托福阅读长句解析(带翻译)
托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总
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托福长难句120句解析
托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析：这个句子中，convoluted意为“复杂的”，表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂，以至于学生很难理解和跟随。
2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析：这个句子中，despite意为“尽管”，表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作，但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。
3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析：这个句子中，rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”，表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。
4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析：这个句子中，met with意为“遭遇”，表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。
5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析：这个句子中，has the potential to意为“有潜力”，表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。
6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析：这个句子中，plummeted意为“暴跌”，表示由于经济衰退，公司的利润暴跌。
经典托福阅读长难句翻译
1. Accordingto conventional theory， yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing， through deeperbreathing， the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。
打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。
而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。
2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries （along with high literacy， whichcontributed to it） was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素（促成这个因素的是高识字率）是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。
3. In the second case， pollinators（insects， birds） obtain food from the flowering plant， and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者（昆虫和鸟）从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。
托福阅读长难句分析
托福阅读长难句分析2016托福阅读长难句分析精选在整个托福阅读的过程中，每篇文章的阅读时间规定为是20分钟。
当然，除了文章外还有答题，对于很多人来说，这个时间还是非常紧张的。
以下是yjbys网店铺整理的关于托福阅读长难句分析精选，供大家备考。
托福阅读长难句解析：恐龙灭绝的原因Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs--except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence. (TPO42, 56) allegedly/ə'ledʒidli/ adv.据称，据传闻大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, (which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)--except (that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120million years of coexistence.) (TPO42, 56)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的`主干就是：Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals修饰一：(which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)，从句中文：据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋修饰二：(that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the sametime in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence.) ，从句注意这个从句里面还有一个从句：(that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence)中文：哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世，没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后，忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
托福阅读长难句分析
托福阅读长难句分析为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships:eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, andeventually oil). (TPO18, 59)mercantile /mɜːk(ə)ntaɪl/ adj. 贸易的，商业的exceptional /ɪksɛpʃənl/ adj. 特别的，杰出的，突出的我是分界线，大家先一遍速读看是否理解The people of the Netherlands, (with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping),had difficulty (in developing good harbors suitable for steamships): eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, (with exceptional results) (for transit trade with Germanyand central Europe) and (for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and rawmaterials) (sugar,tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). (TPO18, 59)托福阅读长难句100句分析：修饰一：(with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping) ，介词短语，修饰The people of the Netherlands中文：有着长期渔业和商业海运传统修饰二：(in developing good harbors suitable for steamships) ，介词短语中文：在进展适合蒸汽船的好港口修饰三：(with exceptional results) ，介词短语中文：有杰出的成果修饰四：(for transit trade with Germany and central Europe) ，介词短语中文：由于和德国以及中欧的贸易修饰五：(for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials) ，介词短语中文：加工海洋产品以及原材料托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：有着长期渔业和商业海运传统的荷兰人，在进展适合蒸汽船的好港口上有困难：最终他们在Rotterdam and Amsterdam这样做了，并由于和欧洲以及中欧的贸易以及加工海洋产品以及原材料(如糖、烟草、巧克力、谷物以及油)，从而取得了杰出的成果。
托福阅读长难句分析精选
托福阅读长难句分析精选托福阅读长难句1This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds(fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation. (TPO29, 42)大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) (where the labor (that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases ofexcavation).(TPO29, 42)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子主干就是：This abundance is notable in Roman settlements这个句子理解的难点在于，where从句里中间有一个定语从句，把the labor 和constitute隔开了，大家注意这样一个问题。
这个问题只要能够理解，速读就不是问题了。
修饰一：(where the labor constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation)，从句中文：在这些地方劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例修饰二：(that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) ，从句，修饰labor，难点就在于这个从句的理解，其实就是put the labor into the washing and storing of pots herds中文：考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：这种丰富性在罗马居住点(尤其在城市)很明显，在这些地方考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例。
(完整word版)新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)
新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)1。
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space。
(定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures,分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2。
