英美概况-英国政体
英美概况谢福之知识点总结
英美概况谢福之知识点总结英国和美国是世界上两个最具影响力和实力的国家之一,它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要的地位。
本文将对英美两国的政治制度、经济发展、文化特点等进行介绍,并分析两国之间的联系和影响。
一、政治制度英国是君主立宪制国家,国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。
国家由议会议员和内阁成员组成,议会分为上下两院,分别为众议院和贵族院。
议会具有立法权,内阁负责政府的运作。
英国政体具有稳定的政治体系和完善的法律制度,是世界上最早建立的议会制度国家之一。
美国是联邦制共和国家,国家元首是总统,由国会和总统共同行使立法权。
国会由参议院和众议院组成,总统负责执行国家政策和签署法案。
美国政体具有分权制衡、选举制度严格等特点,是世界上最早建立的共和政体之一。
二、经济发展英国是世界上最早工业化的国家,拥有发达的制造业和金融产业。
伦敦是世界金融中心之一,对全球金融市场具有重要的影响力。
英国的经济体系具有卓越的创新能力和国际竞争力,是世界上最具竞争力的经济体之一。
美国是世界上最大的经济体,拥有发达的制造业、服务业和高新技术行业。
美国是全球科技创新的领头羊,拥有世界上最多的科技研发机构和科技企业。
美国的经济体系具有活力和创新能力,是全球经济体系的重要推动力。
三、文化特点英国是世界上最具影响力的文化传统之一,拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧等领域具有重要的地位,对世界文化产生了深远的影响。
英国的文化传统具有多样性和包容性,吸引着全世界的文化爱好者。
美国是一个多元文化的国家,拥有丰富多彩的文化传统和艺术表现形式。
美国文学、电影、音乐等领域对世界文化产生了深远的影响,美国的流行文化和大众文化在全球范围内具有重要的地位。
美国的文化传统具有包容性和开放性,吸引着全世界的文化创意者。
四、两国之间的联系和影响英国和美国有着深厚的历史渊源和文化联系,在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有紧密的联系和相互影响。
英国是美国的传统盟友,两国在国际事务和全球治理中保持着密切的合作关系。
英美概况知识点总结题库
英美概况知识点总结题库一、英美概况基本概念英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点,包括地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、社会等方面的情况。
英美两国是世界上最有影响力的国家之一,其发展历史和国情具有重要的影响力。
因此,了解英美概况对于理解世界格局和国际关系有着重要的意义。
二、英美概况的地理特点1. 英国地理特点(1)英国位于欧洲西北部,包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个主要地区。
英国总面积244,820平方公里,是欧洲第三大岛国。
(2)英国地势大致呈现出中高原低洼的地形特点,山地和丘陵地区占据了半岛的西南部和中部,而低洼平原主要分布在东南和中南部地区。
2. 美国地理特点(1)美国位于北美洲中部,是世界第四大国家,总面积达到9,638,131平方公里。
(2)美国地形多样,山脉主要集中在西部,大平原和丘陵地区主要分布在中西部,而东部则是低洼平原地区。
美国有众多河流,包括密西西比河、科罗拉多河、哥伦比亚河等。
三、英美概况的历史沿革1. 英国历史沿革(1)英国有着悠久的历史文化,公元前55年,罗马帝国入侵了不列颠岛,成为不列颠的一部分。
5世纪,盎格鲁-撒克逊人从德国北部迁入英格兰,并在836年建立了第一个统一的英国王国。
(2)1066年,诺曼征服导致了英国的政治和社会结构发生了较大变化,12世纪中叶英国建立了自己的君主立宪制度。
16世纪的宗教改革导致了英国国教的建立,17世纪的克伦威尔革命结束了君主专制,成立了军政府。
18世纪末,英国工业革命开启了现代化的起点。
(3)19世纪,英国成为世界上最强大的殖民地帝国,印度和非洲大部分地区被英国殖民。
20世纪,英国在两次世界大战中扮演了关键角色,但在战后开始了殖民帝国的解体和国际地位的下降。
2. 美国历史沿革(1)美国历史的起源可以追溯到公元前1492年,哥伦布发现了北美大陆。
17世纪早期,英国殖民者开始在北美建立殖民地。
(2)18世纪末,美国爆发了独立战争,美国终于于1776年宣布独立,建立了独立的民主共和国。
英国建立的政治体制是什么
英国建立的政治体制是什么英国建立的政治体制是英国君主立宪制。
英国君主立宪制是1688年政变(见光荣革命)后在英国建立起来的国家政体,也称议会君主制,属资产阶级民主制政体类型。
英国资产阶级革命确立的君主立宪政体大大削弱了国王的权力,议会及政府逐步掌握了治理国家的权力,这种政治体制虽然有其历史局限性,但它结束了英国的封建专制制度,使得英国走上资产阶级政治民主化的道路,有利于资本主义的发展。
它代表了历史发展的趋势,是历史的一大进步。
英国是世界上第一个建立君主立宪制的国家,这一制度的确立和不断完善,不仅对巩固资产阶级在英国的统治起了巨大的作用,而且对其他国家的资产阶级建立新的制度,也有着巨大影响。
制度特点君主处于统而不治的地位在18世纪时,国王还能运用手中的实权,恩赐官职,笼络保王势力,以后,王权逐渐削弱。
到19世纪中叶维多利亚女王在位期间,王权大大衰落。
法律赋予英王的权力,实际上都是通过议会和内阁去行使,王权成为象征性的。
君主必须根据议会意愿行使行政权力。
君主名义上是世袭国家元首、联合王国武装部队总司令和英国国教的世袭领袖。
就法律地位而言,君主可以任免首相、各部大臣、高级法官和各属地的总督,拥有召集、停止和解散议会,批准和公布法律,统帅军队、宣战和媾和等权力。
实际上处于统而不治的地位。
与封建专制制度下拥有绝对权威的封建君主相比,立宪君主只能是依宪法而治的君主。
其存在主要作为国家的象征。
在对外交往中,君主代表英国;英王(女王)是英国国家的人格化,提供了国民效忠的对象,成为民族团结的纽带和国家统一的象征,现在位女王的头衔全称“天佑大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和她的其他领土及领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教护教者伊丽莎白二世”就表明英王的权力;在日常政治生活中,英王(女王)具有被咨询权、支持权和敬告权;英王(女王)作为英联邦首脑,还起着维系英联邦纽带的作用。
虽然如此,英王仍是资产阶级国家政权中不可缺少的部分。
作为国家的象征,英王可以在维护国家团结、调解统治阶级内部矛盾等方面发挥作用,或就内政、外交问题提供可资参考的意见;在特殊情况下,也还可以行使宪法赋予的某些权力。
20716_英美概况课件英国政党
经济政策
主张自由市场和企业家精 神,支持减少政府干预和 降低税收。
社会政策
关注环保、人权和公民自 由等议题。
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保守党
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保守党历史与现状
保守党起源
起源于18世纪的托利党,19世纪 30年代演变为保守党。
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保守党的发展历程
经历了多次分裂和合并,逐渐成为 英国两大政党之一。
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在英国,绿党于1973年成立,虽然从未在大选中赢得多数席位,但在地方选举和欧 洲议会选举中取得了一定成就。
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英国独立党
英国独立党成立于1993年,旨 在推动英国脱离欧盟,实现国家
独立。
该党在经济上主张自由市场经济 ,减少政府干预,降低税收和减
少公共支出。
在移民问题上,英国独立党持有 限移民政策,强调英国文化和身
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君主立宪制
英国女王是国家元首,但 实际权力掌握在议会和政 府手中。
多党制
英国实行多党制,主要政 党有保守党、工党、自由 民主党等。
