商务英语翻译 定语从句 (1)
商务英语--定语从句
1 他是去年我在上海出差认识的那位商人。
He is the business man who I met during the business trip in shanghai.2 这是我们的宣传册子，里面有我们的产品介绍。
This is our brochure which is with our products introduction.3 我们去年生产的产品现在在韩国很畅销。
The products which we produced last year sell well in Korea.4 我们准备订购20箱红茶，它们必须有很好的包装。
We are prepared to order 20 cases of black tea which must be packed well.5 这是我们去年参观的那个工厂。
This is the factory which we visited last year.6 您是否还记得我们第一次见面的时候。
Do you still remember the time when we first met .7 我们无法接受上个星期五您给我们的报价。
We can’t accept your offer which you gave us last Friday.8 几年后，小工厂已经发展成为一个雇有2000人的大广场。
In a few years the small factory has become a large factory which employed 2000 people.9 他是去年和我们建立业务关系的客户。
He is the customer who built business relations with us last year.10 正在给客户打电话的人是我们部门的销售经理。
The man who is calling the customer is our sales manager from our department.1 他是去年我在上海出差认识的那位商人。
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
毛津源
【期刊名称】《校园英语（教研版）》
【年(卷),期】2016(000)003
【摘要】商务英语在当今社会商务活动中扮演着重要的角色.商务英语翻译有其自身的句法特点,定语从句在商务英语中使用频繁且复杂.因此要求译者根据原文分析其逻辑关系,为了避免不必要的经济纠纷或经济损失,译者应掌握其英汉互译的翻译原则和特点并结合前置法,后置法和融合法三种翻译方法有效地解决商务英语中定语从句翻译的难题.
【总页数】1页(242)
【关键词】商务英语;定语从句;融合法
【作者】毛津源
【作者单位】湖北大学知行学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】
【相关文献】
1.商务英语定语从句的理解和翻译技巧 [J], 谭美云
2.商务英语翻译中定语从句的译法 [J], 王琰
3.商务英语中定语从句的翻译策略探讨 [J], 杨恕华
4.英语定语从句的三种翻译方法 [J], 张宏友
5.浅析商务英语中定语从句的翻译 [J], 张怡。
Unit11BusinessReports世纪商务英语翻译教程(第三版)
Unit 11
Business Reports
返回
Business Reports
知识目标： 1. 了解商务报告的基本知识 2. 掌握商务报告的语言特点及其常用翻译技巧 3. 熟悉定语从句的翻译方法
能力目标： 1. 能够正确翻译商务报告中的常见词汇、语句和段落 2. 能够运用所学翻译技巧熟练地翻译各类常见商务报告 3. 能够较为熟练地翻译各类定语从句
Sec 7
Sec 8
返回
SECTION 3
I. 商务报告的语言特点（1）
Sec 1
商务报告在内容上要讲求客观，忠于事实；观点上要求思路清晰，引证
Sec 2
准确；结构上要求语篇完整，布局合理；文体上讲究风格自然, 语言正式。有
人把商务报告的特点概括为：篇幅可长可短，体例必须规范；内容或繁或简，
Sec 4
Now we have our own truck to transport the building materials on the construction site. The expenditure of the department would be lower. This would enable the company to operate more smoothly.
SECTION 1
Sec 2 Sec 3 Sec 4 Sec 6 Sec 7 Sec 8
例文：
Report On An Event Date of report:23-Sept-2008
To the board of directors: With the fund granted for the purchasing of a truck of the
大学商务英语翻译-练习7-定语从句
20XX年复习资料大学复习资料专业：班级：科目老师：日期：定语从句的翻译1. A lot of things happened to the board of directors during his absence which he didnot know.2.I guessed that in the past he had acquired a good deal of experience in dealing withMiddle West businessmen who had to be cajoled into paying a fancy price for an old master’s painting.3.In the Third World, where two out of three people still live by farming, food shortageand malnutrition are common.4.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzlingto a visitor.5.They saw the first glimmerings of the "new economic order" for which many Third Worldcountries have long been clamoring.6.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.7.While at a museum, one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will explainthe objects on display as you move through the museum.8.There are also great advantages that come from different kinds of cultures broughtby settlers from other lands.9.In fact, many Americans who could afford to hire a cook or driver do not employ them.10.The airplane is the first in the scale of increasing vehicle size that would appearto be adaptable to nuclear power.11.Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in20XXXX21.12.As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forcedto cut our prices to the minimum.13. A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in its application beforea working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of thecountry.14.The trend of home working is surging in the field of finance where trading can bedone via the Internet.15.E-commerce is a challenging and dynamic area where change, growth and innovation arethe norm.补充练习：（无）。
商务英语翻译之定语翻译
我们不能忽视规章制度改革可能带来的负面影响，这些影响可能会引发 过度竞争 ，削弱现有企业。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法 ②在译文中将定语从句后置，省略英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如： After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人员继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
1. 前置法：把英语的限制性定语从句翻译成带“的”字的定语词组，放在 被修饰词之前，从而将英语的复句变成汉语的单句。例如：
Trade barrier is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 贸易壁垒是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all. 在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有一点灰尘。
定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句
② 译成表示“结果”的分句。例如： There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of the directors of the board.