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
托福阅读长难句解析（2）
托福阅读长难句解析（2）中文：一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值。
修饰四：(for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake , and their efforts to synthesize formand content.)，从句，表示原因，大家注意我把同位语去掉了(因为不重要)，这样更能看清重要内容。
这里有一个并列结构，是一个A, B, and C结构，不知道大家在看的时候有没有看出来，A= their liking for mystery，B= their belief in art for art’ssake，C= their efforts to synthesize form and content，插入语解释B。
中文：因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力主干：括号外面的，Her dancing also attracted the attention 参考翻译：她的舞蹈还吸引了当时法国一些诗人和画家的注意，因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰(这是一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值)以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力。
长难句解析四he ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. (53, OG) penetrate /'penɪtreɪt/ v. 进入或穿过某物;充满，遍布compact /kəm'pækt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起我是分界线，先自己分析哦。
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。
小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。
1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总
TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ) (TPO41, 49)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干局部：the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them修饰一：(As relative newcomers to the Southwest)，介词短语中文：作为西南部相对较新的人修饰二：(a place) ，同位语中文：一个地方修饰三：(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ，从句中文：在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政修饰四：(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )，介词短语留意这里有一个搭配：not just … but …不仅…而且中文：不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人，纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐，制造了这些艺术形式来影响他们四周的世界。
托福阅读长难句翻译
托福阅读长难句翻译Photograph1.Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable andundesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.因为较少的了解自然的成因，所以他把期望的或者不期望发生的事情都归因于超自然或者神奇的力量，他们需要寻找一种工具去赢得这些力量的支持。
2.For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision,since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.例如，这种情况的其中一个标志就是喜剧观点的出现，因为喜剧需要更充分的脱离，去把那些脱离社会准则的视为荒谬的，而不是把它作为对整个社会福利的威胁。
Glacial /Ice Age1.With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfallabove, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn.因为进一步的融化，再结冰，和不断由新降雪导致不断增加的重量在上层，使得雪到达了一种颗粒状，再结晶的阶段介于冰片和冰的中间阶段被称为积雪。
托福长难句120句解析
托福长难句120句解析1. 英语中的长难句往往给学习者带来困惑和挑战。
2. 本文将为大家解析120个托福长难句，帮助大家更好地理解和应对这些句子结构复杂的句子。
3. 第一句：Although he had studied hard, he still failed the test.4. 这个句子是一个典型的虽然...但是...的结构，虽然他努力学习，但仍然没有通过考试。
5. 这种结构在托福阅读和听力中经常出现，所以我们要注意理解和运用这种句子结构。
6. 第二句：Not only did he win the competition, but he also broke the record.7. 这个句子是一个典型的不仅...而且...的结构，他不仅赢得了比赛，而且还打破了纪录。
8. 在托福写作和口语中，我们也可以使用这种结构来增强句子的表达能力。
9. 第三句：It was not until midnight that he finished his work.10. 这个句子是一个典型的直到...才...的结构，直到午夜他才完成了工作。
11. 这种结构在托福考试中经常出现，所以我们要熟悉并运用这种句子结构。
12. 第四句：The more books you read, the more knowledge you will gain.13. 这个句子是一个典型的越...越...的结构，你读的书越多，你就会获得越多的知识。
14. 在托福阅读和写作中，我们可以使用这种结构来增强句子的比较和对比效果。
15. 第五句：Despite the rain, they still went hiking in the mountains.16. 这个句子是一个典型的尽管...但是...的结构，尽管下雨，他们仍然去爬山。
17. 这种结构在托福听力和口语中经常出现，所以我们要注意理解和运用这种句子结构。
18. 第六句：As the saying goes, "Practice makes perfect."19. 这个句子是一个典型的正如谚语所说，"熟能生巧"。
托福考试阅读长难句专题解析
托福考试阅读长难句专题解析托福考试阅读长难句专题解析We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we really are.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福考试阅读长难句专题解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!Darwin’s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringin greef, through the barrier reef stage until, with the disappearance through subsidence (sinking) of the central island, only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive.(TPO47,62) 大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Darwin’s theory was that the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform, and that there would be a progression from a fringing reef, (through the barrier reef stage) until, (with the disappearance through subsidence(sinking) of the central island),only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive.(TPO47, 62)托福阅读长难句分析：修饰一：the succession from one coral reef type to another could be achieved by the upward growth of coral from a sinking platform，从句中文：一种珊瑚礁种类可以通过从一个正在下沉的平面上向上生长演化成为另一种种类修饰二：(through the barrier reef stage)，插入语中文：经过堡礁阶段修饰三：(with the disappearance through subsidence(sinking) of the central island)，介词短语中文：由于中央岛因为下沉消失了修饰四：there would be a progression from a fringing reef，从句中文：从岸礁的`演变修饰五：only a reef-enclosed lagoon or atoll would survive，从句中文：只剩下珊瑚环绕的泻湖或环礁保存下来托福阅读长难句参考翻译：达尔文的理论是：一种珊瑚礁种类可以通过从一个正在下沉的平面上向上生长演化成为另一种种类，并且，通过岸礁就演变到堡礁，直到由于中央岛因为下沉消失了，只剩下珊瑚环绕的泻湖或环礁保存下来。
托福阅读TPO长难句汇总
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读TPO长难句汇总摘要：想要提高托福阅读能力，很多考生会选择托福TPO作为练习材料。
而TPO阅读中常常出现长难句，解析困难，成为阅读障碍。
在此，智课教育小编为大家整理了托福TPO1-26中的阅读长难句，阅读能力较高的同学，可以借此机会测试一下自己的真实能力。
托福阅读长难句是阅读考试的重点和难点，想要充分理解长难句最好的办法就是不断分析，因此我们为大家准备了10个托福阅读考试中出现过的长难句，并附有翻译解析，考生们可以参考。
1.0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as inthe1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt.在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像1770年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫.威尔顿制造威廉.皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。
2.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。
托福阅读长难句分析汇总
