2级语法讲义(二)

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中考英语语法复习教案讲义第二讲：代词

中考英语语法复习教案讲义第二讲：代词一. 教材分析本讲主要讲解中考英语中的代词部分。

代词是英语语法中的重要组成部分，包括人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和反身代词等。

在中考中，代词的考查通常涉及到词义辨析、用法区别和句子填空等方面。

本讲将通过对各类代词的讲解和练习，帮助学生掌握代词的基本用法和中考题型。

二. 学情分析学生在之前的学习中已经接触过代词，但对各类代词的用法和辨析可能还不够清晰。

因此，在教学过程中，需要针对学生的实际情况进行讲解，注重巩固已学知识，提高学生的代词运用能力。

三. 教学目标1.掌握各类代词的词义和基本用法。

2.能够正确运用代词填空和造句。

3.提高学生在中考英语语法中的代词运用能力。

四. 教学重难点1.各类代词的用法区别。

2.代词在句子中的位置和句子结构。

3.中考代词题型的解题技巧。

五. 教学方法采用讲授法、举例法、练习法、小组讨论法和反馈法等，通过丰富的教学活动和实例，引导学生理解和掌握代词的用法，提高学生的代词运用能力。

六. 教学准备1.教学PPT。

2.相关教材和练习册。

3.中考代词题型例题和解析。

七. 教学过程1.导入（5分钟）利用PPT展示代词的图片和例句，引导学生复习已学过的代词知识，为新课的学习做好铺垫。

2.呈现（15分钟）讲解各类代词的词义和基本用法，通过举例让学生理解并区分各类代词。

–人称代词：I, you, he, she, it, we, they–物主代词：my, your, his, her, its, our, their–指示代词：this, that, these, those–不定代词：some, any, every, many, much, one, none, some of, any of–反身代词：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves3.操练（15分钟）设计不同类型的练习题，让学生在课堂上进行操练，巩固所学知识。

《语法讲义》(朱德熙著)第二章词的构造的读书笔记

浅谈现代汉语合成词的构造方式——《语法讲义》第二章词的构造的读书笔记内容摘要：朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》是语法学界的最有权威的一部语法学著作，此书的第二章词的构造主要讲述的就是合成词的构造，朱先生对汉语构成合成词的三种方式，即重叠、附加、复合做了翔实的解释和深入的探讨。

本文仅就此书的第二章做一些基本内容的概述及阐述一下本人阅读此章节后的体会及其启示，另外提出几个阅读后的疑惑。

关键词：词的构造，复合式，合成词，重叠式，附加式朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》可谓是语法学著作里面的最重要的著作之一，具有极强的系统性，在语言学界也具有极高的声誉。

作者以现代语言学的眼光, 用多方位多层次的立体的观察和研究的方法, 提出了一系列新的观点和结论。

并且该书建立了词组本位的语法体系，论述了语法单位、词的构造、词类、体词、谓词、代词、主谓结构、述宾结构、述补结构、偏正结构、联合结构、连谓结构等重要知识点。

可以说这也是本书的一个特色吧。

《语法讲义》的另外一个特点就是对一些语法现象论述得很详细。

一《语法讲义》之“词的构造”的主要内容语法是可以被分为句法和词法两个部分的，句法研究的是句子的内部构造，以词作为基本单位：词法研究的是词的内部构造，以语素作为基本单位。

可见句法和词法是属于两个不同平面上的东西：句法包括句子和词，而词法则是包括词和语素的。

在这一章里面主要研究的是词的内部构造，即语素是怎样组合成为词的。

单纯词是由单个语素组成的，是没有构造问题的，因此此章节要讨论的实际上就只是合成词的构造了。

现代汉语合成词的构造方式有三种。

作者在第二章的2.2节至2.6节就分别阐释了现代汉语合成词的这三种构成方式。

另外朱德熙先生在2.7节单独列出了复杂的合成词。

这一章的重点基本上就是2.2节至2.6节，可以说是主体部分吧。

在2.2这一节之中，朱先生首先说明了研究重叠式应该注意的几个问题。

第一，就是重叠式的结构类型喝语音特征，即重音和变调；第二，就是基式和重叠式的语法功能的异同；最后一点讲的是重叠式的语法意义所在。

讲义2(强调句型)

九-高一英语讲义（2）【语法攻克一强调句】强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式1. 用助动词“do（does／did）＋动词原形”来表示强调：He does know the place well．他的确很熟悉这个地方。

Do write to me when you get there．你到那儿后务必给我来信。

2. 用形容词very，only，single，such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气：1. That’s the very textbook we used last term.这正是我们上学期用过的教材。

2. You are the only person here who can speak Chinese.你是这里唯一会讲汉语的人。

3. Not a single person has been in the shop this morning.今天上午这个商店里连一个人都没有。

4. How dare you buy such expensive jewels?你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢？3. 用ever，never，very，just等副词进行强调： 1. Why ever did you do so？你究竟为什么要这么做？2. He never said a word the whole day．一整天，他一句话也没说。

