词汇学术语
自考英语词汇学学术语单词对照表
∙aallomorph['æləumɔ:f]基本释义同近义词∙n. 同质异晶；同质异形体ambiguity[,æmbi'ɡju:iti]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的amelioration[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 改进，改善analytic[,ænə'litik,-kəl]基本释义词组短语antithesis[æn'tiθisis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对立面；对照；对仗∙adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 反义词组；反义现象appreciative[ə'pri:ʃiətiv]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；承认有价值的archaic[ɑ:'keiik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 古代的；陈旧的；古体的；古色古香的archaism['ɑ:keiizəm, -ki-]基本释义n. 古语；拟古主义；古体argot['ɑ:ɡəu, 'ɑ:ɡət]基本释义同近义词∙n. 隐语；暗语；暗号；俚语；黑话armenian[ɑ:'mi:njən]基本释义∙n. 亚美尼亚人；亚美尼亚语∙adj. 亚美尼亚的；亚美尼亚人的clipping ['klipiŋ]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 剪裁，剪断；剪报，剪辑；剪下物，剪下的东西∙adj. 头等的，第一流的；极好的，恰好的balto-slavic['bɔ:ltən'slɑ:vik]基本释义∙n. 印欧语中的波罗的海语系bound [baund]英汉翻译∙adj. 受约束的；装有封面的；有义务的∙vt. 束缚；使跳跃∙n. 跳跃；范围∙vi. 弹起；限制catchphrase['kætʃfreiz]基本释义同近义词∙n. 标语，警句Celtic ['keltik;'sel-]基本释义∙adj. 凯尔特人的；凯尔特语的∙n. 凯尔特语（等于Keltic）collocation[,kɔləu'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 搭配；配置；排列colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 白话，口语；口语体；方言用语concatenation[kɔn,kæti'neiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 串联，连结connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）constituent[kən'stitjuənt]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 成分；选民；委托人∙adj. 构成的；选举的consultative[kən'sʌltətiv]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 咨询的couplet ['kʌplit]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对联；对句degradation[,deɡrə'deiʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落deletion[di'li:ʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 删除；[遗]缺失；删除部分denizen['denizən]基本释义同近义词∙vt. 给…居住权；移植∙n. 居民；外来语；外籍居民denominal[di'nɔminəl]基本释义∙adj. 来自名词（形容词）的∙n. 来自名词（形容词）的词denotation[,di:nəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 符号；表示；意义；指示derivation[,deri'veiʃən]∙基本释义词组短语同近义词n. 引出；来历；词源derogatory[di'rɔɡətəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词adj. 贬损的diachronic[,daiə'krɔnik,-kəl]基本释义∙adj. 探求现象变化的；历经时间长河duplication[,dju:pli'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 复制；副本；成倍equivalent[i'kwivələnt]英汉翻译∙adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的∙n. 等价物，相等物etymology[,eti'mɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 语源，[语] 语源学[ 复数etymologies ]euphemism['ju:fimizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 委婉语；委婉说法morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]基本释义∙n. [语] 词素；形态素generalisation[,dʒenərəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]基本释义同近义词∙n. （英）一般化；归纳；普遍原理（等于generalization）grammatical[ɡrə'mætikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文法的；符合语法规则的graphology[ɡræ'fɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 笔迹学；笔迹相法；图表法hellenic[he'lenik, -'li:-]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的heterogeneous[,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. [化学]多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的homograph['hɔməuɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf]基本释义∙n. 同形异义字homonym['hɔməunim]基本释义∙n. 同音异义词；同形异义词；同形同音异义词；同名异物homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 同音异义homophone['hɔməufəun]基本释义∙n. 同音异形异义字idiom ['idiəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 成语，习语；土话idiomatic[,idiə'mætik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 惯用的；符合语言习惯的；通顺的Iranian[i'reinjən]基本释义∙adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的∙n. 伊朗人；伊朗语initialism[i'niʃəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 首字母缩略词intimate['intimət]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的∙n. 知己；至交∙vt. 暗示；通知；宣布juxtaposition[,dʒʌkstəpə'ziʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 并置，并列；毗邻lexical['leksikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 词汇的；[语] 词典的；词典编纂的lexicography[,leksi'kɔɡrəfi]基本释义∙n. 词典编纂lexicology[,leksi'kɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 词汇学；词典学lexis ['leksis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 词汇；词语literary ['litərəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的loan [ləun]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 贷款；借款∙vi. 借出∙vt. 借；借给metaphor['metəfə]基本释义同近义词∙n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法metonymy[mi'tɔnimi, mə-]基本释义∙n. 转喻monolingual[,mɔnəu'liŋɡwəl]基本释义∙adj. 单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的∙n. 只用一种语言的人monosomic[,mɔnəu'səumik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 单（染色）体的morphology[mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 形态学，形态论；[语] 词法，[语]词态学neoclassical[,ni:əu'klæsikəl]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 新古典主义的neologism[ni:'ɔlədʒizəm,ni-]基本释义同近义词∙n. 新词；新义；新词的使用notional['nəuʃənəl]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 概念性的；想像的；抽象的；不切实际的obsolete['ɔbsəli:t, ,ɔbsə'li:t]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 废弃的；老式的∙n. 废词；陈腐的人vt. 淘汰；废弃onomatopoeic[,ɔnə,mætə'pi:k]英汉翻译∙adj. 拟声的；声喻的orthographic[,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的pejoration[,pi:dʒə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬polysemic网络释义多义性polysemous[,pɔli'si:məs]基本释义∙adj. 一词多义的；有多种解释的reduplication[ri,dju:pli'keiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 加倍；复本；复制器；重复referential[,refə'renʃəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 指示的；用作参考的Scandinavian[,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]基本释义∙n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系∙adj. 斯堪的纳维亚的；斯堪的纳维亚人的；斯堪的纳维亚语的；北欧日耳曼语系的semantic[si'mæntik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 语义的；语义学的（等于semanticalsubordinate[sə'bɔ:dinət,-neit,sə'bɔ:dineit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 下属，下级；部属，属下∙adj. 从属的；次要的∙vt. 使……居下位；使……服从[ 过去式subordinated过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinatingsuperordinate[,sju:pə'rɔ:dinət]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 上级的，地位高的；高级的[ 过去式superordinated 过去分词superordinated现在分词superordinating ]synthetic[sin'θetik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的∙n. 合成物triplet ['triplit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 三个一组；三连音符；三元组中的一个；三胞胎之一verbal ['və:bəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的∙n. 动词的非谓语形式unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 完整的；未经删节的；足本的。
英语词汇学引论 术语翻译
Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy 上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locative case 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversative prefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微）差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析Synesthetic（产生）联觉的Synecdoche提喻法Synonym同义词Synonymy 同义关系Synsemantic 与其他词连用时才有意义的Teutonic language条顿（日耳曼）语言The Angles,Saxons and Jutes盎格鲁人撒克逊人，朱特人The Norman conquest 诺曼征服英国Translation-loans译借词Triplets三词一组的同义词Unabridged dictionary 大型（无任何删节的）词典Variety (语言的）变体Word-class 词类Word -formation word-building 构词法Word-forming ability 构词能力Word-stock词汇Working language 工作语言。
自考英语词汇学学术语单词对照表
∙aallomorph['æləumɔ:f]基本释义同近义词∙n. 同质异晶；同质异形体ambiguity[,æmbi'ɡju:iti]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的amelioration[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 改进，改善analytic[,ænə'litik,-kəl]基本释义词组短语antithesis[æn'tiθisis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对立面；对照；对仗∙adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 反义词组；反义现象appreciative[ə'pri:ʃiətiv]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；承认有价值的archaic[ɑ:'keiik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 古代的；陈旧的；古体的；古色古香的archaism['ɑ:keiizəm, -ki-]基本释义n. 古语；拟古主义；古体argot['ɑ:ɡəu, 'ɑ:ɡət]基本释义同近义词∙n. 隐语；暗语；暗号；俚语；黑话armenian[ɑ:'mi:njən]基本释义∙n. 亚美尼亚人；亚美尼亚语∙adj. 亚美尼亚的；亚美尼亚人的clipping ['klipiŋ]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 剪裁，剪断；剪报，剪辑；剪下物，剪下的东西∙adj. 头等的，第一流的；极好的，恰好的balto-slavic['bɔ:ltən'slɑ:vik]基本释义∙n. 印欧语中的波罗的海语系bound [baund]英汉翻译∙adj. 受约束的；装有封面的；有义务的∙vt. 束缚；使跳跃∙n. 跳跃；范围∙vi. 弹起；限制catchphrase['kætʃfreiz]基本释义同近义词∙n. 标语，警句Celtic ['keltik;'sel-]基本释义∙adj. 凯尔特人的；凯尔特语的∙n. 凯尔特语（等于Keltic）collocation[,kɔləu'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 搭配；配置；排列colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 白话，口语；口语体；方言用语concatenation[kɔn,kæti'neiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 串联，连结connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）constituent[kən'stitjuənt] 基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 成分；选民；委托人∙adj. 