiring the seller to deliver goods to a named airport, terminal, or other place where the carrier operates. Cost for transportation and risk of loss transfer to the buyer after deliver to the carrier. The seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed the goods over, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place. When used in trade terms, the word “free” means the seller has anobligation to deliver goods to a named place for transfer to carrier.CPT CarriagePaid to(namedplace ofdestination)The risk of damage or loss to the goods being transported is transferred from the seller to the buyer as soon as the goods have been delivered to the carrier. The seller is responsible only for arranging freight to the destination, and not for insuring the goods shipment when it is being transported. It has been designed to suit the needs of modem business.CIP CarriageandInsurancePaid to(namedplace ofdestination)It refers to that the seller deliver the goods to the carrier or first carrier and pay for the carriage of goods up to the named place of destination. Meanwhile, the seller must obtain the insurance for the goods while it transit. After the seller deliver the goods to the carrier, the risk will transmit to buyer.DAT DeliveredatTerminal(namedplace ofdestination)It means the seller covers all the costs of transport such as the export fees, carriage, unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges.meanwhile, it must assumes all risk until destination port or terminal. The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland freight interchange. Import duty/taxes/customs costs are to be borne by Buyer. The risk is transmit to buyer when the buyer control the goods.DAP Deliveredat place(namedplace ofdestination)Refers to the seller to ship the goods within the specified destination, need to prepare for unloading without unloading the complete delivery term referring to the arrival of vehicles including ships, including destination port, the seller shall bear all costs and risks of the goods shipped to the specified destination and charges(exceptimport charges) this term applies to any mode of transportation and milti-mode transport by sea.DDP DeliveredDuty Paid(namedplace ofdestination)It means the Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. The seller is not responsible for unloading. When the seller complete the deliver in the named place of destination, the risk transmit to buyer. This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyerExplanation:Incoterms 2010 is the eighth set of pre-defined international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce. It include 11 terms, such as the EXW, FCA, FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP,DAP,DAT and DDP. These terms improve the efficiency of international trade and simplify the process and stages.The previous version, the rules are divided into four categories, but 11 incoterms 2010 predefined terms based on the delivery method only can be divided into two categories. The rules of a larger group of seven (g7) can be informs The chopped of The method of transmission, and a small group of four applies only to The sales, only involves The transport of water can verify The condition of The goods The loaded on board The ship. They therefore is not 2 for container transportation.Table – Allocations of cost buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010Explanation:EXW is ex factory (place of delivery). Where the word's biggest obligation to the buyer and the seller's minimum obligations. The buyer will pay the cost of many parts, such as the export declaration, transportation, port of export, etc.FCA is free carrier (designated place of delivery), the seller is responsible for the shipment, the carrier of the buyer, the buyer is responsible for unloading and loading the goods to the carrier. When the goods delivered to the carrier, the risk will transfer the buyer.The CPT is carriage paid to (destination) is responsible for the origin of the shipper cost includes transportation export customs clearance and freight named place (usually a destination port or airport). The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final destination (usually the buyer's facilities), or to buy insurance.CIP is the freight and insurance paid to (designated destination), the seller is responsible for most, such as the export customs declaration form, loading and unloading charges at the port of import and export. Insurance is the responsibility of the seller. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.The delivery DAT is terminal (designated destination), the seller is to cover all shipping costs such as export charges, transportation, unloading from the main carrier at the port of destination and the destination port cost. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.Bounce is (specify the destination of delivery), the seller is responsible for arranging transportation and delivery of goods, from traffic tools ready at discharge, at the specified place. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.DDP delivery duty paid (designated destination), the seller is responsible for the goods sent to the designated place in China buyers, the goods to the destination and pay all fees including import duties and taxes. Where the word's largest responsibility on the seller and the buyer minimum obligation.\3.0 Technical report 3---Consolidation and groupage arrangementsChart – Consolidation and groupage arrangementsDefinition ofGroupage To fill a whole box of goods receipts. Thiskind of goods usually by the carrier,respectively, inland freight and incontainer freight station or freight station,and then will be more than two ticketcargo in a container, also want to stand atthe destination of inland container depotor devanning delivery respectively. Forthis king of goods, the carrier shouldafford to boxing and unboxing operations,loading devanning fee still charge thegoods the responsibility of the carrier forLCL goods, basically the same as thetraditional cargo transportation.This type of cargo suits well micro, smalland medium-sized enterprise(SMEs)where most of the time cargo to export orimport is much less than the requiredweight or volume to be efficient.Consolidation Consolidation is refers to that theconsolidator will form a whole batch ofmany different and separate batches ofgoods shipped, then it will shipment in theairline ,using an air waybill and shippedto the same destination.By the air freightrepresentative company to the destinationspecified in the agent receiving, thenmake customs clearance and distribution to the mode of transportation of the actual consignee. This is one of the main business of air freight agent. The periods of consolidation can be found in charts covering any time interval, such as the hours and days. These period can last for days, months or even a year..Circumstances when they could be used 1In less than one FCL loaded small consignment situation, usually