3. You’ve got to be very, very careful．你一定得非常、非常小心。

4. This is just what I wanted．这正是我所要的。

4. 用in the world，on earth，at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气（常用于疑问句）：1. Where in the world could he be？他到底会在哪儿？2. What on earth is it？它究竟是什么？3. Do you know at all？你到底知不知道？5. 用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感： 1.How interesting a story it is！这是一个多么有趣的故事啊！2.Oh, what a lie！啊，真是弥天大谎！6. 用倒装句（也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首）来加强语气：1.On the table were some flowers.桌上摆着一些花。

SAT语法讲义2

24. The new bird sanctuary, consisting of one hundred acres of unspoiled tideland, and is protected by the state. P676-2(A) sanctuary, consisting of one hundred acres of unspoiled tideland, and is protected by thestate.(B) sanctuary is protected by the state, it consists of one hundred acres of unspoiled tideland(C) sanctuary, consisting of one hundred acres of unspoiled tideland, is protected by the state(D) sanctuary is protected by the state consisting of one hundred acres of unspoiled tideland(E) sanctuary to consist of one hundred acres of unspoiled tideland and to be protected by thestate25. During the 1980’s, the income gap between the richest and the poorest Americans widenedsignificantly, while continuing to expand in the 1990’s. P863-9(A) significantly, while continuing to expand(B) significantly, and it continued to expand(C) significantly with continuing expansion(D) significantly, it continued expanding(E) significantly, continuing expanding26. Civil rights leader and author W.E.B. Du Bois was interested in drama because he believed that if you represented historical events on stage it could have a greater, more lasting effect than any exhibit or lecture.P677-7(A) if you represented historical events on stage it(B) with the events of history represented on stage they(C) events which were represented historically on stage(D) by representing historical events on stage(E) representing historical events on stage27. During the 1980’s and early 1990’s, one reason highways in th e United States became safer than ever, the use of seat belts increased to about 67 percent nationwide. P677-5(A) ever, the use of seat belts increased to about 67 percent nationwide.(B) ever, nationwide, the use of seat belts increased to about 67 percent(C) ever, there was a nationwide increase in seat belt use to 67 percent(D) ever since they increased seat belt use to 67 percent nationwide(E) ever was that the use of seat belts nationwide increased to about 67 percent28. Pearl Buck, one of the most popular writers of her day, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1983 for her novels about China. P738-3(A) day, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about China.(B) day, winning the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she won in 1938 for her novels about China(C) day, and she won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about China(D) day, won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 for her novels about China(E) day, her novels about China bringing her the Nobel Prize in Literature in 193829. An article suggests that The Great Gatsby was not read during the 1930’s, the reason was that the novel described a lifestyle made extinct and frivolous by the current Great Depression.P739-12(A) 1930’s, the reason was that the novel described a lifestyle made extinct and frivolous(B) 1930’s, it is describing a lifes tyle that was made an extinct and frivolous one(C) 1930’s; describing a lifestyle made extinct and frivolous(D) 1930’s because the novel described a lifestyle made extinct and frivolous(E) 1930’s because its description had been of an extinct and frivol ous lifestyle, caused by30. C.G. Jung, a Swiss psychologist, whose renown as a pioneer in the field of psychoanalysis almost equals that of Sigmund Freud. P775-8(A) C.G. Jung, a Swiss psychologist, whose renown as a pioneer(B) C.G. Jung, who was a Swiss psychologist and whose renown as a pioneer(C) A Swiss with renown as a psychological pioneer, C.G. Jung(D) C.G. Jung was a Swiss psychologist whose renown as a pioneer(E) A Swiss, C.G. Jung who was a psychological pioneer and whose renown Awkward expression1. The depth of the Arctic Ocean are hard to study, mainly because the icy surface is being difficult to penetrate using current techniques. P407-2(A) to study, mainly because the icy surface is being(B) to study as a result of the icy surface, mainly, is(C) to study, mainly because the icy surface is(D) studying, mainly from the icy surface being(E) studying, mainly resulting from the icy surface being2. The newspaper business in the United States faces a challenge, being that it must reconcile thehigh-minded goal of informing readers with the commercial one of making money. P429-11(A) challenge, being that it must reconcile the high-minded goal of informing readers with thecommercial one of making money(B) challenge of it reconciling the high-minded goal of informing readers with the commercial oneof making money(C) challenge; as such it must reconcile the high-minded goal of informing readers with thecommercial one of making money(D) challenge because it must reconcile the high-minded goal of informing readers with thecommercial one of making money(E) challenge; since it has the high-minded goal of informing readers with the commercial one ofmaking money being reconciled3. All species of sea turtles are endangered because of overharvesting of adults, their eggs beingdisturbed and destruction of nesting habitats. P429-12(A) of adults, their eggs being disturbed and destruction of nesting habitats(B) of the adults being overharvested, their eggs disturbed, and destroying nesting habitats(C) the overharvesting of adults, disturbance of their eggs, and destruction of nesting habitats(D) the adult are overharvested, their eggs are disturbed, and their nesting habitats are destroyed(E) being overharvested as adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats4. The poet Firdawsi composed the Iranian national epic Shah-nameh in 1010 with his purposebeing to recount the history of the Persian kings. P469-4(A) with his purpose being to recount(B) and his purpose was recounting(C) to recount(D) thus recounted(E) he recounted5. Bees must leave the safety of the hive to forage for food many times a day, they are riskingbeing eaten by any of a multitude of predators. P491-4(A) day, they are risking being eaten(B) day at the risk of being eaten(C) day risking them to be eaten(D) day; the risk is to be eaten(E) day; likewise, they risk being eaten6. Because many Szechuan recipes for one to cook without there having to be interruptions, it is agood idea to measure all ingredients in advance. P492-10(A) Because many Szechuan recipes for one to cook without there having to be interruptions(B) Because many Szechuan recipes require that one cook without interruption(C) Being that many Szechuan recipes require you to cook and not be interrupted(D) Many Szechuan recipes require that one cook without interruption and(E) When following many Szechuan recipes it is advisable for one to cook without interruptionsand therefore7. On October 13, 1955, at the Six Gallery in San Francisco, Allen Ginsberg read his poem Howl,being the inauguration of both a new style in poetry and the Beat movement.P492-12(A) Howl , being the inauguration of both(B) Howl, both inaugurated(C) Howl, it was the inauguration of both(D) Howl, whose inauguration of both(E) Howl, thus inaugurating both8. Because of repeatedly asking in vain for