托福写作讲义
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
托福强化写作---学生讲义
托福阅读强化班学生讲义第一章：范文第二章：机经答案第三章：一般功能词汇第四章：特殊背景词汇第一章：范文(1)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.Many experts have warned us against some diseases caused by unhealthy eating habits, and then some people attribute those inappropriate habits to commercials. Although I concede that advertising is one of the factors accounting for people’s unhealthy eating habits, it’s too exaggerated to say that advertising is the only reason, because there are another two elements that can not be neglected.Admittedly, advertising may be a cause of unhealthy eating habits, for the advertisements of junk foods are often designed quite tempting in order to attract buyers. For example, the commercial of KFC is typically a combination of melodious music, fancy pictures and a slogan of “ We do chicken right”, luring people to purchase the unhealthy food. Howeve r, it is an overstatement to assert that advertising is the only reason since the two following reasons exist.Heavy workload keeps people from having their meals regularly, which is considered as one of unhealthy eating habits. Nowadays, people have to work really hard to survive in the highly competitive society, so they barely have time to sit at the table and have dinners. Take a businessman for example. He may keep working for over 8 hours a day to get all his work done and have no time for lunch. Consequently, he only has one meal a day. It is definitely an unhealthy eating habit, which result from too much business and a long working time.Besides, the so-called junk foods, such as fried chicken, cheese burgers and cola, are indeed more delicious, especially for children. Commonly, fried chicken wings are usually spicy and crispy compared with the blend and mild taste of steamed chicken wings, so it is easy to understand why those junk foods can soon become popular among young children. However, the fried wings, corns and chips are too oily, containing excessive fat and even some poisonous ingredients, all of which do harm to people’s health. So I believe the special taste and flavor explain why people love those unhealthy foods.In sum, it is inappropriate to reckon that advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habit because heavy workload and good taste of junk foods are another two reaons. I hope everyone can say no to the junk foods, reduce working hours and enjoy a more healthy life. (384 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(2)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished.The booming movie industry now offers us many choices when we stand at the counter of a cinema discussing which movie is worth watching and which is not. Some people argue that no matter how many movies are produced these years, movies should always show audience thatgood people are rewarded and bad people are punished. From my perspective, the disadvantages of stereotyped movies outweigh the only advantage.To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, who do you think will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to buy movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may actually suffer.Plots in the stereotyped movies are sometimes contradictory to reality. In the real society, good people may end up living miserably and bad people may not be punished. Life abounds with such examples. An industrious worker may not be paid his wage after working for one year; in contrast, his boss may be awarded Top Entrepreneur by the government. Similarly, the man who sends an old lady seriously injured in a traffic accident to hospital may be wrongly fined. In this circumstance, children are not able to survive in the real world as the stereotyped movies prevent them from deeply knowing it.Admittedly, stereotyped movies may teach children virtues. Children are supposed to stick to be a good man no matter how hard their life might be. However, it is not necessary for all movies to deliver this principle to audience. What's more, the educational value in the stereotyped movies may fade as children grow up and know the brutal reality.As far as I am concerned, it is not advisable for movies to show audience good people are rewarded and bad people are punished at all time, because the two consequences surpass the sole benefit. (365 words)(Written by Liao Xin)(3)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders. Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.In the literature, teachers are usually described as the gardeners or engineers of human souls. While in the real world, teaching is a profession typically characterized by high turnover rates and difficult recruitment. It is an essential role in a society, but a generally thankless one in terms of financial benefit and status. From my perspective of view, I fully agree with the title statement that teachers should be paid comparable to those of doctors, lawyers or business leaders.First of all, at the different stages of social divisions, the role that a teacher plays is never dispensable. Teachers make all other professions possible. A doctor, a lawyer, or a business leader, whoever you are, you cannot begin your career without school education. It was teachers that imparted us knowledge and cultivated us, in the course of our growth. Again, it is teachers that are commissioned with the significant task of educating our next generation. Thus, there is no doubt that teachers make immense contributions to our society. If people are paid distinctivelyby their contributions to the society, why are teachers not paid as well as doctors, lawyers, or business leaders?When examining the income of school teachers, one frequently cited fact is that teachers have summers off or work fewer hours and therefore deserve to be paid less. In fact, teaching is not an eight-hours-a-day job. Teachers put in tons of unpaid hours, making lesson plans, attending teacher-parent conferences, and helping students after class, etc. In short, teachers deserve to be paid more as the job is much more stressful and demanding.Furthermore, the teacher pay seems to coincide with teacher quality over the long run. Nowadays, though teaching generally requires a bachelor's degree or better, teachers' incomes are usually not considered comparable with other professionals of similar education, and offer little room for advancement or significant bonuses. Consequently, the highly educated people choose to take the well-paid jobs rather than becoming a teacher. In conclusion, to increase teacher pay so as to better the quality of teachers and improve the education system in the long term.To summarize, teachers should be rewarded with incomes comparable to those of doctors, lawyers, and business leaders, because teachers contribute to our society enormously, carry the great responsibility and frequently overwork. Besides, adequate payment for teachers is what a better education system calls for.