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英国政党发展历程
早期政党
20世纪以来的发展
17世纪末至19世纪初,英国出现了辉 格党和托利党两个主要政党,分别代 表不同阶层和利益集团。
20世纪以来,英国政党政治经历了多 次变革,包括工党的崛起、保守党的 改革以及自由民主党的兴衰等。
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英国政党制度评价与展望
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英国政党制度特点分析
两党制为主导
英国政党制度以保守党和工党两大政党为主导,长期轮流执政,形 成稳定的两党制格局。
议会制为基础
英美概况知识点总结专升本
英美概况知识点总结专升本英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况及相关知识的总结和概述。
英国和美国作为世界上最具影响力的两个国家之一,其政治、经济、文化等方面的情况对世界和全球化进程产生着重要的影响。
本文将从英国和美国的历史、政治、经济、文化、教育、社会等多个方面对这两个国家的概况进行总结。
一、英国概况1. 历史英国的历史悠久,可以追溯到几千年前。
公元前43年罗马帝国入侵英格兰,建立了罗马不列颠,标志着英国进入了历史时期。
在此后的几个世纪里,英国经历了盎格鲁-撒克逊、维京人和诺曼底入侵等一系列事件,形成了英国独特的历史文化传统。
2. 政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家,国家元首是英国女王。
英国议会由上议院和下议院组成,是英国的最高立法机构。
英国政府主要由首相和内阁组成,负责国家的日常管理和决策。
3. 经济英国是全球第六大经济体,其经济体系主要由资本主义制度组成。
英国的主要经济产业包括金融、制造业、科技、医疗保健和旅游业等。
伦敦是英国的金融中心,也是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
4. 文化英国是全球文化的重要中心之一,拥有丰富的文化遗产和传统。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧和电影等领域都享有盛誉,许多作家、音乐家、演员和导演都在世界范围内备受尊敬。
5. 教育英国拥有世界上一些最著名的大学,如牛津大学、剑桥大学等。
英国的教育体系以高质量和多样化而著称,吸引着许多国际学生前来留学。
6. 社会英国的社会福利体系完善,保障了人民的基本权益。
英国是多元文化的社会,拥有来自世界各地的移民群体,形成了一个多元化和包容性的社会。
二、美国概况1. 历史美国的历史可以追溯到1492年克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现美洲大陆以来。
美国经历了移民潮、独立战争、内战、西部拓荒等一系列大事件,形成了美国独特的历史传统。
2. 政治美国是一个联邦制共和国,其政治体系基于宪法的原则。
美国总统是国家元首,由总统、参议院和众议院共同组成的三权分立制度是美国政治的核心特征。
英美概况知识点总结高中
英美概况知识点总结高中英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点的总称,包括国家地理环境、政治制度、经济发展、文化传统、社会风貌等多个方面的内容。
作为世界上两个最具有影响力和历史底蕴的国家,英美概况的了解对于增进我们对这两个国家的了解和认识具有重要意义。
下面将进行英美概况知识点的总结,以便于大家更好地了解这两个国家。
一、英国概况1. 地理环境英国位于欧洲大陆西北面,是一个由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的联合王国。
英国地处大西洋东部,地形多样,有山地、平原、丘陵和岛屿等地貌。
英国的气候受大西洋海洋性气候影响,冬季温和湿润,夏季凉爽多雨。
英国是一个发达的海岛国家,拥有丰富的自然资源和美丽的风景。
2. 政治制度英国的政治制度是君主立宪制,君主是国家元首,议会是最高权力机构。
英国议会分为上议院和下议院两个部分,议会具有立法和监督政府职能。
英国政府由内阁负责,内阁首相是政府首脑,由议会多数党派的领导人担任。
英国的政治体制稳定成熟,拥有悠久的历史传统和独特的民主制度。
3. 经济发展英国是一个发达的工业化国家,经济实力雄厚。
英国拥有发达的资本市场和金融服务业,是全球金融中心之一。
英国的经济以服务业为主,尤其是金融、保险、房地产、科技和娱乐等领域发展迅速。
此外,英国也拥有发达的制造业和农业,是世界上最重要的出口国之一。
4. 文化传统英国是文化名城,拥有丰富的文化传统和历史遗产。
英国文学、音乐、艺术、博物馆、剧院等领域都有重要影响力。
英国享有丰富多样的文化产业,包括电影、电视、出版、游戏等领域蓬勃发展。
英国还拥有众多世界知名的文化遗产,如巨石阵、温莎城堡、巴斯古城等。
5. 社会风貌英国社会多元包容,拥有多样的文化建制和生活方式。
英国是一个移民国家,吸引了来自世界各地的移民,形成多元的社会结构。
英国的社会福利体系完善,医疗、教育、社会保障等公共服务和福利都得到充分保障。
英国社会秩序良好,法治建设完善,民众享有相对安定和安全的生活环境。
英法美德政体 Microsoft Word 文档 (2)
英国,君主立宪制。
君主立宪是在保留君主制的前提下,通过立宪,树立人民主权、限制君主权力、实现事实上的共和政体。
英国政体是典型的立宪君主制,其主要特点是“虚”“实”结合与“议会至上”。
英国政体中处处体现出“虚”“实”结合的特点,这首先表现在英王与内阁的关系上。
英王虽然是国家元首,但其权力要么只能按法律和惯例行使或受到别人牵制,要么必须在有关大臣的“忠告”并连署下行使,实际处于“临朝不临政”的地位。
议会和内阁虽掌握实权,但议会由英王、上院和下院组成,其中上院是贵族院,是主要西方国家中唯一以贵族政治为基础的政治机构,它和英王都只有象征性的权力,而议会的立法、监督、财政等大权实际握在下院手中。
英国政体中处处体现出“虚”“实”结合的特点,这首先表现在英王与内阁的关系上。
英王虽然是国家元首,但其权力要么只能按法律和惯例行使或受到别人牵制,要么必须在有关大臣的“忠告”并连署下行使,实际处于“临朝不临政”的地位。
议会和内阁虽掌握实权,但议会由英王、上院和下院组成,其中上院是贵族院,是主要西方国家中唯一以贵族政治为基础的政治机构,它和英王都只有象征性的权力,而议会的立法、监督、财政等大权实际握在下院手中。
这充分体现了“虚”与“实”的动态平衡。
英国政体的另一大特点是体现了“议会至上”原则,即立法权在三权中居于核心地位,行政和司法机关都是立法机关的一个部分,行政权和司法权实际是立法权的派生,三者互有重叠。
美国和法国都是总统共和制。
国家最高权力由总统和议会按不同职能分别执掌和行使的一种政体形式。
总统共和制下,总统和议会分别由选举产生,任期限定,内阁由总统组织并对总统负责,总统既是国家元首又是政府首脑,与议会之间有权力制约关系。
法兰西第五共和国政体是典型的“半总统制”,即兼有总统制和议会制的特点,统在表面上受到议会更多牵制,但实际上权力比居于总统制中的美国总统更大,法国政治中的党派制衡具有自己的特点。
法国是典型的多党制国家,从理论上看应该更有利于权力制衡,但在实践中却导致了长期的政局不稳。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结一、地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部,由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛两大部分组成,与法国相隔英吉利海峡。
美国则位于北美洲,南临墨西哥湾,东隔大西洋与非洲相望。
二、历史背景1. 英国历史悠久,是一个大英帝国时代曾经占领过大片海外领土的国家,也是现今英联邦的成员国。
2. 美国则是一个相对较新的国家,于1776年宣布独立,随后在19世纪迅速扩张,成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
三、社会制度1. 英国为君主立宪制国家,现为君主立宪制议会民主制国家。
2. 美国为联邦制共和国家,政府分为三个独立的机构,即行政、立法和司法。
四、宗教1. 英国是一个多元宗教国家,主要宗教包括英国国教(基督教)、天主教和伊斯兰教等。