a comprehensive health-care plan, the employeescalled in sick as a protest against their employer’s stubbornness. P531-2(A) Because of repeatedly asking in vain for a comprehensive health-care plan,(B) After repeatedly asking in vain for a comprehensive health-care plan(C) They have repeatedly asked in vain for a comprehensive health-care plan, then(D) Repeatedly asking in vain for a comprehensive health-care plan, finally(E)While they repeatedly ask in vain for a comprehensive health-care plan9. Because insufficient funding causes the failure of many new businesses is the reason whyTamar and Robert waited to open their coffee shop until they had enough money. P554-10(A) Because insufficient funding causes the failure of many new businesses is the reason why(B) Because insufficient funding causes the failure of many new businesses(C) Insufficient funding causes the failure of many new businesses is the reason why(D) As a result of insufficient funding causing the failure of many new businesses(E) The fact of insufficient funding is causing many new businesses to fail is why10. In the novel, Jane Eyre must make many difficult choices, like when she forces herself to leavethe house of Mr. Rochester, the married man she loves. P555-13(A) like when she forces(B) and, as an example, when she forces(C) for example, by forcing(D) as exemplified by when she forces(E) including forcing11. Because Uranus is nearly three billion kilometer from the sun and is enveloped by a thickmethane cloud layer, this blocks almost all solar radiation. P615-9(A) layer, this blocks almost all solar radiation.(B) layer, this accounts for its receiving almost no solar radiation(C) layer is the reason why it receives almost no solar radiation(D) layer, almost no solar radiation reaches the planet(E) layer, it blocks almost all solar radiation from reaching the planet12. Naomi and Charles will represent Ammoton High in the debating contest, their work in thishaving been excellent this year. P657-6(A) contest, their work in this having been excellent this year.(B) contest; they have done excellent work this year in this(C) contest, for this year they have done excellent work in this(D) contest, for their work as public speakers has been excellent this year(E) contest; their work as public speakers having been excellent this year13. Being as she is gifted storyteller, Linda Goss is an expert at describing people and places.P657-8(A) Being as she is gifted storyteller(B) In being a gifted storyteller(C) A gifted storyteller(D) Although she is a gifted storyteller(E) Telling stories giftedly14. Until being widely hunted for its ivory and blubber in the eighteenth century, walruses wereplentiful in the waters of the northeastern United States. P677-10(A) Until being widely hunted for its(B) Before having been widely hunted for its(C) Up to them being widely hunted for their(D) Until they were widely hunted for their(E) Before they have been widely hunted for their15. The mountain’s summit having been reached, the weary climbers gazed down upon a scene of indescribable grandeur. P719-6(A) The mountain’s summit having been reached(B) The summit of the mountain being reached(C) At the mountain’s summit, when they reached it(D)When they reached the mountain’s summit(E)When having reached the mountain’s summit16. An expedition was sent in 1949 to check a Turkish villager’s reporting he had seen the remains of Noah’s ark on Mount Ararat. P739-9(A) a Turkish villager’s reporting(B) the report of a Turkish villager that(C) the reporting of a Turkish villager(D) that Turkish villager who reported(E) the Turkish villager report saying17. Friends of Dreiser reported that he was fired from his first job for the reason that his newsstories were sympathetic always for the poor.(A) for the reason that his news stories were sympathetic always for the poor.(B) since his news stories for the poor that were always sympathetic(C) because his sympathetic to the poor was always in his news stories(D) the fact being that his news stories were always sympathetic about the poor(E) because his news stories were always sympathetic to the poor18. The city of Houston, Texas, is about sixty miles inland, while being the third largestforeign-trade pot in the United States. P774-4(A) is about sixty miles inland, while being(B) although about sixty miles inland, is(C) being located about sixty miles inland makes it(D) which is about sixty miles inland, although it is(E) whose location is about sixty miles inland, makes it19. Great literature, such as the Greek tragedies or the novels of Jane Austen, endures by theirspeaking directly and freshly to each new generation of readers. P775-5(A) by their speaking directly and freshly(B) by its speaking direct and fresh(C) because it speaks directly and freshly(D) because of speaking direct and fresh(E) since they speak with directness and freshness20. The services of architect I.M. Pei are always very much in demand considering that hisbuildings combine both beauty and an affordable price. P775-6(A) considering that his buildings combine both beauty and an affordable price.(B) considering that his buildings combine both beauty and affordability(C) because his buildings combine beauty and affordability(D) because his buildings will combine not only beauty but also and affordable price(E) being that his buildings will combine both beauty and affordability21. The tragic story of Paolo and Francesca was the subject of a poem and a symphony, being popular throughout the nineteenth century. P775-7(A) The tragic story of Paolo and Francesca was the subject of a poem and a symphony, being popular throughout the nineteenth century.(B) The tragic story of Paolo and Francesca was popular throughout the nineteenth century,where it is being made the subject of a poem and a symphony(C) The tragic story of Paolo and Francesca was popular throughout the nineteenth century, when it was the subject of both a poem and a symphony. (D) Paolo and Francesca, whose tragic story was the subject of a popular poem and symphony throughout the nineteenth century(E) Being the subject of a poem and a symphony, the tragic story of Paolo and Francesca having been popular throughout the nineteenth century22. Although its being factual in content, the televised biography of Queen Elizabeth I did not seem credible. P801-2(A) Although its being factual in content,(B) Despite its factual content(C)Whereas it was factual in content(D) Its contents being factual(E) Even though factual contents were there23. The information age has ushered children into a global society, this situation causing educatorsto lament a lack of texts that explain the diversity of cultures. P801-4(A) this situation causing educators to lament(B) which is the cause of educator lamenting(C) which causing educator’s laments over(D) a situation causing educators to lament(E) and with it educator’s lament at24. Activist Mumeo Oku campaigned to improve the lot of women in Japan by exposing faultyhousehold products, she successfully demanded that these products be recalled. P837-4(A) exposing faulty household products, she successfully demanded that these products berecalled.(B) exposing faulty household products and successfully demanding their recall(C) her exposing faulty household products and successful demand of their recall(D) exposing faulty household products, although successfully demanding that these productsbe recalled(E) exposing faulty household products whose recall she was successfully in demanding..。