托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when thesubjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed thesescientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositionalformats. (TPO22,46)candid photography n. 快拍摄影subject n. 对象radical /r?d?kl/ adj. 根本的，基本的，彻底的crop v. 剪短impose /?mp??z/ v. 将某事物强加於compositional adj. 组成的大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The new candid photography—(unposed pictures) (that were made) (when thesubjects were unaware) (that their pictures were being taken)—confirmedthesescientific results, and (at the same time), (thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images)(that the camera often imposed), suggested new compositional formats. (TPO22, 46)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子主干：The new candid photography confirmed these scientific results and suggestednew compositional formats.修饰一：(unposed pictures) ，非谓语动词，修饰The new candid photography中文：没有摆拍的照片修饰二：(that were made) ，从句，修饰unposed pictures中文：被拍修饰三：(when the subjects were unaware) ，从句中文：当对象没有意识到修饰四：(that their pictures were beingtaken)，从句中文：他们正在被拍修饰五：(at the same time) ，介词短语中文：同时修饰六：(thanks to the radical cropping(trimming) of images) ，介词短语中文：由于对于图像彻底的裁剪修饰七：(that the camera often imposed) ，从句中文：相机经常自带有托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：这种新的快拍摄影——在对象没有意识到他们正在被拍时，没有摆拍的照片——证实了这些科学结果，与此同时，由于相机经常自带对于图像彻底的裁剪，表明了新的构图方式。
精选托福考试阅读难句汇总及解析
精选托福考试阅读难句汇总及解析1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略a本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。
所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。
b在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。
第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面―最大化一个个体的后代的数目的‖结果。
2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略;（这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。
托福长难句解析
1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface;the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans;in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．定语后置in some ways…由于完全没有光;而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力;深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境;在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远..分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures;分句1是分句3的状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语;修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分;但是本句其实不是复合句..句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境..2. Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second Worl d War is the country's impressive population growth．倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大;就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长..分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second Worl d War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1;2;3共同构成倒装句;正常的语序应该是3;2;1;即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any und erstanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second Worl d War．本句是一个简单句;只不过使用了倒装;谓语动词是is.3.As a result;claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folkl ore．同位语从句claims that…结果;那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知;并成为一些民间说法的基础..分句1：that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provid es other benefits to health分句2：claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore分句1作为分句2主语"claim" 的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中..因此本句的主句就是分句2. 同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provid es other benefits to health：吃有机食品就能防治疾病或增进健康..4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones;that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs;that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．并列同位语从句reports that…;that…;that…关于天然维生素优于人造维生素;受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高;未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜;但都没有得到证实..分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports分句2：that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like分句1是整个长句的主句;分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系;共同构成分句1的同位语从句..本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道;然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句..5·The d esperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be und ertaken also in theNorth;though less spectacularly．同位语从句fact that…南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建尽管不像南方那么引人注目这一事实显得不太重要..分句1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact分句2. that reconstruction had to be und ertaken also in the North分句3. though less spectacularly 省略分句2是嵌套在分句1中的;做分句1中的fact的同位语从句..分句3是分句2中的让步状语从句;并有省略现象存在;完整的说法是：though the reconstruction is less spectacular. 6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an expl osion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl．宾语从句what we now know as现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地;这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象..分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl分句2嵌套在分句1里;即分句1是主句;分句2是宾语从句;主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility of land sparked an expl osion of real estate devel opment and fueled urban sprawl.整句话的谓语动词是sparked 和fueled; 两个并列的动词..本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel;它作为名词的含义广为人知;是能源、燃料;作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为供给燃料激发;促使、造成..7.But these factors d o not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth．Of结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群..分句1：But these factors do not account for the interesting question分句2：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very cl ose to their time of giving birth分句1中嵌套着分句2.