chapter 1 general principles 连淑能英译汉教程
汉英翻译(chapter one) 第一章 翻译的过程
琼州学院外国语学院
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3、直译和意译并用
直译和意译是翻译中最基本的两种方法。在 翻译过程中，有时使用直译法，有时使用意 译法，有时则两者必须并用。
琼州学院外国语学院
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示 例
① This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity. 我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻，我要在一个女人手下工 作，这对我简直是最大的侮辱。 ② My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting.. 亲爱的姑娘们，我对你们期望很高，可并不是叫你们在世上 出人头地——要你们去嫁给富人，仅仅因为他们有钱，有奢 华的住房，缺少爱情的话，豪华的住房算不得上家。
琼州学院外国语学院
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2）确认短语是否是一个语义整体。
—— “I don’t know what you do with your brass,” said Mr. Scurridge. —— “I spend it on you,” she said. “Always a good table, you must have. Never anything short.” —— “不知道你掖着臭钱干什么用”，史卡力 先生问。 ——“供你吃喝呀！”她回答道。“你总是一 定要吃好喝好，缺一点儿也不行。”
《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第10~12章【圣才出品】
第10章Division（拆译法）10.1 复习笔记In division, we have to determine where to divide, how to divide, what the subject or the predicate of the new clause or sentence should be, and how to rearrange various parts of the original sentence. These may involve such techniques as Conversion, Addition and Inversion.拆分时要注意以下问题：在哪里拆分，怎样拆分，新的从句或句子的主语、谓语分别是什么，以及如何重新组织这些部分。
这里涉及到的技巧有转换法、增补法和倒置法。
一、Picking Out of Words（拆译单词）It is advisable to pick out those words which are hard to reproduce in the original structure and expand them into Chinese word groups, clauses or sentences. There are usually three steps to deal with such words:翻译过程中，如果一个单词的意义很难用汉语在原有句法框架下表达出来，就可以把该单词抽取出来，并将其扩展为汉语词组、从句或句子。
具体操作步骤如下：1. Determine which word(s) to pick out;确定需要抽取出来的单词；2. Apply Conversion or Addition, if necessary, to make the translated version smooth and well-connected;必要时运用转换法或增补法，使译文流畅、通顺；3. Rearrange the word order according to the Chinese mode of expression.根据汉语表达习惯，重新组织语序。
英汉翻译技巧(12.09学生版)
英汉翻译技巧第一部分英译汉CHAPTER ONE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF TRANSLATIONTHE V ARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION1)ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER (1747-1814)I WOULD THEREFORE DESCRIBE A GOOD TRANSLATION TO BE: THAT, IN WHICH THE MERIT OF THE ORIGINAL WORK IS SO COMPLETELY TRANSFUSED INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE, AS TO BE DISTINCTLY APPREHENDED, AND AS STRONGLY FELT, BY A NATIVE OF THE COUNTRY TO WHICH THAT LANGUAGE BELONGS, AS IT IS BY THOSE WHO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处如此完备地移注入另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
THE THREE GENERAL RULES FOR TRANSLATION:FIRST GENERAL RULE: A TRANSLATION SHOULD GIVE A COMPLETE TRANSCRIPT OF THE IDEAS OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.译文完全复写出原作的思想。
SECOND GENERAL RULE: THE STYLE AND MANNER OF WRITING IN A TRANSLATION SHOULD BE OF THE SAME CHARACTER WITH THAT OF THE ORIGINAL.译文的风格与笔调应与原作具有相同的特性。
英译汉教程1_基础词汇
a consensus: to favor literal translation whenever possible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice.