构成的；选举的consultative[kən'sʌltətiv]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 咨询的couplet ['kʌplit]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对联；对句degradation[,deɡrə'deiʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落deletion[di'li:ʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 删除；[遗]缺失；删除部分denizen['denizən]基本释义同近义词∙vt. 给…居住权；移植∙n. 居民；外来语；外籍居民denominal[di'nɔminəl]基本释义∙adj. 来自名词（形容词）的∙n. 来自名词（形容词）的词denotation[,di:nəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 符号；表示；意义；指示derivation[,deri'veiʃən]∙基本释义词组短语同近义词n. 引出；来历；词源derogatory[di'rɔɡətəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词adj. 贬损的diachronic[,daiə'krɔnik,-kəl]基本释义∙adj. 探求现象变化的；历经时间长河duplication[,dju:pli'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 复制；副本；成倍equivalent[i'kwivələnt]英汉翻译∙adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的∙n. 等价物，相等物etymology[,eti'mɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 语源，[语] 语源学[ 复数etymologies ]euphemism['ju:fimizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 委婉语；委婉说法morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]基本释义∙n. [语] 词素；形态素generalisation[,dʒenərəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-] 基本释义同近义词∙n. （英）一般化；归纳；普遍原理（等于generalization）grammatical[ɡrə'mætikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文法的；符合语法规则的graphology[ɡræ'fɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 笔迹学；笔迹相法；图表法hellenic[he'lenik, -'li:-]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的heterogeneous[,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. [化学]多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的homograph['hɔməuɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf]基本释义∙n. 同形异义字homonym['hɔməunim]基本释义∙n. 同音异义词；同形异义词；同形同音异义词；同名异物homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 同音异义homophone['hɔməufəun]基本释义∙n. 同音异形异义字idiom ['idiəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 成语，习语；土话idiomatic[,idiə'mætik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 惯用的；符合语言习惯的；通顺的Iranian[i'reinjən]基本释义∙adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的∙n. 伊朗人；伊朗语initialism[i'niʃəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 首字母缩略词intimate['intimət]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的∙n. 知己；至交∙vt. 暗示；通知；宣布juxtaposition[,dʒʌkstəpə'ziʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 并置，并列；毗邻lexical['leksikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 词汇的；[语] 词典的；词典编纂的lexicography[,leksi'kɔɡrəfi]基本释义∙n. 词典编纂lexicology[,leksi'kɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 词汇学；词典学lexis ['leksis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 词汇；词语literary ['litərəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的loan [ləun]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 贷款；借款∙vi. 借出∙vt. 借；借给metaphor['metəfə]基本释义同近义词∙n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法metonymy[mi'tɔnimi, mə-]基本释义∙n. 转喻monolingual[,mɔnəu'liŋɡwəl]基本释义∙adj. 单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的∙n. 只用一种语言的人monosomic[,mɔnəu'səumik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 单（染色）体的morphology[mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 形态学，形态论；[语] 词法，[语]词态学neoclassical[,ni:əu'klæsikəl]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 新古典主义的neologism[ni:'ɔlədʒizəm,ni-]基本释义同近义词∙n. 新词；新义；新词的使用notional['nəuʃənəl]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 概念性的；想像的；抽象的；不切实际的obsolete['ɔbsəli:t, ,ɔbsə'li:t]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 废弃的；老式的∙n. 废词；陈腐的人vt. 淘汰；废弃onomatopoeic[,ɔnə,mætə'pi:k]英汉翻译∙adj. 拟声的；声喻的orthographic[,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的pejoration[,pi:dʒə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬polysemic网络释义多义性polysemous[,pɔli'si:məs]基本释义∙adj. 一词多义的；有多种解释的reduplication[ri,dju:pli'keiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 加倍；复本；复制器；重复referential[,refə'renʃəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 指示的；用作参考的Scandinavian[,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]基本释义∙n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系∙adj. 斯堪的纳维亚的；斯堪的纳维亚人的；斯堪的纳维亚语的；北欧日耳曼语系的semantic[si'mæntik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 语义的；语义学的（等于semanticalsubordinate[sə'bɔ:dinət,-neit,sə'bɔ:dineit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 下属，下级；部属，属下∙adj. 从属的；次要的∙vt. 使……居下位；使……服从[ 过去式subordinated过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinatingsuperordinate[,sju:pə'rɔ:dinət]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 上级的，地位高的；高级的[ 过去式superordinated 过去分词superordinated现在分词superordinating ]synthetic[sin'θetik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的∙n. 合成物triplet ['triplit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 三个一组；三连音符；三元组中的一个；三胞胎之一verbal ['və:bəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的∙n. 动词的非谓语形式unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 完整的；未经删节的；足本的。
《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照复习课程
《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven:1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Eight:1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine:1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.Ten:1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
词汇学名词
.Lexicology:-is a branch of linguistic e,inquiring into the origins and meani ngs of words. Mor phology:-is the bra nch of grammar w hich studies the str ucture or forms of words,primarily thr ough the use of m orpheme construct. Etymology:- is trad itionally used for t he study of the ori gins and history of the form and mea ning of words.Styli stics:-is the study of style.It is concer ned with the user’s choices of linguist ic elements in a pa rticular context for special effects.Lexic ography:- shares w ith lexicology the s ame problems;the f orm,meaning ,origin s and usages of w ords,but they have a pragmatic differe ntce.Word:is a min imal free form of l anguage that has a given sound and meaning and syntac tic function.Vocabu lary:All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it ref er to the total num ber of the words i n a language ,but i t can stand for all the words used in a particular historyi cal period.We also use it to refer to a ll the words of a g iven dialect,a given book,a given disci pline and the word s possessed by an individual person.C ontent words:-deno te clear notions inc ludeing nouns,verbs, adjectives,adverbs a nd numerals.Borrow ed words:Words tak en over from forei gn languages.Ter minology术语:-con sists of technicall t erms used in partic ular discipleines an d academic areas. Jargon行话;-refers to the specialized vocabularies by wh ich members of par ticular arts,sciences, trades and professio ns communicate am ong themselves.Sla ng俚语:sub-standar d words often used on informal occasi ons.Argot黑话:It g enerally refers to t he jargon of crimin als.Archaisms:-are words or forms tha t were once in co mmon use but arenow restricted onlyto specialized or limited use.Neologisms新语词:-are newly-created words orexpressions,or words that have takenon new meanings.Native words:-,alsoknown as Anglo-Saxon words,are words brought to Britain in the 5th centuryby the German tribes.Borrowed words(load words):1,Words taken over fromforeign languages.2,for instance,the word’cloak’is borrowed from French.Denizens同化:-are words borrowed earlyin the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Aliens非同化:-are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciationand spelling.Translation-loans:-are words and expressionsformed from the existing material in the english languagebut modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词:Words whosemeanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed.Old English:It refers to the language used from 450 to1150.now peoplegenerally refer toAnglo-Saxon as Old English.MiddleEnglish:It refers tothe language usedfrom 1150 to 1500.Modern English:from1500 up to thepresent.Morphemes词素:The minimalmeaningful units in language are known as-.Free morpheme:A morpheme that can stand alone.Bound morpheme:-can not occur as separate words.Theyare bound to other morpheme or morphemes to form words.Bound morphemes include two types:bound root(thepart of the word that carries the fundamental meaning and has to combinewith other morphemes to make words)and affix.Affixes词缀:-are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.Allomorph:The morphemes are realized bymore than one morph according to their position in a word.Stem词干:-canbe defined as a form to which affixesofany kind can beadded.root:what remains of a wordafter the removal of all affixes Inflectional affix:-is an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.Derivational affix:-is