2. 美国宗教信仰自由,主要宗教包括基督教、天主教、犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教等。
五、文化1. 英国文化深厚,以莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠为代表,拥有世界上最古老的大学之一牛津大学。
2. 美国文化年轻活力,是全球娱乐文化的重要输出国,好莱坞产出大量世界级电影和音乐。
六、教育1. 英国的教育体系包括小学、中学、大学等,素有“教育王国”的美誉。
2. 美国教育分为幼儿园、小学、中学、大学等,大学中拥有世界一流的学府如哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。
七、科技1. 英国拥有世界领先的科学研究机构和科技企业,如剑桥大学的科研实力备受赞誉。
2. 美国在科技领域有世界上最杰出的创新能力和科研机构,硅谷更是全球IT行业的中心。
八、经济1. 英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体系,金融业、制造业、服务业是主要支柱。
2. 美国是世界上最大的经济体,以先进的科技和创新,拥有全球范围内强大的影响力。
九、旅游景点1. 英国拥有众多著名旅游景点,如大本钟、温莎城堡、巨石阵等。
2. 美国也有众多旅游胜地,如纽约时代广场、大峡谷、好莱坞等。
十、社会福利1. 英国实行普遍医疗保险制度,居民享受国家提供的医疗服务。
2. 美国的医疗保险制度相对复杂,没有普遍的国家医疗保健计划。
英国的发展知识点总结
英国的发展知识点总结英国是一个历史悠久、文化灿烂的国家。
在过去的几个世纪里,英国经历了许多风雨,但它始终是世界上最具影响力的国家之一。
英国发展的知识点涉及政治、经济、社会、文化等方面,下面我们将逐一进行总结。
一、政治1. 英国的政治体系英国是一个君主立宪制国家,国家元首是英国君主。
英国的政治体系基于议会制度,议会由两个议院组成:上议院和下议院。
上议院是贵族院,下议院是民选议会。
英国的首相是由下议院多数党的党魁担任,是政府的首脑。
2. 英国的政党制度英国主要的政党有保守党、工党和自由民主党。
保守党一直是英国政治上的重要力量,工党也具有相当的影响力。
两党轮流执政,自由民主党在某些地方也有一定的选民支持。
3. 英国的殖民主义英国曾经是世界上最大的殖民帝国之一。
它曾经殖民了美洲、非洲、亚洲和大洋洲的大部分地区。
殖民主义对英国政治、经济和社会发展产生了深远的影响,也是英国政治历史上的重要组成部分。
4. 英国的政治改革英国进行过一系列的政治改革,其中最重要的是1832年通过的《大选法案》。
该法案取消了一些地方的选区,增加了其他地方的代表人数,使英国政治更加民主化和公平。
二、经济1. 英国的工业革命英国是世界上第一个工业化国家,18世纪末19世纪初发生了著名的工业革命。
工业革命使英国成为全球最大的经济实体之一,也给世界经济带来了深远的影响。
2. 英国的金融体系伦敦是世界金融中心之一,英国拥有完善的金融体系和银行业。
英国的金融服务业对全球经济产生了重大作用,是英国经济一个重要支柱。
3. 英国的贸易英国是一个贸易大国,尤其是在其殖民时期。
直到现在,英国仍然是一个重要的贸易国家,贸易额在全球经济中占有较大份额。
4. 英国的经济改革英国进行过一系列的经济改革,从撒切尔夫人的私有化政策到布莱尔时代的劳动力市场改革,都对英国经济产生了深远的影响。
三、社会1. 英国的社会福利制度英国有比较完善的社会福利制度,包括医疗保健、教育、住房等。
英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain中文摘要:英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国,是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。
英国采用君主立宪制政体,王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。
英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛,被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围,气候温和湿润。
它,一个漂泊在大西洋上的小岛,曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻,人口不过数百万,国土资源也很有限,却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门,从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心,一跃成为西方强国的领头人,并独领风骚数百年,给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。
然而到了十九世纪末期,由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因,英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤,大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立,大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。
这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落,回归到欧洲,回归到欧洲的版图之内,回归到大西洋中的那个小岛。
关键词: 农业革命;工业革命;世界工厂;殖民扩张;帝国;世界大战;衰落Abstract in English:Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britain was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate.It, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one after another. The great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "workshop of the world" and "an empire in which the sun does not set" began declining gradually and returned to Europe, the European territory,the island in the Atlantic Ocean.Key words:Agricultural Changes;Industrial Revolution;T he workshop of the world;Colonial Expansion ;The World War ;The Empire ;Decline Introduction:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression ,shecompleted the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. she began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it ,but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power who is always at the America's command in international affairs.1 The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times ,how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.1.1 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the synall farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cuffivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming moreefficient and more profitable. The 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell (1725-95). Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke(1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nick-named “Famer George”Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results (1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands -land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; and (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentra tion of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.1.2 M-The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to seek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All these factorscombined to make England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry because of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was increased by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam locomotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two classes became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north England, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center of the world trade and the English language was used in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.1.3 Colonial ExpansionEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notabl the British East India Company in India. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th century.1.3.1 The growth of dominionsIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, under populated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.After the Seven Years' War (1756-63 ) between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the. Quebec Act of 1774. Then the Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Pntario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French. Only one serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada ,as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales, (1770). The English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century. New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. In the1770s Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England. Missionaries became active inthe early 19th century, and systematic colonization was begun in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) with the Maori chiefs, and made the country a separate colony (1841). It achieved self-government in 1952, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.1.3.2. The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government became directly involved in Indian affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a “Board of Control”to supervise the Company. Political instability and French interference prompted further intervention. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native- troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentment at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2) fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and (3) the issue of cartridges- greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims . After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.2 The Fall of Great BritainWith the coming of the 19th century,the British Empire began to go downhill. First,the capitalist countries did not develop at even pace. T owards the end of the 19th century the newly-industrialized countries which developed more quickly than Britain spang up and become Britain's formidable rivals in markets and source of raw materials. In 1900,Britain was surpassed by the United States and Germany in industrial production and Britain lost her economic