translation 翻译
Definition of Translation
内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具， 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步，它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
translation翻译
1.--Can I help you ?--Will a duck swim .没问题2.This is the last place where I expect to see you.真没想到能在这里遇到你3.It is an ill wind that blows nobody good .任何事情都有两面性4.It is a good horse that never stumbles .人有失手，马有失蹄5.The horse stumbles has four legs .人非圣贤，孰能无过6.It is a wise father that knows his son.再聪明的父亲也不完全了解他的儿子。
7.Among the blind ,the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王/蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋Two heads are better than one .==Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind . Teach fish to swim.==Show off one’s proficiency before LuBan the master carpenter .Treasury-secretary 财政部长Federal Reserve Bank 美联储Security Council 安理会IMF:International Monetary Fund国际资金货币组织He once again imparted to us his great knowledge ,experience and wisdom.我们又一次领会了他那广博的知识，丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway .一个头戴黑色扁平草帽的小姑娘，出现在门口。
翻译的定义、分类和标准
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
翻译的形式和类型
翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。
翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。
除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。
不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。
口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。
同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。
同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。
同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。
鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。
同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。
在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。
后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。
于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。
中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。
同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。
常用翻译术语简述(一)
常用翻译术语简述（一）1、内容（content）与形式相对，指原文的思想或其内在意义。
2、形式（form）与内容相对,是传统译论的核心概念之一。
指语言意义的物质表现,包括词(字)形、句型、篇章结构、修辞格、字体排列以及各种音素形式。
3、欠额翻译（under-translation）与过载翻译相对在译语中, 原语信息被译者忽视或打了不应有的折扣，即信息度过小，以致读者得不到理解原文意思的必要信息。
(Newmark)4、过载翻译（over-translation）与欠额翻译相对。
译语的意义容量超过原语的意义容量,即译语的信息度过大，一般为增译不当所致，亦有添油加醋、借题发挥而致。
(Newmark）5、不可译性（untranslatability）与可译性相对,由于原作语言形式上的特异性和不同语言民族之间文化空缺或不可替代性，使译文不可能准确完整地再现原文。
6、可译性（translatability）与不可译性相对,可译论者认为,人类思想具有同一性,认识和思维方式具有普遍性，所以原本(包括它的文体和风格)是可用另一种语言翻译出来的。
7、可译性限度（limit of translatability）因语言形式和文化不同使可译性受到局限。
8、归化（domestication）与异化”相对，指恪守本族文化的语言传统，回归地道的本族语表达方式。
9、异化（alienation）与“归化”相对。
指在翻译方法上迁就外来文化的语言特点,吸纳外语表达方式。
10、回译（back translation）指把被译写成另一种文字的内容再转译成原文的表达。
12、形合（hypotaxis）与“意合”相对,指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段(syntacticdevices)或词汇手段(lexical equivalence)。
13、意合（parataxis）与“形合"相对,指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段(semantic connection)。
翻译
Literal translation, Free translation •1）Literal translation直译,异化法•Free translation 意译, 归化法•英、汉两种语言在结构和语义表达方面存在着雷同和差异，翻译时有时用直译，有时用意译。
•直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.•直译把忠于原文内容放在第一位，把忠于原文形式放在第二位，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。
•直译把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。
•注意•1) A qualified translation must be not only faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.•2) Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation, and it is impossible for one to translate every sentence or a whole text word-for-word.•3) Some readers mistake dead translation for literal translation, it’s a great confusion.1) 尽可能忠实履行翻译职责，避免越权，把解读留给读者。