an affix that forms new wordswith a stem or aroot.afixation词缀法:-,also called derivation,is the formation of new wordsby adding affixes to stems.prefixation前缀:-is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.suffixation后缀:-is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Suffixes geon,is the formationof new words byjoining two or more stems.conversion转类:-is the formation of new words by converting wordsof oneover from foreigh languages,including denizens,aliens,translation-loans and semantic-loans.blending首尾，首首，首词，词尾:-is the formation of new words by combining partsof two words or aword plus apartof another word.clipping:To shorten alonger word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.acronymy首字母拼音:-is the process of of formingnew words by joining the initial lettersof names of social and political organizations or specialnoun phrases andtechnical terms.initialism首字母缩略:-are words pronounced letter by letter.acronyms首字母拼音:-are words formed from initial letters but pronouncedas a normal word.backformation:-Themethod of creatingwords by removing the supposed suffixes.adjective suffix:The suffix that isadded to the stem,whatever class it belongs to ,the result will be an adjective.reference所指:-is the relationship between language and the world.By means of reference,a speaker indicates which things in the world(including persons)are being talkedabout.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitraryand conventional.This connection is theresult of generalization and abstraction.Concept概念:-,which is beyound language is the resultof human cognition,reflecting the objective world in thehuman mind.It hasmany refering expressions.Sense语义:Generally speaking,sense could be termed as the meaning of “meaning”.Unlike reference,sensedenotes the relationship inside the language.The sense ofan expression is itsplace in a systemof semantic relationships with other ebetween the linguistic symbol and itsmeaning.Onomatopoeic motivation:The words were created by imitating the natural sounds ornoises.morphological motivation形态:Accounts for the connection betweenthe meaning of theword and the meaning of each morpheme in the word.The meanings of many words are thesum total of the morphemes combined.Semantic motivation语义:-refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.etymological motivation词源:The meaningsof many words often relateo theirform which takes ona new meaning tomeet the new need.Conceptual meaning:-is the meaninggiven in the dictionary and forms thecore of word-meaning.Associative meaning:-is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning内含:-refers to theovertones or associations suggested bythe conceptual meaning.Stylistic meaning文体:The distinctive stylistic features of words whichmake them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning感情:-indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Collocative（搭配）meaning:This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.polysemy:. -is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.This is particularly true of highly deveoped languages like dnglish .There are words thathave two or threesenses,and the most commonly usedones can have asmany as over a hundred.radiation辐射型：A semantic process in which theprimary meaning stands at the centreand the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.concatenation连锁型：A process where each of the later meaning is related onlyto the preceding one like chains.Homonymy同形同音异义：Words differentin meaning but either identical both insound and spellingor identical only in sound or spelling.perfect homonyms:-are words identicalboth in soundandspelling,but different in meaning, homographs同形异音异义:-are words identical only in spelling but different insound and meaning.homophones同间异形异义：are wordsidentical only in sound but different inspelling and meaning.Synonyms同义词:-can be definedas words different in sound and spelling but most nearlyalike or exactly thesame in meaning.Absolute synonyms:-also known as complete synonyms are words which areidentical in meaning in all its aspects,i.e.both in grammatical meaning andlexical meaning.relative synonyms:-also called near-synonyms are similar ornearly the same indenotation,but embrace differentshades of meaning or different degrees of agiven quality.Antonymy反义-can bedefined as words which are opposite in meaning.Contradictory terms互为矛盾(present/absent,boy/girl.same.male.dead/alive):These antonyms truly representoppositeness of meaning.They are soopposed to each other that they aremutually exclusiveand admit no possibility between them.Contrary terms相对反义(rich/poor.big/small.old/young):Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scalerunning between two poles or extremes.relative terms相互关系反义(pare:nt/child.predecessor/successor,employer/employee,etc.) The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocalsocial relationshipthat one of themcannot be used without suggesting theother.hyponymy上下义关系:-deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.That is ,the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.extension(mill,journal,bonfire,butcher,companion):A process by which a word which originallyhad a specializedmeaning has now become generalized.narrowing(liquor,meat,disease,poison,accident):It also calledspecilization,is theopposite of widening meaning.It is aprocess by which aword of wide meaning acquires a narwords rise from humble beginnings topositions of importance.degradation降格(silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust):It isa process wherebywords of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come tobe used in derogatory sense.transfer:Words which wereused to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else haveexperienced the process of semantic transfer. linguistic context:refers to thewords,clauses,sentences inare composed of a verb plus a preposition and a particle.grammatical context:-refers to the meaningsof a word may beinfluenced by thestructure in which it occurs.lexical context:-refers to themeanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.non-linguistic context:It refers to the physical situation inwhich a word appears,which embraces the people,time,place,and even the whole cultural background.English idioms:Strictly speaking,idioms are expressions that are not readily understandablefrom their literalmeaning of individual elements.In a broad sense,idiomsmay include colloquialisms,catchphrases,slang expressions,proverbs,etc.They form an important part of the english vocabulary.idioms nominal in nature:Idioms of this class have a noun as thedey word in eachand function as anoun in sentences.Metaphor暗喻in some idioms,animalsare used to refer to people . metonymy转喻：this refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another as sociated with it .sy necdoche借代（ear n one’s bread,fall i nto good hands,two heads are:-involves substituting part f or the whole and v ice versa.replaceme nt:A constituent ma y be replaced by a word of the same part of speech,res ulting in synonymo us or antonymous i doms addition or deletion删减：some constituents can b e added or deleted, which does not aff ect the meaning of the idioms.positio n-shifting位移：the positions of certai n constituents in so me idioms can be shifted without any change in meanin g.shortening:this oc casionally occurs i n proverbs and say ings,where onl a p art of them is used instead of the wh ole..d ismembering:肢解1,break up an idiom into pieces. 2,an unusual case of using idioms.3,in literature or popul ar press for special effect. dictionary: -is a book which p resents in an alpha betical order the w ords of english wit h information as to their spelling,pron unciation,meaning,u sage,rules of gram mar,and in some,th eir etymology.mono lingual dictionary: Monolingual diction aries are written in one language.speci alized dictionary:Th e dictionary that co ncentrates on a par ticular area of lang uage or knowledge. unabridged diction ary:足本It is a co mplete record of al l the words in use and provides a gr eat quantity of basi c information about a word.desk dicti onaries:-are mediu m-sized ones contai ning words ranging from 50,000to 150, 000 .pocket dictio naries:these diction aries have about 50, 000entries or fewer. lignuistic dictiona ry:-aim at defining words and explain ing their usages in the language.They usually cover such areas as spelling,p ronunciation,meanin g ,grammatical fun ction,usage and dty mology,etc.encyclop edia:百科全书-refer s to the dictionary which is not conce rned with the langu age per se but pro vides encyclopedic information concerno meaning. A proc ess by which a wo rd of wide meanin g acquires a narro wer or specialized meaning.。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。