are canvassing by the carrier and container freight station or inland freight stations concentrated, and after more than two votes cargo consolidation in a container, the same should in container freight station or inland stations were unpacking destination delivery. could be used.2. When to be required faster thanmulti-mode transport, consolidation could be used.3. Air transport could be used in case of emergency .Cost effective pallet load level From the report 1, we can know the costis £1350, and we can know the £108 perpallet. Then we calculate the 1350/108, itcan get the answer 12.5. And then itshould acquire the effective pallet loadlevel, so it should choose the best answer,and the best is cost effective load level is12.Explanation:from the first report, we can get the total cost of £1350, as a result, we can know each tray £108. As a result, cost effective pallet load level [1] = total price = £1350 / bed/tray £108 = 12.5. Thus the cost effective pallet load level = 12.4.0 Technical report 4---Least total cost concept Recommendation ChartsRoute ACostRoute A ModeKirriemuir—Coatbridge Road £145+£28 =£173Rail £315+£15+(2×£12) +£24.5+£55 =£433.5 Coatbridge—SouthamptonSouthampton—port desea £1880+£24.5+£34 = £1938.5montreal canadaTransit time 2+11+1=14daysHire Fee £6*(1+1+3+14+10+1+2)=£192Insurance[2]£80*(1+10%)=£88Total cost £173+£433.5+£1938.5+£488+£192+£88=£3313Route B Mode CostKirriemu—Tilbury Road £505+£32+（6×£15）=627sea £2010+£32+£34 =£2076Tilbury—Port demontreal Canadaroad £420+（2×£18）+£32 =£488Transit time 1+1+10+1=13daysHire Fee 6*(2+8+11+1+2)=£144Insurance £80Total cost £627+£2076+£488+£144+£80=£3415Route B only use £3415. The Route A < Route B. Thus the best Route is Route A and the mode is road-rail-sea .Recommendation ChartRoute AModes Road ,Rail and Sea£3313Least total cost (Excluding standard oncost such as customs etc)5.0 Technical report 5---Procedures and documentation Procedures and documentation tableArea Procedures DocumentationTransport[4 ]Firstly, goods should bemoved. Angus Glen Watershould find a freightforwarder. The report ofgoods to the port.Formalities and contract willbe prepared. Then, HMcustomers and UK borderagency need relaterdocumentations that thecompany should offer.Release of goodstransportation once cleared.Imports of goods to the port.In addition, the companysimplifies procedures ofexport to pass the customsfreight. British goods intoCanada customs warehouseor security area, unlessspecial arrangements, suchas censorship(PARS)beforetravel. Release began totransport to clear goods.Pre-Arrival Review Systemalso should be passed buyershave an enquiry, the sellersgive quotation, next theFIATA Combined Transport Billof Landing[3]Insurance, Packing ListCommercial InvoiceGoods ClassificationCertification of OriginManufacturing DeclarationAccurate ConsigneeInformationPre-Arrival review systemInsurance documentationCustoms declarationUK and Canadian CustomsInvoiceseller will give the pro-forma invoice, the buyer will acknowledge the order, and contract United Nations Convention on contract for the international Sale Of Goods, seller prepare the goods for export.Commerce Firstly, the buyers enquiry,then the sellers givequotation, next the seller willgive the pro-forma invoice,the buyer will acknowledgethe order, and contractUnited Nations ConventionOn contract For TheInternational Sale Of Goods,seller prepare the goods forexport. International rulesfor the Interpretation ofTrade Term, INCOTERMS Proforma Invoice[5]Export InvoicePacking listUnited Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale Of GoodsInternational Commercial ContractTitle to sueCustoms The UK and Customs mustensure that there is nounauthorized good,poisonous cargo and otherforbidden goods. Ondeparture and arrival , theUK custom staff may checkgoods foranti-smuggling,animal andplant health and others. Theprocedure is that at first, Certification of OriginExport LicensePre-Shipment Inspection certification, International Sales Contact and so onThe buyer should have the packing list, bill of lading and the certification of origin of products export, customs declaration and itentering data of customs clearance, electronic declaration, then the declaration checking and choosing the passageway. Next, printing the tax list and pat for the tax. Finally, clearance. will import declaration form Customs InvoiceCustoms Declaration Goods ClassificationIn the Transport, the procedure is the include many parts, to the as the CFSP and PARS, the documentation of the include many things,, such as the bill of lading, commercial invoice, insurance, packing list, certificate of origin. Business process including CISG and UCC. These are used for commercial and documents are necessary, such as commercial invoice, pro forma invoice. Customs procedures including input data, declaration, check and pass. In the UK at the same time, the customs will prohibit certain commodities, such as revenue, the health of animals and plants. Documents including the certificate of origin of goods, etc.6.0 Reference[1] Grande, Joseph A. (September 2008). Plastic Pallets Gain Ground In an Eco-Conscious World. Plastics Technology. Retrieved 29th April 2015.[4] C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks. The Journal of Risk and Insurance.[3] Levi, Maurice D. (2005). International Finance, 4th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge[4] Data on the barriers and motivators to more sustainable transport behaviour is available in the UK Department for Transport study "Climate Change and Transport Choices" published in December 2010. Retrieved 1 may 2015. [5]"pro forma session". Senate Glossary. United States Senate.Retrieved 2015-5-1.。
HND市场学导论outcome2.docx
HND市场学导论outcome2The report of marketing about Trusty-Land FoodCandidate Name:Candidate Class:Candidate SCN:World count:Table of contentsIntroduction: (5)Findings: (5)Product: (5)Price (7)Promotion (8)Place (9)Services Marketing (10)People (10)Processes (10)Physical Evidence (11)Change of marketing environment (11)Conclusion: (12)Reference: (12)Introduction:This report uses Service Marketing Mix to analysis of the Trusty-Land Food Company. Service Marketing Mix is composes of 7 Ps. I uses product, price, promotion, place to analyze the Trusty-Land Food Company. I uses people, process, and physical evidence to analyze the barber shop. AssumingTrusty-Land Food Company’s marketing environment be change. Findings:Product:Product can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition and use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. The product includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas.The Trusty-Land Food Company’s products is tangible product. The channels of tangible product.Three different levels of product, the three levels includes core product tangible product. Meet is the core product of Trusty-Land Food Company. Meet provides protein to person and meet also improve quality of life.Product lineProducts are closely related