翻译与跨文化交际 第三章
外语翻译与跨文化交际
外语翻译与跨文化交际随着全球化的发展，外语翻译和跨文化交际的重要性越来越强。
人们不断地面对各种语言和文化的交错，而外语翻译就是在此背景下应运而生的。
这篇文章将从三个方面来探讨外语翻译与跨文化交际的关系。
一、外语翻译的重要性外语翻译是在巨大的社会需求和现实背景下发展起来的一门技术性较强的学科，也是跨文化交际中的一种重要手段。
在国际化时代，企业扩张、市场拓展、文化传播等方面都需要外语翻译的支持。
同时，随着知识经济的发展，各个领域的知识交流和技术创新也需要专业的翻译人员进行辅助。
外语翻译所代表的不仅是语言的沟通，更是文化的交流，具有很高的认知价值。
国与国之间的经济、文化交流，人们对各种语言和文化的学习，也不断地推动着外语翻译的发展。
因此，我们有理由相信，外语翻译在现代社会中的地位和作用会越来越重要。
二、翻译与跨文化交际的关系跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行交际的活动。
这种交际涉及审美、信仰、习惯、价值观等多个方面，不同文化之间的差异巨大，因此需要专业翻译人员进行沟通。
外语翻译在跨文化交际中起着重要的作用，它不仅仅是在不同语言间进行转译，还需要在不同文化间进行转化。
在跨文化交际中，外语翻译不仅仅是语言工具，还要扮演文化沟通的桥梁，遵循文化的规范和符号，以达到最佳沟通的效果。
在面对不同的文化时，要注意文化之间的差异和传达文化的含义，避免因为文化背景不同而产生误解。
这就需要翻译人员有一定的文化素养和跨文化交际能力，也需要有足够的专业知识和翻译技巧。
三、翻译人员的素质要求外语翻译工作不仅仅需要掌握多门语言，还需要具备广博的知识和文化背景，才能更好地进行语言转换和文化转化。
同时，翻译人员还需要有较强的表达能力和在翻译业界不断发展的技能，例如熟练使用计算机软件、辅助翻译工具、语料库等。
跨文化交际中，翻译人员还应该具备一些自我条件，例如跨文化沟通的能力、较好的人际交往能力、灵活的思维能力等。
翻译人员要适应各种语言和文化环境，同时要保持沟通习惯和礼貌，以避免因不慎言语而产生误解或者犯错。
跨文化交际(英语)
跨文化交际课程教学大纲一、课程的基本信息适应对象：英语专业本科四年级学生课程代码：07007926学时分配：30赋予学分：2先修课程：《普通语言学》、《英美概况》、《英美文学史》、《欧洲文化入门》后续课程：二、课程性质与任务当今世界发生的翻天覆地的变化使社会对外语人才的需求也相应提高。
近年来对交际能力的要求除听、说、读、写四种语言运用能力外，还需要具备社会文化能力，即文化素养。
《跨文化交际学》是外语专业本科四年级的任意选修课程。
它以促进学生整体素质发展为根本，注重学生在技能、知识、情感、策略和文化素质等各方面的综合发展。
作为一门新兴学科，《跨文化交际学》集社会语言学、文化语言学、语用学、翻译学、传播学、人类学、外语教学等领域的研究成果于一体，着重文化与交际过程以及文化对交际过程的影响，从而提高外语学习者对文化的敏感和跨文化交际的能力。
《跨文化交际学》除研究文化的定义与特点、交际的定义与特征以及文化与交际的关系外，着重讨论干扰交际的文化因素。
这些因素包括语言、非语言手段、社会准则、社会组织、价值观等。
其中，语言包括词语的文化内涵、篇章结构、逻辑思维以及翻译等值等方面；非语言手段包括手势、身势、服饰、音调高低、微笑、沉默、对时间与空间的不同观念等；社交准则泛指人们交往中必须遵循的各种规则以及某些风俗习惯；社会组织指家庭中各成员的关系、同事朋友关系、上下级关系等；价值观念包括人与自然的关系、宗教观念、道德标准以及人生观、世界观等。
语言是文化的载体，不同文化背景的人们从事交际势必会遇到文化差异的问题。
因此，研究跨文化交际、深入了解语言、文化与交际之间的关系，不仅对于语言研究者，而且对于将要从事外语教学、翻译和外事工作的外语专业的学生是十分必要和大有裨益的。
三、教学目的与要求同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交际是学习英语的重要目的之一。
然而有效的交际不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。
本课程要求学生掌握文化的定义和特征，交际的定义和特征，影响跨文化交际活动的各种因素、跨文化交际的途径以及跨文化交际学的研究方法等。
跨文化交际英语 阅读教程3课文翻译
第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新，而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果，从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时，在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品，而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂，用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex，用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kel