（能够直译尽量直译，不能直译则意译）
英译汉教程
连淑能 编著
Chapter 1 General Principles
Self-introduction / Getting to know each other An introduction to the course 1.course description: a practical course; a proficiency course; the training of translating skills
Discussion:
What are the merits and demerits of literal translation and free translation respectively? What are the extremes of literal translation and free translation? please offer appropriate examples to illustrate them
General principles about translation
How do you perceive translation? The definition of translation:
translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
《英译汉教程》____练习参考答案
《英译汉教程》____练习参考答案普通⾼等教育“⼗⼀五”国家级规划教材英译汉教程练习参考答案连淑能厦门⼤学教授、博导Chapter 1 General PrinciplesDrills 1.3.1(1) 1. 这对克服困难很有帮助。
（go a long way towards something/doing something = helpgreatly in [achieving] something, OALD 2002: 525;《新英汉词典》2000: 1577）2. 趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努⼒。
（go it = act in a manner that is quicker,more lively, impatient, etc., than is usual. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms1979: 130;《英汉⼤词典》1993: 740）3. 我需要更多空闲的时间。
（could do with something = need or want something, LDCE1998: 435）4. 这次失败促使他成功。
（[the making of] = a means of gaining great improvement orsuccess, LDCE 1998: 918）5. 我盼望在最后⼀刻可以挽救和平。
（the eleventh hour = the very last moment, LDCE 1998:478）6.她对此事很了解。
（know a thing or two [about somebody/something] = know a lot [aboutsomebody/something], OALD 2002: 825）7. 她真是爱说话。
/她太喜欢说话了。
（ready = willing to do, LDCE 1998: 1249, 参见“学⽣⽤书”243页）8.⽆线电传来了该地区发现⼤油⽥的消息。
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】第13章Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）13.1 复习笔记Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.英语长句的翻译不仅涉及复杂的翻译技巧，还要求对其句法结构和逻辑顺序进⾏细致的分析。
⼀、Features of Long English Sentences（英语长句的特点）English speakers build up long sentences in an “architectural style”. They pay more attention to construct “spatial structure”, often regardless of temporal sequences. It seems to us Chinese that they build basic structures in five patterns, namely, S + V, S + V + P, S + V + O, S + V + o + O, and S + V + O + C as mainstays, with words, phrases, or clauses as members of sentences, then join directly or indirectly, various kinds of nexuses composed of words ,phrases, or clauses as modifiers ,to the mainstays of the basic structures. Here, among other things, English inflection and function words play important roles in connecting various parts grammatically and in showing their relations logically.英语长句是按照“楼房建筑法”组织起来的：主⼲是五种句⼦结构，即主＋谓，主＋系＋表，主＋谓＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋补；枝叶是由词语、词组、从句等组成的各种各样的关系。
连淑能《英译汉教程》配套题库(含考研真题)-Chapter 3~Chapter 4【圣才出品】
Chapter 3 Translation of cultural factors（文化因素的翻译）3.1 Translation of Culture-loaded Expressions（文化词语译法）Ⅰ. Domesticating Translation1. to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs【译文】杀鸡取卵2. kill two birds with one stone【译文】一箭双雕；一举两得3. carrot and stick【译文】软硬兼施；威逼利诱；奖惩并用4. a land of honey and milk【译文】鱼米之乡5. Jack of all trades and master of none【译文】杂而不精的人6. to separate the sheep from the goats【译文】分辨良莠7. to take French leave【译文】不告而别8. to carry coals to Newcastle【译文】多此一举【解析】纽卡斯尔是英国煤炭重镇，故往纽卡斯尔运煤是多此一举。
9. to paint the lily【译文】画蛇添足10. to face the music【译文】临危不惧11. to mind one’s P’s and Q’s【译文】谨言慎行12. to put the cart before the horse【译文】本末倒置13. to laugh off one’s head【译文】笑掉大牙14. as timid as a rabbit【译文】胆小如鼠15. as mute as a fish【译文】噤若寒蝉16. neither fish nor flesh【译文】不伦不类17. six of one and half a dozen of the other【译文】半斤八两18. to spend money like water【译文】挥金如土19. to look for a needle in haystack【译文】大海捞针20. Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 【译文】宁为鸡头，不为凤尾。
连淑能《英译汉教程》Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法)
第15章Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms（专有名词和专门术语译法）15.1 复习笔记English proper nouns include names of persons, places, organizations ,newspapers, periodicals, radios, news agencies, books, films, etc. English technical terms include, broadly speaking, special words or expressions for things and ideas used in any branch of science and technology.英语专有名词包括人名、地名、组织名、报纸名、期刊名、广播台名、通讯社名、书名、电影名等等。