在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。
1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。
2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。
3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。
例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。
4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。
例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。
5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。
例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。
6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。
例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。
7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。
例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。
8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。
例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。
9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。
以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。
除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。
英语词汇学+术语翻译
Terminology Translations英语词汇学术语翻译安徽/合肥/肥西路3号/安徽大学外语学院/朱跃 Aacronym 首字母拼音词acronymy 首字母拼音法addition 增词adjective compound 复合形容词affective meaning 感情意义affix 词缀affixation 词缀法Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语（族）aliens 非同化词alliteration 头韵（法）allomorph 词素（形位）变体ambiguity 歧义amelioration of meamng 词义的升华analogy 类推analytic language 分析性语言antithsis 对偶antonym 反义词antonymy 反义关系appreciative term 褒义词archaic word 古词archaism 古词语argot 隐语（黑话）Armenian 亚美尼亚语（族）Associated transfer 联想转移association 联想associative meanings 关联意义Bback－formation 逆生法back clipping 词尾截短Balto－Slavic 波罗斯拉夫语（族）bilinguall 双语的basic word stock 基本词汇blend 拼缀词blending 拼缀法borrowed word 借词bound form粘着形式bound morpheme 粘着语素（形位）bound root 粘着词根Ccasual style 随便文体catchPhrase 时髦语Celtic 凯尔特语（族）central meaning 中心意义Clipping 截短法collocability 搭配能力collocation 搭配collocative meaning 搭配意义colloquialism 口语词（口语体）complete synonym 完全同义词complex word 复杂词composition 复合法compound 复合词compounding 复合法concatenation 连锁型concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义connotation 内涵connotative meanins 内涵意义constituent 要素．成分consultative style 交谈体（咨询体）content word 实义词context 语境contradictory term矛盾反义词contrary terms 对立反义词conversion 转类法couplet 成对词Dde－adjective 由形容词转化的de－adjectival 由形容词转化的 degradation of meaning 词义的降格deletion 减词denizen 同化同denominal 由名词转化的denotation外延denotative meaning 外延意义derivation 派生法derivational affiX 派生词缀derivative 派生词derived meaning 派生意义derogatory sense 贬义desk dictionary 案头词典deverbal noun 由动词转化的名词deverbal suffix 加于动词的后缀diachronic approach 历时角度dialectal word 方言词discipline 学科dismembering 肢解distribution分布doublet 成对词duplication of synonyms 同义词并举Fformal 正式的free form 自由形式free morpheme 自由语素（形位）free root 自由词根frontclipping 首部截短front and back clipping 首尾部截短frozen style 拘谨体full conversion 完全转换functional shift 功能转换G generalisation of meaning 词义的扩大Germanic 日耳曼语族grammatical meaning 语法意义gradable adjective 等级形容词grammatical context 语法语境grammatical feature 语法特征graphology 书写法；图解法HHellenic 希腊语族heterogeneous 多质的highly－inflected 高度屈折化的homograph 同形异义词homonym 同形同音异义词homonymy 同形同音异义关系homphone 同音异义词hyperonym 上义（位）词hyponym 下义（位）词hyponymy 上下义（位）关系Iidiom 习语idiomatic expression 习惯表达idiomaticity 习语程度Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系Indo-Iranian 印伊语族inflection 屈折变化inflectional affix 屈折词缀intensity of meaning 意义强度initialism 首字母缩略词intermediate member 中间成分intimate style 亲昵语体Italic 意大利语族Jj uxtaposition of antonyms 反义词并置 L1exical context 词汇语境lexical item 词汇项目lexicography 词典学lexicology 词汇学lexis 词汇linguistic context 语言语境literary 书面的loan word 借词lexical meaning 词汇意义Mmarked term有标记项metaphor 暗喻metonymy 换喻monolingual 单语的morph 形素monomorphemic 单语素的monosemic 单义的morpheme 词素（形位）morphological structure 形态结构morphology 形态学motivation 理据motivated 有理据的Nnative word 本族语词neoclassical 新古典词的neologism 新词语notional word 实义词Oobjective meaning 客观意义obsolete 废弃词onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据Orthographic feature 拼写特征PPartial conversion 部分转化Pejoration 贬义化Perpect homonym 同形同音异义词phonetic feature 语音特征phono1ogical 音位学的phonology 音位学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase clipping 短语截短pocket dictionary 袖珍词典polysemic 多义的polysemous 多义的polysemant 多义词polysemantic 多义的polysemy 多义关系pormanteau word 拼级词positionshifting 移位prefix 前缀prefixation 前缀法primary meaning 原始意义productivity 多产性pun 双关语Rradiation 辐射range of meaning 词义范围reduplication 重叠referent 所指物reference 所指关系referential meaning 所指意义regional variety 地域变体register 语域reiteration（意义）重复。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释1.Slang:俚语word of this group belong to the sub-standard language (a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone) eg roger(understand),catch(talk to)2.Archaisms:古语词archaisms are words or form that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. eg thou(you).wilt(will)3.Neologisms:新词语this category refer to newly-created words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings. eg the pill=an oral contraceptive4.Denizens:同化词denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the english language.in the words they have come to conform to english way of pronunciation and spelling. eg pork from porc(F) .cup from cuppa(L)5.Aliens:非同化词aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg decor(F)6.translation loans:译借词translation loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the english language but modelled on the patterns taken from anther language. eg ketchup from fanqiejiang(CH dial) lama from lama(Tib)7.semantic loans:借义词words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning.in the other words ,english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. eg Pioneer once signified ‘explorer’ only or ‘person doing pioneering work’, and it now has taken on the new meaning of a member of the Young Pioneer’8.Free versus bound morphemes:自由语素粘着语素Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free .free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentence.eg they are identicalWith words,for example,man,earth,wind,car and anger.collect,ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes.all the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex- and -er are bound as none of them freestanding units9.Derivational versus inflectional morphemes:①morphemes wich are u sed to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes.eg clear+ance,life+like.②.Inflection morphemes:曲折语素indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines,fridges,desks,radio and potatoes.10.affix:词缀affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Eg prefixes:pre-,ex-,and de- suffixes:-less,-dom,-ic,-s,-ed)11.Affixation:词缀法affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. Affixation fall into two subcategories:prefixation and suffixation.①prefixation前缀法is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to base.non-means not:non-smoker,non-classical.②suffixation:后缀法is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.eg -ful:meaning’amount’contained’一mouthful,handful./doc/be11048396.html,pounding:(复合法）compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. eg these example show that compounds can be writtensolid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee) and open(tear gas).13.Conversion转类法conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Eg simple (adj)一simplify(v)简化14.Blending:拼缀法blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. eg smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together.15.Clipping：截短法another common way of making a word is to shorten,or clip a longer word,known as clipping. eg plane and exam are sometimes use in place of aeroplane.16.Acronymy:首字母拼写法acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Eg. V oa voice of america17.back-formation:逆生法back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. eg diagnosis一diagnose，donation一donate18.Sound reduplication(语音重叠法）sound reduplication is the formation compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change. eg flip一flop人字拖,fingle一fangle标立异/doc/be11048396.html,monization of proper names:专用名词普遍化when proper names are changed into words in use,the process is called commonization. eg ‘ohm from German physicist ohm .20.Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据in modern Englishone may find some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating,the natural sounds or noises.bang,ping一pong,haha.21.Morphological motivation:形态理据compounds and derived words are muti-morphemic words and the meaning many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined. eg air mail means ‘to mail by air’22.Semantic motivation：语义理据semantic motivation is the mental associations bases on the conceptual meaning of a word.in other word,it is the figurative sense of the word. eg when we say the mouth of a river,we associate ‘the open ing part of the river’with ‘the mouth of a human being or an animal’23.Etymological motivation：词源理据the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. eg the word laconic meaning ‘brief ‘ or ‘short’ is derived form lacons.24.t ypes of homonyms①hom onyms：同形同音异义词perfect homonyms also known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling. eg bear n(a large heavy animal) bear v (to put up with)②homographs:同形异义词are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. eg sow v(to scatter seeds)一sow n (female adult pig)③homophones:同音异义词are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Eg dear n(a love person) ;deer n (a kind of animal).25.Extension of meaning:词义的扩大extension of meaning refers to the process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg journal一daily paper一periodical26.Narrowing of meaning：(词义的缩小）narrowing of meaning is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. eg girl一young person of either sex 一female young person27.Elevation of meaning:(词义的升华)elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. eg angel一messenger一messenger of God. 28.Degradation of meaning:(词义的降格)degradation is a process whereby words of good originfall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. eg silly一happy一foolish.29.Transference of meaning:(词义的转移）words which were used to designated one thing later changed to mean something else.30.Euphemism:（委婉语）people tend to avoid mentioning taboo and specific unpleasantnesses directly and try to employ pleasant terms to express the ideas.。
词汇学术语
词汇学术语第一章词word, lexis词汇vocabulary，lexicon本族词native words外来词borrowed words词汇学lexicology形态学morphology语义学semantics词汇语义学lexical semantics认知语义学cognitive semantics 词源学etymology词典学lexicography认知词典学cognitive lexicography 语料库语言学corpus linguistics纵聚合关系paradigmatic relation 新词coinage时髦词语buzzwords第二章词素morpheme自由词素free form粘着词素bound form\morpheme 变体allomorph词根root自由词根free root粘着词根bound root组合词素combining form词缀affix前缀prefix后缀suffix词缀法affixation派生法derivation派生词derivative构词能力productivity复合法compounding，composition复合词compound转化法conversion 或功能转化法functional shift 或转移法transmutation 零位后缀派生法derivation by zero suffix 或零位派生法zero derivation第三章拼缀法blending截短法clipping首字母拼写法acronmy逆生法back formation由专有名词而来words from proper names拟声法onomatopoeia缩略法abbreviation 或shortening截短词clipped word首字母缩略词initialism首字母拼音词acronym拼缀词blend截除词尾apocope截除词首aphaeresis截除首尾front and back clipping截除词腰syncope缩约形式contractions混成词telescope word行囊词portmanteau word拟声词onomatopoetic word 或imitative word或echo word基本拟声词primary onomatopoeia次要拟声词secondary onomatopoeia第四章语义sense词义meaning意义（概念）meaning（concept）理据motivation拟声理据onomatopoeic motivation形态理据morphologic motivation语义理据semantic motivation词源理据etymologic motivation固定意义timeless meaning 或字面意义literal meaning 应用固定意义applied timeless meaning语义情景意义occasion meaning说话者的情景意义utterer`s occasion meaning概念意义conceptual meaning外延意义denotative meaning认知意义cognitive meaning语义特征semantic features语义成分semantic components内涵意义connotative meaning社会意义social meaning情感意义affective meaning褒义化appreciative贬义化pejorative依附性范畴parasitic category联想意义reflective meaning委婉词语euphemistic expressions搭配意义collocative meaning主题意义thematic meaning语义成分分析法componential analysis语义场理论semantic field theory义素sememe 也称语义特征、语义成分或语义标示semantic markers区别性语义特征distinctive semantic feature表活动的词activity verb表过程的词process verb表身体感受的词verb of bodily sensation表过度性事件的词transitional event verb表短暂活动的词momentary verb同义义场synonymy反义义场antonymy同义场又分为：dialectal synonyms，stylistic synonyms，collocational synonyms，semantically different synonyms 反义场分为：gradable antonyms，complementary antonyms，relational antonyms认知现实主义cognitive realism框架语义学frame semantics第六章词义关系sense relations同义词synonym概念标准conceptual criterion语义标准semantic criterion基本意义denotation内涵成分connotation可替换性标准interchangeable criterion完全同义词absolute，exact，perfect synonyms部分同义词near，partial，loose synonyms口语体colloquial俚语slang方言dialect书面体written学术体learned术语体terminological古语archaic语义相反semantic oppositeness绝对反义词true antonym或矛盾词contradictory terms或二元反义词binary antonym或互补词complementaries 或不可分级反义词non-gradable antonym两极反义词polar antonym或相反词contrary terms或可分级反义词gradable antonym相对反义词converse antonym或相互反义词reciprocal antonym 或关系反义词relational opposites多项不相容词multiple incompatibility矛盾修饰法oxymoron一词多义polysemy多义词polysemic words原型prototype家族相似形family resemblance直线形关系发展linear relation非直线形关系发展non-linear relation指代anaphora同型异义关系homonymy音同sound-alike形同look-alike同形（同音）异义词homonym同音异形（异义）词homophone同形异义词homograph层级关系hierarchical relation下义词hyponym下义关系hyponymy共下义词co- hyponym上义词superordinate term包含关系relationship of inclusion 准下义关系quasi- hyponymy词汇分类结构lexical taxonomy分类关系taxonomy分类词taxonyms上类词superordinate共类词co- taxonyms共类关系co- taxonomy准分类关系quasi-taxonomy核心分类词core taxonym原型分类词prototypical taxonym 外围分类词peripheral taxonym可及性transitivity可推理性deduction部分整体关系partonomy分总的层次关系part-whole总项superordinate分项meronym必要分项necessary meronym非必要分项optional meronym空词项lexical gap第七章词义的发展meaning development 词义的转移meaning shift字面意义literal meaning比喻意义figurative meaning语言内部linguistic语言外部extra- linguistic迂回说法circumlocution词义的扩大the enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning词义的一般化the generalization of meaning词义的缩小the narrowing/restriction of meaning词义的特殊化the specialization of meaning词义的升格the elevation/ascent/amelioration of meaning词义的降格degradation/degeneration/deterioration/catachresis/pejoration of meaning 委婉词语euphemism新义的诞生废弃义obsolete meaning过时义archaic meaning/old-fashioned词义转移semantic shift类比analogy隐喻metaphor相似likeness 联想association借代metonymy提喻synecdoche移位修饰transferred epithet通感synaesthesia拟声onomatopoeia中心范畴central category边缘范畴marginal category相似性similarity 相邻性contact放射型或辐射型radiation连锁型concatenation综合性词义的繁衍proliferation第八章历时的角度diachronic overview谱系分类法genetic classification原始语parent language语系大家族superfamily古英语old English中古英语middle English现代英语modern English本族词语native words借词loan/borrowed words新词neologism世界性词汇cosmopolitan vocabulary 源语言source language接受语言borrowing language第十章新词neologism或vogue words重新分析法reanalysis重叠法reduplication第十一章搭配collocation词语组合combinations of words固定型组合fixed combination自由型组合free combination习惯型搭配natural collocation语言环境linguistic context搭配的理据motivation of collocation 语法理据grammatical motivation语义理据semantic motivation语用理据pragmatic motivation语用性习惯性用语pragmatic idioms认知理据cognitive motivation第十二章成语idiom自由词组free phrase固定词组restricted collocation纯成语pure idioms半成语semi- idioms字面意义的成语literal idioms习用性idiomaticity定型性syntactic frozenness整体性semantic unity不透明性semantic opacity语言的晦涩或透明的程度差异degrees of opacity 透明的transparent半成语semi- idiom半透明semi- transparent不透明的opaque隐喻metaphor 明喻simile idioms比喻成语figurative idioms隐喻成语metaphorical idioms明喻成语similized idioms单词动词single-word verb多词动词multi-word verb短语动词phrasal verbs介词动词prepositional verbs短语介词动词phrasal- prepositional verbs英语谚语English proverbs头韵alliteration元韵assonance尾韵end rhyme头韵兼尾韵alliteration and end rhyme英语谚语词格特征明喻simile隐喻metaphor借喻analogy换喻metonymy拟人personification夸张hyperbole重复repetition排比parallels对偶antithesis倒装inversion省略ellipsis英语词组或英语成对词twin words或words in pairs。
词汇学术语
Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Convergingsound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locativecase 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversativeprefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析。
词汇学 名词解释(部分)