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法： ① 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词
They would have to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly participated in an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们可能不得不蒙受耻辱度过余生，这个耻辱就是：他曾贸 然参与了一项行动，这项行动破坏了最高级会谈，并且可以 设想，还可能触发一场核战争。 The managing director received a letter from her that announced her resignation. 总经理收到了她的信，信中说明她要辞职。
商务英语从句的翻译
2. An agreement was never reached for the simple reason that neither side wants to give in.
译文：协议没有达成的原因很简单,那就是双方都 不让步。
一、定语从句的翻译
1. 翻译为后置分句 当定语从句比较长的时候，可以考虑翻译成后置分
句，或者独立分句，也可以译成外围结构。这种做法的 目的是力求使汉语译文的信息完整准确、流畅易懂。 例如：Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.
3. The Hong Kong government has asked global fast food chain McDonalds to withdraw a seasoning for its French fries because it could contain a banned artificial sweetener.
8. 翻译为让步状语 例如：
1. The shipment, which seemed toomplished in time.
译文：虽然装运似乎很艰巨，但已及时完成。
2. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work, nor can they ever replace humans.
定语从句翻译
定语从句1.前置合译法（前滚翻）：若定语从句较短，较简单，与先行词（名词）的关系紧密（一般来说，紧密的，为限定性从句；不紧密的，为非限定性从句），限定性定语从句及少部分非限定性从句（较短且有描述性的非限定），一般将从句提在先行词之前，译成“…的” 1）The action it takes at any moment can,t be predicted,and people find that disturbing.分析：后一个that引导宾语从句，指代前面的事情。
翻译：它在任何一个时刻采取的行动都无法预见，这件事使人们感到不安。
2）I was, to borrow from John Le Carre（插入语）,the spy（间谍）who was to stay out in the cold.分析：插入语，作状语，译成汉语时，放在句首翻译：借用约翰.李.卡雷的话来说，我是一名被打入冷宫的间谍。
3）There will come a day when people all over the world will live a happy life.分析：定语从句中含有定语从句，主句是when引导的定语从句，修饰a day 翻译：全世界人民过上幸福生活的那一天（终究）是会到来的。
4）The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.翻译：在他手下干活的员工怕他怕得要死。
5）We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome.翻译：给我们留下极深印象的是（同位语的翻译）即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。
定语从句例句带翻译及讲解
定语从句例句带翻译及讲解定语从句例句带翻译及讲解定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），是指一类由关系词（英语：relative word）引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语，所以曾被称为定语从句（英语：attributive clause），这类从句除了可以做定语之外，还可以充当状语等其他成分，所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。
下面是店铺整理的定语从句例句带翻译及讲解，一起来看看吧。
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。
My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。
如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。
whose 通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。
如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
商务英语定于从句的翻译方法
========本科学生毕业论文商务英语中定语从句的翻译方法作者====系(院)外国语学院专业英语年级2008级本科学号080401001指导教师====_论文成绩_日期2012年05月_学生诚信承诺书本人郑重承诺：所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果，也不包含为获得安阳师范学院或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。
与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
签名：日期：论文使用授权说明本人完全了解安阳师范学院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。
签名：导师签名：日期：商务英语中定语从句的翻译方法曹忠慧（安阳师范学院外国语学院，河南安阳455002）摘要：商英语定语从句翻译方法的分析，使初学者对较复杂的句式结构能更好的理解。
对其他各科也提供了不同的思路。
通过对定语从句翻译方法的研究，论证了转换与补偿在定语从句中翻译时的重要作用，系统地归纳总结了定语从句的翻译方法。
关键词：定语从句；转换与补偿；翻译方法；商务英语一、翻译方法简述——转换与补偿无论是从英语还是汉语来看，“翻译（translation）”及其同义词，都同转换后替换的概念相关。
所以翻译首先是一个从原文到译文的语际转换过程，即贯穿该过程始终的、在各语言层次上综合进行的各种语言现象、表达手段和叙述方式的转换。
而俄罗斯翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫在《语言与翻译》一书中补对偿法做了明确的定义：补偿法则是可以达到等值翻译的一种特殊手段。
当翻译中因某种原因没有原语中某些成分的等值成分，也无适当的表达手段时，常用这种方法。
作为翻译方法，补偿是转换的必要和有效补偿。
在很多情况下，转换与补偿在翻译中形影不离，相辅相成。
商务英语合同中的定语从句