02语法讲义定从_状从_特殊句式

考研语法（英语二）微博/公众号：田静 Shadow第二部分长难句第二章：复合句＝主句＋从句第一节名词性从句第二节定语从句第三节状语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的概述先行词=关系词This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.↑ ↑This was the biographical tradition. Niccolo Machiavelli turned the biographical traditionon its head.二. 定语从句的写法先行词关系词事/物 which/that人 who / whom / thatwhose人／物（表示人或物的所有关系，“某人的／某物的”）时间 when地点 where原因 why1.先行词是事／物，关系词选择which／thatThe key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single‐use plastics.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)The BIO recently held a convention which included session to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)2. 先行词是人，关系词选择who／whom／that… normal‐weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.(2014, Use of English)... you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)3. 先行词是人／物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whoseUsers could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.(2011, Use of English)On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.(英语一, 2013, Translation)4. 先行词是时间，关系词选择whenIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers.(英语一, 2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)5. 先行词是地点，关系词选择whereHe is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical.(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)6. 先行词是原因，关系词选择why… Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项：• 定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括that。

英语语法讲义-分词(过去分词)2

、时间状语；相当于when, 状 after 引导的时间状语从句。
语 WAshkeendhwehwyahseawskaesdawbsheynth,e wheassaibdsehnetw, haes silali.d he was ill.
问他为什么缺勤，他说他病了。
六、句法功能：
exciting, moving, interesting, amusing, surprising, pleasing, encouraging, frightening, disappointing，多与指事物的名词连用，表示“令人…”
The news you told me was just surprising.
• 激动的人们奔进了大楼。 • We need more qualified teachers. • 我们需要更多合格的教师。
六、句法功能：
2、过去分词短语作定语，放定在所修饰的名词后。
语 I like to read the book written by Dickens.
我喜欢读狄更斯写的书。
my TV repaired
宾
补
七、现在分词与过去分词的区别：
1、时间：现在分词表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示已经完成的动作；
七、现在分词与过去分词的区别：
1、时间： falling flowers 正在飘落的花 fallen flowers 落花（已落下的花）
七、现在分词与过去分词的区别：
语 The door remained locked.
门仍然锁着。
• 过去分词表示被动，另外，表达人物内心的某种感受，心理状态时用过去分词。比如：
• I am pleased (高兴)