and they function in a similar manager so the product needs a product line. Product line is benefit for sold to the same types of outlet or fall within given price ranges. Trusty-Land Food Company can take the red meet and white meet divided into two kinds of production line. The two kinds of production line can improve the production efficiency.Trusty-Land Company’s product line from less to more. The product becomemore the reasons includes the enterprise competiveness and to attract more customer and increase sales.Product MixProduct mix is the total sum of all the products and variants offered by an organization. The production line’s width is two, because the product lines products two kinds of meets. The meets include white meet and red meet.Product life cycle“Kitty Doggy” product life cycle“Kitty Doggy” in the growth period. During this period, this brand of pet food is increase sales, launch new products and opponents appear. I suggests that “Kit ty Doggy” keep pet food quality and “K itty Doggy” mast focuses on the opponent to find ways to increases market share.PriceThe smart pricing is amount of many charged a product or service or sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service.The advantage of smart pricing is ensure sales but inaccurate pricing to harm the company such as underpriced close not back to the cost so the Trusty-Land Food Company mast take the smart pricing in product.Government policy, Organization objective, Channels of Distribution, Cost, and Weather is factors that affect pricing.Government policy: Government policy affects the pricing. Government’s new dietary guidelines is recommend people to eat white meat so red meat sales will be decline and white meat sales rise. Trusty-Land Food Company in order to maintain sales of red meat so red meat be suitable reduced price. Red meat sales rise so red meat be take a appropriate price.Cost: Trusty-Land Food Company has a lot of distributors throughout the country. Meat products need fresh so meat in the process of transportation need keep fresh that increase the cost. The company in order to profit so meet rise in price.General Pricing ApproachPenetration Pricing: Trusty-Land Food company’s “Kitty Doggy’’ in the growth period so penetration pricing for pet food can attracts more customer that can increase sales. Penetration pricing can help “Kitty Doggy’’gain more market share and to promote “Kitty Doggy’’Competitive pricing: Trusty-Land Food Company focuses of the opponents that can help Trusty-land upon them opponents. Trusty-Land Company focuses on opponents that can help company win the price war and keep Trusty-Land Food Company’s d ominancePromotionPromotion is kinds of a activities. Promotes product or service and its merits to target customers and persuade them to buy.The main promotional tools available to market have five types that is advertising sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct marketing.AdvertisingAdvertising can highlight the product features and improve visibility. Trusty-land Food company through newspaper and street poster to attention customer to know company’s name. Trusty-Land Food Company through TV commercials to position the company. This tuned is success, TV commercial bring sales revue increased by 34% that can expand market share.Direct Marketing: Trusty-Land Food Company has its own retail groups so Trusty-Land Food Company can reduce the middleman. The middleman is getting less the company make a good price and good supplier for company’s customers that can help company improve market share.Personal Selling：Trusty-Land Food Company has a sales team the sales team to persuade customer to purchase s and stock company’s product. Personal selling can improve product and increase customer purchases and contacts. Sales team can help company improve the product sales.Identification of target audience, Legal political factor. Technology factor and budget setting this four types influence the setting of the promotional mix.Identification of target audience：Customers has different demand and tastes differ with people so Trusty-Land Food Company mast identification of target audience to promotes differed products. The “Health Meat” is a good example “Health Meat” lies in their convenience and fast time. “Health Meat” suitable forfast rhythm of life that can increase salesBudget Setting: The amount of the budget effect promotion. If the Trough-Land Food have more bridge the advertising coverage is broad. The appropriate budget setting to improves the company reputation.PlacePlaces means all the company activities that make the product or services available to target customers.Tangible product’s place is distribution partner. Intangible product’s place is enterprise located or provides the service place.Wholesalers: Trusty-Land Food Company’s Products were sold to regional grocery chains and national and regional gory, wholesalers that is Wholesalers. Retailers: Seven Eleven is a retailer, Seven Eleven sales food-branded of Trusty-Land food Company. Large grocery stores and supermarkets purchase from Trusty-Land Food Company and that grocery market meat products under Trusty-Land Food Company’s Logo.The benefits of distributors to Trusty-Land Food Company Distributors for the company to reduce inventory and accelerate product circulation speed. Distribution business enterprise to increase visibility and to increase market share. Distributors to help business increase sales reduce the pressure distribution, increase profits bring convenience to clientsBuying behavior, Budget Product itself and Organizational Objective are affect choose marketers.Organizational Objective: Trusty-Land Food take “Kitty Doggy” become the leader brand. Intensive distribution consider revising the market share soorganizational objective good for distributors.Buying behavior: Marketers to adopt to the consumer habits. Marketers cooperate with supermarkets or markets and impossible and book stores and flower of cooperationServices MarketingA service is any act or performance that one party can offer to anther that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Its production may or may not be tied to a physical product. Characteristics of services is variability, perishability, inseparability and intangibility.Barbershop is three more than Trusty-Land Food Company. The three types is people, processes and physical evidence.PeoplePeople: People at services marketing is service provider. For example, people in the barber shop’s hairdresser and cashier. H airdresser giving a haircut to customer and wash hair, cashier responsible for the money. The hairdressers and cashier given the customer’s service is in tangibility and inseparability. Hairdresser and cashier should have better attitude and high service qualityProcessesProcesses: Process involves looking at the quality controls that need to be in place to ensure consistency of service. Customers into the barber shop. Barber to customers shampoo, haircut, and