supremacy in the world. Sceond,when the 20th century was ushered in the state of Britain's imperial rule over her colonies started to totter and an up surge of the national independence struggle of the colonial people began to be in the making. In the process of the crumbing of the British Empire, there were several affairs which directly or indirectly led to her declining.2.1 Britain in the Two World Wars and the AftermathBriain joined in World War I and was one of the victorious countries . It seemed like that she won the greatest victory in history,but she sustained great loss:more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt,and loss of many foreign markets forever. She was exhausted and half bankrupt. About 750,000 Englishmen,fell in action and 1.500,000 were disabled for life. The war cost was about 9 billion pounds an nearly 70 percent of it was met by loans. As a result ,Britain became a debtor country. London was replaced by New Y ork as the world's banking center. Britain's international status was lowered to a great extent and she was deprived of her position as unmatched maritime overlord by the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.On June 6,1944,the British joined the Allied forces in the Normandy Invasion and fought in the Second Front in Western Europe until the final victory. World War II started the last stage of Britain's disintegration which was initiated by World War I,on the one hand, Britain suffered enormous losses in the war and her national strength was greatly reduced .With the war over, Britain had face the fact that it was no longer a major power.it would no longer keep up pretences;its cities had been damaged ,its navy and army strethed to the limit, its war debt enormous.Britain needed a long time to recover from the cost war-nothing less than a reconstruction of the nation.2.2 The Loss of ColonizationIn Britain's former colonies, the commonwealth was to keep a certain club-like organization by which Britain manage to keep a certain The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. The British government tried its best at first to suppress them and when that failed,she made concessions.World War I undermined Britain's rules over her colonies. When the colonials participating in the war returned home, they were not as deferential to their English masters as before. Revolutionary ideas of the war like "self-determination of peoples" and socialist idealogies wereside-spread in the British colonial rule began to revolt against colonial rulers and some of them won their victories. After World War II,peoples in the British colonies had been awakened and tempered by the war and their struggle for independence began to surge forward immediately. Within two decades ,most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.3 Modern BritainHistory has left much burden on Britain and she didn't recover from the bad condition quickly. There are a series of factors which influence her development.3.1The Monarch and the PeopleThough the feudal class is no longer in power,the monarchy and the Upper House have been retained and the monarchy continues to confer noble titles on distinguished persons. In Britain, the Queen reigns,but she does not rule. The royal house has a large amount of private wealth and spends many million of pounds given by Parliament,which undoubtedly give a burden on the national expenditure. In addition, they have many privileges.Despite traditional as well as present diversity, the British people have their common characteristics--conservatism and deference.Adherence to traditions and familiar things easily leads to public suspicion of new plans of the government,causing