(Written by Kang Hui)(4)It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than to learn facts.Learning is a complicate process, which consists of various aspects. For students, to understand ideas and concepts, or to learn facts, arouses controversy. Is to understand ideas more important than to learn facts? My answer is no. Ideas and facts are equally important aspects of learning.On the one hand, ideas and concepts can render innumerable facts and phenomenon to concise and elegant rules, principles and laws, which are easier to grasp. And ideas and concepts help people to understand the root causes for facts and phenomenon. For example, the Gravity Law helps students to understand the fact that apples fall down from the tree unto the ground. Likewise, the Kepler’s Laws helps students to understand the motions of the planets and the Earth rotating around the Sun. Thus, concept learning plays an essential role during the process of learning for students.On the other hand, facts can help students to validate or debunk ideas and concepts they learned in the classes. Facts are the most abundant direct materials for us to accept. By virtue of knowing various facts, students can have the sense of what they are learning. For instance, fossils of ancient species prove the theory of Evolution. The failure of the Qing Dynasty of China proved that isolation from the outside world would not work. As a consequence, it is facts that help learners to get the first feeling about what they are working on. Als0, it is facts that can prove a student’s knowledge right or wrong.Furthermore, concepts learning are closely related to facts learning, which makes the two aspects of learning hardly isolated. In reality, we usually start learning with recognizing and memorizing facts of different subjects. Only after we have learned enough facts, we are likely to understand the inner concepts. And a deep understanding of ideas is definitely crucial for us to well accept what we have learned. In order to fully master a knowledge point we get from the class, we need understand the ideas of it.In conclusion, it is facts and concepts combined together that contributes to a better understanding of knowledge. Only by attaching equal important to facts learning and concepts learning simultaneously can students benefit from the process of learning to the most extent.(Written by Kang Hui)(5)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for the public transportation.In this day and age, passengers are charged for their ridings. Since most of the mass transportation facilities are partially owned by the private businesses, the system generally aims at the maximization of profits. I strongly believe that people should pay for the public transportation, including city buses, highways and trains, for the following reasons.Firstly, people should pay for the city buses for better service quality. For one thing, the profits can act as a driven force for the bus companies to improve their service. They tend to increase the number of buses, optimize the driving courses and do well in maintaining the bus to attract more passengers and enlarge the profits. For another, profits will surely intensify the competition between bus companies, which will finally lead to the entire improvement of the bus service system.Secondly, people should pay for the highway system since the government built the highways as investments. If people stop paying for their taking the subway, government may stop building more highways and it will result in the inconvenience and low efficiency of traffic system. For example, the citizens in my hometown have ever been reluctant to pay for the highway. What's more, some illegal long-distance transportation firms which used the highway frequently do not pay for the fees and beat the cashiers in the highway very seriously. Several Months later, the government had to close the highway because they were failed in investments. This phenomenon negatively influenced upon and set back the development of the local economy.Finally, people should pay for the trains. On one hand, there are different classes of train tickets such as hard-seat tickets, sleeper tickets and non-seat tickets. If passengers take it without paying, it will be difficult to reach an agreement among the passengers on the fair distribution of tickets and seats. The more you pay for, the better seat you should keep. Furthermore, it will be a heavy burden for the government to support the train system independently.Admittedly, some people hold the idea that we should not pay for the public transportation forsome reasons. Yet, I insist that we should do that. It is the right for everyone to benefit from the mass transportation, and it is also everyone's responsibility to support it.