例如：“as timid as a hare”与“胆小如鼠”的意思是不完全吻合的，不能简单猎取现成的中文成语加以对应。
“胆小如鼠”在中文里是个贬义词，带有蔑视“懦夫”的涵义，比较接近英文里的“coward”。
而英文里的“timid”和“hare”都没有那么强的贬义；timid只是一种带有羞怯或腼腆涵义的“胆小”，而hare并不像老鼠那么令人讨厌，所以不宜译成“胆小如鼠”。
翻译的定义
翻译的定义1词典定义：1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.-------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。
2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another.-------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5)2 国内学者下的定义：老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难……郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。
---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 .茅盾：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。
(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告)------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984.朱维之:翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来.------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984.许渊冲:翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。
翻译的方法和技巧
❝翻译方法和技巧（一）❝翻译的基础知识❝一、翻译的定义❝“translation” : “The conversion of one language into another, often used specifically with reference to written texts, as opposed to the interpretation of spoken language.”二、翻译的标准❝Alexander F. Tytler 提出了翻译三原则：❝First general rule: A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.❝Second general rule: The style and manner of writing in a translation should be of the same character with the original.❝Third general rule: A translation should have all the ease of original composition.❝严复的信达雅翻译标准❝用今天的话说，“信”为忠实准确，“达”为通顺流畅，“雅”为文字优美。
❝“既须求真，又须求俗”❝商务文体的翻译，该种文体的翻译不仅要忠实于原文所要传递的信息，而且译文要规范精确、明白易懂，符合译入语的文化习俗和读者的可接受性。
所以在商务文体翻译中，“信”必不可少，“达”则更显重要。
❝例1：Treasury securities are revalued daily.❝珍宝的安全每天都在重新估算。
（误译）❝这个译文的错误主要在于对securities 一词的理解。
作为普通用词，security 意为“安全”例如The Security Council，但在商务背景中，可以理解为“抵押、担保”或“证券、债券””等。
1.DefinitionofTranslation翻译的定义
1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。
翻译硕士名词解释词条
绝对翻译absolute translation摘要翻译abstract translation滥译abusive translation可接受性acceptibility准确accuracy译者行动translatorial action充分性adequacy改编adaptation调整adjustment美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation经纪人agent类同形式analogical form分析analysis感染型文本applied focused-texts应用翻译研究applied translation studies古词废词archaism元译素architranseme关于X围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本audio-medial texts委托mission自动翻译automatic translation自立幅度autonomy spectrum自译autotranslation逆转换back-transformation关于X围的翻译理论back-translation 双边传译bilateral interpreting双语语料库bilingual corporal双文本bi-text空位blank spaces无韵体翻译blank verse translation借用borrowing仿造calque机助翻译MATX畴转换category shift词类转换class shift贴近翻译close translation连贯coherence委托mission传意负荷munication load传意翻译municative translation社群传译munity interpreting对换mutation可比语料库parable corpora补偿pensation能力petence成分分析ponential analysis机器辅助翻译MAT一致性concordance会议传译conference interpreting接续传译consecutive interpreting建构性翻译常规constitutive translational conventions 派生内容的形式content-derivative form重内容文本content-focused texts语境一致contextual consistency受控语言controlled language常规conventions语料库corpora可修正性correctability对应correspondence法庭传译court interpreting隐型翻译covert translation跨时翻译理论cross-temporal theories of translation 文化途径cultural approach文化借用cultural borrowing文化替换cultural substitution文化翻译cultural translation文化移植cultural transplantation文化置换cultural transposition区分度degree of differentiation翻译定义definitions of translation描写翻译研究descriptive translation studies图表翻译diagrammatic