logg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨：Kongal 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是，和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kellogg’s 公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零，因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好，在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后，情况大为改观。
然而，跨国公司必须保持警惕，以防被侵权。
总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。
如果成果得不到法律保护，创新就是空话。
如今你经常会听到“知识产权”这个词——通常是从产权者嘴里。
新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译
1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。
但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。
文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。
新编跨文化交际课后翻译中英对照
Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict.It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。
英汉翻译知到章节答案智慧树2023年江西师范大学
英汉翻译知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新江西师范大学第一章测试1.与“等同”概念，重“神似”不重“形似”主张和“化境”说依次对应的翻译家是______。
（）参考答案:瞿秋白…傅雷…钱钟书2.The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the originalwork. 意思是“译文应完整地再现出原作的思想内容”强调的是译文的______。
（）参考答案:忠实3.要给“翻译”下一个准确完整的定义并非易事。
翻译是______。
（）参考答案:语言转换活动;跨文化交际活动;艺术4.翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动，翻译是科学，是艺术，是技能。
（）参考答案:对5.泰特勒的翻译三原则与严复的“信达雅”内容相似、顺序一致，可谓英雄所见略同。
（）参考答案:错第二章测试1.______和______是两种最基本、最常用的翻译方法。
（）参考答案:直译…意译2.在保证传达原文思想内容的前提下，可以不拘泥于原文的表达方法，这种翻译方法是______。
（）参考答案:意译法3.直译和意译法是两种______的翻译方法。
（）参考答案:相辅相成;最基本4.一般来说，只要译者愿意，所有的句子都可以用直译法来翻译。
（）参考答案:错5.如果原文中有一个形象，译文中也有一个形象，无论这个形象是否与原文中的一致，都可称之为直译法。
（）参考答案:错第三章测试1.根据引申的性质，我们把它划分为逻辑引申、语用学引申、______和文化引申四类。
（）参考答案:修辞引申2. A personnel deficit has existed for years.可译为“______的情况已经存在多年了”。
（）参考答案:人员短缺3.词义的引申是指从该词的基本含义出发，进行一定程度的______等，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。
（）参考答案:调节;延伸;改定4.逻辑引申是指译者经过推理、归纳等逻辑思维过程，将解读呈现给译文读者。
跨文化交际第三章课件
跨⽂化交际第三章课件Unit 3Daily Communication (II)Case AnalysisCompliments and Compliment Responses Gift-giving and gift-receiving ExercisesCase AnalysisAn Invitation to DinnerThe Cancellation of the Dinner Party Why should they do like this The Embarrassment Caused by “No Etiquette”Compliments and Compliment ResponsesMain point: Chinese modestySocial functions of compliments Differences between Chinese compliments and English complimentsCultural assumptionExpressions for gratitude in English