现代汉语语法讲义

现代汉语语法讲义第一章语法概说一、语法和语法学（一）语法1.语法的含义及其作用（1）语法的含义语法，是语言中的词、短语、句子的构造规律。

语言有三个要素，语音、词汇和语法。

其中，语音是由人的发音器官发出的、表达一定意义的声音，是语言的物质外壳。

词汇，是语言中的语素、词和固定短语以及现成话的集合，是语言的建筑材料。

而语法则是语言“建筑体”的建筑法则。

西方传统语言学认为，语法包括两个大的方面：词法和句法。

词法，主要涉及词的构成、词的分类和词形变化等内容。

句法，主要讨论短语和句子的构造规律。

不过，这个分类对于汉语语法来说，不完全合适。

首先，汉语的词法部分相对空虚：词没有完全的形态变化、语素构成词的方式不影响词的语法表现，词的分类也依据特定的句法环境来操作。

所以，汉语的词法内容基本上比较单薄。

也正由于汉语的词的分类定性都必须依靠特定的句法环境来实现，所以，汉语语法有关词类问题的讨论总是要放到句法当中去进行，这样汉语的句法就比西方传统意义上的句法范围要宽一些。

上述两点，正是汉语语法诸多不同于西方语言之处的亮点之一。

（2）语法的作用研究语法，讲语法，那么语法的作用是什么?研究表明，语法的作用起码包括以下几个方面。

a.从说和写的角度来看，语法规定着人们怎样用词造句。

比如，汉语的“我看书”从排列的角度来看，可以有六种顺序，我看书书我看我书看看我书书看我看我书但只有“我看书”是常态的，而“书我看”的出现是有条件的，是变式。

其余几种排列方式都是不合法的。

而这种排列顺序上的规则正是汉语语法规则的一个重要体现，可见，语法的法则在无形中制约了语言的使用。

b.从听、读、写的角度来看，语法指示人们怎样正确理解汉语的意义。

句子的意义是词按照一定的语法规则组合起来所表达的，而不是词所表达的概念的简单相加之和，因而，要正确理解句子的意思，除了要懂得句子中的词语的意思之外，还要懂得词语组合的语法手段对于句子语义内容表达的影响──在很多情况下，词语组合的语法手段(如汉语的语序和添加虚词)左右着句子语义内容的表述。

新概念语法全二册讲义精品核心句子成分划分等

新概念语法全二册讲义精品核心句子成分划分等成老师精品核心句子成分划分等本讲义收集了新概念二册全部96课的精品句子，对于基础段学习的学生们来说：非常重要。

其价值不能用金钱来衡量！如果同学们真地把这些句子记住而且活学活用，那就是我们英语学习的核裂变，因为将会派生出成千上万的好句子！你的进步将会不言而喻。

你获得的英语财富将会是终身的。

对你的写作和口语，都会带来质的变化，大家先自己想想每个句子的成分等等。

然后大家背诵后一定要多练习，多输出，多运用在英语学习很重要。

这个我不再多说！相信大家都懂这个道理。

大家背诵后，多和我谈谈体会，和同学们一起分享！加油！You are bound to succeed!1. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.讲解：这个一个典型的过去进行时态的句子。

2. It is none of your business.讲解：是第一课最精彩的句子，是我们的口语要素。

3.I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.讲解：大家注意sometimes 这样的副词的位置，然后体会一下until的用法。

在肯定句子，动词应该是可以延续的动词。

4.I am coming to see you.讲解：类似come ,arrive, go，start 等单词进行时态可以表达将来的含义。

I am arriving soon.5.on the last day, I made a big decision .讲解：记住：decide to do something =resolve to do something.6.I have just received a letter from my brother ,Tim讲解：这是个典型的现在完成时态，注意：just 的位置。

receive a letter from sb=have a letter from sb7.He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia讲解：两种不同时态的应用，注意到划线部分是对可数名词复数的修饰。

n2语法点

n2语法点
N2语法点主要包括以下内容：
1. 从句：包括名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句，用来修饰名词、形容词或副词，并且在句子中充当特定的语法成分。