the barber to meet customer requirements,shampoo, cashier money, and finally the customer away. Process services emphasize consistency and effectiveness of the service. Different customers in the same service get the same level of service is uniform. Within a period of time to complete the service.Physical EvidencePhysical Evidence: Physical evidence is the “tangible” part of th e service. Barbershop’s wardrobe and shampoo are all belong to the physical evidence. Physical evidence to help hairdressers to complete the service. Physical evidence also help customers evaluate service. If the customer is not satisfied with the physical evidence. Good physical evidence to make customer satisfaction increases.Change of marketing environmentSuppose company supplies meat to a city, but the city's Muslim believer’s population increases. The company can uses 4P’s product so company p rinted on product packaging halal logo and Muslim followers of the urban population accounted for the ratio becomes large. So the company provides a small amount of pork to the city and the company offers other types of meat to the city, to meet the needs of Muslim believers.Suppose an increase in the elderly population in the community. The company can use 4P’s price from company to resolve. Because elderly people are concerned about the price. The company and retailers cooperate elderly to buy meat the retailers gave elderly seven fold. Improve the company reputation and boost sales.Suppose the emergence of bird flu in society. The company uses 4P’s product. The company mast pay attention to product quality and the company to do a good job of inspection and quarantine. Using the media to promote our products are safe and maintain our company's sales.Conclusion:The Trusty-Land Food Company encountered different changes in environment in the development process. I hope my countermeasures can help Trusty-Land Food Company. Finally wish Trusty-Land Food Company gets long-term development.Reference:Wang Huihong, WANG Jing, 2013, SQA Unit Student Guide on Marketing: An Introduction, China Modern Economic Publishing House.Kotler Philip, Wong V eronica, Saunders John, Armstrong Gary, 2005, Principles of Marketing 4th European Edition, Prentice Hall.。
市场OUTCOME2
a service is any act or performance that one party can offer to another hat is essentually intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything .have four different categories of services ,a pure tangible good.a tangible good with accompanying services,a major service with accompanying minor goods and service and a pure service.the characterstics of services intangibility,inseparability and variability,perishability.Landel toys company,Toy of a type of product, is intangility , intangility good of 4ps,the 4ps refers to product ,place ,price and promotion.,7PS Product ,price ,place,promotion,people.process physical evidence.The club provides equipment, production consumption is not be separated, when you use the consumer, whenPrice club is a luxury, the price is higher, relative rich crowd is concerned, take pricing, such as do bargaining for customers need massage more expensive discuss, look to whether can accept Toys are normal product, the product is fixed, the price is fixedMore important, the club regional marketing, to attract customers,Toy manufacturers and merchants from there is flexibilityPlace, chosen in the city center and club in dense population and tell the marketing costs Toys can put in suburbs, to the regional requirement is not strongPeople, the club's service personnel need professional training must have the professional knowledge and professional skillToy manufacturers do not need these requirementsThe club Process unified management, providing standardized service, and reduce the industry internal service differentiationAccording to customer needs, the toy market new productsHardware facilities, Physical inside a large equipment treadmill swimming pool light, etcToy don't need these4.business environment is the main body of the traditional market it include the macro environment and micro environment. Marketing the macro environment also called general environment or must environment, refers to the survival and development of all kinds of enterprises by some common space, it is widespread social constraint force constitutes. The macro elements into political, economic, social, and technologyMicrocosmic environment refers to enterprises involved operation environment of body and behavior, is the enterprise survival a nd the development of special space, can also be called direct environment, directly affects the ability of target market service with effective power structure, it involves the subject including suppliers, competitors, distributors and customers. If produce sonic technology, macro environment changes, thus affecting marketing mix changes, enterprise can use new technology research and develop new products or product improvement in the r&d of new products and make a lot of money into r&d project then increased product costs, increased the cost of the product, the product pricing influence that product prices.If the place changed, so will appear hierarchies, appear the rich area, the average area, so with the product of the company can be divided into different class sales, which affect the prices of products, affect different areas the kinds of product, the production cost, etcIf the policy has changed, for example the shape of policy and regulations can not be free tomake toys,toys not made dolls,and toys the color is limited .can not use light the color .then the company must follow the law companies can make the development of animal shaped toys .as long as children on the line like the other toys can be used bright colors ,such as red ,blue..If the environment has changed .for example .the quality of life due to climate change and the people lead to the human brith rate ,circumstances ,companies can choose another way to sale ,this is bundled sales ,if the customer want to buy toys , you can only buy a set of related toys .not buy toy。
SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome1