and ChineseCommon expressions for apology inChinese ModestyOh, it’s an ordinary dress I bought in China.Should I blush, or should I tell him you don’t really mean it Growing flowers is my hobby, but I’m not much good at it.I really know so little about the subject....Social functions of complimentsCreating or reinforcing solidarity greeting peopleexpressing thankscongratulationencouraging peoplesoftening criticismstarting a conversationgetting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese compliments and English complimentsThe Semantic formulaThe Syntactic FormulaCommon responses formula in E-and C-complimentsThe Semantic FormulaEnglish:This was a great meal.Bill, you look so nice today.I love your dresses.About 80% adj. 16%verbs Chinese:你的房间不错。
跨文化视野中的归化翻译与异化翻译——以Gone with the Wind不同译本为例
2492019年17期总第457期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS跨文化视野中的归化翻译与异化翻译——以Gone with the Wind 不同译本为例文/徐 秋【摘要】翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。
纵观全球形势，不难发现全球化现象日益显现。
我们的当务之急便是相互理解、相互学习。
著名翻译理论学家劳伦斯韦努蒂早期提出“归化”与“异化”翻译策略为传递文化做出了巨大贡献。
而归化和异化则是缓和源语文化和译语文化矛盾的主要策略,这两者之间对立统一，相辅相成。
归化是对原文的一种“再创造”，突破了原作的禁锢，使译文更加较读者接受；异化则是忠于原作，保留异国风俗习惯和语言表达习惯，使读者体会到真切的异国风情。
本文将从跨文化视野下讨论归化异化翻译并且以Gone with the Wind不同译本为例予以分析。
【关键词】跨文化；归化；异化；翻译；Gone with the Wind【作者简介】徐秋(1996-)，女，河南信阳人，汉族，沈阳理工大学外国语学院英语笔译专业在读研究生，研究方向：英语笔译。
一、语言文化与跨文化翻译1.翻译与跨文化交际。
所谓文化，一般则囊括了一个民族的知识，宗教，信仰，思维方式等等；而任何一个民族的文化都有其独特的性质，源远流长，不可磨灭。
这些特性渗透在其日常生活的方方面面，如艺术修养，政治思想，风俗习惯等。
不同民族不同文化之间的碰撞即跨文化交际。
2.跨文化翻译中应重视语言文化的影响。
笔者认为，文化是我们在讨论跨文化翻译时必须考虑的因素，跨文化翻译必须存在两种或者两种以上的语言也即是文化。
语言隶属于文化，两者之间关系密切，相比较而言，文化更加宽泛。
正所谓词本无意，因境而生。
此外，翻译趋向于向读者介绍异国的优秀文学作品，旨在传播文化。
3.不同背景下，翻译策略的选择。
在现实的翻译实践中，不同的文化和语言产生文化隔阂是不可避免的，在交际中阻碍信息的传播。
因此译者将面临着抉择即，再创造还是保留异国风情。
跨文化交际Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication 2
Apology
Case 1: （领导迟到了十分钟）既然大家都到齐了， 那我们开会吧。 Case 2: 呀，你瞧爸爸这臭记性。明天保证把礼物 给你带回来。 Case 3: 领导同志，我没能完成您交给我的任务， 请您处分我吧。
Gift-giving and gift-receiving
B. For accepting a gift from an English speaker: --It’s really wonderful. --I can’t like it too much. --It will remind me of the good time we have shared. Chinese: 小意思，不成敬意。 来就来了，拿东西干什么。 让您破费了。 您太客气了。
Activity P61-64
Taboos in gift-giving
When to give gift? Birthday, wedding, first arrival to a new place, … Wrap it or not? Open the gifts at the time they are received or not?