分句2是of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容..8. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent;the two captains set out．同位语从句rumors that…当时有一些传言;说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动;而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山;其面积达80英里长50英里宽..就在这些传言中;两位上尉出发了..分句1：Amid rumors分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wand ering around the unknown region分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 mil es in extent分句4：the two captains set out.整个句子的主句是分句4."Amid" 表示“在......之中"; 是介词;它引导的分句1嵌套着分句2和分句3;并且在整句话中作状语.. 而分句2和分句3是并列关系的同位语从句来修饰分句1中的rumors;作rumors的同位语从句;用来说明谣言的具体内容..9. In the seventeenth century the organ; the clavichord; and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group;a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．同位语a supremacy17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员;这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持;直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代..分句1：In the seventeenth century the organ; the clavichord; and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group;分句2：a supremacy分句3：they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century分句2是分句1的同位语;用来修饰说明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group分句3是省略了"that" 的定语从句;修饰分句2.10．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century; including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it; the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality; finally produced an instrument capabl e of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;from a liquid;singing tone to a sharp; percussive brilliance．介词结构from…to…作定语持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进;包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和;改善金属框架;以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝;最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响;从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛..分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;分句6：from a liquid;singing tone to a sharp; percussive brilliance本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成;即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capabl e of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements;而分句5和分句6并列;修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.11．The largest later named Pueblo BonitoPretty Townby the Spanish; rose in five terraced stories;contained more than 800 rooms;and could have housed a population of 1;000 or more．最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Puebl o Bonito美丽的城镇;是一个五层梯式楼;有800多间房子;能够容纳1 000人以上..分句1：The largest rose in five terraced stories;contained more than 800 rooms;and could have housed a population of 1;000 or more分句2：later named Puebl o BonitoPretty Townby the Spanish分句1嵌套了分句2;分句1的主语是the largest; 这是“the + 形容词”表示一个名词的结构;相当于“the largest one" 的省略的说法..分句2是省略了“which was" 的定语从句;用来修饰分句1的主语the largest; 分句1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子..12．Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films mad e before 1927 as “silent”;the film has never been;in the full sense of the word; silent．倒装accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”;但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说;电影从未真正的无声过.. 分句1：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”分句2：the film has never been sil ent分句3：in the full sense of the word本句的难点是在分句1是倒装句;正常语序是Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films mad e before 1927 as silent. 分句3是一个插入语;嵌套在分句2中;所以本句真正强调的核心是the film has never been silent.13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra;and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces．特殊结构not…SO much as…——与其说…不如说…在好些年内;为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中;而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位;不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏..分句1：.For a number of years the sel ection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra分句2：and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces分句1 和分句2是两个并列关系的分句;分句2的难点在于not……so much as的结构..14· Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity;the number of species in a particular ecosystem;to the health of the Earth and human well-being．倒装coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时;人们也越来越认识到生物多样化;即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性..此句是完全倒装句;谓语动词是has been;真正的主语是has been 后面的内容..Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats是表语..原来的正常语序是：A growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity;the number of species in a particular ecosystem;to the health of the Earth and human well-being has been coincident with concerns about the accel erating l oss of species and habitats其中the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入语;作为同位语出现;用来解释说明biol ogical diversity在这句话真正的主语中有一个" the importance of A to B" 的结构;应该翻译为“A对B的重要性”.. 原句中就是"the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being " 叫做“生物多样性对于地球和人类幸福健康的重要性"..15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seemsurprising;considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species．同位语从句fact that…；定语从句that comprise the bulk…考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量;认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊.. 分句1：The fact d oes not seem surprising.分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species分句1中嵌套着分句2;分句2解释说明分句1的主语the fact; 是同位语从句；分句3是主句的状语;分句4是定语从句;修饰分句3的the huge numbers of insects16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea;it helps to think small．