英语专有术语主要包括在技术科学、社会科学、自然科学等领域广泛运用的特殊词汇或特殊表达。
Many troubles arise in translating proper names and technical terms. Great confusion may come from.在翻译专有名词和专有术语的时候会遇到一些棘手的问题，这些问题主要来源于：1. Transliteration of proper names from English spelling or pronunciation;对英语专有名词的发音直接进行音译；2. Variation in the spoken sound of Chinese characters used in translated names;汉语中部分汉字的发音有地域区别；3. Large number of homonyms, homophones and homographs in Chinese;汉语中有大量同音字、多音字和同形字；4. Mixed use of old and new translated names.新译法和旧译法的混合使用。
英译汉教程连淑能配套练习题库
英译汉教程连淑能配套练习题库|才聪学习网连淑能《英译汉教程》配套题库（含考研真题）目录Chapter 1 Lexical Translation（词法翻译）1.1 Diction（选词法）1.2 Conversion（转换法）1.3 Addition（增补法）1.4 Omission（省略法）1.5 Repetition（重复法）Chapter 2 Syntactical Translation（句法翻译）2.1 Inversion（倒置法）2.2 Negation（反译法）2.3 Division（拆译法）2.4 Condensation（缩译法）2.5 Translation of the Passive（被动句的译法）2.6 Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）Chapter 3 Translation of cultural factors（文化因素的翻译）3.1 Translation of Culture-loaded Expressions（文化词语译法）3.2 Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms（专有名词和专门术语译法）Chapter 4 Style and Translation（文体与翻译）4.1 Political Writing（政治文体）4.2 Journalistic Writings（新闻报刊文体）4.3 Popular Science Writing（科普文体）4.4 Practical Writing（应用文体）4.5 Literary Style（文学文体）•试看部分内容Chapter 1Lexi cal Transla tion（词法翻译）1.1 Diction（选词法）Ⅰ. Choice of Affective Meanings1. In ou r Se con d Addre ss on the war, fi ve days af te rt h e a d v e n t o f th o s e m e n,w e to l d y o u w h a t th e y w e r e.【译文】在这伙人上台五天以后，我们在关于前次战争的第二篇宣言中已经向你们说明他们究竟是些什么货色了。
《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第4~6章【圣才出品】
第4章Conversion（转换法）4.1 复习笔记一、Conversion of Word Classes（转换词类）In translation, a word in one language belonging to a certain word class is not necessarily translated into one of the same class in another language.在翻译过程中，一种语言的某一词类不一定要相应地译为另一语言中相应的词类，有时候进行适当转化是十分必要的。
1. Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs（英语名词、形容词转换为汉语动词、副词）Nouns or nominal dorms, especially action nouns and other abstract nouns, find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese. In translation, therefore, the conversion of English nouns into Chinese verbs, and subsequently English adjectives into Chinese adverbs, becomes one of the techniques frequently employed for smooth representation in idiomatic Chinese.英语中多用名词或名词短语，尤其是动作名词和其他抽象名词，而汉语中多用动词，甚至多个动词连用的情况。
chapter 1 general principles 连淑能《英译汉教程》(课堂PPT)
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❖翻译是把第一种语言（源语）语篇 所表达的东西用第二种语言（目的 语）重新表达出来，尽量保持语义 与文体方面的等值。
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❖ Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language).
Chapter 1 General Principles
❖ The Definitions of Translation
❖ The Categories of Trቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnslation
❖ The Assessment of Translation
❖ The Competence of A Translator
❖ Translation Strategies
❖ Translation Processes
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❖ 译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ——唐·贾公彦：《义疏》
❖ 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语 言表达出来的活动。
——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
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❖ 翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。 ——刘宓庆
—Nida ＆ Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation
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❖ 翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息 最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而 言，其次是就文体而言。 ——奈达
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英语翻译实例
*Lawrence Venuti（劳伦斯·韦努蒂）, the American translation theorist
The Translator’s Invisibility 《译者的隐形》, in 1995
First put forward these two opposing concepts
westerners who are angry
4. Questions:
5. Do the Chinese readers understand what “牛奶路” refers to
6. Is it appropriate to say “詹姆士先生气 得拂袖而去” in the translated version
4. 唐玉柱. 从Milky Way的“误译”谈翻译 实践中的归化和异化. 重庆交通学院学报 (社科版), 2005,5(4): 120-121
Contents: 1. Reflection on two translation jokes 2.Apprehension of foreignizatmestication, however, breaking through the limitation of linguistic elements, broaden their vision / field of vision by extending it into language, culture and aesthetics.