SQA-HND-国际实物配送outcome11.Explain the various tasks which would come under your remit as Physical Resource Manager.As a physical resource manager we have various task such as planning, organising, coordinating, budgeting, controlling and monitoring/evaluating.The first task is planning,as a Physical resource manager we must need know and understand the plan and role in the planning.It is conclude three level of logistics planning:strategic planning, tactical planning, operational planning.The strategic planning is medium to long term planning spanning one to five years. In this case, the Angus Glen Water cooperate with Ecosse Hotels and offer the water to all of the hotel. Due to that the hotel operate in many different countries, Angus Glen Water will enter the international market and this is an big strategy and decision for the company, so they need make the strategic planning.Therefor the manager also need the tactical planning,from we study we can know this planning spanning six months to a year.This planning will deal with annual budgets,which provide the financial basis.Finally we need operational planning,it is controlled the standards and rules and is day to day planning.Manager need detect the weekly and monthly reports to understand the operation of department and take some measures to deal with the problem.The second task is organization,the manager absolutely need to ensure that the plans scheduled and the right task are being done at the right time and by the right person.Dividing up the work is really importance to the manager in organization too.In this task the manager have two small task, the first is find more more manufacturer to produce the glass bottle and find new haulier to transport the product to other countries.The second task is make decision of the transportation mode, such as airline, ship or train,include the production enter in to the new market.After ensure the transportation the manager have to consider the export document.In one word the manager need consider and makesure every process is right and really be done in the whole process from the old market to the new market.Thirdly, coordinating in this task manager have to keeping control at all time to ensure that all plans are met. And this task consist of some small task such as delegating, objective setting. Delegating is one of the most importance coordinating tasks, in this task manager absolutely need to sure that the members of the team understand what is expected of them, just by the way the manager can croodinating. First of all manager must ensure that the person being given the task has the right level of skill to carry out the task[1]. Secondly, is that the manager should tell them what state required results and the resources required. The staff should understand what is the required results and discuss the resources. The manager should set a deadlines and support to them, if the staff meet any problem ,the manager can communicate with them and solve the problem. Finally the manager need evaluate the final results and obtain the feedback. If the manager can delegate the right people , the task will be coordinate. In this case the manager need to coordinate the department and by coordinating improve they work efficiency. Absolutely, setting a target is importance for coordinating, the work person objective. The manager use the objectives to measure the performance and offer some suggestion to others, it will coordinate the task.Fourth task is budgeting, from study we can know the budgeting are cost goal set by top manager, it means through the budgeting the distribution manager can know what the organization goals and objectives are, and what resources will be needed to achieve those goals and objective. Then ensure that distribution activities are profitable and efficient.Fifth is controlling. This task is to ensure that the goals is achieved and comparing the actual results and original objectives. then, the manager canevaluate the detail things and find some good activities and some terrible things.Finally is monitoring and evaluation, as a manager monitoring [2] is essential, because by the way can improve efficient of work such as “independent check ” and “double check ”. In the last task, the manager need make a evaluation about this work. Such as the target, plan,the result is good or bad.2.Explain how the International Trade Department would be structured and how this would benefit Angus Glen over a structure that did not include this department.International trade department can help companies to further expand overseas markets. Including import and export of international trade department, for example, overseas procurement, marketing the three points. Here are some staff to deal with the export or import problem, to the as the export certificate, the document of import and export. The purchasing oversea is in charge of the managementSeniorGeneralProduction Transport andwarehouse Sales and Marketing Research and Developmen Internatio nal trade department Accounts and General administratPurchasing Import andExport Sales and Marketingpurchasing in the world, to the as the material, the bottle and others. The sales and marketing is responsible for the sales and marketing in other countries, and find new customer and sell the product to them.There are some benefit when the company establish the international trade department. At first, this department can help the company expand in the oversea market more convenience and quickly. The second, by establish the department can improve the strength of corporation and improve the popularity of brand. The company has the international trade department and the staff will sell their product to other countries and increase the sales. Finally the company can decrease the cost by international trade department oversea purchasing.3.Describe the links that would operate between the International Trade Department and other departments within the organization. Transport and warehouse department is responsible for transport and preservation stores. Transport department major task is distribution the goods between different city and ensure the goods quality and quantity. Warehouse department have two major task, the first one is preservation the goods this is also the most importance task for warehouse department such as unified the various business processes, periodic inventory system and make sure the consistent of warehouse[3]account, content and card.. The second one is make sure the production is satisfaction.Production department is really important for a company, because this department is link to customers, if the production can’t get satisfaction of customers the company may can not get profit. This department major task is ensure the production activity will finish in time. And this department need have de good corporation with development department and marketing department, because this department need accuracy data to make goods[4].The international trade department is important for the company and it will connect with other department, meanwhile, other department also will get information from the department. Such as, the production department, the international trade department obtain a customer from Canada, so the international trade department will tell the production department to produce the goods and tell them the entail of customer. And the the international trade department is really important to decrease the cost through oversea purchasing. The transport and warehousing department will offer the information of warehousing to international trade department, then the international trade department will help the department to manage the inventory. For the D&R department, the international and trade department can bring some new technology to D&R department from other country. The R&D