2. 接续词：用来连接两个动作或状态。

3. 动词的用法：如使役动词、使动动词、使役被动、使役自动、使役使动等，用于表达不同的动作关系。

4. 形容动词和形容词：包括表示程度、数量、大小、时间、原因等方面的形容动词和形容词。

5. 名词的用法：如数量词、关系词、副词化以及用于表达比较、假设、推测等语义。

6. 时态和语气：包括过去、现在、未来时态的使用，以及命令式、推测、可能性等语气的表达。

7. 助词的使用：如格助词、时助词、接续助词等，用于在句子中标记名词的格、动作的时间、动作间的关系等。

N2语法点的特点和作用如下：
1. 多样性：N2语法点的种类较多，涵盖了从句、接续词、动词、形容词、名词等不同类型的语法点，有助于丰富句子结构和表达方式。

2. 高级性：N2语法点相对于N3语法点来说更加复杂和高级，需要更深入的理解和运用，能够帮助学习者提高日语水平。

3. 实用性：N2语法点在日常交流和阅读中经常出现，掌握这些语法点可以更准确、流利地表达自己的意思，也更容易理解他人的表达。

4. 考试要求：N2语法点是日本日语能力考试（JLPT）N2级别的要求，对于准备参加该考试的人来说是必须掌握的内容。

总之，N2语法点是日语学习中的重要一环，通过学习和掌握这些语法点，可以提高对日语的理解和运用能力，使日语表达更加准确、自然。

计算机等级考试二级C语言讲义第二讲运算符和表达式

第二讲主要内容运算符表达式一．运算符1.算术运算符和算术表达式Ｃ语言的运算符具有不同的优先级，而且还有一个特点，就是它的结合性。

在表达式中，各运算量参与运算的先后顺序不仅要遵守运算符优先级别的规定，还要受运算符结合性的制约，以便确定是自左向右进行运算还是自右向左进行运算。

这种结合性是其它高级语言的运算符所没有的，因此也增加了Ｃ语言的复杂性。

C运算符简介Ｃ语言的运算符可分为以下几类：1.算术运算符:用于各类数值运算。

包括加(+)、减(-)、乘(*)、除(/)、求余(或称模运算，%)、自增(++)、自减(--)共七种。

2.关系运算符:用于比较运算。

包括大于(>)、小于(<)、等于(==)、大于等于(>=)、小于等于(<=)和不等于(!=)六种。

3.逻辑运算符:用于逻辑运算。

包括与(&&)、或(||)、非(!)三种。

4.赋值运算符:用于赋值运算，分为简单赋值(=)、复合算术赋值(+=,-=,*=,/=,%=)和复合位运算赋值(&=,|=,^=,>>=,<<=)三类共十一种。

5.逗号运算符:用于把若干表达式组合成一个表达式(，)。

6.指针运算符:用于取内容(*)和取地址(&)二种运算。

7.求字节数运算符:用于计算数据类型所占的字节数(sizeof)。

8.特殊运算符:有括号()，下标[]，成员(→，.)等几种。

9.条件运算符:这是一个三目运算符，用于条件求值(?:)。

10.位操作运算符:参与运算的量，按二进制位进行运算。

包括位与(&)、位或(|)、位非(~)、位异或(^)、左移(<<)、右移(>>)六种。

1.1算术运算符和算术表达式1.基本的算术运算符●加法运算符“+”：加法运算符为双目运算符，即应有两个量参与加法运算。

如a+b,4+8等。

具有左结合性。

●减法运算符“-”：减法运算符为双目运算符。

语法讲义--长难句分析完整版

断开长难句：分析主谓 – 练习 That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
I don’t think people are capable of that anymore. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
断开长难句 – 考场攻略攻略 1：先找从句，但先看主句
攻略 2：不要纠结从句
… when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. (2015, Translation)
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
断开长难句：标点/连接词 – 练习 Twenty‐seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty‐seven were told only that some were electrified. (2018, Use of English)
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after பைடு நூலகம்e has turned it on. (英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)

[文学]语言学概论讲义第四章语法二

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3.5.4语流音变
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3.5.4.3弱化弱化指的是语流中有些音在发音上变弱。 A、辅音弱化→发音阻力减弱（清→浊；塞→擦）：大的[ta tə]→[ta də]；哥哥 [kγ kγ]→[kγ gə] B、元音弱化：前、后元音→央元音李家[li tCiA]→[li tCiə]
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3.5.4语流音变
3.5.4.4脱落 B、为了连读方便，儿化音节里韵尾-i -n常脱落。（[i][n]韵尾与儿化的卷舌不协调，所以先减音再儿化）如锅盖儿[kuo kaiə]→[kuo kɑə]；小孩儿[Ciɑu xai]→[Ciɑu xar]；茶缸儿[tş’A kɑŋ]→[tş’A kăə]（只留鼻化的痕迹）英语音节的连读或语速加快时，常出现脱落现象。如let us ――let’s， I am----I’m ,I shall– I’ll, I have – I’ve。
（1）开音节：是以元音结尾的音节。如： lai(来)、bao(包)。（2）闭音节：是以辅音结尾的音节。如： kan(看)、dang(当)。
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二、普通话音节结构的主要特点
汉语的音节可以分为声母、韵母、声调三个部分。声母指音节开头的辅音，韵母指音节中声母后面的整个部分。韵母又分成韵头、韵腹、韵尾三个部分。韵腹是韵母中开口度最大或听起来最响亮的那个元音，它是韵母的核心。韵头又叫介音，是韵母中位于韵腹之前的成分。每一个韵母都必须有韵腹，但可以没有韵头和韵尾。声调指音节中具有区别意义作用的音高变化。最简单的一个音节可以没有声母、韵头和韵尾，但必须有韵腹和声调。

2级语法讲义(一)