商务英语合同中的定语从句In a business English contract, a defining relative clause is used to provide essential information about anoun in the sentence. It usually starts with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) and gives importantdetails about the noun it refers to. Here are some examples of defining relative clauses in a business English contract:1. The company, which has been in operation for over 50 years, agrees to provide the necessary funding for the project.2. The consultant who is hired to oversee the marketing campaign must have at least 10 years of experience in the industry.3. All products that are deemed defective by the quality control team will be replaced at no extra cost to the customer.4. The supplier whom we have a long-standingrelationship with has agreed to extend the payment termsfor this order.5. The software which is used for accounting purposes must be compatible with the company's existing systems.在商务英语合同中，定语从句用于提供关于句子中名词的重要信息。
定语从句翻译
• 这是最为常见的一种英译汉的方式，翻译成中 文时，将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。
• 例1：He is not the one who will give up easily. 译文：他不是一个轻易服输的人。
• 例2：Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 译文：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。
3．译成相对独立的小分句
• 有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较 为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句 子。
• 例1: One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. 译文：有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所 鲜见的。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
2．不翻译关系代词或关系副词
• 有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但在意义上却已经和 主句融为了一体。在翻译时，应该将引导定语从句的关系词省略， 从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。
• 例1: After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 译文：晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
• 二、分译法：
• 分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法， 主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这 种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一 般采用主句在前，从句在后的翻译形式，将句 子翻译成两个相对独立的小分句。
商务英语合同中的定语从句
商务英语合同中的定语从句In the realm of business English, the use of attributive clauses is a sophisticated way to convey detailed information about a noun within a contract. These clauses provide essential details that can clarify the nature of the agreement, the parties involved, and the terms of the contract itself. Here's how attributive clauses can be effectively utilized in a business English contract:1. Defining Parties: "The Party, which enters into this agreement, shall be referred to as the 'Contractor.'" This clause specifies which party is being referred to within the contract.2. Describing Objects: "The goods, that are the subject of this contract, are defined in Schedule A." This clause directs the reader to another part of the document for a detailed description of the goods involved.3. Specifying Conditions: "The payment terms, under which the Contractor is obligated to pay, are detailed in Section4." This clause outlines the specific conditions that must be met for payment to be due.4. Identifying Timeframes: "The effective date of this agreement is the date on which both Parties have signed, as evidenced by their signatures." This clause pinpoints the exact time when the contract becomes effective.5. Clarifying Locations: "The jurisdiction governing this contract is the state in which the Company's headquarters is located." This clause specifies the legal jurisdiction that will be