2015宁夏大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
2015年社科院考博英语阅读理解真题模拟(5)-育明考博
2015年社科院考博英语阅读理解真题模拟（5）In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some ofthe rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "thepursuit of pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent.B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary.D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved答案及解析请查阅育明考博或致电垂询 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
考博英语(阅读理解)练习试卷24(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷24(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason other than the racial identity of the author? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eight years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open, Rosenblatt s thematic analyses permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the late against which black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and is forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. (444 words)1．The author of the passage objects to the Black fiction made by Addison Gayle because itA．emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB．misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC．overlooks the notions of Black identity contained in such fictionD．substitutes sociopolitical criteria for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction正确答案：D解析：文章第一段已清楚地表明，Addison Gayle最近出的书用的是社会政治标准来评价黑人小说，是不对的。
2015年英语考研阅读
2015年英语考研阅读2015年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解部分Part APassage 1The term “multitasking” usually refers to the ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously. In the performing arts, multitasking can take the form of a singer singing while moving around the stage, a dancer dancing to music while maintaining balance or a comedian speaking to a crowd while carrying out a physical routine. In each case, the performer’s ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously is part of what makes the performance captivating.However, the concept of multitasking has also been applied to the world of computers and technology. When people claim to be ableto multitask on a computer, they typically mean they can use the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, such as checking email while writing a report or watching a video while responding to messages on social media. In this sense, multitasking is a matter of effectively managing time and resources so that multiple tasks can be completed with maximum efficiency and minimal loss of quality.Despite its apparent simplicity, multitasking is actually quite complex. When people multitask, they must switch back and forth between tasks, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance on each task. Additionally, people who engage in multitasking may be more easily distracted and have a harder time focusing on a single task. Furthermore, multitasking may not be beneficial for all tasks. For example, when it comes to tasks that require creative thinking or complex problem-solving, dividing attention can actually hinder performance.In light of these findings, it seems clear that the key to effective multitasking is selecting the right tasks to perform simultaneously and managing one’s focus and energy acc ordingly. This means thatpeople should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks. By doing so, they can increase their overall productivity while minimizing any negative impact on task performance.21. The passage mainly discusses ____.A. the negative effects of multitaskingB. how to select suitable tasks for multitaskingC. the importance of managing time and resources effectivelyD. the differences between various forms of multitasking22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a form of multitasking?A. Singing while moving around the stage.B. Checking email while watching a video.C. Replying to messages on social media while driving.D. Cooking while listening to music.23. Multitasking can be inefficient and even counterproductive because _____.A. people tend to become easily distracted when engaging in multitaskingB. it results in decreased efficiency and performance on each taskC. it may not be suitable for all types of tasksD. people performing multitasking tasks usually lack focus and energy24. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Multitasking can significantly enhance people’s creativity.B. Completing multiple tasks simultaneously usually results in better performance.C. The key to effective multitasking lies in selecting suitable tasks and managing one’s focus and energy effectively.D. Multitasking is only suitable for simple, repetitive tasks that do not require much concentration or problem-solving ability.25. Which word best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? (Please highlight the sentence.)It means that people should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks.。
2015年考研英语阅读真题答案及解析(英一英二) (1)
2015年考研英语阅读真题答案及解析苏州新东方张雷每年英语考试结束后，总会有很多考生“哀声载道”：今年的题好难啊！比去年难多了！但我觉得这可能都是幻觉吧！拿今年的阅读题来说，确实很难，但是不是最难的，难度总体还是和往年持平的。
接下来我们就来分别分析下仔细阅读（四选一题）和新题型一、仔细阅读我们很多同学拿到第一篇文章就懵了，第一段讲什么完全看不懂，里面有很多生词看不懂。
我在课上反复强调过，读文章切记不要心急，在考场那样高度压抑和紧张的气氛下，越是心急越是看不懂，一定要沉下来细心分析。
第一段看不懂，再看一篇，因为第一段一般都是中心主旨段，看懂第一段至关重要。
但如果还看不懂就继续往下读，总有能看懂的段落。
而且，并不是说文章读不懂就一题都做不出来的，或者说读懂一部分文章也能做对一部分题，如果能保证这部分题的准确率，我相信每篇做对3个问题不大。
1.在做题的时候我们严格遵守顺序原则：除了主旨题（一般是最后一题）之外，文章的出题顺序和段落顺序保持一致。