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(6)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.In this day and age, there is a heated discussion about the utilization of the money we earned. Some people support the idea of spending money on traveling and vacation, while others believe it is better to save money for the future. As far as I am concerned, the second choice is considerable.First and foremost, the money we saved can be used in an emergency. It is no doubt that we have to face different tough obstacles in our life, so money is of vital significance at that time. Facing diseases or personal financial crisis, we will endure and overcome it by the saving money. Fortunately, an increasing number of people have been accepted this idea. A recent poll conducted by government officials shows that seventy percent of university students would save money preparing for future use rather than spending money on traveling and vacations.In addition, the income for some people is so slender that they cannot afford the money for traveling. Those who do not have high income even worried about the consumption of house rent, food and clothing, so actually they haven’t g ot extra money to travel. My uncle is a case in point. He, who works in a factory, only has a salary of 600RMB per months. It is not difficult to figure out money left after paying the above-mentioned expenses of the family. Never had he spent money on traveling or vacation because of the lack of money.Admittedly, spending money on traveling and vacation has advantages as enjoying the beautiful scenery and releasing stress, and its disadvantages are apparent and unavoidable as well. For instance, I went to the National Park, which is a beautiful natural landscape in our country. When I stepped in that park, I felt the odor of Mother Nature strongly. However, traveling and vacation do costly and toilsome, and we can acquire happiness and relaxation from other kinds of ways without taking so much effort and energy.Base on the factors I mention above, a conclusion could be drawn that I prefer saving money for the future than spending money on traveling and vacation.(Written by Liang Jianshi)(7)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Younger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.Art and music are the greatest cultural inheritances from our ancestors and elites of our times. For children, starting to learn art and music can help them develop their ability better, communicate with others better and enjoy their life better. In this sense, I totally agree with thestatement for a number of reasons.To st art with, as is often pointed that art and music can enhance children’s ability of imagination, concentration and perseverance. Music is an expressive art of sound and the meaning of every musical note has unique profoundness which leaves our children unlimited scope of imagination. They could interpret the music they heard in their own way and that’s why even a baby would move its body to a piece of music. What’s more, in daily exercises, in order to perfect their skill and control every sound, children have to control themselves and attach more attention to the music. That’s where their concentration has been improved. Finally, after years’ unremitting efforts, they may attend some contests and, of course, if they really stick to music and are fond of it, some prizes will be given and more important, they learnt a priceless lesson that perseverance will pay off.Next, art and music can better children’s disposition and temperament. The process of learning art and music can improve the communication among the students and teachers. They may express their emotion freely and establish a special bridge of communication with others. When they play a piece of music or paint a picture skillfully and beautifully, self-achievement and activeness has been built up unconsciously. According to the recent survey made by Chinese Academy of Social Science, many children are becoming better-tempered, warm, generous, willing to help and communicate with others, after starting to learn art and music for a period of time.La st but not least, art and music can heighten children’s life quality and taste. An evaluation of high quality and taste is always given to the art students, who always have a unique perspective towards many issues. The simple reason is that art comes from life and higher than life. Student learning art definitely enjoy the life of higher quality than others. Besides, all masterpieces of famous musicians and painters should be the learning materials for the students. With the influence by those great people, the students’ horizon will be certainly broader.Obviously, all the evidence confirms an undoubted conclusion that children aged from 5 to 10 should start to learn music and art. It will surely benefit their school life and life after.(Written by Sun Wei)(8)Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.How to improve education has always been one of the hottest social issues to be discussed. Some people would say that the best way to promote education is to provide teachers with high salaries, because teachers are of indispensable function in the education. But as for me, I don’t think that it is the best way to achieve the goal of education improvement, for there are still other factors need to be considered.First of all, scientific educational plan is fundamental for education improvement. A reasonable and well-organized plan will optimize the structure of students’ knowledge and ability andcultivate high quality talents with specialty. On the contrary, if the plan is in defective condition, it is almost a mission impossible to shape education superiority and development of talents cannot avoid be influenced. We may point out a common example of machinery manufacturing. In producing a beautiful machine, a systematic, detailed, and scientific plan of production must be elaborated and delivered carefully. Any flaw, no matter perceivable or not, will result in functional defect, ever worse, uselessness!Moreover, to improve the validity and reality relevance of learning materials that students are using will affect the education enhancement. Teachers, students and teaching contents are basic elements of educational activities and learning materials are the carrier of the contents, main source from which students acquire the knowledge, and basic principle for teachers’ activities. Correspondence among the objective students, the difficulty and the content coverage of the learning materials will work on the result and effectiveness of learning process. Good materials could definitely achieve the anticipated goal, while invalid, outdated materials could never work out. This is supported by a typical instance of English language education. Students are learning the platitude and cliché of last fifty years for spoken English in some countries. With those materials, the