Types of meaningTypes of lexical changes1.Elevation:词义升格Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importanceSome words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasantMarshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officerSo elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive.2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The oldEnglish is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life.3.Bound morpheme:It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have:➢Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful➢Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-edFor an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme.4.Hyponymy:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”.Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.5.Collocation:Collocation is the habitual juxtaposition of linearly arranged words which occurs multiple times to become set expressions.Collocations have four features:➢They are non-arbitrary and predictable. For example, we can say “have tea” but not “have engine oil”➢They are stable and rigid. Collocations are strong enough to exclude other synonymous words. For example, we can say “strong wind and heavy rain” but not “strong rain and heavy wind”.➢They are culturally-loaded. Collocation reflects the English culture and cultural heritage, such as “the Trojan horse” and “Pandora’s box”.➢They are Language-specific.Collocations can be classified into: (in terms of collocational strength.)weak collocations, (collocations that have a wide variety of collocates. Collocational range is wide.E.g. white/red/green/long/small shirt)strong collocations,(Collocations are strong but not unique.E.g. moved to tears) frozen collocations (Collocations that are fixed and irreplaceable, E.g. foot the bill *foot the coffee)Collocations are non-arbitrary, which means that they are motivated. There are four kinds of motivations:Grammatical motivation, (Collocations serve particular grammatical functions in certain grammatical structures.)Semantic motivation, (The meaning of the collocation depends on the collocated components.)Pragmatic motivation, (Collocations are pragmatically driven and pragmatically shaped. E.g.Buckle up, keep space, )Cognitive motivation. (Metaphorical expression beyond literal interpretation.E.g. red-carpet treatment, political honeymoon, bubble economy, soft landing)Collocation is one important aspect of vocabulary development.It offers the most natural way of language use.It provides alternative ways of language use, which may be more colorful, expressive or precise.It helps to improve the style in writing.6.Morpheme:A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Morpheme can be lexical or grammatical.A free morpheme has complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.A bound morpheme cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words.An inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that is used to inflect a word. e.g. white can be inflected with the morphemes -r (whiter) and -est (whitest)A derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is used to create derivations of words. e.g. white can form the derivation whiten by adding the -n morpheme.7.Stylistic meaning:Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries ,these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal”, “informal”, “ literary”, “archaic”, “slang” and so on. This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning.8.Analogy:Analogy refers to the process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.E.g. youthquake, airbag, earthriseearthquake, handbag, sunrisepounding:It is a type of word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is also a productive device at every period of the English language. Forms of compounds are solid, hyphenated, open. According to the grammatical property, there are three types of compounds: noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds. For instance, sleeping-bag= sleeping + bag (the bag for sleeping).Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.10.Word:A word is defined as a minimum free form of language with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of preforming a given syntactic function. A word contains three elements: form, structural function and meaning. Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. It is very important to a language.Without words, nothing can be conveyed.11.Superordinate: in the case of hyponymy, superordinate is the upper word standing for thetotality or the group. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.12.Subordinate: in the case of hyponymy, subordinate is the lower word standing for amember of the group.13.Semantic components: They are the features in a word as far as its concept is concerned.Father –a word with the conceptual features of “adult”, “male”, “humanity”, and “animate”.All the 4 features are its semantic components.14.Derivation:Derivation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. For example, when the verb “care”add a suffixe “-ful”, a new word ”careful” is formed.This process is also known as affixation. New words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.15.Inflection:The process of changing word form for the sake of grammaticality, withoutchanging its meaning.16.Back formation:Backformation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix from a longer form already present in the language. It is also called reverse derivation. The process of word-formation by changing from one form into another for m, as in “edit” from “editor”(initial word).17.Connotative meaning:For people with different cultural backgrounds, a word might evoke different associations.It is the extended meaning of a word. When a word is enlarged in meaning, its meaning is no longe r limited to the original sense. For instance, “torch” in certain context indicates the hope or the ambition/spirit based on its original sense.The connotative meaning of a word refers to the feeling that a word invokes. This differs from its dictionary definition, which is called its "denotative" meaning. Two words can have similar denotations but very different connotations. For example, the words "miserly" and "thrifty" are both adjectives that describe a person who goes to certain lengths to save money. However, "miserly" has strong negative connotations, while "thrifty" evokes positive feelings in a reader.18.Affective meaning:the meaning of a word as decided by the person who uses it withhis/her personal emotion. Positive or negative sense belongs to affective meaning.It refers to the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. You may address sb as an “idiot” to convey your despise, or describe sth as “marvelous”to express your positive evalution. This meaning can be conveyed into three types by the choice of words: commendatory, derogatory and neutral.Extension:It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized, or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.For example, the original meaning of manuscript is the handwriting( writing by hand only), but nowadays, it refers to any author’s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processorA large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended in the course of development.19.Degradation:It is a process whereby words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. It is the reverse of elevation.For example, “sad” formerly refers to full, satisfied, but now comes to be described “sorrowful”.20.Specialization: the meaning is limited and reduced to certain sense. It is also called“narrowing”.。
《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照
1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are usedtoname objects, qualities, actions, processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning handcan derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of alanguage may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixeshave been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its fullform or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with achange in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it isusually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugatedandgradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or aphrase suggests in one ’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudesof the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such ananalysis is called componential analysis.1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every directionlike rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and theprimary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more wordswhich once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as anotherword: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that theycan be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition sothat the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field arejoinedtogether by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any wordin an act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only tothe actual speech situation in whichawordis usedbut alsotothe entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or anutterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemousword.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or evenan entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or groupof sentences with morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or aphrase.1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaningrefers tothe alteration of the meaningof existingwords as wellas the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaningor specialization of meaningmeans that a wordof widemeaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration.One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift toa less respectable, oreven derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakeningof meaningresultingfrom habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.1. Idiom 习语An English idiomis a groupof words with a special meaningdifferent fromthe meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words whichare usually structurally fixedandsemantically opaque, andfunction as a single unitof meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverbas thecentral word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in aconcise and witty style.。