用到动词的句型3 用到动词的句型动词的句型
２．…(動詞「た」形）＋途端「とたん」(に）
(１)教室に着いたとたんに、忘れ物に気づいた。 (２)部屋に入ったとたん、電話が鳴りました。
３． …(動詞「た」形）＋ところで
(１)いまさら謝ったところで許されないだろう。 (２)いくら待ったところで彼は来ないでしょう。
４．…(名詞の、用言連体形）＋せいで・か・だ・ではない
(１)年を取ったせいで・か記憶力(きおくりょく）が悪くなった。 (２)目が悪くなったのはテレビを見過ぎたせいだと思う。
用到名词的句型１３用到名词的句型１３
１． …(名詞の・用言連体形）＋おかげで・だ・か
(１)朝電話をかけてくれたおかげで遅刻しないで済みました。 (２)看護婦さんが親切なおかげか入院生活はとても楽しかったです。 (３)先生のおかげで日本語が上手になりました。 (４)洗濯が楽になったのは洗濯機のおかげだと思う。
用到名词的句型１１用到名词的句型１１
１．…(名詞の・動詞普通体）＋あまり
(１)夫が突然なくなったので、彼女は悲しみのあまり、病気になってしまった。 (２)この問題は簡単だったのに、考えすぎたあまり、間違えてしまった。 (３) 合格の知らせを聞いて、彼女はうれしさのあまり泣き出した。 (４)忙しさのあまり友達との約束をすっかり忘れてしまった。
４．…(動詞「ます」形）＋かねない
(１)あの人ならうそをつきかねない。 (２)お酒を飲んで運転をすると、事故になりかねない。
用到动词的句型2 用到动词的句型动词的句型
１．…(動詞「ない」形・するーせ）＋ずにはいられない・ないではいられない
(１)会議中だったが、おなかが痛くて、体を横にしないではいられなかった。 (２)この本を読むとだれも感動せずにはいられないだろう。 (３)おもしろい！読み始めたら、終わりまで読まずにはいられない。 (４)その冗談にはどんなまじめな人でも笑わずにはいられないだろう。

语法讲义二

存在句该句型以there开头，其后是系动词，再接其他成分，主要表达事物的存在。

There is no such thing as an unbiased observation.(剑3,T1,R)There is no doubt that .....there之后除了使用系动词之外，也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, seem to be, turn out to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。

1. Now, however, there turned out to be more to the story. (剑5,T3,R)2. There is expected to be a slight drop to 18% in 2030.(剑5,T1,W)3. There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.存在句注意：there be 与have 除用法上的区别外，there be表示存在，have表示所有关系。

There are some children in the garden.She has three daughters and two sons.比较句型基本形式为：形容词或副词的比较级+than识别：1. Second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers.(剑3,T1,R)2. Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere.(剑7,T1,R)运用：1.比较级的常见修饰词2. 固定句式，同等程度，倍数表达1.比较级的常见修饰词修饰原级：fairly, quite, rather, so, very,too等。

语法讲义

说词素是最小的语法单位，是因为从其表达形式和内容（意义）的关系上来讲，它不能再切分，再分则必定会完全改变或破坏其原有的（词汇或语法）意义。说句子是最大的语法单位，是因为它是能独立表达一个完整思想（意义）的最小语言单位。其实，从这里我们就可以看出语言的结构系统和意义系统的一体性或不可分性。讲语法其实离不开谈语义，只不过侧重点在语法结构上而已。
and or
but for
not only neither nor
so
(Everybody lent a hand, so the task was done in time.)
从属连词用来连接分句，表示各分句之间的关系。从属连词可分为引导名词性从句的连接词和引导副词性从句的连接词。
He moved away from his parents after he got married.
但是有的不及物动词后面如果要接动作对象的话，要在改动词后加上一个相应的介词；这个动词加介词，功能相当于一个及物动词，有的成了固定搭配，如look through 成了短语动词。
1.2.1.8 感叹词
表示感叹、惊讶等强烈感情色彩的词。常用的有：
Oh 惊奇、恐惧、痛苦、高兴等；
Ah 惊奇、恐惧、痛苦、高兴、恳求、放松等；
Well 惊异、犹豫、放松等；
Oh，dear！Dear me！My goodness！惊异、赞叹、不耐烦，难过等；
Hello
Why 惊奇或意外、不理解等 Why, that’s a simple question.
I often hear her shout at her son. 我经常听见她吼她的儿子。
不及物动词 (Intransitive Verbs) 是本身意义完整的动词，能够单独作谓语，后面不需要跟宾语。例如：

hsk二级语法重点

HSK（汉语水平考试）二级的语法重点包括多个方面，这些重点对于想要提高汉语水平的人来说是必不可少的。

首先，基本的汉语语法知识是学习汉语的基础，包括词的分类、短语结构、句子类型等。

掌握这些基础知识能够帮助学生更好地理解汉语的句法结构，从而更好地运用汉语进行表达。

其次，理解和运用常见的汉语虚词也是非常重要的。

虚词在汉语中起着非常重要的作用，它们能够表达语气、关系和意义，如“和”、“但是”、“因为”等。

掌握这些虚词的用法能够使学生的汉语表达更加流畅、自然。

此外，掌握基本的表示时间、地点、方式、目的等关系的词语和表达方式也是必须的。

这些词语和表达方式能够帮助学生更好地理解和运用汉语的语义关系，从而更好地理解汉语的语境。

同时，理解并运用常见的修饰语，如形容词、副词等，也是必不可少的。

修饰语能够使句子的意义更加明确、具体，掌握这些修饰语的用法能够使学生的汉语表达更加生动、形象。

另外，掌握基本的复合句的结构和用法也是非常重要的。

复合句是由两个或两个以上的简单句组成的，它们之间有一定的逻辑关系，如因果关系、条件关系、让步关系等。

掌握这些复合句的结构和用法能够使学生的汉语表达更加丰富、有力。

最后，理解和运用常见的比较句、强调句、倒装句等特殊句型也是必不可少的。

这些特殊句型能够使句子的意义更加突出、明确，掌握这些特殊句型的用法能够使学生的汉语表达更加灵活、多变。

综上所述，HSK二级语法重点涵盖了多个方面，要想取得好的成绩，学生需要多做练习，加强语法知识的掌握和应用。

通过不断地练习和学习，学生可以逐渐提高自己的汉语水平，更好地掌握和应用汉语的语法知识。

现代汉语语法讲义(DOC)