department will help the international trade department to introduce the goods and offer the technical training. The sales and marketing department will offer the situation of domestic market and help the department to find new customer. Meanwhile, the international trade department can offer the international situation and help the department to adjust their strategy.4.Describe the links the International Trade Department would have with external integrating bodies and why these would exist.There are several external integrating bodies, such as the freight forwarder,import agent, import dealers and others.A freight forwarder, forwarder, or forwarding agent, is a person or company that organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Freight can be booked on a variety of shipping providers, including ships,airplanes, trucks, and railroads. It is not unusual for a single shipment to move on multiple carrier types. International freight forwarders typically handle international shipments. International freight forwarders have additional expertise in preparing and processing customs and other documentation and performing activities pertaining to international shipments.First, it can help companies choose the best transportation and the best transport routes. International trade sector choose to accept orders,, freight forwarding department will contact the production sector. Second, it can help companies to handle different documents, such as customs procedures and other documents, then give the product to the haulier [6]. It also helps the company to pay the freight and customs duties. From freight forwarding task, it can help reduce the cost of international trade sector and risk. At the same time, it can ensure transportation safety products and products.The import agent is a person or company that by accepting the delegation of exporter and help the exporter to handle the import business, It receive some commissions. In general, the import agents do not assume the credit risk, exchange and market, it has no the ownership . of products, there are four types of import agents, such as brokers, factors, manufacturer;. s representatives and managing agents that can help international trade sector to purchase some materials from other countries in order to reduce costs. Because import agency is specialized in importing stuff, so it can ensure the quality and cost. At the same time, it can help the international trade sector input and analysis of the local market. it can help the international trade department to enter and analyze the local market. In this case, if the company need some material, they can use this agent to solve the problem.5.Reference[1] SQA. International Physical Distribution Unit student Guide, Part three.[2] Continent's only press release wire service, African Press Organization PR Week - May 10, 2013[3] Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Potters, Lesley; Vivarelli, Marco,2011 R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data. Empirical Economics 41 (3)[4] Moroney, J. R. (1967) Cobb-Douglass production functions and returns to scale in US manufacturing industry, Western Economic Journal, vol 6, no 1, December 1967, pp 39–51.[5] Kenya Clearing & Forwarding Agents | Kenya Freight Forwarders - Customs Clearance | Aeromarine Logistics - Freight Clearing Forwarding Kenya". Aeromarine.co.ke. Retrieved 2013-01-17.[6] Blaszak, Michael W. "ABC's of Railroading: Trackage and Haulage Rights," Trains, 1 May 2006, accessed 30 August 2011。
出口援助 outcome1
Assessment 1Outcomes covered 1, 2 and 3Assessment instructionsLearners must produce a report of approximately 3,000 words under open-book conditions. This will include appropriate diagrams. The report will comprise of three parts reflecting each Outcome and will be completed in your own time and should be informative. Learners will select a small to medium size company, which is already exporting their products, and carry out research on the company and other relevant bodies to enable them to produce a suitable report.The same company should be used throughout the assessment. Outcome 1You are required to evaluate the technical standards for a selection of consumer durable goods to be marketed in a variety of overseas countries. More specifically you are required to address the following.•Define the technical standards of two consumer durable products from your chosen company.•Identify the relevant standards authority for the two products in three different export markets. You will likely have to researchthe standards for the three different countries.•Analyse the current technical specification of the two products in terms of their compliance with the required standard in twoof the selected export markets.•For the two products, recommend product modifications to meet the standards in the two selected export markets.Guidance for making an assessment decision Assessment 1The assessor should expect to evidence the following information, or similar, in the answers to the task, as each organisation researched is likely to be different although the basic principles will remain the same.The report should address each issue as detailed in the task and learners should focus on these issues. The report should contain any diagrammatical illustrations and recommendations.Learners will need to provide evidence to demonstrate their Knowledge and/or Skills across all Outcomes by showing that they can:Outcome 1•Define the technical standards of two consumer durable products. Learners must correctly identify and define the technical standards for two different consumer durable products, in terms of the country where the manufacture occurs, for their chosen small to medium size company. If the goods were manufactured in the UK then they would be manufactured to a standard set by the British Standards Institution (BSI).•Identify the relevant standards authority for the two products in three different export markets. Learners would be expected to research where their chosen company exports their goods and identify the relevant standards authority in those countries. For example if the company exported to Australia then they would be identifying ‘Standards Australia’ plus another two countries. •Analyse the current technical specification of the two products in terms of their compliance with the required standard in two of the selected export markets. If one of the products was electric kettles, for example, then the candidate would need to know the British Standards that the kettles conform to, analysethe relevant standards and determine whether or not this applies to the country where the kettles are to be exported to. •An obvious example would be the voltage for consumer products in Australia but if the learners choose this as an example it is not quite as simple as it would appear as there is variation amongst the various states in Australia. The learner may also highlight electrical safety standards and may cite the standard AS/NZS 3820:2009. Learners will also be required to carry out this analysis for another of the countries where the goods are being exported.•For the two products recommend product modifications to meet the standards in the two selected export markets. Once the learners have analysed the standards and noted thedifference they are required to recommend the modifications required.•SQA-HND more course answers•contact:AA90studio。