translation对话传译dialogue interpreting说教忠信didactic fidelity直接翻译direct translation翻译方向direction of translation消解歧义disambiguation关于话语类型的翻译理论discourse type-restricted theories of translation文献型翻译documentary translation归化翻译domesticating translation配音dubbing动态性dynamics动态对等dynamic equivalence动态忠信dynamic fidelity用功模式effort models借用borrowing种族学翻译enthnographic translation翻译的种族语言学模式enthnolinguistic model of translation 非目标接受者excluded receiver诠释性翻译exegetic translation诠释忠信exegetical fidelity异国情调exoticism期望规X expectancy norms明示explicitation表情型文本expressive texts外部转移external transfer外来形式extraneous form忠实faithfulness假朋友false friends假翻译fictitious translation贴近coherence异化翻译foreignizing translation派生形式的形式form-derivative forms重形式文本content-focused texts形式对应formal correspondence形式对等formal equivalence前向转换forward transformation自由译free translation全文翻译total translation功能取向翻译研究function-oriented translation studies 功能对等function equivalence空隙gaps宽泛化generalization宽泛化翻译generalizing translation要旨翻译gist translation释词翻译gloss translation成功success目的语goal languages语法分析grammatical analysis语法置换grammatical transposition字形翻译graphological translation诠释步骤hermeneutic motion对应层级hierarchy of correspondences历史忠信historical fidelity同音翻译homophonic translation音素翻译phonemic translation横向翻译horizontal translation超额信息hyperinformation同一性identity地道翻译idomatic translation地道性idomaticity不确定性indeterminacy间接翻译indirect translation翻译即产业过程translation as industrial process 信息负荷information load信息提供information offer信息型文本informative texts初始规Xinitial norms工具型翻译instrumental translation整合翻译integral translation跨文化合作intercultural cooperation中间语言interlanguage隔行翻译interlineal translation逐行翻译interlinear translation语际语言interlingua语际翻译interlingual translation中介翻译intermediate translation内部转移internal transfer解释interpretation传译interpreting翻译释意理论interpretive theory of translation 符际翻译intersemiotic translation互时翻译intertemporal translation语内翻译intralingual translation系统内转换intra-system shift不变量invariant不变性invariance逆向翻译inverse translation隐形invisibility核心kernel关键词翻译keyword translation贴近coherence可核实性verifiability可修正性correctability空缺voids层次转换level shift词汇翻译lexical translation联络传译liaison interpreting普遍语言lingua universalis语言学途径linguistic approach语言对等linguistic equivalence语言翻译linguistic translation语言创造性翻译linguistically creative translation 字面翻译literal translation直译法literalism借译load translation原素logeme逻各斯logos低地国家学派low countries groups 忠诚loyalty机助翻译MAT机器翻译machine translation操纵manipulation操纵学派manipulation school图谱mapping矩阵规X matricial norms中继翻译mediated translation中介语言mediating language词译metaphrase元诗metapoem元文本metatext韵律翻译metrical translation模仿形式mimetic form最小最大原则minimax principle小众化minoritizing translation调整modification调适modulation语义消歧semantic disambiguation多语语料库multilingual corpora多媒介型文本multi-medial texts多阶段翻译multiple-stage texts变异mutation自然性naturalness必要区分度necessary degree of differentiation 负面转换negative shift无遗留原则no leftover principle规X norms必要对等语obligatory equivalents曲径翻译oblique translation观察型接受者observational receiver信息提供information offer操作模式operational models操作规X operational norms运作型文本operative texts可换对等语optional equivalents有机形式organic form重合翻译overlapping translation显型翻译overt translationX式对等paradigmatic equivalence平行语料库parallel corpora释词paraphrase局部翻译理论partial theories of translation部分重合翻译partially-overlapping translation参与型接受者particularizing receiver具体化翻译particularizing translation赞助patronage运用performance音素翻译phonemic translation音位翻译phonological translation中枢语言pivot language译诗为文poetry into prose争辩式翻译polemical translation多元系统理论polysystem theory译后编辑post-editing译前编辑pre-editing语用途径pragmatic