conceptual,meaning
conceptual,meaning篇一：词汇学术语词汇学必须熟练掌握的术语Lexicology morphologysemantics etymology lexicography word Semantic field morphemelexememorphallomorphaffix( prefix suffix) Free morpheme( bound morpheme) reference( denotation tation sense) Conceptualmeaning( tative meaning social meaningaffective meaningReflected meaning collocative meaning thematicmeaning)root(stembase) polysemyhomonymy old English(middle English Modern English) inflection derivationCompounding(conversion blendingshorteningclippinginitialism backformation) Synonymy synonym antonymy antonym hyponymy hyponym meronymy collocation Idiommultiword verb proverbentryheadword bilingual dictionary(monolingual dictionary learners’ dictionary)dialect(register) style contexttaboo(euphemismslangjargon )meaning shift(broadening narrowing)mental lexicon(active vocabularypassivevocabulary)metaphor prototype attribute篇二：《数据库原理(双语)》试卷西南石油大学试卷第 1 页共 10 页西南石油大学试卷第 2 页共 10 页西南石油大学试卷第 3 页共 10 页西南石油大学试卷第 4 页共 10 页西南石油大学试卷第 5 页共 10 页篇三：历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清历史老照片不能皖系说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning” Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:It is beyond language is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It ats for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 1) Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据） 2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）Types of meaningGrammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context) Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaningLexical meaning has 2 components: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义) Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义)Associative meaning(关联意义):[tative隐含意义,Stylistic风格意义,Affective感情意义, Collocative搭配意义]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field （语义关系和语义三场） Polysemy（多义关系） Two approached to polysemy: diachronic approach(历时方法) synchronic approach (共时方法) Two processed of development: radiation （辐射型）and concatenation （连锁型） Homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）It refers words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. Types of homonyms1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）2）Homophones（同音异义词）3)Homographs（同形异义词） Origins of homonyms1）change in sound and spelling 2）borrowing 3）Shortening(缩略)The differences between polysemes（多义词） and homonyms （同音同形异义词） ).1)Homonymy refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word whichhas sevral distinguishable meaning.2)Homonymy are from different sources. Polysemy are from the same source. 3)The various meanings of polysemy are correlated and connected to one central meaning.Meanings of different homonymy have nothing to do with one another.values: Polysemic and homonymous word are stlyistically useful to achieve humour or irony（反话，讽刺）,or to heighten（提高） dramatic effect.Synonymy (同义关系):one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning : absolute synonyms and relative synonyms Sources of synonyms(同义词) are : 1)Borrowing2)Dialects and regional English 3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressionsAntonymy (反义关系)It is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词):these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning, such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees. (single/married)2)contrary terms （对立反义词）:antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(old/young) 3)relative terms（关系反义词）：（parent/child）sell/buy Some of the characteristics of antonyms反义关系的特点1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym 3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms The uses of antonymsTo express eically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(idiom:now and never) To form anithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together.(proverbs and sayings:easy come , easy go)Hyponymy(上下义关系)Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal Superordinate and Subordinate (118) Semantic Field(词义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis offield theorye.g.(apple, pear, peach,date,mango,orange,lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’) The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members indifferent language. e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 6 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes 词义变化的种类（extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation and transfer）Extension or generalization词义的扩大:is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.[companion (old)one who shares bread (ex)a company]Narrowing or specialization词义的缩小：is the opposite of widening meaning. When a words is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed. [meat (old)food (na)flesh of animals]Elevation or amelioration of meaning词义的升华: the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [knight (old)servant (el)rank below baronet从男爵]Degeneration or pejoration词义的贬降:A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or no-affective words come to used in derogatory sense.[silly (old)happy (de)foolish]Transfer词义的转移:Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.（140）Causes of Semantic Change词义变化的原因 Extra-linguistic factors 1411 Historical reason2 Class reason (elevation or degradation)3 Psychological reasonLinguistic factors：the change of meaning may be causedby internal factors with in the language system.Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 意义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic andextra-linguistic contexts.Two types of contextLinguistic context：It refers to thewords,clauses,sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph,a whole chapter and even the entire book.1) Lexical context：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question.2) Grammatical context：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. Extra-linguistic context：In a broad sense,it includes the physical situaion as well.it embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.The role of context语境的作用 Elimination of ambiguity消除歧义1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity Indication of referents限定所指 Provision of clues for inferring word meaning 提供线索以猜想词义Chapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语 Idioms: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc.They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of IdiomsSemantic unity 语意的整体性 words in the idiom they have lost their individual identityStructural stability结构的稳定性: the constituents要素of idioms cannot be replaced, inverted or changed, deleted or added to, not even an article.The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms1 idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail拼命） 5 sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms:习语的使用（stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations） Stylistic features 文体色彩〔colloquialisms（俗语）, slang 俚语,literary expressions〕 The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meaningRhetorical features 修辞色彩 (phonetic manipulation 语音处理，lexical manipulation and figures of speech) phonetic manipulation 语音处理 : alliteration头韵、 rhyme押韵lexical manipulation：reiteration（duplication of synonyms同义字重复） [scream and shout] repetition [out and out]、juxtaposition (of antonyms)反义词并列 [here and there]figures of speech : Simile（明喻）、Metaphor（隐喻）、Metonymy（换喻）、synecdoche(提喻)、Personification（拟人法）、Euphemism（委婉词） Variations of idioms习语的变异形式：addition,deletion,replacement,postion-shifting,dismembering(分解)179Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,priation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源） Types of dictionaries:Monolingual & bilingual dictionariesMonolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE,CCELD). The headword or entries are defined & illustrated in the same language.Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionariesLinguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, priation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是利皮扬卡或是双语的 Encyclopedic dictionary: encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not priation, meanings, or usages) but only information.Encyclopedic Dictionary: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (&l t;Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries Unabridged D: basic information about a word: its origin, meaning, priation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster’s Third New International Dictionary> Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000] Pocket D: about 50,000 entries or fewerSpecialized dictionaries: concentrate on a particulararea of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topicsas etymology, synonyms, idioms, priation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects.Use of the dictionary1 read the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary2 read the guide to the use of the dictionaryThree good general dictionaries 3本常用字典Longman dictionary of contemporary English (LDCE) new edition(1987)莫雷县当代英语词典新版 Collins COBUILD English language dictionary (CCELD) (1987)科林斯合作英语词典 AChinese-English dictionary (revised edition) (CED)(2021)汉英字典修订版( 增加：English dictionaries can be divided into 11 types according to different specialized purposes. General Dictionaries for Current English通用现代词典,Dictionaries Complied on History Principles按照历史原则编纂的词典,Etymological Dictionaries词源词典,Pring Dictionaries发音词典,Dictionaries of Synonyms同义词词典,Dictionaries ofIdioms and Proverbs习语和谚语词典,Dictionaries of Slang俚语词典, Classified and Illustrated Dictionaries分类词典,Encyclopedic Dictionaries百科全书特殊性的词典,Dictionaries of Dialects方言词典, Dictionaries of Place Names 地名词典 )Supplementaries for terms:1. word equivalent（等同词）:denotes an idiom or set phrase representing a semantic unit and funtioning as asingle word in a sentence.2. register（语域）: It's one of the main factors thathas led to the growth of sociolinguistic reaserch has beenthe recognition of fact that language is very variable phenomenon,and that this variability is not haphazard(偶然性，任意性)3. dismembering（肢解）:It is what I mean by breaking up the idioms into pieces,an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achievespecial effect。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。
以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。
词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。
2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。
根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。
词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。
4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。
通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。
5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。
同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。
6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。
通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。
7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。
这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。
8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。
词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。
9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。
这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。
10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。
通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。
总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。
词汇学名词解释 2
1、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
‘Indo-European’印欧语系With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2．Vocabulary词汇—— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important partof it. These words have obvious characteristics.（1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。
《词汇学》名词解释总汇
《词汇学》名词解释总汇1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.3. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequencesof letters.6.Hyponymy (上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as.10.Antonymy (反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem)12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part.13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem)14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。
词汇学名词解释
1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素 a morphemes that must occur with atlease one other morpheme.3.Back-formation: 逆生法。
is the method of creating words byremoving the supposed suffixes.4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme ina particular language.或者one of the variants of the samemorpheme5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words byconverting words from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word ofa certain word-class is shifted into a word of anotherword-class without the addition of an affix.6.blending 拼缀法 is the formation of new words by combiningpasts of two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concernedwith the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to havea number of collocations in common.8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refersto motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。
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Glossary
Lexicology 词汇学Morphology 形态学Semantics 语义学
Etymolog 词源学Lexicography词典学Phonology 语音学
Syntax 句法
Pragmatics语用学
functional linguistics 功能语言学sociolinguistics 社会语言学psycholinguistics 心理语言学cognitive linguistics 认知语言学text analysis 语篇分析
lexicon 词汇
phonemic 音位的
prefix前缀
suffix 后缀
stress 重音
pitch 音调，音高
subject 主语
object 宾语
adjective 形容词
nouns 名词
adverbs 副词
demonstrative 指示代词auxiliary verb 助动词
modifier 修饰语
preposition 介词
conjunction 连词
corpus linguistics 语料库语言学discourse analysis 语篇分析agent nouns 施事名词
closed classes 封闭词类
open classes 开放词类grammatical words 虚词function words 功能词inflection 屈折变化
word class 词类
lexical words 实词
semantic field 语义场componential analysis 成分分析semantic features 语义特征thesaurus 词库
morpheme 词素
lexeme 词位
morph 词素变体
allomorph 词素变体
complex word复杂词
compound word复合词
bound morpheme 粘着词素
free morpheme 自由词素derivational morpheme 派生词素inflectional morpheme屈折词素denotation外延意义
reference 指称意义
sense 意义
conceptual meaning 概念意义connotative meaning 内涵意义
social meaning 社会意义
affective meaning 情感意义
reflected meaning 反映意义collocative meaning 搭配意义thematic meaning 主位意义
root 词根
stem 词干
base 词基
affix 词缀
bound root 粘着词根
free root 自由词根
polysemy 多义词
homonymy 同音、形异义词homophone同音异义词
homograph 同形异义词
writing conventions 书写规范
Indo-European family 印欧语系
west Germanic language 西日耳曼语族celtic 凯尔特语
runic 如尼文字
Old English古英语
Middle English中古英语
Early Modern English现代英语早期conjunctions连接词
kennings代称修辞格
nominative主格
accusative 对格
dative 与格
genitive 所有格
loan translation 借译
leveled inflection 屈折的磨平
loss of inflection 屈折的丧失
inflectional endings 屈折词尾
word-formation 构词法
borrowing 借词
affixation 词缀法
New Englishes 新英语
American English 美国英语
Latin alphabets 拉丁字母
root creation 造新词根
onomatopoeic words 拟声词
ejaculation 叹词
derivation 派生变化
conversion 词性转换
blending 溶合法
back formation 逆构法
shortening 缩略法
proper names 专有名词
metanalysis 分界变化
possessive marker 所有格标记
modifier 修饰语
comparative 比较级
superlative 最高级
plural inflection 复数变化
syntactic structure 句法结构
third person 第三人称
class-changing affixes 改变词性的词缀class-maintaining affixes 不改变词性的词缀nominalization名词化
verb compounds 动词性复合词
nominal compounds 名词性复合词endocentric compound 向心结构exocentric compound 离心结构copulative compound 并列结构appositional compound 同位语结构shortening缩略法
clipping 截短法
fore clipping 首部截短法
hind clipping 尾部截短法
midclipping 中部截短法
initialism 首字母缩略alphabetism 首字母拼写词
acronym 首字母拼音词
backformation 逆构法
synonymy 同义词
gradable antonyms 相对性反义词complementary antonyms 互补性反义词converse antonyms 逆反性反义词hyponymy 上下义词
meronymy 整体-部分关系
free collocation 松散搭配
fixed collocation 固定搭配
grammatical collocation 语法性搭配
lexical collocation 词汇搭配
idioms习语
multiword verbs多词动词
proverb谚语
prepositional verb介词动词
phrasal verb 短语动词
phrasal-prepositional verb带介词的短语动词the entry词条
headword词目
pronunciation读音
part of speech词性
etymology 词源
definition释义
usage label用法说明
illustration插图
supplementary matter补充内容
corpora 语料库
general and specialized dictionaries普通与专门词典
monolingual and bilingual dictionaries单语与双语词典
unabridged dictionaries非足本词典learner’s dictionaries and children’s dictionaries 学习者词典与儿童词典thesaurus词库
appendices附录
dialect方言
register语域
style文体
taboo禁忌
euphemism委婉语
jargon术语
broadening 词义扩大narrowing 词义缩小amelioration 词义升格pejoration 词义降格mental lexicon 心理词汇metaphor隐喻mapping 映射prototype 原型
radial category 辐射范畴。