考研出题方式一题对应一段（多段落推断题除外），也就是说一题的四个选项均来自于这段几句话，正确选项也来自于这段的某句话或者某几句话，当然对于单段落推断题而言，正确选项很有可能是这段的中心主旨。
所以，定位准确是做对考研阅读题的一个前提！2.另外，考生也应掌握一些做题技巧，这些做题技巧可以帮助我们提分或者提高准确率。
这些技巧就是：1. 选抽象，也就是要排除含有大写字母的(the Castle, thePalace…) ，人名地名机构名( California, FTC、CIA…)，数字（2008, 20%...），专有名词/专业名词( Worldcup, Sat，REM, prefrontal cortex…)的选项。
2. 选BUT转折后，如果转折后看不懂，就选But 转折后的原词 3. 选主旨（文章反复出现的词语）详情看参考我写的“大数据告诉你考研英语阅读选什么”那篇文章3.考生应具备识别错误选项特点的能力1.含有比较级或最高级选项，极有可能是错误的2.跨段选项极有可能是错误的3.含有具体名词的：大写字母的 (the Castle, the Palace…) ；人名地名机构名( California, FTC、CIA…)；数字（2008, 20%...）；专有名词/专业名词( Worldcup, Sat，REM, prefrontal cortex…) 极有可能是错误的。
2015年宁夏高考英语阅读理解原文纠错版
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AMy color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later, when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy-five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didn’t got any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static (静电) noise. For some reason, when certain shows switched into a commercial, a loud noise would sound for a few seconds. Gradually, this noise began to appear during a show, and to get rid of it, I had to change to another channel and then change it back. Sometimes this technique would not work, and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles(肌肉) shaking my set.When neither of these methods removed the static noise, I would sit helplessly and wait for the noise to go away. At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist, and it stopped working altogether .My trip to the repair shop cost me $62, and the set is working well now, but I keep expecting more trouble.21.Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?A.He got an older model than he had expected.B.He couldn’t return it when it was broken.C.He could have bought it at a lower price.D.He failed to find any movie shows on it.22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase”signed off”in Paragraph 1?A. ended all their programsB. provided fewer channelsC. changed to commercialsD. showed all-night movies23.How did the author finally get his TV set working again?A.By shaking and hitting it.B.By turning it on and off.C.By switching channels.D.By having it repaired.24. How does the author sound when telling the story?A. CuriousB. AnxiousC. CautiousD. HumorousBYour house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating , for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they’re in poorly lit places-and so more likely to eat lots of food . If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t forget t he clock-or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories（卡路里）per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes, And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one ,total intake（摄入）jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.25.The text is especially helpful for those who care about_______.A. their home comfortsB. their body shapeC. house buyingD. healthy diets26.A home environment in blue can help people_________.A.digest food betterB.reduce food intakeC.burn more caloriesD.regain their appetites27.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?A. Eat quickly.B. Play fast music.C. Use smaller spoons.D. Turn down the lights.28.What can be a suitable title for the test?A.Is Your House Making You Fat?B. Ways of Serving DinnerC. Effects of Self-ConsciousnessD.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?CMore student than ever before are taking a gap-year (间隔年)before going to university. It used to be called the “year off” between school and university. The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.This year, 25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by University and College Admissions Service (UCAS).That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education. “Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible,” he said.But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students(NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship ––young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education. “New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt. It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree. NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increasesto 90% during vacation periods, “he said.29. What do we learn about the gap year from the text?A. It is flexible in length.B. It is a time for relaxation.C. It is increasingly popular.D. It is required by universities.30. According to Tony Higgins, students taking a gap year______.A.arc better prepared for college studiesB.know a lot more about their future jobsC.are more likely to leave university in debtD.have a better chance to enter top universities31. How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon?A. He's puzzled.B. He's worried.C. He's surprised.D. He's annoyed.32. What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?A.Attend additional courses.B. Make plans for the new term.C.Earn money for their education.D.Prepaer for their graduate studies.DChoose Your One-Day Tours！