numerous protests i n the country.3.2 The Economic FactorsBritain is a trading nation.many years of consumption has exhausted some of Britain's resources. Therefore ,she became one one of the world's largestest importers,buying up a large proportion of the raw materials sold in the world market. Its limited domestic market and inadequate home supply of raw materials compel the country to rely on heavily on foreign trade.In addition,Britain is not self-sufficient in food grain.After the second World War,Britain nationalized some one-fourth of production and service industries.Some of the stated-owned companies made thin profits or even ran at a loss. Britain's slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term"British Disease". In spite of the efforts to redjust and some short periods of rapid development,Britain's rate econemic growth has been low in comparison with that of most other industrialized countries.3.3 Cultural and Social FactorsBritain is said to be a state with a from-cradle -to -grave social welfare programme.The government should ensure ,as far as it can,that nobody should be without the means of the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment ,old age,sickness,or over-large families. According to one estimate,government's spending on the social programme consists of more than 40% of the government's total expenditure. It 's a heavy burden on the government,resulting in what is known as ''dependency culture'' which hinders development based on competition.Conclusion:Looking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of twowars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.T aking the rise and fall of Great Britain as an example, we may learn that a country want prosperous, it needs to go through a hard road. But after being glorious, resting on one’s laurels is a road to death. T echnology is the development for all, so we must accept new things and ideas and let our mind emancipated from old stereotype!Bibliography:Alderman Geofftey,Modern Britain 1700--1983,Burrell Row,Provident House,1986,P1--15A.C.W.,Winchester,Nineteent Century Britain 1815--1941,Harlow,Essex,UK, Longman House 1982,P175--181安来芳,英美概况[M],郑州:河南人民出版社,2004.9 ,P130--136张奎武,英美概况[M],吉林:吉林科技大学出版社,1984,P115-12911。
英国政体总介绍(中英文)
英国指南.英国的内政.英国的政体(1)君主政制女王拥有什么权力?王国政府代表英王(即宪法赋予其统治王国权力的人)及政府,也是最高行政机构的象征。
英女王拥有王国政府的统治权,但行使有关权力的,一般都是向国会负责的部长级官员,因此英国实际上是由英国政府代替女王管治的。
然而,大部分重要的政府议案仍须得到女王同意方可获得通过。
国会女王有权召开、解散或下令国会休会。
新一年度国会在召开第一次会议前,女王均会发表一篇由政府官员撰写的演辞,内容主要简述政府新一年的工作大纲。
每项议案均须得到女王在国会两院宣布正式批准方能成为法律。
女王在部长的建议下有权特赦囚犯或宣布减刑。
根据法律规定,女王个人是不会犯法的——因为她获民事及刑事起诉的豁免权,法庭也不能起诉她。
然而,其他王室成员却不能享有该项豁免权。
勋衔及委任女王有权册封贵族、颁授爵位及其他勋衔。
受勋人士名单通常由首相提名,但某些勋衔则由女王自己决定。
许多重要的国家职位均由女王委任,人选则由首相或有关内阁大臣提名。
外交政策各国派驻伦敦的外交人员均须得到女王的同意,她有权缔结条约、发动战争或议和、确认海外国家及政府、吞并及割让领土。
枢密院女王负责主持枢密院的会议。
按君主特权所订立的枢密令,以及其他法令均是由枢密院通过的。
君主特权包括组织行政机关,而政府的权力则受制于宪法习惯(这些规则本身并非法律,但对政府的运作却异常重要)。
所有涉及君主特权的行为,均须由有关部长负责执行,他们须向国会负责,并就各项政策接受国会议员的质询。
国会有权撤消或限制有关特权的行使。
除了听取各项报告外,女王也可随时就国民生活情况向其官员发表意见。
为什么英女王有两个生日呢?女王的出生日期是在4月21日。
但传统以来,英国人都习惯于夏天庆祝君王的寿辰。
由1805年起,英国人开始以举行军旗礼来庆祝君王的官方寿辰,日期通常是定于6月的第二个周末。
这个仪式的本来目的是让士兵熟识其所属兵团的旗帜式样,以便日后行军打仗时易于识别。
英国美国政治体系概况
选举制度:
美国总统选举实行间接选举制。首先由各州选民投票 选出本州选举人(人数与本州国会议员人数相等), 再由各州选举人同时在各州首府投票选举正、副总统。 议员选举实行直接选举制。众议员由各州选民直接选 举;参议员最初由各州议会选举,1913年生效的第17 条宪法修正案规定,参议员也由各州选民直接选举。 州长、议员和某些州的法官、重要行政官员都由选民 选举产生。各级选举一般都 由两党包办。为了保证两党的统治地位,一般实行单 名选区制和多数代表制。
美国政治体制
政治制度: 美国是联邦制国家,政权组织形式为总统 制,实行三权分立与制衡相结合的政治制 度和两党制的政党制度。 政权组织形式: 采用两党制。美国宪法虽然没有规定政党 地位,但政党是美国政治 制度的重要组成部分,其影响渗透于其他 各种政治制度。两党制在 美国成立联邦初期就已萌芽,到南北战争 后,两党制正式形成。垄 断资产阶级通过两大政党控制整个国家政 治机构,操纵全国政治生 活。两党的主要职能是操纵和包办选举, 特别是总统 选举。民主党和共和党两党长期轮流执政。 美国政党除两大党外, 还有其他一些政党,但它们都无法影响两 大党轮流执政的地位。