approach精确度degree of precision预先规X preliminary norms规定翻译研究prescriptive theories of translation首级翻译primary translation关于问题的翻译理论problem-restrained theories of translation成品取向翻译研究product-oriented studies of translation 过程取向翻译研究process-oriented studies of translation 专业规X professional norms散文翻译prose translation前瞻式翻译prospective translation抗议protest原型文本prototext伪翻译psedotranslation公共服务传译public service interpreting纯语言pure language原始翻译radical translation级阶受限翻译rank-bound translation关于级阶的翻译理论rank-restricted theories of translation 读者取向机器翻译reader-oriented machine translation独有特征realia接受语receptor language重构式翻译translation with reconstructions冗余redundancy折射refraction规约性翻译常规regulative translational conventions转接传译relay interpreting知识库要素repertoreme变换措词rephrasing阻抗resistancy受限翻译restricted translation重组restructuring转译retranslation后瞻式翻译retrospective translation换词rewording换声revoicing重写rewrtiting韵体翻译rhymed translation翻译科学science of translation目的论scopos theory二级翻译second-hand translation二手翻译secondary translation选译selective translation自译self translation语义消歧semantic disambiguation语义翻译semantic translation语义空缺semantic voids意义理论theory of sense意对意翻译sense-for-sense translation 序列翻译serial translation服务翻译service translation转换shifts视译sight translation手语传译signed language translation同声传译simultaneous interpreting源语source language源文本source text源文本取向翻译研究source text-oriented translation studies 具体化specification结构转换structure shift文体对等stylistic equivalence子语言sublanguage配字幕substituting成功success超额翻译overtranslation组合对等syntagmatic equivalence系统system有声思维记录think-aloud protocols目标语target language目标文本target texts目标文本取向翻译研究target text-oriented translation studies 术语库term banks术语terminology文本类型学text typology文本素texteme关于文本类型的翻译理论text type-restricted theories of translation 文本对等textual equivalence文本规X textual norms理论翻译研究theoretical translation studies意义理论theory of sense增量翻译thick translation有声思维记录think aloud protocols第三语码third code第三语言third language关于时域的翻译理论temporal-restricted theories of translation完全翻译total translation巴别塔tower of babel注音transcription译素transeme转移transfer转移取向翻译研究transfer-oriented translation studies迁移transference转换transformation可译性translatability笔译translation翻译与博弈理论translation and the theory of games 翻译即抉择translation as decision-making翻译即产业过程translation as industrial process翻译对等translation equivalence翻译研究translation studies翻译理论translation theory翻译单位translation unit翻译普遍特征translation universals重构式翻译translation with reconstructions翻译对等translation equivalence翻译体translationese翻译学translatology译者行动translatorial action音译transliteration符际转化transmutation置换transposition不受限翻译unbounded translation欠额翻译undertranslation翻译单位translation unit单位转换unit shift不可译性untranslatability词语一致verbal consistency可核实性correctability改本改译version纵向翻译vertical translation空缺voids耳语传译whispered interpreting词对词翻译word- for-word translation作者取向翻译机器reader-oriented machine translation。
Translation-翻译
• Cap binding protein, eIF4E, binds to cap
• The N-terminus of eIF4G binds eIF4E and the Cterminus binds eIF4A
• Th20e21/44/40S subunit binds to eIF4G via eIF3
AAAAAA
1
A “Simple” Eukaryotic Gene
Transcription Start Site
5’ UTR
Introns
3’ UTR
5’
Exon 1 Int. 1 Exon 2 Int. 2 Exon 3
3’
Promoter/ Control Region
Exons
Transcription
• 70-80 nt long
• 3’ end has the 5’- CCA sequence to which aa are linked
• The opposite end contains the anticodon loop
• Contains modified
ba2s02e1/4s/4
7
2021/4/4
4
Model of eukaryotic ribosome
• rRNAs are believed to play a catalytic role in protein synthesis.
• After removal of 95% of the ribosomal proteins, the 60S subunit can catalyze formation of peptide bonds.