students could hardly perform effective communication, not to mention improve their language education in these places.However, we cannot deny the fact that the improvement of education is conditioned by teachers. The teachers are the playing the dominant roles in the teaching and they are hold the guiding position in the purpose, contents, process, methodology, pattern and means of instructions. Quality of education therefore, is inseparable with that of teachers. After all, the fact that an accomplished disciple owes his accomplishment to his great teacher is inarguable. So, providing them with incentive of higher salaries will arouse teachers’ enthusiasm and then achi eve the goal of education improvement to some extent.From what has been discussed above, we could safely draw the conclusion that many factors need to be considered and many methods can also be taken to improve education. Raising teachers’ salaries is on e of the available options, but not the best one.(Written by Sun Wei)(9) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing sports teaches people lessons about the life.Nowadays, a large group of people are crazy about doing sports with other zealous fellows. They always keep themselves occupied with all kinds of sports instead of lying in sofa, watching soap operas. I am a loyal advocator to this passionate life style. While possessing a good health, beneficial classes of life are extra gains of doing sports.Doing sports constantly can steel people’s willpower and teach them the lesson of persevering in everyday life no matter how tough the situations are. For instance, Lionel Messi, my favorite football player, no one could believe that he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency and we almost miss a superstar! However, his persistence and intense love for football kept himgoing on without hesitation and nothing could stop him from becoming an excellent player. Ultimately, the sporting director of Barcelona had been made aware of his talent and led him to a superiorly shining life. Now he has received FIFA World Player of the Year nomination in 2009 at the age of 21. This incident gives me a full understanding of the fact that how unbelievable results sports may bring to people.In addition, sports guide people to respect rivals regardless of the results. Also, no matter how strong you are and maybe your opponent has no chance to win at all, respecting opponents still remains its essential place. In 2010 Africa FIFA World Cup, when North Korea which at the bottom of the ranking list encountered Brazil, which ranks No.1 in the world. Brazil showed the characteristic of a world-class team. They tried hard as their competitors were equally strong as them and spoke highly of North Korea’s presentation after the game. In sum, sports really enable people to own the quality of respecting opponents, which makes it unique compared to other things.Another vital class we can learn is accepting defeats or victories, it is a fundamental part of competition and it is unavoidable for each participant. That is just the most appealing part of sports. Team members should not blame their partners for anything as long as he puts all his heart into it. Facing failure calmly and embracing success modestly are the experiences of life that sports give us.Considering all the analysis above, we safely come to the conclusion that doing sports indeed benefit us a lot in varied ways. I insist that in the future a large range of people will participate in sports and obtain knowledge of life.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(10)Do agree or disagree with the following statement? Young people should take different kinds of jobs before they take a career in a long term.Generally, many young people take several different kinds of jobs when they first step into the society. However, some people argue that whether it is necessary to take numerous jobs before they take a career in a long time. Nevertheless, from my perspective, they should take various jobs before pursuing the long-term employment in order to find out their interests and potential, gain more knowledge as well as experience, and make more friends.Firstly, taking several jobs enables the young people to discover their real passion and potential. After the students have graduated from college, some of them have no clue about what career they should choose. However, only by trying numerous kinds of occupations can they figure out which field they will be interested in and do well. My uncle first worked as an accountant in a small company after he obtained his college degree. However, he soon realized the work was too dull for him. Then he changed his career to a HR manager in a national bank. Yet, he was totally overwhelmed by the heavy work load as well as the competitive working environment. He quitted his job and became a mathematics teacher in a high school. To his surprise, he eventually found out his passion in teaching the students and decided to take teacher as his long-termcareer. Therefore, young people should experience a variety of jobs to identify the job that most suits them.Secondly, young people can learn various sorts of skills and gain valuable experience which is useful for the whole career development. It is an undeniable fact that by taking several new jobs, people have to adapt to the new environment. In this way, they can learn many practical knowledge and techniques. For instance, if a young man changes his job and steps into another career, he has to get accustomed to this new place. By communicating with his colleagues, he can gradually improve his social skills. Spontaneously, he will have a quick adaptation to the environment.As far as I am concerned, taking various jobs make it possible for the young people to discover their interests and potential. They can also obtain valuable experience and knowledge that may be beneficial to their long-term career. Considering all the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that young people should take different kinds of jobs before they identify and pursue their lifetime career.