Tour A-Bath & Stonehenge including entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and Stonehenge ￡37until 26 March and ￡39 thereafter.Visit the city with over 2,000 years of history and Bath Abbey, the Royal Crescent and the Costu me Museum. Stonehenge is one of the world’s most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5,000 years.Tour B-Oxford & Stratford including entrance fees to the University St Mary’s Church Tower and Anne Hathaway's house----￡32 until 12 March and ￡36 thereafter.Oxford: Includes a guided of England’s oldest University city and colleges. Look over the “city of dreaming spires(尖顶)”form St Mary’s Church Tower. Stratford: Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder.Tour C—Windsor Castle & Hampton Court including entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace--£34 until March and £37 thereafter.Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court, Henry Ⅷ’s favorite palace. Free time to visit Windsor Castle（entrance fees not included）. With 500 years of history, Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction. Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宫)where it is easy to get lost!Tour D-Cambridge including entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great----£33 until 18 March and £37 thereafter.Includes a guided tour of Cambridge, the famous university town, and the gardens of the 18th century.33.Which tour will you choose if you want to see England’s oldest university city?A.Tour AB.Tour BC.Tour CD.Tour D34.Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March?A.Windsor Castle & Hampton Court.B.Oxford & StratfordC.Bath &Stonehenge.D.Cambridge.35.Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction?A.It used to be the home of royal families.B.It used to be a well-known mazeC.It is the oldest palace in BritainD.It is a world-famous castle.。
15高考宁夏英语及答案
2015年宁夏高考英语试题第I卷注意事项：1.2015年宁夏高考英语试题答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2. 选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从试题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15B. £9.18C. £9.15答案是C。
1.What time is it now?A. 9:10B. 9:50C. 10:002.What does the woman think of the weather?A. It’s niceB. It’s warmC. It’s cold3.What will the man do?A. Attend a meetingB. Give a lectureC. Leave his office4.What is the woman’s opinion about th e course?A. Too hardB. Worth takingC. Very easy5. What does the woman want the man to do ?A. Speak louder.B. Apologize to her.C. Turn off the radio.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
2015年全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.T o discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
2015考研英语真题及答案完整版
2015考研英语真题及答案完整版[注意：以下正文仅为演示文章格式，并非真实的2015考研英语真题及答案]一、阅读理解(共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.At any given moment, you are aware of a zillion sensations—anything from the tightness of your shoes to the sound of an approaching bicycle bell. But your conscious mind notices only a fraction of what is going on. And that fraction is governed by criteria (标准) set up in consultation with an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system, which links to our emotions and our “gut feelings”.Those criteria assign priorities to sensory (感觉的) inputs. Hence you are aware of the nonstop assault on your eyes or your ears only when this input meets the criteria. The criteria change from person to person. If two people are walking in the countryside, one may notice the wildflowers, the other a military aircraft at 20,000 feet. When two photographers stand side by side, one may see a dramatic picture; the other a pile of stones.The differences are typically due not to differences in eyesight but to the ways the two photographers have programmed their minds to respond. I amnot talking about anything extraordinary or mystical (神秘的). Both brain researchers and police have noted that a very simple set of cues (暗示) can powerfully alter the selection of stimuli (刺激), determining what will be noticed—even in a highly emotional state like a fight. I once sat in on a training course for police officers who were being taught to shoot—make that taught how to shoot under stress. One of the most important lessons was that under duress (被迫), under time pressure, the brain reverts (回归) back to what it is most accustomed to. That is, in spite of long training and many repetitions, an officer will shoot in combat (格斗) the way he has always shot. If he brings no conscious control to bear on the selection of stimuli, the selection will be made by unconscious programs, resulting in a misidentification of the threatening object and the wrong action. The old rice-shooting Chinese soldier uses what he has always used—an eraser (橡皮擦) suddenly perceived as a grenade.1. The word “criteria” (in Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to ______.A. emergenciesB. preferencesC. abilitiesD. emotions2. According to the passage, the fraction of what you are aware of is determined by ______.A. your gut feelingsB. your emotionsC. the military aircraftD. the nonstop assault3. As used in Paragraph 1, the word “assault” most probably means______.A. surprise attackB. forceful entryC. intense impactD. constant bombardment4. The passage suggests that the criteria determining what stimuli will be noticed may be influenced by ______.A. photographers’ eyesightB. the military aircraftC. the police training courseD. unconscious programs5. The passage gives an example where the brain’s selection of stimuli ina dangerous situation caused a police officer to ______.A. feel a strong emotionB. correctly identify a criminalC. take inappropriate actionD. learn a lesson about photographyPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.I once worked with a person who spent money generously (大方地) as