国家结构形式: 1776-1787年的美国为邦联制国家。1787年制定的 《美利坚合众国宪法》改国家 结构形式为联邦制,在建立统一的联邦政权的基础上,各州仍保有相当广泛的自主 权。联邦设有最高的立法、行政和司法机关,但有统一的法和法律,是国际交往的 主体;各州有自己的宪法、法律和政府机构;若各州的宪法和法律与联邦宪法和法 律发生冲突,联邦宪法和法律优于州的宪法和法律。美国宪法列举了联邦政府享有 的权力,如征税,举债,铸币,维持军队,主持外交,管理州际和国际贸易等。不 经宪法列举的其他权力,除非宪法明文禁止各州行使者外,一概为州政府保留。州 的权力主要是处理本州范围内的事务,如以地方名义征税,管理州内工商业和劳工, 组织警卫力量和维持治安,等等。联邦中央和地方的具体权限,200年来不断有所 变化。
英美概况课件英国政党
Liberal Party declined and merged with
the Social Democrats
8
The Conservative Party
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History
The Tory Party (from the late 17th and early 19th Centuries)
Eligibility to vote and to be a candidate
legally resident in
the UK
a citizen of the UK
candidate
18 or over on the date of the election
Exclusion
on the electoral register
Prior to the mid-19th
The Tories
(托利党)
the landed gentry the Church of England and Scotland
Loyalists or Cavaliers
Opposing parliament
The Whigs (辉格党)
the newly emerging industrial classes
representing the interests of the working class as against the interests of the employers
in favor of nationalization as key industries Its policies are connected with those of the
政治英国知识点总结
政治英国知识点总结1. 英国政体概况1.1 英国是一个君主立宪制国家,国家元首是国王或女王,目前的国王是查尔斯三世。
1.2 英国的立法机构是议会,由国会上下两院组成,分别是众议院和贵族院。
议会是英国的立法机关,承担着制定法律的职责。
1.3 英国政府的行政机关是内阁,内阁由首相和其他高级部长组成,负责国家的日常行政和决策。
2. 英国的选举制度2.1 英国的选举制度是通过普选产生议会和政府。
英国的选民必须年满18岁以上,具有英国国籍或者是英国居民。
2.2 英国的选举周期为五年一届,议会选举采用单一选区相对多数制,代表最多选票的候选人当选。
2.3 英国的政党体系包括保守党、工党、自由民主党等不同政治派别,通常由最多选票获得的政党组建政府。
3. 英国政治制度3.1 英国的司法体系是由最高法院、高等法院和上诉法院等组成,负责审理民事、刑事和行政案件。
3.2 英国的宪法是没有正式成文宪法,而是由传统、惯例、法律和权威文件等多种形式构成。
3.3 英国的政治发展具有历史悠久的特点,包括民主、宪政和权利保障等实质内容。
4. 英国政府机构4.1 英国政府的行政职能由内阁和各政府部门共同负责,包括外交、国防、财政、教育、卫生等多个领域。
4.2 英国的地方政府由议会、地方政府议员和地方政府首长组成,负责地方政务的管理和服务。
5. 英国的政治议题5.1 英国脱欧问题是当前英国政治的焦点,涉及英国退出欧盟后的经济、贸易、移民等多个方面。
5.2 英国的民生议题包括医疗、教育、住房、就业等问题,关系到英国人民的生活质量和幸福感。
5.3 英国的外交政策涉及到与欧盟、美国、俄罗斯、中国等国家和地区的关系,以及国际组织和跨国议题的合作和争端。
6. 英国的政治领导人6.1 英国首相是英国的政治领导人,负责领导政府和国家事务。
首相由议会选举产生,通常由执政党的领袖担任。
6.2 英国的其他政治领导人包括内阁成员、议会领袖、地方政府首长等,负责各自领域的管理和决策。
自己做的英美概况课件-英国部分
1. 英国部分
国家地理常识 国家历史知识 国家政治常识 社会文化知识
一、英国国家地理常识
1. 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔 不列颠群岛由两个大岛 大不列颠岛(较大的一个) 大不列颠岛 兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、 英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自 由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有 个成员国 年止已有50个成员国 由联合体。它成立于 年 年止已有
4. 资源
英国主要的矿产资源有煤 石油和天然气。 英国主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气。 硬煤总储量1,700亿吨。铁的蕴藏量约为 亿吨。 亿吨。 亿吨。 硬煤总储量 亿吨 铁的蕴藏量约为38亿吨 西南部康沃尔半岛有锡矿。 柴郡和达腊姆蕴藏 康沃尔半岛有锡矿 西南部康沃尔半岛有锡矿。在柴郡和达腊姆蕴藏 着大量石盐。斯塔福德郡有优质粘土 有优质粘土。 着大量石盐。斯塔福德郡有优质粘土。康沃尔半 岛出产白粘土。奔宁山脉东坡可开采白云石 东坡可开采白云石。 岛出产白粘土。奔宁山脉东坡可开采白云石。兰 开夏西南部施尔德利丘陵附近蕴藏着石英矿。 施尔德利丘陵附近蕴藏着石英矿 开夏西南部施尔德利丘陵附近蕴藏着石英矿。在 英国北海大陆架石油蕴藏量约在10~ 亿吨之间 英国北海大陆架石油蕴藏量约在 ~40亿吨之间 。天然气蕴藏量约在8,600~25,850亿立方米左右 天然气蕴藏量约在 ~ 亿立方米左右 。
英语国家概况英国的政府体制
英语国家概况英国的政府体制看英国的征服体制,了解这个国家的概况情况。
下面是店铺带来英国的政府体制相关介绍,欢迎大家阅读!英语国家概况:英国的政府体制介绍Government and Administration英国政府机构I.General knowledgeThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy,the head of state is a king or a queen. The UnitedKingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereignby His or Her Majesty's Government. The System ofparliamentary government is not based on a writtenconstitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law andinterprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。
联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。
英语国家概况:英国的政府体制(君主立宪制)Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powerare limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutionalmonarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。
英美概况(10):英国政府
Party system
Known Prime Minister Winston Churchill Conservative Statesman, writer Two terms: 1940-1945, 1951-1955 1953, Nobel Prize for literature
Hold the office for the whole life
Parliament
3.