特殊结构it helps to…做…有帮助要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性;从小的角度思考有帮助..目的状语：To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea;主句：it helps to think small．这里的it是形式主语;没有实际意义1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks;but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house．特殊结构not any more than像…一样不…科学建立在事实上;就像房子用砖砌成一样..但收集的事实不能被叫做科学;就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样..分句1：Science is built with facts分句2：just as a house is built with bricks;分句3：but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.这句话的难点在于“not ... any more than 像…一样不…”;相当于“a pile of bricks can not be call ed a house";18. In a period characterized by the aband onment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth;Donal d Barthelme;and Thomas Pynchon; Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．特殊结构characterized by…——以…为特征尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统以作家约翰·巴思、唐纳德·巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代表为特征的时代;乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点;有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派..分句1. characterized by the aband onment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth;Donal d Barthelme;and Thomas Pynchon;分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly ol d-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语;补充修饰period;相当于省略了“which was”的定语从句.. 分句2 是主句..整个句子的难点在于找主句.. 其实分句1的末尾是"such as" 引导的三个人名的并列;在最后一个人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and"; 说明这个列举对象中的最后一个..所以整个句子的主干在T P 这个人后面出现..19．If it were not for this faculty; they would devour all the food availabl e in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence．虚拟语气如果不是具有这种能力;它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物;而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝..分句1. If it were not for this faculty分句2. they woul d devour all the food available in short time分句3. woul d probably starve themselves out of existence分句1 是虚拟语气的条件从句分句2、3是并列关系;并且是主句..20．Peopl e in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unpreced ented change in the nation's economy woul d bring social chaos．同位语从句prospect that…19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆..分句1. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect分句2. that unpreced ented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos．2嵌套在1中;做1中prospect 的同位语从句；1是主句;2 具体解释说明prospect..21．Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits．倒装Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A structural change…was accompanying that growth伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化;它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征..分句1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change分句2. that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits2嵌套在1中;做1中的structural change 的定语从句;这个定语从句结构较复杂;由两个and连接三个并列的名词性成分..分句1是主句;且采用完全倒装的形式..22．As the rol es men and women played in society became more rigidly defined; so did the roles they played in the home．倒装so did…随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格;他们在家中的角色也是如此..分句1. the rol es became more rigidly defined分句2. men and women played in society分句3. so did the rol es分句4. they played in the home．1和2嵌套;2是修饰1中的role 的定语从句.. 3和4嵌套;4是3中的roles的..1和3并列;3是由so引导的部分倒装句..23. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals;sometimes easily recognizable as such;often distorted into gorgeous;weird;but always functional shapes．倒装Surrounding the column are…围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣;有时很容易辨认出来;但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的形状..完全倒装句;正常语序是：Three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column; sometimes easily recognizable as such;often distorted into gorgeous;weird;but always functional shapes．24．With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second Worl d War and the economic boom that foll owed it;young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression．倒装than had their predecessors—比较结构的第二部分随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长;年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早;而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大..分句1. the growing prosperity brought on by the Second Worl d War分句2. the economic boom that foll owed it分句3. young people married and established households earlier分句4. began to raise larger families than had their pred ecessors during the Depression．1和2并列;3和4并列1和2 是伴随状语3和4是主句25．The railroad could be and was a d espoiler of nature；furthermore;in its manifestation of speed and noise;it might be a despoiler of human nature as well．关联结构could be and was铁路可以;事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且;在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者..分句1. The railroad coul d be and was a d espoil er of nature分句2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well．1和2 是并列由分号连接的两个并列分句26．In the railroads' prime years;between 1 890 and 1920;there were a few individuals in the United States;most of them with solid railroading experience behind them;who made a profession of writing about railroading--works offering the ambience of stations;yards;and l ocomotive cabs．同位语most of them；定语从句who made a profession of writing在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期;美国有几个人他们大多有丰富的铁路经验以写铁路题材为职业——作品围绕车站、停车场和机车..分句1. there were a few individuals in the United States分句2. most of them with solid railroading experience behind them分句3. who mad e a profession of writing about railroading分句4. works offering the ambience of stations;yards;and l ocomotive cabs．