词汇学重点概念

词汇学重点概念举例

1.Word：A word is a minimal free form of

a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a 发音单位sound unity (3)a unit of meaning意义单位(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence一个可以独立的单位

2.Jargon ：refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves行话

3. Slang ：belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot非主流英语

4. Content words：denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. 实

词They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals

5. Functional words：do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences

6.borrowed words：外来词are w ords taken over from foreign languages，known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms

7.Creation 创造词：refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements

8.Semantic change：means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need根据新需要

9. morpheme：is ' the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words'最小功能单位

10. Free Morphemes自由词素：have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (有完整意义which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free).独立于其他词素11. Bound Morphemes(粘着词素)：A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 不能独立12.Affixes：are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function附着于单词或者词素

Affixes can be put into two groups:

1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀)：affixes attached to the end of words to indicae grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. 语法关系，单词后

2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀)：

derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.加在词素后

13. A root ：is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.

14 . stem：can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.用来添加词缀的form

15. Affixation：派生词方法is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives新的方法发展旧的词Affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.

（1）Prefixation前缀法：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the