House of Commons
Members: 651 Power: has the real power of British government The cabinet
Composed of the Prime Minister and his important colleagues Has the real executive power of government
British Government
I. Constitutional Monarchy(君主立宪制)
Definition: A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges a hereditary or elected monarch as head of state.
Hale Waihona Puke John Major
Terms:1990---1997 Conservatives
Party system
Tony Blair
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Literature of the Revolution Period
the Puritans two types of writers
two antagonistic(敌对的)camps:
the Royalists the Puritan type the Cavalier type
English literature of the Revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.
Important Points
• • • • • 1. Three kinds of poets. Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人), Cavalier poet(保皇派诗人), the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). 2. Literary term: Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌)
• The Civil Wars • James I (1603-1625) and the Parliament • Charles I (1625-1649) • Cromwell as Lord Protector • The new Parliament ——导火索
The English Civil War
The Civil Wars
The Civil Wars C. There were two sides to the argument: people who
supported the king (royalists) and people who supported the Parliament’s power (parliamentarians). D.The fundamental reason was the conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes represented by the Parliament and the feudal landowners represented by the Crown. E. But it wasn’t just a war over politics: it was a war between two systems of social ( Traditional system and New system ) a economic development. • Consequences : A. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule i
• The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of arme conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first Civil Wa (1642–1646) opposed the supporters of King Charles I. A the second (1648–49) was against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. • Reasons : Beacause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the Parliament developed into
1、革命开始于1640-1642年议会斗争,资产阶级、新 贵族控制下的下议会要求限制王权,英国资产阶级革命 开始。 2、1642-1649内战期间。克伦威尔率领的议会军在纳 西比战役,马斯顿荒原战役中击溃王党军。 3、1649年,查理一世被处死,英国成立了共和国。 4、1660年,斯图亚特封建王朝(查理二世)复辟。 5、1688年,支持议会的辉格党人与部分托利党人邀请 詹姆士二世的女儿玛丽和时任荷兰奥兰治执政的女婿威 廉(后来的玛丽二世和威廉三世)回国执政,发动宫廷 政变,推翻斯图亚特王朝封建统治,建立了资产阶级新 贵族的统治,史称“光荣革命”。 6、1689年,颁布《权利法案》标志君主立宪制的资产 阶级统治确立。
Oliver Cromwell, by merchants, artisans, apprentices, peasants, cities and countryside
• British bourgeois revolution is a major victory in human history, the capitalist system to the feudal system. • Bourgeois revolution establishes the dominance of capitalist production relations in the UK. • In world history, British bourgeois revolution opened the prelude of the bourgeois revolutionary movement in Europe and North America and had hit the economic foundation of Europe and even all feudal countries in the world. • This revolution promoted the process of history development in the world. It is the beginning of modern world history. • British bourgeois revolution had not fundamentally solved lagging behind of the political and economic systems. On the contrary, it suppressed the British people’s uprising with reactionary aristocracy.
Oliver Cromwell
The Glorious Revolution
Conversion to Catholicism in 1673.
During his three-year reign, King James II became directly involved in the political battles in England between Catholicism and Protestantism on the one hand, and on the other, between the Divine Right of Kings and the political rights of the Parliament of England.
The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
English Literature of the 17th Century
The Outburst of the English Revolution
two camps
the Parliamentary party(议会党) the Royalists(保皇党) the King (Charles I), by the conservative gentry(保守党的贵族们), The big landlords, the monopolists
The Political System of BritБайду номын сангаасin
班级:12级英本8班 学号:1203150821 姓名:甄吉芳
The Political System of Britain
The United Kingdom today is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentar y democracy. But unlike other countries in the world, the UK has no writt en constitution in any one documents; it is only partly written and contain ed in multiple documents. The English constitution shows the following c haracteristics: Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary sovereignty, Repr esentative democracy, and the rule of law. In United Kingdom, Parliamen t is the supreme legislation body. It comprises three elements: the Crow n, the nonelected House of Lords, and the elected House of Commons. The House of Commons is consisted of 651 people and it is also known as Lower Hous e. However, known as the Upper House, the House of Lords today is mor e a place of discussion and debate rather than one of substantial power. The English government is instituted at three levels: central government , country government and district government. Since 1945, the British pa rty politics has been a twoparty system of government in the UK Parliament with power being held by either the Conservat