translation翻译
I help you ?--Will a duck swim .没问题is the last place where I expect to see you.真没想到能在这里遇到你is an ill wind that blows nobody good .任何事情都有两面性is a good horse that never stumbles .人有失手，马有失蹄horse stumbles has four legs .人非圣贤，孰能无过is a wise father that knows his son.再聪明的父亲也不完全了解他的儿子。
the blind ,the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王/蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋Two heads are better than one .==Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind .Teach fish to swim.==Show off one’s proficiency before LuBan the master carpenter .Treasury-secretary 财政部长Federal Reserve Bank 美联储Security Council 安理会IMF:International Monetary Fund国际资金货币组织He once again imparted to us his great knowledge ,experience and wisdom.我们又一次领会了他那广博的知识，丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway .一个头戴黑色扁平草帽的小姑娘，出现在门口。
英汉比较与翻译第一章 英汉翻译概述
• 4.3 熟练的翻译技巧与策略
翻译技巧是译者在翻译实践中不断总结归纳出来 的，并不是所有的译者都熟练掌握所有的翻译理 论知识，但是几乎所有优秀的译者都会下意识地 或有意识地综合运用各种翻译技巧，如：增词法、 省略法、词类转译法、重复法、词序转换法、合 并法、拆分法等等：
E.g. 1 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (增加代词) E.g. 2 我不放弃原来的梦想，现在不放弃,将来不放 弃。 I don't abandon my original dream, I never now and never will. (省略重复出现的部分)
笔译(translation/written translation)
机器翻译(machine translation) 人机协作翻译（machine-aided translation）
• 3.3 全译、摘译和编译
全译（full-text translation）
摘译（abridged translation）
a sort of man Friday to the director of the company. (何江波， 2010:20)
译文：他们给了我销售经理的头衔，但我却实在 是给公司领导当忠实助手的材料。 分析：如果没有相关的商务知识，可能会把 “ Sales Manager”译成“销售管理者”，如果对 英国作家笛福的小说《鲁宾逊漂流记》中的 “Friday”一无所知，可能会把“man Friday”译 成“星期五男人”。
第三节 翻译的分类
• 3.1 语内、语际和符翻译
语内翻译(intralingual translation)
translation翻译理论
Translation Theory姓名：常国强班级：翻译131学号：13332014Register语域（Register）是语言使用的场合或领域的总称。
英国语言学家韩礼德（M. A. K. Halliday）将语域定义为，语言变体可以按照使用的情况划分为语域。
按照词语或话语的正式程度，柯平把语域分为五级：刻板的（frozen）、正式的（formal）、商谈的（consultative）、随便的（causal）和亲昵的（intimate）;语域的三个社会变量：语场（field），语旨（tenor）和语式（mode）。
Four decisive factors:The addresserThe addresseeSubject and matterForm of communicationIs a global economic recession likely? If so, what might trigger it? Willem Buiter, Citi’s chief economist and the Financial Times’ erstwhile Maverecon blogger, answers these questions: “Yes” and “China”. His case is plausible. This does not mean we must expect a recession. But people should see such a scenario as plausible.Mr B uiter does not expect world output to decline. The notion here is a “growth recession”, a period of growth well below the potential rate of about 3 percent. One might imagine 2 percent or less. Mr Buiter estimates the likelihood of such an outcome at 40 per cent.His scenario would start with China. Like many others, he believes China’s growth is overstated by official statistics and may be as low as 4 percent. This is plausible, if not universally accepted.It might become even worse. First, an investment share of 46 per cent of gross domestic product would be excessive in an economy growing 7 per cent, let alone one growing at 4 per cent. Second, a huge expansion of debt, often of doubtful quality, has accompanied this excessive investment. Yet merely sustaining investment at these levels would require far more borrowing. Finally, central government, alone possessed of a strong balance sheet, might be reluctant to offset a slowdown in investment, while the shares of households in national income and consumption in GDP are too low to do so.Suppose, then, that investment shrank drastically as demand and balance-sheet constraints bit. What might be the effects on the world economy?One channel would be a decline in imports of capital goods. Since about a third of global investment (at market prices) occurs inside China, the impact could be large. Japan, South Korea and Germany would be adversely affected.A more important channel is commodity trade. Commodity prices have fallen, but are still far from low by historical standards (see chart). Even with prices where they are, commodity exporters are suffering. Among them are countries like Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Gulf States, Kazakhstan, Russia and Venezuela. Meanwhile, net commodity importers, such as India and most European countries, are gaining.Shocks to trade interact with finance. Many adversely affected companies are highly indebted. The resulting financial stresses force cutbacks in borrowing and spending upon them, directly weakening economies. Changes in financial conditions exacerbate such pressures. Among the most important are movements in interest and exchange rates and shifts in the perceived soundness of borrowers, including sovereigns. Changes in capital flows and risk premia and shifts in the policies of important central banks exacerbate the stresses. At present, the most important shift would be a decision by the US Federal Reserve to raise interest rates.As Warren Buffettsaid: “You only find out who is swimming naked when the tide goes out.” According