soon as it came to him. He’d buy a new motorbike or a stereo system if he had money left in his bank account at the end of the month. “Why not?” he’d say cheerfully, “Money is for spending.” And so I’d get temporary delight for six months until my Chinese bank account ran dry.In researching our book, Happy Money, my coauthor Michael Norton and I set out to show how to get the most happiness for your dollar. We spent years reviewing the scientific literature on spending. What we found explains my coworker’s behavior. The very riches that most countries strive for are not making their citizens happier.A famous psychology study conducted in 1978 asked a group of people with spinal-cord injuries and a group of people without them about how happy they were, and how happy they expected to be in the future. The results surprised them: those with spinal-cord injuries expected to be less happy than they were, and those without them expected to be more happy than they were. The truth is that we have within us the capacity to adapt to our sights and our losses and to keep pursuing happiness.One in four lottery winners in Florida ends up bankrupt (破产)。
2015年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解
2015年Passage oneThe American society of clinical oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. 美国临床肿瘤协会于本周召开年会，大会讨论像往年一样提议了一些药物，能够提高疗效以及延长那些已确诊的不治之症患者的寿命，但深挖美联社报道中文章，发现一个有前景的标题，值得我们进一步了解，其中一个治疗研究，明确所有患者经过治疗后有一半患者肿瘤消失。
First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. 首先，制药公司从主要以效益一刀切发展模式向药物研发和接受长期癌症治疗，以及针对一小部分患者且成效显著的药物研发。
考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷79.doc
考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷79(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Eating is related to emotional as well as physiologic needs. Sucking, which is the infant's means of gaining both food and emotional security, conditions the association of eating with well-being or with deprivation. If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body contact as well as good milk intake, if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or she desires, and if both the child and mother enjoy the nursing experience and share their enjoyment, the child is more likely to thrive both physically and emotionally. On the other hand, if the mother is nervous and resents the child or cuts him or her off from the milk supply before either the child's hunger or sucking need is satisfied, or handles the child hostilely during the feeding, or props the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child, the child may develop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at an early age. If, in addition, the infant is further abused by parental indifference or intolerance, he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivation throughout life. Eating habits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments. If an individual's family eats large quantities of food, then he or she is inclined to eat large amounts. If an individual's family eats mainly vegetables, then he or she will be inclined to like vegetables. If mealtime is a happy and significant event, then the person will tend to think of eating in those terms. And if a family eats quickly, without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinner table, then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and be adversely affected by it. This conditioning to food can remain unchanged through a lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and to the possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improve nutritional intake. Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced by religious beliefs and other customs so that, for example, a Jew, whose religion forbids the eating of pork, might have guilt feelings if he or she ate pork. An older Roman Catholic might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meat on Friday, traditionallya fish day.（分数：10.00）(1).A well-breast-fed child______.（分数：2.00）A.tends to associate foods with emotionsB.is physiologically and emotionally satisfiedC.cannot have physiologic and emotional problemsD.is more likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the future(2).While sucking, the baby is actually______.（分数：2.00）A.conscious of the impact of breast-feedingB.interacting with his or her motherC.creating a nursing environmentD.impossible to be abused(3).A bottle-fed child______.（分数：2.00）A.can be healthy physiologically, but not emotionallyB.cannot avoid physiologic abuse throughout lifeC.is deprived of emotional needsD.is rid of physiological needs(4).From the list of eating habits, we learn that______.（分数：2.00）A.everyone follows his or her eating pattern to deathB.one's eating pattern varies with his or her personalityC.there is no such things as psychosocial environmentsD.everybody is born into a conditioned eating environment(5).A Jew or an older Roman Catholic______.（分数：2.00）A.takes a eating habit as a religious beliefB.is conditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her familyC.cannot have a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religious beliefsD.observes a eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environmentThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths is falling from favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart's music promotes mathematical thinking. Researchers reported six years ago that listening to Mozart brings about short-term improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern. Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved. Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons. But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw's experiments to see for himself. Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again. No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn't exist. "It's about as unproven and as unsupported as you can get," he says. Shaw however defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart but Steele didn't separate his students into groups based on ability. "We're still at the stage where it needs to be examined," Shaw says. "I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more we'll be able to design tests that give a robust effect. "（分数：10.00）(1).It has been recently found out that______.（分数：2.00）A.Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematical thinkingB.classical music cannot be expected to improve one's mathC.the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD.music favors one's mathematical thinking(2).Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?（分数：2.00）A.Paper cutting and spatial thinking.B.The nature of a task and the type of thinking.C.Classical music and mathematical performance.D.Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning.(3).In Shaw's test, the students would most probably______.（分数：2.00）A.draw the image of the cut paperB.improve their mathematical thinkingC.have the idea about classical music confirmedD.increase the number of neurons in their brains(4).From Steele's experiment we can say that______.（分数：2.00）A.his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB.it was much more complicated than Shaw'sC.the results were statistically significantD.Shaw's results were not repeatable(5).Shaw is critical of______.（分数：2.00）A.Steele's results presented at a wrong stageB.Steele's wrong selection of the testeesC.Steele's ignorance of neurobiologyD.Steel's test designFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean's case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren't enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal right activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that had lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.A high mortality rate of immune rejection.B.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplant.D.A shortage of human organs.(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage, but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to purchase better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to be desired(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualHere is a great irony of 21st century global health: while many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcingall but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironically improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They turn people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television sets, and computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight is good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries especially the rich ones, have far more than they need —another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults — of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories — are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed towards children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet, or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more, and all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of food security.D.the consumption of food and the increased risk of diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)(12套)
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（哲学类）目录2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（1） (2)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（2） (6)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（3） (10)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（4） (15)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（5） (19)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（6） (22)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7） (27)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8） (31)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（9） (36)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（10） (40)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（11） (44)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（12） (49)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（1）Hidden valley looks a lot like the dozens of other camps that dot the woods of central Maine. There's a lake， some soccer fields and horses. But the campers make the difference. They're all American parents who have adopted kids from China. They're at Hidden Valley to find bridges from their children's old worlds to the new. Diana Becker of Montville，Maine， watches her 3-year-old daughter Mika dance to a Chinese version of “Twinkle， Twinkle Little Star.”“Her soul is Chinese，” she says，“but really she's growing up American.”Hidden Valley and a handful of other “culture camps” serving families with children from overseas reflect the huge rise in the number of foreign adoptions， from 7，093 in 1990 to 15，774 last year. Most children come from Russia (4，491last year) and China (4，206) but there are also thousands of others adopted annually from South America， Asia and Eastern Europe. After cutting through what can be miles of red tape，parents often come home to find a new dilemma. “At first you think，'I need a child'，” says Sandy Lachter of Washington， D.C.