Hierarchies are only convenient ways of organizing activities Prefer equal relationships
Relationships
Power
Accept differences in power Whoever holds power is right and good
跨文化交际课文翻译
关于跨文化交流，跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。
考虑到古罗马帝国的市民，他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。
商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。
这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。
回顾过去，我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过：“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。
很明显的可以看出，交流是现代市场的根基。
毋庸置疑，全球化市场的时代已经到来。
每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场，其中超过一半是来自美国。
这里面85%的商品都不合格。
通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。
他们中的大多数之所以会失败，是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。
在跨文化市场里，如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小，那么就不假定任何事情。
几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司，他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。
但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。
当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时，他们就把车重新命名，然后销往这些国家。
福特汽车公司，美国又一个汽车界的领头羊，也有类似的问题。
他们的pinto 牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售，原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。
最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为corcel，其意思为骏马。
伊莱克斯，一个日用电器制造者，其在英国获得了很大的成功。
不幸的是，他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。
在美国，suck的意思是多虱子的。
英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫cue。
它被人们所耻笑。
因为它的名字使人想起了臭名昭著的色情杂志——Cue。
但是市场中的文化意识更多于细心的翻译。
每一文化都有其微妙之处，当然也有其鲜明的禁忌。
尽管大多数的人不能列出他们自己文化的规则，但是他们很明白什么时候这些禁忌被触碰了。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1~7单元翻译
Unit 2 Page 60 Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175 Unit 6 Page 215Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds ofmeanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand’s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.Case 17When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions.Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu’s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.Case 19Talking about what’s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is just to “spit it out”, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate about a problem. Case 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 25For people from the American culture and western European cultures, one’s time should be scheduled into segments or compartments which are to be kept discrete from one another. They prefer to do one thing at a time. They will be annoyed when they have made an appointment with somebody, only to find a lot of other things going on at the same time. They don’t like to interrupt others and be interrupted by other while they are doing something. In contrast, people from many other cultures including the Chinese culture are more likely to operate with several people, ideas, or matters simultaneously. They are more easily distracted and subject to interruptions, which they would not usually mind very much. The miscommunication between Katherine and the director can be ascribed to their lack of knowledge about each other’s way of using time.In this case, to the Chinese director as well as many other Chinese people, it is natural to handle the other things which needed to be dealt with immediately. He may have thought that, in this way, he utilized the time best. But to Katherine and most Westerners, it’s quite different. They tend to do things strictly according to their schedule and appointments with others, which is their concept of using time best.高语境交流和低语境交流（由高到低排列）Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American, Arab, Greek, Latin,Italian,English,Frech,Amercian,Scandinavian,German,German-Swiss。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 3 Are They Typical课文翻译