现代汉语语法讲义第一章语法概说,汉硕咨询扣：伊尔酒吧三六欺凌四五一、语法和语法学二、语法单位三、句子成分四、句子分析——分析句子的两种方法第二章词类一、词类的含义及词类划分的目的二、词类划分的标准三、词的一级分类和再分类四、各类实词名词动词形容词区别词数词量词代词副词/象体词五、各类虚词介词连词助词语气词六、兼类问题第三章短语一、定义二、短语的种类三、短语的构成手段四、简单短语和复杂短语五、单义短语和多义短语六、自由短语和固定短语七、短语和词宏观上的同与异第四章句子成份一、句子成分的性质二、主语、谓语主语的语法构成主语的语义类型谓语的语法构成三、动语、宾语动语的语法构成有宾动词无宾动词宾语的语法构成宾语的语义类型四、定语五、状语六、补语补语的语法构成补语的语义类型宾语、补语的顺序数量宾语和数量补语七、中心语八、独立语第五章单句一、基本概念二、句型确定的原则和方法三、主谓句主谓谓语句双宾语句连动句兼语句存现句“把”字句“被”字句“是”字句“有”字句“所”字句四、非主谓句五、单句和短语第六章歧义分析一、歧义的含义及歧义研究的目的二、歧义的种类(1)同音造成的歧义同形造成的歧义一词多义造成的歧义词兼类造成的歧义语义关系不同造成的歧义三、歧义的种类(2)第七章复句一、复句的含义二、复句中的关系词语三、复句的分类四、广义的并列关系五、广义的因果句因果关系目的关系假设关系条件关系六、广义的转折句七、复句的扩充八、复句的紧缩第一章语法概说一、语法和语法学（一）语法1.语法的含义及其作用（1）语法的含义语法，是语言中的词、短语、句子的构造规律。

语言有三个要素，语音、词汇和语法。

其中，语音是由人的发音器官发出的、表达一定意义的声音，是语言的物质外壳。

词汇，是语言中的语素、词和固定短语以及现成话的集合，是语言的建筑材料。

而语法则是语言“建筑体”的建筑法则。

西方传统语言学认为，语法包括两个大的方面：词法和句法。

词法，主要涉及词的构成、词的分类和词形变化等内容。

语法讲义：第二章词类

第二章词类一．词类的含义及词类划分的目的(一)词类的含义词可以根据不同需要，从不同的角度，使用不同的标准进行分类：a.按词的音节的多少分类：单音词─复音词b.按构成词的语素的多少分类：单纯词─复合词c.按词的历史来源分类：新词、古语词、方言词、外来词……我们将要说的词的分类是词在语法上的分类，即这里所谓“词类”是词的语法分类，正因为如此，这里的词类的划分标准应该是语法上的标准，而不是语音的或者词汇的、语义的。

总之：“词类”应该是词的语法分类，是根据语法的标准划分而来的词的类别。

(二)词类划分的目的划分词类的目的是什么?现在看来，起码有以下两点是要重视的：1.语法分析的目的之一，是揭示语法规律的本质。

词类在语法当中是一种客观存在，因而，语法研究必须如实地揭示这种客观存在。

2.语法描写、说明的需要。

要进行语法描写或者语法解释，词类的概念是重要的。

例如，要说明下列语法现象所包含的语法规律就非有词类的概念不可：a.写信b.我去吃饭你来走路他写…………────────────动＋名→动宾名＋动→主谓实践证明，词类的概念是重要的。

二．词类划分的标准词类是词的语法分类，所以，划分词类的标准就应该是一个语法上的标准，而不应该是一个语音上的或者词汇上的甚至语义方面的。

这一点是非常重要的，在词类划分甚至词的定性、归类过程中都有重要的意义。

问题是，这个用于词的语法分类的标准具体是什么?它是词的语法功能。

从整体上来看，“词的语法功能”包括两个方面的内容：一，是词的形态变化。

西方大多数语言中，都有非常丰富的形态变化，如：名词，有“数”和“格”等变化，动词，有“时体”和“人称”方面的变化，而形容词则有“级”的变化，等等。

重要的是，具有上述相同形态变化的词，在语法表现上具有一致性。

所以，依靠这些变化，基本上可以将词类划分开来。

打个比方，有形态变化的语言中的词类，如同一个社会中不同行业的人们穿着不同的制服，仅仅依靠着装的不同，就足以将不同行业的人们区分开来。