applied to the contract.6. Enumerating Obligations: "The services, including but not limited to those listed in Exhibit B, shall be provided by the Contractor." This clause expands on the services that the contractor is obligated to provide, with a reference to an exhibit for a comprehensive list.7. Stipulating Consequences: "In the event that the Contractor fails to meet the deadlines specified in this agreement, the penalties outlined in Clause 12 shall apply." This clause links to a specific clause that details the consequences of non-compliance.8. Referring to Legal Definitions: "The term 'Force Majeure,' as used in this contract, shall have the meaning ascribed to it in legal jurisprudence." This clause refers to a legal definition that is assumed to be known by the reader.9. Limiting Scope: "The indemnification provided for in this contract shall only apply to claims arising directly from the actions of the Contractor." This clause limits the scope of indemnification to specific conditions.10. Detailing Processes: "The process, by which disputes shall be resolved, is detailed in the arbitration clause of this agreement." This clause directs the reader to therelevant section for dispute resolution procedures.Attributive clauses are powerful tools in legal writing, allowing for the inclusion of complex information in a concise manner. They are particularly useful in business contracts where precision and clarity are paramount. When drafting or reviewing a contract, it's crucial to ensure that these clauses are used correctly to avoid ambiguity and potential legal disputes.。
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
- 242-校园英语 / 翻译探究浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法湖北大学知行学院/毛津源【摘要】商务英语在当今社会商务活动中扮演着重要的角色。
商务英语翻译有其自身的句法特点，定语从句在商务英语中使用频繁且复杂。
因此要求译者根据原文分析其逻辑关系，为了避免不必要的经济纠纷或经济损失，译者应掌握其英汉互译的翻译原则和特点并结合前置法，后置法和融合法三种翻译方法有效地解决商务英语中定语从句翻译的难题。
【关键词】商务英语 定语从句 融合法20世纪70年代，“现代翻译之父”奈达，在《翻译理论与实践》中提出：翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
首先是文体上，他的对等翻译理论是引导商务英语最好的原则。
翻译不仅应该注重语言形式，也是读者对翻译的回应。
商务翻译与贸易、合同、保险、投资、货运、金融等领域的文字相联系，所涉及内容严肃具体，不允许译者在翻译时随便表达。
译者选词要准确，概念表达要确切，数字与单位要精确。
尤其是合同和法律文本英语，选词更为严谨。
译者应从词义和专业上去深刻地理解原文的含义，达到表述准确无误，内容完整，译文所传达的信息同原文所传递的信息要保持一致。
一旦原文信息错译或漏译，造成的损失可能无法弥补。
英国著名翻译理论家亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰特勒在他的著作《论翻译的原则》中提出，好的翻译就是将原作的优点完整地移入另一种语言中，使得译入语国家的读者能够像原作一样能领悟、强烈地感受原作。
风格信息的传递在商务英语翻译中也不可忽视。
不同的民族文化之间有许多这样那样的差异，译者需要了解这些差异，以便通过恰当的方法达到文化上的对等。
翻译中若忽略了原文的风格信息，不仅会使译文信息大量流失，而且使译文显得不得体。
商务英语文体复杂。
商务英语所涉及的专业范围很广，包括广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、服装英语、包装英语等功能变体英语。
了解国际商务英语的文体特点有利于译者把握原作的风格信息传递，从而在翻译定语从句中得心应手。
定语从句英文翻译方法
定语从句英文翻译方法定语从句英文翻译方法定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后（先行词）进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。
下面是店铺为大家整理的定语从句英文翻译方法，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
一、前置译法如果一个定语从句在句中的作用是修饰和限定名词，那么通常就采取译为前置定语的方法。
但注意译成前置定语后既不能影响原文所表达的意思，还要使整个句子的表达言简意赅、连贯通顺、语气较强。
例句：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.译文：水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
在前置译法的过程中如果定语从句中的谓语不含有具体意义，可省译从句中的谓语。
这种译法很简便，也很有效。
有时候，出于汉语行文的需要和逻辑关系方面的考虑，可将定语从句提在主语之前翻译，用来说明情况，但不作为被修饰名词的定语。
例句：There are also great advantages that come from the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands.译文：移民从个地方带来了多种文化，产生了极大的好处。
二、后置译法我们都知道，英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句子而存在的，因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。