Reading & DigestingAre They Typical?Cathy N. Davidson1 Unlike my American students, students at Kansai Women’s University rarelyattended my office hours. Ten one day a local newspaper reporter interviewed me for a column about gaijins’ impression of the typical Japanese woman.2 Before moving to Japan, I could answer without hesitation. I had the samepreconceptions that most Westerners have about Japanese women— submissive, flirtatious and accommodating. After teaching in Japan for several months, I was unable to characterize the Japanese women I’d met. I was impressed, in general, by their strength and independence, but I didn’t know how to describe “the typical Japanese woman.”3 “Is there one?” I finally asked helplessly.4 I told the reporter that I now knew what was not typical (I’d seen only twogeisha), but I had no clue what a typical Japanese woman was.5 “I guess I’ll have to spend the rest of my year trying to find her!” I joked.6 I don’t know how this joke translated but according to the article, I wasdescribed as a “feminist”who had come to Japan partly to learn more about Japanese women. Suddenly students began showing up during my office hours, as if my words in the newspaper were an invitation for them to come to discuss personal matters with me or ask my advice without compromising their own lives.Apparently, I had said publicly that I was interested in learning more about Japanese women so students came to share their opinions.7 “I am the typical Japanese woman,” my neighbor, Mrs. Okano, insists a fewmornings after reading the newspaper.8 “I’m serious,”my neighbor says, “if you want to know anything abouttypical Japanese women, you can ask me.”9 “Why do you consider yourself ‘typical’?” I ask her.10 “Because I am,” she laughs. “There’s nothing unusual about me at all!”11 “I think it’s unusual,” I say admiringly, “for somebody to admit they’retypical. Most people think they are pretty special.”12 “Oh, maybe in America,” she laughs. “But in Japan, every womanthinks they’re typical.”13 As we laugh, the mailwoman approaches and Mrs. Okano excusesherself to meet her.14 She reminds the mailwoman that from now on her mail should bedelivered to her new address.15 “You’re moving today?” I ask, surprised at how disappointed I feel.16 “Gomennasai, gomennasai,” she apologizes, realizing that I wasunaware. Probably everyone else at Maison Showa has known for weeks.17 I tell her I’m sorry to hear that she is moving, but that I hope she willenjoy her new apartment.18 “It’s a house,” she says, unable to conceal her pride.19 She is expecting the movers soon but insists on inviting me to giveme a copy of a map she has neatly drawn, marking the way to her new house.20 “Now you can come and visit me,” she beams, handing it to me. “I also gavemy husband a map this morning so he can find it tonight after work.” She says this casually.21 “I don’t understand. You mean, he doesn’t remember the way?”22 “He’s never been there.”23 “I don’t understand,” I repeat, this time in Japanese. “He’s never beenthere?”24 Now she’s confused, and repeats again, in her best English.25 “Excuse me, please,” I say, upping my politeness level in Japanese. “I don’tunderstand, how he could have bought a house without seeing it?”26 “He didn’t buy the house, I did.”27 “And he never saw it before you bought it?”28 “Of course not. That’s woman’s work. I told you I’m a typical Japanesewoman. Isn’t this how women do it in America?”29 Mrs. Okano is shocked when I tell her that few American married womenmake major financial decisions without consulting their husbands.There might be some, but I don’t know any30 “Really?” She shockingly responds.31 “Never.”32 “What about a car?” she asks me.33 I shake my head no.34 “Appliances — refrigerator, television?”35 “Not usually.”36 “Furniture?”37 “Probably not. Most American husbands would be mad to comehome and discover