to the Bank of International Settlements, credit to non-bank borrowers outside the US totalled $9.6tn at the end of March. A strong dollar makes any currency mismatches costly. These may start on the balance sheets of non-financial corporations. But the impact will be transmitted via their losses to banks and governments. Thus, reversal of “carry trades”, funded by cheap borrowing, might wreak havoc.A visible shift is a decline in foreign exchange reserves, driven by deteriorating terms of trade, capital flight and withdrawal of previous capital inflows. This might cause “quantitative tightening”, as central banks sell holdings of longer-dated safe bonds. This is one of the ways that these shocks might be transmitted to the high-income countries, including even the US. But this also depends on what the holders of the withdrawn funds do with it and on the policies ofaffected central banks.What we might see, then, is a series of real and financial linkages: declining investment and output in China; weaknesses in economies dependent on that country’s purchases or on prices set by its buying; and reversals of carry trades and shifts in exchange rates and risk premia that stress balance sheets.How might policymakers respond? China will surely let its currency fall rather than continue to lose reserves, not least because usable reserves are smaller than headline numbers, which include infrastructure investments in Africa and elsewhere that cannot quickly be sold. The policy space of other emerging economies is greater than in the past, but not unlimited. They will be forced to adjust to these shocks rather than resist them.Meanwhile, the policy choices of high-income countries are restricted: politics has almost universally ruled out fiscal expansion; the intervention rates of central banks are near zero; and, in many high-income economies, private leverage is still quite high. If the slowdown were modest, nothing much might be done. The best response to a big slowdown might be “helicopter money”, created by the central bank to stimulate spending. But its use seems quite unlikely. The conventional rules.In brief, a global growth-recession scenario “made in China” is perfectly plausible. If it were to happen, a decision by the Fed to tighten now would come to look downright foolish. We are not talking about the sort of disaster that accompanies a global financial crisis. But the world economy will remain vulnerable to adversity until China has completed its transition to a more balanced pattern of growth, and the high-income economies have recovered from their crises. That is still far away.全球经济是否可能会出现衰退？若果真如此，可能引发衰退的因素是什么？花旗(Citi)首席经济学家、曾经为英国《金融时报》撰写名为“非正统经济学”(Maverecon)的博客的威廉?比特(Willem Buiter)对此的回答是：“有可能”以及“中国”。
翻译定义
19
CRITERIA OF TRANSLATION
Yan Fu’ s (严复) “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of
Faithfulness (信)
Expressiveness (达) Elegance
ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER:
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
To be more exact, in Nida’s & Tytler’s words：
美国翻译理论家EUGENE A. NIDA：
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又 自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语 义上，其次在文体上。)
翻译专业术语大全
翻译专业术语大全本文为翻译专业术语大全，介绍翻译领域中常见的术语及其解释。
一、翻译1. Translation 翻译：将一种语言的文本用另一种语言表达的过程。
2. Translator/Interpreter 翻译员：从一种语言转换为另一种语言的专业人士。
3. Source Language（SL）源语言：被翻译文本的语言。
4. Target Language（TL）目标语言：翻译后的目标语言。
5. Bilingual 双语的：能听说读写两种语言的人。
6. Multilingual 多种语言的：能听说读写多种语言的人。
7. Translate 翻译：将源语言文本转换成目标语言文本。
8. Interpretation 口译：将源语言口述转换成目标语言口述。
9. Localization 本地化：将一个产品从一种语言转换成另一种语言，并符合该地区的文化、政治、习俗等环境。
二、文本类型1. Technical Text 技术文本：对某种科技、专业领域的知识、技能、思想等进行描述的文本。
2. Legal Text 法律文本：含法律内容的文本，如合同、法规等。
3. Medical Text 医学文本：含医学内容的文本，如医学论文、病历等。
4. Financial Text 金融文本：含金融内容的文本，如财经新闻、报告等。
5. Literary Text 文学文本：小说、诗歌等文学作品。
6. Commercial Text 商业文本：广告、宣传资料等商业性文本。
三、翻译术语1. Translation Theory 翻译理论：研究翻译规律、方法和技巧的学科。
2. Translation Studies 翻译研究：研究翻译现象、理论和实践问题的学科。
3. Translation Criticism 翻译批评：通过对原著和译文进行分析、比较和评价来评判翻译质量的学科。
4. Translation Equivalence 翻译等值性：翻译过程中，源语言和目标语言表达方式和意义上的相当性。
Translation翻译 (1)
Key to Section A
The buttered tea takes tea as its main material mixed with some other food, so one will find various tastes when drinking it. The tea not only can warm up one’s body, but also can nourish the drinker. There is a set of rules to follow when one visits a Tibetan family and is invited to drink the buttered tea. One cannot drink up the whole bowl of tea in one breath, but lick the mushy tea while drinking it. The hospitable host often keeps the guests’ bowl filled up; so don’t touch the bowl if you don’t want to drink the tea. If you have enough and cannot drink anymore, you may leave the bowl there for the moment and drink up the tea when you’re leaving. Only one follows these rules in line with the customs and manners of the Tibetans can she/he receive a warm welcome from them.