1是主句2和3是嵌套2作为1中a few individuals 的同位语;对它进一步解释说明29．On the other hand;when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information;crows are less well known than many comparably common species and;for that matter;not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor;to cite one obvious example．特殊结构for that matter另一方面;当涉及实质性的;特别是行为方面的信息时;乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且;也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类;举一个明显的例子;如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知..分句1. when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information分句2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species and; for that matter;not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California cond or;to cite one obvious exampl e．1和2是并列; 分句1是时间状语; 2是主句;其中包含插入语结构以及冒号连接的解释说明的成分30．Keen observers and quick learners;they are astute about the intentions of other creatures;including researchers;and adept at avoiding them．并列同位语keen observers and quick learners乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者;它们对其他生物包括研究人员的意图感觉非常敏锐;并且善于躲开它们..分句1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures;including researchers分句2. and adept at avoiding them．1和2是并列.. 句子开头的“keen observers and quick learners”是主语they的同位语..31．These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history;providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented．宾语从句demonstrate that…；特殊结构otherwise这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具;为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点;否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好..分句1：These researchers have sought to demonstrate that分句2：their work can be a valuabl e tool not only of science but also of history分句3：providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people分句4：whose existences might not otherwise be so well d ocumented．分句1是整个长句子的主句分句2是分句1的宾语从句分句3是以现在分词形式表示伴随状态分句4是分句3的定语从句..32．Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War1861--1865a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be aband oned．特殊结构Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…传说在内战1861--1865快结束的某个时候;一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪;因此不得不被遗弃..分句1：Legend has it that分句2：sometime toward the end of the Civil War1861--1865a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm分句3：and had to be abandoned分句1是整个长句子的形式主句分句2是分句1的具体解释;也是真正的主句..这里出现了几个分词形式;如“carrying oxen”“traveling through……”等;完全可以换成“that/which carries……”;这里都是现在分词做后置定语;起修饰限定作用..分句3是2的并列..33．It is a lifelong process;a process that starts l ong before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life．并列同位语a process that…;and one that…教育是一个终生的过程;早在人们上学之前就开始了..它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分..分句1：It is a lifel ong process;分句2：a process that starts l ong before the start of school分句3：and one that shoul d be an integral part of one's entire life分句1是整个长句子的形式主句分句2是分句1的同位语;是对1的进一步解释说明分句3是2的并列句;同为对1的解释说明34．Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life．特殊结构as much…as；倒装as was the genesis of life生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战..分句1：Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary chall enge分句2：as was the genesis of life分句1是整个长句子的主句;虽然这一部分很长;但主谓宾只有一套;而且顺序是正常的分句2是倒装句;按正当语序相当于“the genesis of life was as……省略”35．In agriculture;the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators;the cotton presses;the warehouses;and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visibl e sign of a vast conspiracy against them．特殊结构marked by；定语从句that seemed…the visible sign…在农业上;这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现;对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志..分句1：In agriculture;the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators;the cotton presses;the warehouses;and the commodity exchanges分句2：that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visibl e sign of a vast conspiracy against them分句1是整个长句子的主句;其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的分句2是分句1的定语从句;进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了“标志”1和2嵌套36．And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building．where引导定语从句；what引导的从句作presided over的宾语仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂;在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场..分句1：And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork分句2：where individual contractors presided over分句3：what were essentially handicraft proprietorships分句4：that coexisted within a single buil ding分句1是整个长句子的主句分句2是分句1的定语从句;用来修饰metalwork分句3是2的宾语从句分句4是3的定语从句;修饰handicraft proprietorships1和2嵌套; 2和3嵌套; 3和4嵌套37．But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920．the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned;as did the size of the average plant．倒装结构as did…但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从1880年的270万上升到1900年的450万到1920年的840万;像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加;同时普通工厂的规模也剧增..分句1：But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920分句2：the number of huge plants like the Bal dwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned分句3：as did the size of the average plant分句2是整个长句子的主句分句1是分句2的状语; 开头由as 引导；分句3是2的并列句;同时它是一个as引导的倒装结构38．What we today call American folk art was; indeed; art of; by; and for ordinary; everyday “folks” who; with increasing prosperity and leisure; created a market for art of all kinds; and especially for portraits．