their wife had just bought a new couch or dining roomset without consulting them.”38 “I thought all American women work, earn their own money?” Shestrangely replies.39 “It’s true that many American women work outside the home,” I reply,slowly. “But even the ones who earn their own money often consult theirhusbands about big purchases.”40 “This is what Americans call ‘women’s lib3’?” Mrs. Okano laughs butquickly apologizes for her rudeness.41 By noon, everyone in our apartment complex will have heard abouthow the poor gaijin woman is a full-time college teacher, but can’t buy asofa without asking her husband’s permission.42 “Kawaiso!” she says finally, exchanging her laughter for an expressionof sympathy (How ridiculous!). She reaches out and pats my back, as if I’ma small child badly in need of comforting.43 “No wonder you like Japan so much!” she says.参考译文她们够典型吗？凯西·N·戴维森关西女子大学的学生与我在美国的学生不同，她们很少在答疑时间露面。
商务英语翻译(英译汉)第二版电子教案第3单元A
会 得逞。
Байду номын сангаас
（四）选择词义时，注意词语的语体色彩
词语的语体色彩就是指词语的正式程度。英语的词语通 常分为五种语体：hyperformal—formal—normal—informal— hyperinformal,即：超正式语体—正式语体—普通语体—非正 式语体—超非正式语体。汉语的词语通常分为三种语体：书面 体、普通体和口语体。在翻译当中，也要做到“到什么山唱什 么歌”, 也就是说，要在恰当的场合使用适合该场合的语言。 要做到这一点，译者就需要首先充分领悟原文用词的语体色彩 和使用场合，其次要发挥自己的语言能力，在译文当中使用符 合原文词语语体色彩的对应词与之对应。
The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door. Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find
the following pages filled with the world’s most elegant residences.
第三单元 词义的选择
语言是由词语构成的意义大厦。理解语言不可不涉及 对词语的理解，将一种语言翻译成另一种语言时，不可不 关注对词语的翻译。词语的选择同翻译之间的关系非常紧 密。可以说，成功的商务英语句子或商务英语语篇的译文 在很大程度上取决于词语选择的精当、得体、专业和地道。
一 课前笔译
翻译工作的跨文化交际技巧
采取适当的方法解决或缓解冲突，如 解释、协商、妥协等。
培养良好的沟通习惯与态度
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02
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尊重对方
尊重对方的观点、文化和 习惯，避免主观臆断和歧 视。
耐心倾听
耐心倾听对方的意见和需 求，确保充分理解对方的 意图。
积极反馈
及时给予对方积极反馈， 让对方知道自己的想法和 态度。
THANK YOU
语境对翻译的影响
语境对词义的影响
在不同的语境下，同一个词汇可 能具有不同的含义。译者需要根 据具体语境选择合适的词义，使 译文更加准确。
语境对句子的影响
在翻译过程中，句子的含义往往 受到上下文和语境的影响。译者 需要根据具体语境理解句子的含 义，避免歧义和误解。
语境对篇章的影响
篇章的翻译需要考虑到整个文本 的语境和背景。译者需要理解整 个文本的语境和主题，使译文更 加连贯和一致。
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义信息，还要传递其文化内涵。
文化差异的识别
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识别文化差异是翻译中的重要环节，要求译者具备跨
文化意识。
02
文化差异可能体现在词汇、句法、语篇和语用等层面
，需要译者仔细分析和比较。
03
了解不同文化背景下的价值观念、思维方式、社会习
俗和历史传统，有助于更好地识别文化差异。
文化差异的处理策略
直译
保留原文的文化元素，传达原文的文化特色 。
价值观念的差异
不同文化背景下，人们的价值观念可能存在差异。在翻译过程中，译者 需要关注这些差异，避免因价值观念误解而导致的翻译错误。
04
翻译中的跨文化交际技巧
尊重源语言与目标语言的文化特性
了解源语言文化背景
尊重目标语言文化
(完整word版)新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译
U1reading1跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。
L。
S。
Harms认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:A语言的产生; B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E 跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。
文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯.作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族。
研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点含义：人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展：信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播媒介传播传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段case1主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好.在这种情况下，理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上,的食物.他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展，称赞这位艺术家说：多么美丽的你的照片。
在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错,开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了.相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突.在这种情况下：理查德…年代错误是在努力保护自己.case2对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1-6单元翻译(Word可编辑版)
纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是, 人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折, 既是个人的, 又是全球性的: 人类历史进程总是充满了个人问的直接冲突和民族间的误解一一从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突, 大大小小争端不绝。