2.2 what is domestication
Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.
英译汉教程第一章练习答案 连淑能
Examples & Drills 1.3.1Improve or correct the following translations:(1) Poor translation due to inaccurate comprehension:1）This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulties.这对克服困难有很大的帮助。
2）Go it while you are young.趁还年轻就放手去做吧。
3）I could do with more leisure time.我需要更多的空闲时间。
4）This failure was the making of him.这次失败造就了他。
5）I wish peace could be saved at the eleventh hour.我希望在最后时刻可以赢得和平。
6）. She knew a thing or two about it.她对此事有些了解。
7）She is too ready to speak.她很乐意发言。
8）News came through on the wireless of a rich oil field district.通过无线电传来了某一藏油丰富地区的消息。
9）News came through on the wireless of a rich oil field district.根据当时的形势他深信将会有一场漫长而艰苦的战争。
10）What are the perspectives of the national liberation movement and the relations between Chinaand the Third World countries?对民族解放运动和中国同第三世界国家关系的看法是什么呢？(2) Poor translation due to inappropriate representation:1）This is a 100-hour reliable engine.这台发动机可以连续运转100个小时，非常可靠。
英译汉 翻译技巧之重复法连淑能英译汉教程45页PPT
21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大，也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
25、学习是劳动，是充满思想的劳动。——乌申斯基
谢谢！
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
英译汉 翻译技巧之重复法连淑能英译 汉教程
16、人民应该为法律而战斗，就像为 了城墙 而战斗 一样。 ——赫 拉克利 特 17、人类对于不公正的行为加以指责 ，并非 因为他 们愿意 做出这 种行为 ，而是 惟恐自 己会成 为这种 行为的 牺牲者 。—— 柏拉图 18、制定法律法令，就是为了不让强 者做什 么事都 横行霸 道。— —奥维 德 19、法律是社会的习惯和思想的结晶 。—— 托·伍·威尔逊 20、人们嘴上挂着的法律，其真实含 义是财 富。— —爱献 生
《英译汉教程》(连淑能主编,高等教育出版社)-第1~3章【圣才出品】
第1章General Principles（概论）1.1 复习笔记一、Definitions of Translation（翻译的定义）Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.翻译即用一种语言来再现另一种口头或书面的语言文本所传达的意义。
1. Linguistic Views on Translation（语言学视角）Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber, 1969:12)翻译就是在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是语义，其次是文体。
2. Cultural Views on Translation（文化视角）翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
（王佐良，1989）Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages. (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:35)翻译是一个发生在不同文化之间的过程，而不仅仅是语言之间的过程。
3. Literary Views on Translation（文学视角）文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的影响完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中。
generalrinciples连淑能《英译汉教程》
❖ “翻译，的确可以帮助我们造出许多新的 字眼，新的句法，丰富的词汇和细腻的 精密的正确的表现。因此，我们既然进 行着创造中国现代的新的言语的斗争， 我们对于翻译，就不能够不要求：绝对 的正确和绝对的中国白话文。”
❖opens a new era for modern translation studies.
❖ 鲁迅&瞿秋白 vs. 赵景深
❖ dichotomy between “faithfulness” and “smoothness”
❖ The focus of the debate was which principle should take priority in translating.
❖Function of the three-character principle by Yan Fu
❖a milestone in China’s translation history
❖extracts the essence from Buddhist translation studies of the Han and Tang Dynasties;
1. languages involved
translation from native language into a foreign language and vice versa.