， who with her husband， Steve， adopted Amelia， 5， from China in 1995. “Then you think， 'What does the child need?' ”The culture camps give families a place to find answers to those kinds of questions. Most grew out of local support groups; Hidden Valley was started last year by the Boston chapter of Families with Children fromChina， which includes 650 families. While parents address weighty issues like how to raise kids in a mixed-race family， their children just have fun riding horses， singing Chinese songs or making scallion pancakes. “My philosophy of camping is that they could be doing anything， as long as they see other Chinese kids with white parents，” says the director，Peter Kassen， whose adopted daughters Hope and Lily are 6 and 4.The camp is a continuation of language and dance classes many of the kids attend during the year. “When we rented out a theater for 'Mulan，' it was packed，” says Stephen Chen of Boston， whose adopted daughter Lindsay is 4. Classes in Chinese language， art and calligraphy are taught by experts， like Renne Lu of the Greater Boston Chinese Cultural Center. “Our mission is to preserve the heritage，” Lu says.Kids who are veteran campers say the experience helps them understand their complex heritage. Sixteen-year-old Alex was born in India and adopted by Kathy and David Brinton of Boulder， Colo.， when he was 7. “I went through a stage where I hated India， hated everything about it，” he says. “You just couldn't mention India to me.” But after six sessions at the East India Colorado Heritage Camp， held at Snow Mountain Ranch in Estes Park， Colo.， he hopes to travel to India after he graduates from high school next year.Camp can be a learning experience for the whole family. Whitney Ning，23， a counselor for four years， says the Korea Heritage Camp helpedher become closer to her parents. “They were hesitant at first，” she says，“but when they saw how much it meant to me， they became very supportive.” Sometimes the most direct route around the world is across a campfire.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 10/04/99， p75;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1;1. Why American parents come to Hidden Valley?[A]It has a large gathering of adopted children.[B]Parents want to find a place to exchange their ideas.[C]It helps children adapt to the new culture well.[D]It is a very good place for relaxation.2. Which of the following is not the advantage of the culture camp?[A]It well reflects the increasing foreign adoptions.[B]Parents can find the answers to their questions in raising the adopted children.[C]Children can learn a lot in culture camp.[D]It helps the adopted children have a better understanding of their complex heritage.3. The expression “miles of red tape”(Line 5， Paragraph 2) most probably means _________.[A]a number of choices[B]many hard journeys[C]a lot of difficulties[D]most troublesome procedures4. What is Alex‘s attitude toward India now?[A]Strong disapproval.[B]Reserved consent.[C]Slight contempt[D]Enthusiastic support5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Foreign adoption is a common phenomenon in America.[B]Children can do whatever they want to do in the culture camp.[C]Both parents and their adopted children can benefit from the culture camp.[D]Children can receive best education in the culture camp.答案：CADBC2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（2）In this week's Nature， a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany，have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa， and shown that chimps can， indeed， do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural “complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups，yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture， it is difficult to think what is.The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive， which are learnt by individuals in isolation (and so are not cultural， because not copied from others) and which are culturally transmitted (by animals copying one another)。
2015年考博英语完型真题解题思路
2015年考博英语完型真题解题思路一、词义与词形的辨析选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。
有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。
举例：Geographers compare and contrast 71 places on the earth.71. A) similarB) variousC) distantD) famous译文：地理学家比较和对照地球上的什么地方。
很明显要求填一个形容词来修饰places. 如果单从语法的角度而言，A、B、C、D四个选项都能入选，出题者精心设计只为考察compare和contrast的精确含义。
compare意为to exam for similarities and differences, contrast意为to compare in order to show differences。
综合两个词的含义，应为“找出其相似之处与不同之处”。
这样一来，答案不言自明。
既然不同与相同皆不可抛，答案A）必然错误，“similar”（相似的）只揭示了两者的相同、相似，未照应不同，故必不入选。
而答案C）distant “遥远的”、D) famous“著名的”均与“相似与不同”不搭界，所以也一并排除掉，剩下B）various“各种各样”为正确答案。
“各种各样”既囊括相似之处，又溶入“不同几许”，既照应compare，又体现了contrast的含义。
所以考生在应试时对于某些重点单词的理解，不能只局限于中文，而应从英文的角度，逐字理解。
二、逻辑关系所填空格的句子，与上下文构成指代、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步、 补充、递进等逻辑关系。
上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子与结构测试中最重要的一点。
不仅在国内考试中，在美国研究生入学考试（GRE）中，也常常考到考生运用逻辑关系解题的能力。
笔者试举一例：文中提到：The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; 77 , what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system…77. A) otherwiseB) moreoverC) howeverD) also根据上下文，空格前的意思为“外籍研究学者通常把自己隔离在实验室里作为 一种保护的手段”。