跨境电商背景下物流配送国际标准对接方案
跨境电商背景下物流配送国际标准对接方案第一章：跨境电商物流配送概述 (2)1.1 跨境电商物流配送现状 (2)1.2 跨境电商物流配送挑战 (3)第二章：国际物流配送标准体系分析 (3)2.1 国际物流配送标准概述 (3)2.2 主要国家和地区物流配送标准 (4)第三章：我国物流配送标准现状 (5)3.1 我国物流配送标准概述 (5)3.2 我国物流配送标准与国际标准的差异 (5)第四章：跨境电商物流配送国际标准对接策略 (6)4.1 国际标准对接总体策略 (6)4.2 关键环节标准对接策略 (6)4.2.1 信息交换环节 (6)4.2.2 包装与标识环节 (6)4.2.3 运输环节 (6)4.2.4 仓储环节 (7)4.2.5 清关环节 (7)4.2.6 服务质量环节 (7)第五章：物流配送包装标准对接 (7)5.1 包装材料标准对接 (7)5.2 包装设计标准对接 (7)第六章：物流配送运输标准对接 (8)6.1 运输工具标准对接 (8)6.1.1 国际运输工具标准概述 (8)6.1.2 运输工具标准对接策略 (8)6.1.3 运输工具标准对接具体措施 (9)6.2 运输过程标准对接 (9)6.2.1 国际运输过程标准概述 (9)6.2.2 运输过程标准对接策略 (9)6.2.3 运输过程标准对接具体措施 (9)第七章：物流配送仓储标准对接 (9)7.1 仓储设施标准对接 (9)7.1.1 设施规划与建设标准 (9)7.1.2 设施改造与升级标准 (10)7.2 仓储管理标准对接 (10)7.2.1 管理体系标准 (10)7.2.2 作业流程标准 (10)7.2.3 信息化管理标准 (10)第八章：物流配送信息标准对接 (11)8.1 信息传输标准对接 (11)8.1.1 标准概述 (11)8.1.2 对接策略 (11)8.2 信息安全标准对接 (11)8.2.1 标准概述 (11)8.2.2 对接策略 (11)第九章：物流配送服务质量标准对接 (12)9.1 服务质量评价指标对接 (12)9.1.1 评价指标体系构建 (12)9.1.2 评价指标对接 (12)9.2 服务质量提升措施对接 (12)9.2.1 优化物流配送流程 (12)9.2.2 提升服务态度与客户满意度 (12)9.2.3 提高物流配送安全性 (13)9.2.4 降低物流成本 (13)第十章：跨境电商物流配送国际标准对接实施与监控 (13)10.1 国际标准对接实施步骤 (13)10.1.1 明确国际标准 (13)10.1.2 制定对接方案 (13)10.1.3 实施对接方案 (13)10.2 国际标准对接效果评估与监控 (14)10.2.1 效果评估 (14)10.2.2 监控机制 (14)第一章：跨境电商物流配送概述1.1 跨境电商物流配送现状全球电子商务的迅速发展，跨境电商逐渐成为国际贸易的新趋势。
国内外配送市场的现状及未来发展分析
国内外配送市场的现状及未来发展分析第一章国内外配送市场现状分析1.1 国内配送市场现状分析近年来，随着电商和快递业的快速发展，国内配送市场迅速崛起。
根据中国快递协会发布的快递行业报告，2019年，我国快递业务量已经突破了600亿件，快递业的收入达到了8000多亿元。
可以看出，国内配送市场已经成为了一个庞大且快速发展的市场。
在国内配送市场，快递龙头企业顺丰快递在市场份额方面一直占据领先地位，其他企业如圆通、中通、申通、韵达等也不断加强自身的技术力量和服务质量，正在逐步扩大自己在市场中的份额。
此外，随着我国快递业的发展，国内各地市场也在快速崛起。
例如，快递在一二线城市市场已经逐步饱和，而在二三线城市和三四线城市的市场需求仍然十分旺盛。
1.2 国外配送市场现状分析与国内市场不同，国外的配送市场呈现出较为复杂和广泛的市场形态。
主要国家如美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等都具有发达的配送市场。
在美国，最大的快递企业UPS和FedEx占据了市场份额的绝大部分，其他一些小型快递企业和地方性的快递服务商也在市场中有一定的份额。
在欧盟，由于各国之间的语言、文化等方面的不同，快递企业需要针对不同的市场需求开展创新性的服务。
DHL、TNT、DPD、UPS等快递企业都有较大的市场份额，但是由于欧洲法律法规等各种限制，使得这些快递企业发展困难。
在亚洲地区，由于电商的爆发，日本、韩国等国家逐步成为了发达国家的快递业务交通枢纽。
第二章国内外配送市场未来发展趋势2.1 国内配送市场未来发展趋势由于我国快递业的发展，未来几年国内配送市场的发展还将会十分迅速。
一方面，在快递仍然是我国居民使用的主要配送方式的情况下，国内快递市场仍然有扩张空间。
另一方面，随着人们消费水平的提高，消费者对于快递服务的安全、快捷、准确和稳定性方面的要求也越来越高，因此快递企业需要不断提升服务质量和技术水平。
在此背景下，国内快递企业将会在物流、技术、数据等方面的资源整合上下功夫，以提高运营效率、加强用户体验，使得企业在市场中更具优势。
国外物流业配送发展的概况论(精)
国外物流业配送发展的概况论（1）美国现代物流配送的发展状况从20世纪60年代起，货物配送的合理化在美国普遍得到重视。
为了在流通领域产生效益，美国企业采取了以下措施：一是将老式的仓库改为配送中心；二是引进电脑管理网络，对装卸、搬运、保管实行标准化操作，提高作业效率；三是连锁店共同组建配送中心，促进连锁店效益的增长。
美国连锁店的配送中心有多种，主要有批发型、零售型和仓储型三种类型。
首先是批发型，该类型配送中心主要靠计算机管理，业务部通过计算机获取会员店的订货信息，及时向生产厂家和储运部发出定货指示单。
其次是零售型，以美国沃尔玛公司的配送中心为典型。
该类型配送中心一般为某零售商独资兴建，专为本公司的连锁店按时提供商品，确保各店稳定经营。
第三是仓储型，美国福来明公司的食品配送中心是典型的仓储式配送中心，它的主要任务是接受独立杂货商联盟的委托业务，为该联盟在该地区的若干家加盟店负责货物配送。
（2）日本现代物流配送的发展状况在日本，零售业是首先建立先进物流系统的行业之一。
便利店作为一种新的零售业迅速成长，现己遍及日本，正影响着日本其他零售商业形式。
这种新的零售业需要利用新的物流技术，以保证店内各种货物的供应顺畅。
因此，日本的物流配送具有以下特点：第一，分销渠道发达。
许多日本批发商过去常常把自己定位为某特定制造商的专门代理商，只允许经营一家制造商的产品。
为了保证有效地供应商品，日本许多物流公司不得不对旧有的分销渠道进行合理化改造，更好地做到与上游或下游公司的分销一体化。
第二，频繁、小批量进货。
日本的物流配送企业的很大一部分服务需求来自便利店，便利店依靠的是小批量的频繁进货，只有利用先进的物流系统才有可能发展连锁便利店，因为它使小批量的频繁进货得以实现。
第三，物流配送体现出共同化、混载化的趋势。
共同化、混载化的货物配送使原来按照不同生产厂、不同商品种类划分开来的分散的商品物流转变为将不同厂家的产品和不同种类的商品混合起来配送的聚合商品物流，从而得以发挥商品物流的批量效益，大大提高了配送车辆的装载率。
HND_国际实物配送2
1Transportation modesTake sea as an example, because the shipping requires 25 pallets and the total cost is 620, the cost per pallet is 620/25=24.8. In the similar way, other result also can be calculated, except the Multi-mode. The Multi-mode’cost is 1185 including 125, 620, 295, and145, thus the cost per pallet is 1185/25=47.4.Air transportation is optimum choice. Air transportation can use the least time to convey goods due to faster speed. Besides, it also ensures the security to a large extent relatively. However, it also has some disadvantages. Air transportation has expensive cost, and airport is distant from municipal center.Sea transportation also can be chosen. Though it is the slowest method and vulnerable to bad weather in ocean, it is the lowest expenses offreight and carries the largest quantities.Angus Glen also can select rail. Rail has a large capacity and is less refrained by bad weather. Rail has these disadvantages, it is not much flexible and can not work without railroad.2 Consignment delivery termFor incoterms’importance, it can ensure that transactions are finished successfully and safely. By negotiating, sellers and buyers can sign contract containing right and duty and other pertinent item. It also explicitly shows the price and cost between buyers and sellers. In general, buyers should pay cost, freight and insurance. It is good for solving conflict. In the end, incoterms is beneficial for relevant agencies to carry out operational activities3 Consolidation and groupage arrangementBy calculating, the result is 12.5, so, when the load is equal to or bigger than 12.5 pallets, the direct road mode is effective. However, according to method, the result should be rounded to the nearest integer, thus the result is 13 finally.4 Least total costBy above chart, Route A-- Kirriemuir Bottling Plant to CoatbridgeRailport to Southampton Container Terminal to Port de Montreal Canada to Ecosse Hotel is optimum choice. Because the cost of Route A is lower than Route B.5 Procedures and documentation tableIn the transportation, this procedure’s flow chart perhaps is warehouse, station, container freight yard, customs and destination, which involves these documents such as Insurance list, commercial invoice, goods classification, etc. In commerce, the flow chart, consulting, contract, order form and preparation goods, whose relevant documents have p roforma invoice, export invoice, CISG, international commercial contract. In custom, the pertinent procedure is uploading, checking, taxing and permitting through and its documents have customs invoice, customsdeclaration, good classification and so on.。
brcgs仓储和配送全球标准
brcgs仓储和配送全球标准BRCGS（Brand Reputation Compliance Global Standards）是一家国际性的认证机构，致力于为全球领先的零售商和制造商提供安全、质量和品牌保障服务。
在全球化和供应链延伸的背景下，仓储和配送环节的标准化显得尤为重要。
本文将深入探讨BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准以及其对企业的影响。
一、BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准介绍BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准是为了确保仓储和配送环节的食品安全和质量而制定的。
该标准要求企业建立和执行一系列严格的操作程序，以确保物流过程中食品的安全性、规范性和可追溯性。
该标准包含了一系列评估要求，包括现场检查、文件审核、风险评估等。
通过持续监测和改进，BRCGS标准有助于确保仓储和配送环节的食品安全管理体系得到严格执行和持续提升。
二、BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准的重要性1. 食品安全保障BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准要求企业建立严格的操作程序，包括对员工的培训和管理、设备和设施的检查、货物的接收和储存、订单配送的流程等。
通过严格的标准和控制，可以减少食品受污染的风险，提高消费者对产品的信任度。
2. 供应链可追溯性BRCGS标准要求企业建立完善的记录和文档体系，确保每个环节的操作和决策都可以追溯和核查。
这有助于发现和纠正潜在的问题，以及快速解决食品安全事件。
供应链的可追溯性对于提高整体供应链的透明度和可靠性具有重要意义。
3. 品牌声誉保护BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准是国际公认的标准之一。