英汉术语翻译术语
绝对翻译。
Absolute Translation。
按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2摘要翻译。
Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。
3滥译。
Abusive Translation。
路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。
4可接受性。
Accetability。
图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。
A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。
5准确。
Accuracy。
翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。
A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。
6改编Adaptation。
传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。
translation翻译解读
Three key words from the definitions • 2. natural (it is not enough to produce grammatically correct sentencs but idiomatic, natural sentecnces.) Eg. When things happen that you don’t like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 发生你不喜欢的事情时，你有两种选择： 要么痛苦不堪，要么痛快达观。
1. Definition of Translation
(P1-3)
英国The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another
International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or
• 江 雪 • 柳宗元 • 千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。 • 孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。 • 许渊冲先生译: • Fishing in Snow • From hill to hill no bird in flight, • From path to path no man in sight. • A straw- cloak’d man afloat, behold! • Is fishing snow on river cold. （许先生的形式传译可谓传神,在前两句诗的翻 译上,他不仅用介词短语取代名词词组,而且还替换了 原诗中表动作意义的词,既没有违背目的语的语言规范, 又表达出了原诗空旷孤寂的意境。这正好体现了真正 意义上的“形式对等”。）
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…until absolutely necessary. 直到绝对必须之时→非到万不得已… essential information for travellers 供给旅客重要的信息→旅客须知 A managing director has a lonely job. He needs a sparring partner. 一个总经理有一份孤独的工作。他需 要一个拳击练习的对手。 →当了总经理做起事来就形单影只， 也要有个时时和他交手的人。
Criteria of translation
• “译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难 矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚 焉。……译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所 颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍 本文。……至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当 前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达： 为达，即以为信也。《易》曰：“修辞立诚”。 子曰“辞达而已！”又曰：“言之无文，行之 不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。 故信达而外，求其尔雅。
Translation Theory and Practice
• Scoring • Usual Performance: 20% (class attendance +class participation + homework ) • Final Exam: 80%
Textbook Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese
Three key words from the definitions • 3. flavor (style)
Eg. “You may run, but you can never hide.” 1)你可以逃亡，但你永远无法把自己藏起来。 简评：直译；词义翻译。译文有感情色彩，且有一定的力量。 适用于Bush的文本和中国受众，也适用于同传和交传。 2)你可以四处逃窜/到处逃亡，但你永远无处藏身。 简评：直译，词义翻译。译文有感情色彩，用了四字结构、注 意修辞（见下划线），显得更有力量、韵味。适用于Bush的文 本和中国的受众，也适用于同传和交传。 3)不管你怎么逃，（怎么躲，）但是天网恢恢，疏而不漏。 简评：意译；交际翻译（有点创造性）。译文有庄严感、正义 感，有权威性、严肃性，创造性使用中国俗语（见划线部分）， 适合在正式场合和非正式场合使用，修辞效果甚佳。虽然原文在 字面上并非如此，但译文到位、寓意深刻，如果美国是代表正义 的，那就是佳译，甚至在诸方面都“超越”了原文。
Course Description
• Teaching Contents • 1. Introduction • 2. Disparity Between “Corresponding Words” in English and Chinese • 3. Different Ways of Expressing Actions • 4. Different Perspectives Behind the Language • 5. Texture of the Sentence Structure • 6. Pragmatics and Translation • 7. Translation as Cross-Cultural Communication
1. Definition of Translation
(P1-3)
英国The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another
International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or
Criteria of translation
• Zhi Qian （支谦） “follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery” (因循本旨，不加文饰). • Dao An（道安） “ translate according to the original without any addition and deduction” (案本而传，不令有损言游 字). • Kumurajiva (鸠摩罗什） “elegance based on the original” (依实出华)
――严复（1854－1921，《天演论· 译例言》）
Criteria of translation
• 译者不但要求达意，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须 忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。 ――林语堂
• 傅雷：神似（similarity in spirit）
以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形 似，而是神似。 “ So far as the effectiveness is concerned, translation is done just in the same way as the copying of a painting. What really counts is being alike not in appearance but in spirit.”