2015考研阅读理解真题
2015考研阅读理解真题阅读理解是考研英语中的重要部分，对考生的阅读能力和理解能力都有一定的要求。
下面将给大家呈现2015年考研英语阅读理解真题，帮助大家更好地了解考研阅读理解的要求和考点。
Passage 1:Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.LONDON — Since time immemorial(自古), we have appraised the bonds that exist between humans and dogs. There has been little anatomical evidence for this close relationship, though, apart from cradling us in sleep and joining us on morning walks, the evidence has always been there. In his recently published book, “Dog Friendly Gardens, Garden Friendly Dogs,” Dr. Kincep suggests the relationship mechanism has its roots in our entwined(纠缠的) lives in the wild.As a behaviorist, Dr. Kincep has watched enough bad dog incidents to know that the least soluble problem is a neighbor’s dog barking when we’re trying to sleep. Finally, with the advancement of technology, he has isolated, at least partially, what causes such behavior.It is amazing firstly in that the need to alert us to possible danger is far more acute to dogs than that of humans. Research has shown that humans become alarmed only at sounds of around 15 kHz(千赫兹), whereas dogs are paying attention at 65 kHz, a range of sounds we’re simply incapable of detecting.Dogs also have an exceptional ability to hear, being able to pick up sounds from up to 4 miles away, such as the cut of a knife through paper or other subtle(微妙的) noises.The last significant difference lies in the realm(领域) of monitoring, which again demonstrates a dog is not simply man’s best friend, but man’s superior guardian(守卫者) too.“It’s growing amazing”, Dr. Kincep says, referring to the fact that dogs have the ability to pick up minute(微小的) changes in human behavior, thanks to their incredible sense of smell.1. What does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. Dogs have the ability to monitor our behavior.B. Dogs are friendly and loving animals.C. Humans and dogs have an ancient bond.D. Dogs are useful for morning walks.2. What does the author think about Dr. Kincep's book?A. It is informative and helpful.B. It is scientific and analytical.C. It is interesting but unrelated to the topic.D. It is based on anecdotal evidence.3. According to the passage, dogs can detect sounds that humans cannot because ________.A. humans cannot detect soundsB. they have a wider range of hearingC. they have better technology to detect soundsD. dogs are more alert to sounds4. What is the author amazed at?A. Dogs' acute need for danger.B. Humans' alarm only at sounds of 15 kHz.C. The ability to hear sounds 4 miles away.D. The fact that dogs have a greater ability to detect certain noises.5. What is the main point the author makes in the last paragraph?A. Dogs have an incredible sense of smell.B. Humans can monitor dogs' behavior.C. Dogs can pick up minute changes in human behavior.D. Dogs can detect changes in their environment.这是2015年考研英语阅读理解第一篇阅读材料，现在让我们来一一解答每个问题。
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 电脑中的伦理问题)【圣才出品】
Passage9电脑中的伦理问题At PARC,we have lived with ubiquitous computing for almost ten years.Early on we confronted the question of how to do this work most ethically.We concluded that it is vitally important for everyone,scientists and consumers alike,to remain alert to the ethical issues we may face as the world becomes filled with embedded, invisible computers.Computer chips have been inserted into everyday objects since the earliest days of the microprocessor.Today,an average home might have40chips in various devices,from remote controls to alarm clocks to wristwatches.This fact has raised few new ethical issues.But as computers become more and more ubiquitous,and less visually obvious,three questions arise.Firstly,will these chips’thinking for us make us forget how to think for ourselves?Secondly,will an“information underclass”without access to these devices be created?And thirdly,will these chips invade our privacy?The goal of ubiquitous computing is to make technology invisible and,by embedding computers into everyday things,make the things themselves smarter. But will this lead to dumber people with less control over their technology? Automobiles,for example,use embedded computers for a host of functions that improve their performance and reliability.But fewer people now know enough about their car to be their own mechanic.Should this loss of a once common skill concern us?I think not.Ever since the first pre-human shaped a stone into an axe,we have been improving our technology.The invention of the axe did represent a loss of control,because some people were better at making axes than others.But the axe also made life easier,so we had more time to develop other skills,like agriculture,art and writing.As another step along this continuum of invention, ubiquitous computing won’t make people dumber;it will give them time to get smart about other things.I believe,however,that everyone should be given an equal opportunity to get smart about other things.In this regard,there is legitimate concern that the new ubiquitous computers won’t be equally available to everyone,thus driving a wedge between high-tech“haves”and“have-nots”.But it is important to realize that the prime mover behind the latest technology is not the technology itself,but an agreement—the Internet.Agreeing on low computers should talk to one another on the internet has tremendous advantages for exchanging information,decreasing the cost of technology and creating new