而对于起限定作用的定语从句，如果结构较为复杂，句子太长，无法译成前置的定语，最后就译成一个后置的并列分句，这样更合乎汉语的习惯。
例句：Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseverance is power.译文：我们的反恐战争是一场意志力的较量。
在这场较量中，不屈不挠的精神就是力量。
结构较复杂的定语从句常译成后置的并列分句，在多数情况下要重译先行词，或即便句子不长，出于某种原因需要强调先行词，也要重译先行词。
定语从句翻译
定语从句翻译定语从句的翻译(1): 较短的限制性定语从句可译成带“的”的定语词组。
在英语中，定语从句很常见，有的结构比较简单，有的结构相当复杂，有的与先行词关系密切(限制性)，有的与先行词关系不甚密切(非限制性)，有的定语从句还具有原因、结果、让步、目的、条件、假设等意义。
英语的定语从句种类较多，翻译时有比较大的灵活性，可根据其结构和含义采用不同的译法。
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，尤其是一些较短的限制性定语从句，没有它主句的意义便不完整，可按照汉语定语前置的习惯将其译成带“的”的定语词组，放在先行词的前面。
例如：1. The boy who just went out is my nephew.刚出去的那个孩子是我的侄儿。
2. The book I read this morning is a dictionary.我今天上午看的那本书是词典。
3. He is the only one among us that knows French.他是我们中惟一懂法语的人。
4. The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.屋顶坏了的屋子现在已经修好。
5. Shanghai is the place where he was born.上海是他出生的地方。
6. I know the reason why he came late.我知道他来迟的原因。
练习:People who cannot distinguishbetween colours are said to becolour-blinded.We must know such symbols which are used to represent chemical elements.定语从句的翻译(2)：非限制性定语从句或较长的限制性定语从句可译成后置的并列分句。
非限制性定语从句用来对先行词作附加说明，在文字上一般有逗号与先行词隔开，与先行词的关系较为松散。
第十一讲商务英语翻译课件文件
（2）宾语从句的翻译
一般按照宾语从句在原文中所处位臵进行翻译 We sincerely hope that you can do something to advance our time of shipment, since time of delivery is very important to us. 我方诚挚希望贵方能将我方货物装运的时间提前，因为交货 时间对我方来说非常重要。
（4）同位语从句的翻译
一、先译同位语从句，再译出先行词； 二、将先行词译成汉语中的动词，再将从句译成汉语中的主 谓结构，充当动词的宾语； 三、将“that”译成“即”、“也就是说”，或“:”，表示 同前述内容一致。 The fact that we are the largest suppliers of woolen underwear in this country is in itself evidence of the good value of our products. 我们是该国羊毛内衣的最大供货商，这一事实本身就证明了 我方产品质量上乘。
If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.
贵方应注意的是，索赔必须在合同所规定的 有效期内（即通常在货物到达目的地之后的 三十日内）提出。
商务翻译 第四章 从句翻译
• 四、同位语从句 • 同位语从句一般由that引导，接在idea, fact， news，desire， hope， belief， thought， doubt， decision等先行词的后面，对先行 词作进一步解释和说明。同位语从句的翻 译可采用顺译法，换序译法、断句译法等。
• （一）顺译法
• 有时根据结构特点和汉语的表达需要，可以用合词 译法把主语从句和主句合译成一个简单句，使译文 简洁明快，结构紧凑 • Whoever violates the regulations should be punished. • 违规者必受罚。 • That parents love children is perfect and minute. • 父母对子女之爱是无微不至的 • It is estimated that there are several thousand languages and dialects spoken in the world today. • 目前世界上使用的语言和方言估计有几千种之多。
• （二）翻译含有This（it）is because …句型的 句子时，通常采用顺译法，无须改变语序，译 为“这是因为…..“、”这是因为…..的缘故 “、”这是由于…的缘故“等 • It is because a conductor carrying a current is surrounded by a magnetic field. • 这是因为载流导体周围有一个磁场的缘故。 • This is because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations. • 这是因为投身变革现实的人常常受到许多限制。
《商务英语翻译》第三章 第4-7节同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句的翻译
Practice
• He was none of the long-winded prosy speakers, who seem to delight in talking chiefly because they give delight to nobody.
注：定语从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义
4. He made a suggestion that they vote for the Republican candidate.
他建议他们投票选举共和党候选人。
5. This is a universally accepted principle that the internal affairs of a country should not be interfered in.
• 有人提出了一个人的思想从某种程度上受他所 说的语言限制的假说。
4. 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译成动词，而把同位 语从句译成宾语。 • He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again. • 他希望他能再次访问我们城市。 • Experts said the new study is one more evidence that physical exercise can reduce iron in human body.
被修饰词
English is simply a common tongue that people everywhere can use to communicate.