I will teach him to deceive others. （I will punish him so that he will not deceive others.） 我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢再欺骗人。 “Ellen, shut the window. I’m starving!” and her teeth chattered as she shrunk closer to the almost extinguished embers. “爱伦，把窗子关上，我快冻死了，”她的 牙齿在打颤，一面蜷缩身子，向快要熄灭的火 炉靠拢。
It’s torrent dashes down three thousand feet from high, As if the silver river fell from the azure sky. (许渊冲)
Criteria of translation
Some types of translation (P3)
1. Interpretation：
Consecutive interpretation连续传译/即席翻译 Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译
2. Written: general / gloss translation
Criteria of translation
Tang Xuanzang
“ Five Don’ts”（五不译）; i. e.: Don’t translate： what is mysterious; （秘密故） what is multi-semantic; （多义故） what is too alien to be reproduced; （此无故） • what is hereditary; （顺古故） • what is philanthropic. （生善故） • • • • •
Criteria of translation
• 一是易解，二是保存原作的丰姿（鲁迅“rather
to be faithful in thought than smooth in the language”（宁信而不顺） ）
• 化境（sublimation，“reaching the acme of perfection”）（钱钟书） • 刘重德/思果：信、达、切 • 许渊冲：音美、形美、意美 • 林以亮：达到一种心灵上的契合 • 余光中：真有灵感的译文，像投胎重生的灵魂一 般，令人觉得是一种“再创造”。
• 江 雪 • 柳宗元 • 千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。 • 孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。 • 许渊冲先生译: • Fishing in Snow • From hill to hill no bird in flight, • From path to path no man in sight. • A straw- cloak’d man afloat, behold! • Is fishing snow on river cold. （许先生的形式传译可谓传神,在前两句诗的翻 译上,他不仅用介词短语取代名词词组,而且还替换了 原诗中表动作意义的词,既没有违背目的语的语言规范, 又表达出了原诗空旷孤寂的意境。这正好体现了真正 意义上的“形式对等”。）
• 望庐山瀑布 • 日照香炉生紫烟， • 遥看瀑布挂前川。 • 飞流直下三千尺， • 疑是银河落九天。 • Cataract on Mount Lu The sunlit censer peak exhales a wreath of cloud, Like an upended stream the catars from the definitions • 1. textual (What we usually translate are
texts rather than independent words or sentences.) Eg. 警幻道：“此茶出在放春山遣香洞，又以仙花灵叶上 所带之宿露而烹，此茶名曰‘千红一窟’。” (第五回) Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern Maiden’s Tears
another language 《辞海》、《汉语大词典》：把一种语言文 字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另 一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。
美国Webster’s Third New
•
Nothing should be added to or taken from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. • 从以上的翻译定义来看，我们知道……不可有所增 删。译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此 翻译有两个要素：准确性与表达性（忠实与通顺）。 • 综合各家之长: 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出 来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文 明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。