market opportunities.If all chips are able to relate to each other,then information can be shared cheaply.This means that Internet access may eventually cost only a dollar or two.If the trend towards ever cheaper,more widespread access to information continues,there will be no information underclass.Ubiquitous computing will make our lives more convenient,but it will also allow computers to know everything about us:private actions,such as reading the newspaper,may be shared with other computers—and their owners—all over theworld.When computers know so much,who will they tell?If a computer runs your toaster,for example,it knows when you make toast, and how many slices.By correlating toast-making activity with the license plate numbers of cars parked in front of your house,a computer could determine if a guest had spent the night.But if you were a married politician,and even if you were not,you might want to keep this information secret.Democracy is based on the principle that if people have enough information, wise decisions will be made.In an age in which embedded computers will provide us with ever more information,it is vital that the ethical implications of this new technology be openly debated.With a little vigilance and planning,we can reap the benefits of this new technology without compromising our intelligence,our opportunities or our freedom.1.It can be inferred that“PARC”is a place where______.puters are manufacturedB.scientists and consumers live togetherC.there are computers embedded all aroundD.ethical issues are taught in class2.All of the following are mentioned by the author as having chips inside EXCEPT ______.A.remote controlsB.alarm clocksC.watchesD.microwave ovens3.The expression“information underclass”in paragraph2is closest in meaning to______.rmation that is below parrmation under studyC.people that provide informationD people that do not get as much information as others4.While discussing whether information will be widely available in the long run,the author centers his analysis on matters of______.A.costB.human natureC.intellectual property rightsD.mass media5.The author’s attitude toward ubiquitous computing can best be described as ______.A.cautious optimismB.unreserved approvalC.grave skepticismD.adamant opposition【答案与解析】1.C首句就指出了“PARC”全面电脑化已近十年了（lived with ubiquitous computingfor almost ten years），可见C为正确答案。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2015宁夏大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation,referred to as strata.The lowest stratum is the understory,composed of palms,herbaceous plants(such as wild ginger),and tree seedlings and saplings.(41). Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory.This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy,the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata,made up of woody plants,such as large shrubs and midsized trees.The overstory is the canopy,in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest.The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest,ranging from20to50m(65 to165ft).(42).Researchers use hot air balloons,cables,catwalks,towers,sophisticated tree-climbing gear,and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy.Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters.Suspended from the crane’s long,movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory.Moving from tree to tree,forest researchers collect specimens,conduct experiments,and observe life in the canopy frontier.The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees,those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents,which do not form a continuous layer,are usually the giants of the forest,reaching heights of35to70m(115to230ft) or more,and trunk sizes of over2m(6.6ft)in diameter.(43). However,these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass,or biomass,of the forest.The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest,including the continuous layer of the canopy,are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events,such as falling trees.Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines,and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it,producing a domino effect of falling trees.The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor.(44).Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in theforest canopies.For example,along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific,some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades.(45).Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests.[A]New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow.[B]Just2percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above,so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels.[C]On a smaller scale,large mammals,such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetation in the Congo River Basin in Africa.[D]An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas,produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals,including some sizable ones,rarely or never descend to the ground.[E]Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers.[F]Because more light penetrates the canopy,however,the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics.[G]The rich,green canopy is teeming with life,and forestresearchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）答案41.B42.G43.E44.A45.C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。