what引导的从句作主语；介词结构art of;by;and for…——…所有、所创和所享的艺术我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术..随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲;这些民众为各种艺术;尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场..分句1：What we today call American folk art分句2：was; indeed; art of; by; and for ordinary; everyday “folks”分句3：who; with increasing prosperity and leisure; created a market for art of all kinds; and especially for portraits分句1是2的主语从句;做整句话的主语；分句2中的was 是句子的谓语动词；indeed是插入语；剩下的部分是宾语；分句3是2的定语从句;修饰folks;中间虽然有多个插入语;但仍是一个分句39．But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability coul d become a limner as such a portraitist was call ed.as引导方式状语从句但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的..分句1：But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with amodicum of artistic ability could become a limner as分句2：such a portraitist was called.分句1是整个长句子的主句;中间是插入语部分分句2是分句1的方式状语从句;由as引导;表示“就像”..40．The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its col onial predecessors was far from a rich one;and in fact;in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople．并列句；特殊结构far from新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富;而且;实际上在1776年雕塑作为—种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里..分句1：that the new United States inherited from its col onial predecessors分句2：The sculptural legacy was far from a rich one分句3：and in fact;in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople分句2和3是整个长句子的主句分句1是修饰分句2中的主语"the sculptural l egacy" 的定语从句；分句3是2的并列分句；所以整个句子有两套并列的主谓结构；41．On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired;Americans turned to foreign sculptors;as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston; South Carolina;commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marbl e statues of William Pitt．句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；两个when都引导定语从句：occasion when…;1770's when…；asin the 1770's的意思是“正如”在少数情况下;当需要一件精美的雕刻品时;就像1770年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫·威尔顿制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一样;美国人求助于外国人..分句1：On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired分句2：Americans turned to foreign sculptors分句3：as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston; South Carolina;commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt．分句2是整个长句子的主句；分句1是分句2的状语；分句3由as引导;表示正如42．Ad d to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans —originally trained as stonemasons;carpenters;or cabinetmakers— attacked the medium from which they were to make their images;and one und erstands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century．add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this为祈使句;相当于一个条件句：if one adds to this the timidity…这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的——对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯;使人更充分地了解18世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展..分句1：Add to this the timidity分句2：with which unschooled artisans—originally trained as stonemasons;carpenters;or cabinetmakers— attacked the medium分句3：from which they were to make their images分句4：and one understands more fully the devel opment of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century．分句4是整个长句子的主句分句1、2、3是分句4的条件从句;证据意为：“把这些结合起来;你就会明白……”分句2作为定语从句修饰timidity；分句3是修饰medium的定语从句43．Instead of trying to keep d own the body temperature deep inside the body; which woul d involve the expenditure of water and energy;desert mammals all ow their temperatures to rise to what woul d normally be fever height;and。
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1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．(定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface原因状语the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 主句in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 后置定语，修饰a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是一个主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth．(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War．本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore．(同位语从句claims that…)本句的主句结构是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康本句的机构是主句内部嵌套一个同位语从句，结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。
5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly．(同位语从句fact that…)南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。
6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl．(宾语从句what we now know as)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。
7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth．(Of结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。
8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out．(同位语从句rumors that…)当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。
就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。
9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．(同位语a supremacy)17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。
10．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．(介词结构from…to…作定语)持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
11．The largest。
later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more．(虚拟语气)最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Pueblo Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多问房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。
12．Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent．(倒装accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。
13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces．(特殊结构not…SO much as…——与其说…不如说…)在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。