译成带“的”的定语词 组
世界各地的人们都能使用来进行交际的通用语言
• 简单地说，英语是一种世界各地的人们都能使 用来进行交际的通用语言。
从句长难句商务合同的翻译 (1)
第十章英语从句的翻译Translation of clauses一、定语从句的翻译英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。
定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。
一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。
1．合并法(1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
(2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller,the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made.如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。
(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B.乙方保证所提供的技术资料是乙方经过实际使用的最新技术资料。
(4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months.自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16个月内交付完毕。
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定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句
③ 译成表示“让步”的分句。例如：
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work or replace men. 尽管电子计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工 作，也不能代替人。
有房地产市场、外汇市场、劳务市场、短期资金市场等等； 任何有价值的东西都可能有个市场。
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法： ① 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词
They would have to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly participated in an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他们可能不得不蒙受耻辱度过余生，这个耻辱就是：他曾贸 然参与了一项行动，这项行动破坏了最高级会谈，并且可以 设想，还可能触发一场核战争。
Late last century, all universities in the United States adopted the credit system which benefited students a great deal. 上个世纪末，美国所有大学都采用了学分制，从而使学生 们受益匪浅。
丁尼生写的这首诗，几乎人尽皆知。
定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句
① 译成表示“原因”的分句。例如：
The speaker did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.
My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.
燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。
They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定了一种新方法，采用之后产量已经迅速得到提高。
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue. 我希望你不断取得成功，你的成功对我是个鼓舞。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
3. 溶合法 主从糅合，重新组合。例如：
This poem, which almost everybody knows, is written by Tennyson.
在存放电子计算机的房间里，不能有翻译
1.前置法：
Everything that we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested us. 在工业博览会上所看到的一切引起了我们极大的兴趣。
There are real estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labor markets, short-term capital market, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price.
定语从句（3）：带有状语功能的定语从句
② 译成表示“结果”的分句。例如：
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of the directors of the board. 这个方案具有创新性，独具一格，很有魄力，因此董事们 都很喜欢。
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的标志。
“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. 一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
2.后置法 ③译成汉语的独立句。例如：
The President had talked to Secretary of Commerce Rom Brown, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 总统与商务部部长罗姆·布朗谈过话。商务部长向总统保证， 凡是能够做到的事情都将竭尽全力去做。
Trade barrier is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 贸易壁垒是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
In the room where the electronic computer is kept, there must be no dust at all.
幸好有些美国国会议员支持延长对华最惠国待遇。
There are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.
有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。 There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.
在一些国家里，人与人之间的社会关系是要长期慢慢培养 的。习惯了这种情形的游客一旦到了美国，可能觉得美国 人的方式很可怕，太注意私人问题，没有礼貌。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
1. 前置法 一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，可以翻译成汉语的 前置定语，放在被修饰词之前。例如：
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。
我把摄像机借给了李先生，而李先生又把它借给了营销部 的王先生。
This is a school of international business, the students of which are trained to be business executives for joint ventures or foreign-owned businesses.
（1）限定性定语从句的翻译 （2）非限定性定语从句的翻译 （3）带有状语功能的定语从句 （4）分离式定语从句的翻译 （5）As引导的定语从句
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译
1.前置法：把英语的限制性定语从句翻译成带“的”字 的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将英语的复句变 成汉语的单句。例如：
这是一所国际商务学院，该院学生将被培养成合资或外国 独资企业的管理者。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
2. 后置法 ②在译文中将定语从句后置，省略英语关系代词所代表的含义。例如：
After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
句法翻译之四：定语从句
一般来说，限制性定语从句由于对主句起着限制作用，并影 响着主句的完整性，所以在翻译时，只要译文上口而又不会引起误 解，都是可以前置的。但是在实践中，由于汉语中短句的使用比英 语更普遍，所以常常将限制性定语从句翻译成与主句并列的句子， 而非限制性定语从句一般可以翻译成为并列句或独立句。
The managing director received a letter from her that announced her resignation.
总经理收到了她的信，信中说明她要辞职。
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译 2. 后置法 ②译成并列分句，省略先行词
A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.
饭后，四个主要谈判人员继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
Electrons also flow in a television tube, where they are made to hit the screen, causing a flash of light.
电子也流入电视显像管，撞击荧光屏，产生闪光。
3. 溶合法——是指把原句中的主句与定语从句溶合在一起翻 译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系密切， 所以溶合法比较适合于翻译限制性定语从句。 ①英语中的there be结构，去掉关系代词 Fortunately there are some US Congressmen who are supportive of extending MFN treatment to China.
定语从句（1）：限定性定语从句的翻译