2. working style oral translation/ interpreting 口译
(consecutive interpreting CI交替传译; simultaneous interpreting SI同声传译 ) ;
Chapter 1 General Principles
连淑能 2006 英译汉教程
连淑能 2006 英译汉教程《以连淑能2006英译汉教程》第一章：介绍在这个教程中，我们将学习如何将以连淑能2006这本英文书籍翻译成汉语。
该书以教授英译汉技巧为主题，旨在帮助读者提高翻译能力。
本教程将以人类视角展开叙述，为读者提供一种仿佛真人辅导的感觉。
第二章：理解原文在开始翻译之前，我们需要对原文进行深入理解。
通过仔细阅读以连淑能2006这本书籍，我们可以了解其中的主要观点和论述。
为了避免误导和歧义，我们必须确保对原文的理解准确无误。
第三章：翻译技巧在翻译过程中，我们将运用一些翻译技巧来保持原文的意思和风格。
这些技巧包括准确表达、适当运用词汇和语法结构等。
我们将避免使用数学公式或计算公式，以确保文章的易读性。
第四章：结构和流畅度为了使翻译后的文章流畅易读，我们需要合理安排文章的结构和段落。
使用适当的标题可以帮助读者更好地理解文章的内容。
此外，我们还会使用丰富多样的词汇来表达，以增加文章的表现力。
第五章：注意事项在翻译过程中，我们需要注意一些细节，以确保文章的准确性和质量。
避免在文章中插入任何网络地址，以防止读者分心。
同时，我们也要避免使用依赖图像的语句，以免给读者造成困惑。
第六章：总结通过本教程的学习，我们将能够提高英译汉的技巧，更好地理解和翻译以连淑能2006这本书籍。
我们将以人类的视角进行写作，使文章富有情感，并使读者感到仿佛是真人在叙述。
同时，我们也会注重文章的自然度和流畅度，避免给人机器生成的感觉。
希望通过这个教程，读者们能够在英译汉的道路上更进一步，取得更好的成果。
祝愿大家在翻译的旅程中，越走越远，越来越好！。
chapterone汉译英概述.ppt
1.1.3. 翻译的方法
直 译 literal translation vs. 意 译 free translation
归化 domestication Vs.异化 foreignization
直译 literal translation vs.意译free translation
▪直译
▪语言层面
English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 ▪ 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。
Alexander Fraser Tytler:
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
1.1. 翻译的性质和类型
▪ 1.1.1. 翻译的定义 ▪ 1.1.2. 翻译的类型 ▪ 1.1.3. 翻译的方法
1.1.1. 翻译的定义
▪ The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another
▪ (从一种语言转换成另一种语言); ▪ Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the
chaptergeneralrinciples连淑能英译汉教程
?4. translation materials ? general translation ? specialized-subject translation ? literary translation, etc.
?“文、质”之争
?the conflict between “ornament” and “substance”
? Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
? Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
? The Book of Changessays that the purpose of rhetoric is to ensure truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in writing. He also says that writings without elegance do not last. These three principles point to good writing and should be observed as the codes of practice of translation. So, apart from faithfulness and expressiveness, elegance is also to be aimed at.
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to turn from one language into another —The Oxford English Dictionary
to turn into one’s own or another language —Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language
—Nida ＆ Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation
翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息 最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而 言，其次是就文体而言。 ——奈达
Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and /or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.
译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ——唐·贾公彦：《义疏》
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语 言表达出来的活动。 ——《中国大百科全书·语言文字卷》
翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。 ——刘宓庆
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表 达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动。 ——张培基等：《英汉翻译教程》
— Alexander Fraser Tytler
好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移
注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家
的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，
如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受
的一样。
——泰特勒
Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.
— Roger Bell
翻译是把第一种语言（源语）语篇 所表达的东西用第二种语言（目的 语）重新表达出来，尽量保持语义 与文体方面的等值。
Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language).
翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用 另一种语言文字表是利用一种 语言文字将另一种语言文字所表达的思想 确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。 ——汪涛、黄新渠
黄 新 渠 译
翻译是以译者为主体,以语言为转换媒介 的创造性思维活动。所谓翻译,就是把见 诸于一种语言的文本用另一种语言准确 而完整地再造出来,使译作获得与原作相 当的文献价值或文学价值。
Chapter 1 General Principles
The Definitions of Translation The Categories of Translation The Assessment of Translation The Competence of A Translator Translation Strategies Translation Processes
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
— John Catford 翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文字材料 转换成另一种语言（译语）的对等的文 字材料。
翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言 在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所 业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地 表达出来。 ——安德烈·费道罗夫
—Perter Newmark.
Approaches to Translation
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.
——王宏印
翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一 种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容 重新表现出来的语言实践活动。翻译是 一门艺术,是语言艺术的再创造。
——冯庆华
翻译是把一种语言（即源语）的信息用 另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译 文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得 到与原文读者大致相同的感受。