通过通过获得BRCGS认证，企业可以提高其品牌形象和声誉，与其他竞争对手区别开来。
这对于进一步提升企业在市场竞争中的地位具有显著的积极影响。
4. 持续改进和创新BRCGS仓储和配送全球标准要求企业建立持续改进的机制。
通过及时监测和评估，企业可以识别潜在的问题和风险，并采取相应的措施加以处理。
这有助于企业不断提升自身的竞争力，并实现创新和变革。
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Technical report 1--- International Transport Modes Table – International transport modesThe Explanation of DataSea:the total cost is £620, this is because of the sea transport is 40ft container carrying 25 pallets and the price is £620 per container. Cost per pallet= total mode cost/ pallet, thus the cost per pallet= £620/25= £24.8. The transit time is 7 days in the basic data.Air: the total cost is £1265, this is because of the air will be by airplane cargo hold , at maximum of five pallet and the price is £1265 per 5 pallets. Cost per pallet=total mode cost /pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1265/5=£253. The transit time is 4 hours.Rail: Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet. Thus the cost per pallet=£1275/25=£51. The transit time is 2 days. the total mode cost is £1275, this is due to that the rail transport will be by 40ft container carrying 25 pallets, thus the price is £1275.Direct road: the total mode cost equal to £1350, the price is £1350 per flat bed container lorry and the direct road will be by curtain side rigid lorry carrying 20 pallets. Thus the total mode cost is £1350. Cost per pallet=total mode cost/pallet, thus the cost per pallet=£1350/20=£67.5, the transmit time is 3 days.Multi-mode: first of all, the price is £125 from the Milan Glass Works to Genoa Calata , add the sea mode £620 and the rail cost £295 ,then, add the road form Coatbridge Railport to Kirriemuir Bottling, the cost is £145. Thus Total mode cost=£125+£620+£295+£145=£1185. Total pallet= 25. The total mode cost = £1185/25=£47.4. The time =6 hours+7days+5 hours+7 hours=7 days and 18 hours. the total cost equal to £1185.Technical report 2--- Consignment delivery terms Table- Incoterms and their definitionExplanation:Incoterms 2010 is the eighth set of pre-defined international contract terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce. It include 11 terms, such as the EXW, FCA, FAS,FOB,CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP,DAP,DAT and DDP. These terms improve the efficiency of international trade and simplify the process and stages.The previous version, the rules are divided into four categories, but 11 incoterms 2010 predefined terms based on the delivery method only can be divided into two categories. The rules of a larger group of seven (g7) can be informs The chopped of The method of transmission, and a small group of four applies only to The sales, only involves The transport of water can verify The condition of The goods The loaded on board The ship. They therefore is not 2 for container transportation.Table – Allocations of cost buyer/seller according to Incoterms 2010Explanation:EXW is ex factory (place of delivery). Where the word's biggest obligation to the buyer and the seller's minimum obligations. The buyer will pay the cost of many parts, such as the export declaration, transportation, port of export, etc.FCA is free carrier (designated place of delivery), the seller is responsible for the shipment, the carrier of the buyer, the buyer is responsible for unloading and loading the goods to the carrier. When the goods delivered to the carrier, the risk will transfer the buyer.The CPT is carriage paid to (destination) is responsible for the origin of the shipper cost includes transportation export customs clearance and freight named place (usually a destination port or airport). The shipper is not responsible for delivery to the final destination (usually the buyer's facilities), or to buy insurance.CIP is the freight and insurance paid to (designated destination), the seller is responsible for most, such as the export customs declaration form, loading and unloading charges at the port of import and export. Insurance is the responsibility of the seller. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.The delivery DAT is terminal (designated destination), the seller is to cover all shipping costs such as export charges, transportation, unloading from the main carrier at the port of destination and the destination port cost. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.Bounce is (specify the destination of delivery), the seller is responsible for arranging transportation and delivery of goods, from traffic tools ready at discharge, at the specified place. The buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and tax. The seller pays for most.DDP delivery duty paid (designated destination), the seller is responsible for the goods sent to the designated place in China buyers, the goods to the destination and pay all fees including import duties and taxes. Where the word's largest responsibility on the seller and the buyer minimum obligation.\3.0 Technical report 3---Consolidation and groupage arrangements Chart – Consolidation and groupage arrangementsExplanation:from the first report, we can get the total cost of £1350, as a result, we can know each tray £108. As a result, cost effective pallet load level [1] = total price = £1350 /bed/tray £108 = 12.5. Thus the cost effective pallet load level = 12.4.0 Technical report 4---Least total cost conceptRecommendation ChartsRoute AAccording to the graph, we can find that the cost of Route A is £3313 but the Route B only use £3415. The Route A < Route B. Thus the best Route is Route A and the mode is road-rail-sea .Recommendation Chart5.0 Technical report 5---Procedures and documentationProcedures and documentation tableIn the Transport, the procedure is the include many parts, to the as the CFSP and PARS, the documentation of the include many things,, such as the bill of lading, commercial invoice, insurance, packing list, certificate of origin. Business process including CISG and UCC. These are used for commercial and documents are necessary, such as commercial invoice, pro forma invoice. Customs procedures including input data, declaration, check and pass. In the UK at the same time, the customs will prohibit certain commodities, such as revenue, the health of animals and plants. Documents including the certificate of origin of goods, etc.6.0 Reference[1] Grande, Joseph A. (September 2008). Plastic Pallets Gain Ground In anEco-Conscious World. Plastics Technology. Retrieved 29th April 2015.[4] C. J. Campbell, L. Goldberg, A. Rai. (2003). The Impact of the European Union Insurance Directives on Insurance Company Stocks. The Journal of Risk and Insurance.[3] Levi, Maurice D. (2005). International Finance, 4th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge[4] Data on the barriers and motivators to more sustainable transport behaviour is available in the UK Department for Transport study "Climate Change and Transport Choices" published in December 2010. Retrieved 1 may 2015.[5]"pro forma session". Senate Glossary. United States Senate. Retrieved 2015-5-1.。