很显然, 文化间以及亚文化问的交往比以前多了, 这迫切要求我们共同努力, 去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们, 并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解, 我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处: 这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定, 也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Translation Unit 2文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序, 我们“头脑的软件”。
但是, 我们可以进一步引中这个用电脑所做的类比, 把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的Dos 或者unix 或者“视窗”(windows) 等操作系统一样, 使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的, 但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般, 人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实, 因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中, 文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的, 就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产, 而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作, 这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序, 那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始, 文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么, 文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
新编跨文化交际课后翻译中英对照
Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict.It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。
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英美节日文化
4. 圣诞节（Christmas/Xmas）。圣诞节原本是基督教徒纪念耶 稣基督诞生的宗教性节日，后来演变成一个全民性的节日。12月 25日为圣诞日（Christmas Day），12月24日至翌年1月6日为圣 诞节节期（Christmas tide），12月24日为圣诞前夜（Christmas Eve），也称平安夜。圣诞节期间，人们互赠礼物和贺卡。传统 的食物有烤火鸡和布丁。圣诞节的标志是圣诞树（Christmas tree）和圣诞老人（Santa Claus/Father Christmas）。圣诞树一 般使用松柏之类的常绿树，树上挂满金银纸片、棉制雪花、彩灯、 蜡烛和圣诞礼物。除了圣诞树以外，其他长青植物也通常用来装 饰室内。圣诞老人是和蔼可亲的老人形象，传说他在圣诞夜驾着 八只鹿拉的满载礼物的雪橇，从北方雪国赶来，由各家的烟囱下 来，把礼物装进孩子们吊在壁炉或床头上的袜子（Christmas stocking）里。
庆典与祝贺
——节日文化
英美节日文化
节日是传统的纪念或庆祝的日子，是一个国家 或民族在漫长的历史过程中形成的风俗和习惯， 是民族文化的集中体现。英美国家的传统节日 就充分体现了其文化特性，以下介绍其中四个 主要的节日：复活节、万圣节、感恩节和圣诞 节。
英美节日文化
1. 复活节（Easter/Easter Day/Easter Sunday）。复活节是 英美等西方国家为了纪念和庆祝耶稣基督复活的重要宗教节 日，时间是每年春分月圆后的第一个星期日。复活节前40天 是大斋期。在这段时间里，教徒们斋戒和忏悔。在复活节的 前一天，教徒们举行夜间祈祷。教堂的灯火会全部熄灭，象 征世界黑暗一片。当午夜钟声敲响的时候，神父手持一枝点 燃的、象征基督光芒的蜡烛走进教堂，并将教徒们手中的蜡 烛一一点燃。当所有的蜡烛都被点燃，教堂被照得通明的时 候，祈祷仪式也随之结束。复活节当天，很多教徒还会举行 迎日出的宗教仪式。除了以上的宗教仪式和活动之外，人们 在复活节还会互赠彩蛋（Easter egg）。彩蛋是复活节的象征， 所染的颜色和所绘的图案都有一定的含义，表达祝福和喜悦， 象征生命和复活。除了彩蛋之外，兔子是复活节的又一象征， 因为兔子的繁殖力强，所以被视为新生的象征。
译文：ks We Give”，直 译的话平淡无味。译文 当中处理为“感恩节寄 语”就非常贴切。寄语 是指寄托的美好愿望， 同该散文的内容相契合， 也在形式上体现了散文 的性质。
译文赏析
原文：Some of the people seated at the table are strangers-friends of friends, cousins of in-laws…(Para. 1)
英美节日文化
3. 感恩节（Thanksgiving Day）。每年11月的第四个星期四 是感恩节。感恩节是美国在早期独特的历史背景下独创的传 统民俗节日，是喜庆丰收、合家团聚、举国同庆的盛大节日。 1620年，一批清教徒为了寻求自由，乘坐“五月花”号船 （Mayflower），克服种种困难险阻，在马萨诸塞州的普利茅 斯登陆。这些移民们在新大陆上白手起家，遭遇到极大的困 难，幸得当地印第安人的帮助，终于迎来了1621年的大丰收。 为了庆祝来之不易的丰收、感谢当地印第安人的帮助、感激 上帝的赐予，移民们举行了一次盛大的庆祝、感恩活动。印 第安人受到邀请一同庆祝。火鸡、南瓜、玉米、红薯等被制 成了美味佳肴。这便是美国感恩节的雏形。直到1941年，每 年11月的第四个星期四才固定下来作为统一庆祝感恩节的日 子。现在，人们在感恩节期间会举办化装游行、表演、比赛 等活动。而最重要的莫过于一家人围坐在一起享用传统的感 恩宴，热闹的场面不亚于中国人过春节。烤火鸡、南瓜馅饼、 玉米布丁等这些传统的感恩节食物还一直沿用至今。
译文：有些则是熟得不能再 熟的人，一块儿共事的同事。
将“faces we live and work with every day”译 为“一块儿共事的同事” 显然遗漏了一个重要的 方面，应改译为“每天 同我们生活工作在一起 的人”。
译文赏析
原文：In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people—the cooking and serving and cleaning—a chore. (Para. 2) 译文：要是一年中其他时候, 周四也就是个普通的周四， 这么一群人聚在一起，少不 了要做饭上菜、清洗杯盘， 麻烦是难免的。
译文：餐桌前就座的人有些 是陌生人，是朋友的朋友， 亲戚的亲戚，……
译文处理为“亲戚的亲 戚”，不仅准确地传递 了原文想要表达的核心 内容，同时也同前文的 “朋友的朋友”相呼应， 无论是从内容上还是从 形式上都加强了译文的 效果，简练且形象而生 动。
译文赏析
原文：some are almost desperately familiar, faces we live and work with every day. (Para.1)
英美节日文化
2. 万圣节前夕（Halloween）。每年的11月1日为万圣 节（All Hallows），是纪念所有圣徒的日子。万圣节 的前夕（每年的10月31日）被称为Halloween或 Hallowe’en，即All Hallows’ Eve的缩写。万圣节是西 方的“鬼节”。在古代，人们点燃篝火，穿戴上各种 古怪的服饰和面具，驱除鬼怪和妖魔。流传至现代， 万圣节的宗教色彩渐淡，演变成一个讲述鬼故事、参 加化装舞会的喜庆娱乐节日。象征万圣节的妖魔图案 现在也变成了古灵精怪的可爱模样。孩子们穿戴上古 怪的服饰和面具，提着南瓜灯笼，挨家挨户讨糖吃， 不给糖就扬言要捣乱：“想挨捉弄，还是款待我们！” （Trick or treat）。
英美节日文化
英美等西方国家的四个主要节日，或源于宗教 传统，或源于特殊的历史事件。无论起源是什 么，现在这四个节日都已经演变成全民性质的 重大节日，并且在国际范围内产生深远的影响。 每一个节日都俨然是一面镜子，折射英美文化 的方方面面。
译文赏析
原文：The Thanks We Give（Title）