(Written by Wang Pingfei)(11) Do you agree or disagree: Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.In order to have a comparative edge in this globalized society, people today have to equip themselves with the latest news about other nations. To achieve this goal, some people put forward that the best way to grasp the information is to read newspapers and magazines. Personally, I disagree. Newspapers and magazines are born with limitations and other forms of media can play equally effective, if not more, role in it.First, neither newspapers nor magazines provide people with a thorough understanding of the complex culture of a new country. Due to the limited pages or space, it is impossible to illustrate the complexity of a culture to the readers in a number of lines. What readers get from news reports or pictures of the newspapers is always superficial and subje ct to the authors’ personal judgment. On the other hand, the classic books have withstanded the examination of time and can facilitate the readers’ learning. If you want to truly understand the West, for example, the newspapers and magazines may tell you what happened there, and the classic books like Holy Bible will tell you why it happened. Thus the attempt to truly understand a foreign country by the instant information of newspapers and magazines is due to fail.Moreover, the real experience in a new country may benefit people more than just reading newspapers and magazines. Although some magazines today embrace vivid pictures and even DVDs to better display a new nation, the readers are still both mentally and physically kept away from the strange place. It is because readers are just led by authors and they do not have the opportunity to explore in person. Many people have the experience that when traveling, what they finally find in the destinations differs dramatically from what they have read from the traveling magazines. Hence, without an exploration in person, the newspapers and magazines are。
TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福写作基础讲义1
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team2) 在...的帮助下with the help of3) 穿校服wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习study with a group7) 出国留学study abroad8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目optional subjects18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变make a change in...20) 主修major in21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座lectures23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in32) 有...的选择have a choice of33) 从学校毕业graduate from34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育get good education39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题face a problem44) 课外活动extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowled ge46) 获得学分earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长develop expertise in...48) 必修科目compulsory subjects49) 职业准备career preparation50) 建学校build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育begin formal education52) 必须...，被要求.... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学attend college/ university56) 上课attend classes57) 参加夏令营participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬show respect to8) 展现领导才能show leadership skills9) 解决问题solve problems10) 使某人想起某事remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献make a contribution to17) 住在郊区live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上keep up with19) 记住某事keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心keep an eye on21) 普遍认同it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通improve public transportation23) 有高标准have high standards24) 有...的倾向have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识have a sense of community26) 有...感have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系have a close relationship with28) 与...相处get along with29) 获得...的支持gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imitate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全feel security34) 感觉被...吸引be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任build up trust39) 培养社会技能cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从...中获益benefit from41) 建立人脉build social connections/ social circles42) 成为...的居民become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助be in need of help45) 对...友好be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as做为。
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
托福写作冲刺课程电子讲义
托福写作冲刺课程大纲一、独立写作二、综合写作独立写作考试形式一、考试时间：30分钟二、话题作文三、字数要求：300以上（400左右）题型分类一一、利弊类二、事实类利弊类一、标志词：should, …is better than…, …is more important than …, which would you prefer二、答题角度：该不该，好或坏三、同意与否：今天应该下雨吗？四、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students should play sports everyday.事实类一、标志词：无二、与利弊类题目非此即彼三、答题角度：是不是，存不存在四、同意与否：今天下雨了吗？五、Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students now play sports everyday.分类意义一、避免跑题二、快速构思避免跑题一、经典错误：把事实题当做利弊题二、几个容易跑偏的题举例1、A or D? Advertisements are exaggerated.2、A or D? People now pay too much attention on their dressing and looking.3、A or D? Young people now are less dependent on their parents than they were in the past.快速构思一、利弊类：“万金由”二、事实类：“万金由”/拆分举例利弊类解题思路一、找出多个受益方与受损方二、“万金由”找出多个受益方与受损方一、对谁好？对谁不好？二、举例1、A or D? Parents should help their children do homework.2、A or D? Universities should offer students better job preparation before they start working.3、A or D? Working three days a week with longer hours is better than working five days a week with shorter hours.“万金由”一、起到提示思路作用的万能理由二、“便”“健”“安”“情”“成”“品”“环”“学”便利(convenience)一、节省时间(save time, not time-consuming)二、时间灵活(time is flexible)三、就近解决(short distance)四、提前完成(keep the schedule ahead)健康(health)一、充分休息(enough rest)二、营养均衡(balanced nutrition)三、体育锻炼(body exercise, sports)四、远离疾病(away from diseases)安全(safety)一、食品安全(food safety)二、人身安全(body safety)三、财产安全(property safety)四、生活稳定(stability, sustainability)情感(affection, love, feeling)一、亲情(family love, family accord)二、友情(friendship)三、爱情(love)四、人际关系/社会圈子(interpersonal relationship, social circle)成功(success)一、成就感(a sense of achievement)二、荣誉感(a sense of honor)三、自信(self-confidence)四、尊敬(respect)品格(virtue)一、诚实(honesty)二、勤奋(diligence)三、独立(independence)四、体贴(considerateness)五、团队精神(team spirit)六、坚韧不拔(persistence, tenacity)环保(environment protection)一、环境污染(environment pollution)二、全球变暖(global warming)三、滥砍滥发/植树造林(deforestation, afforestation)学习(learning)一、必修科目(compulsory course)二、选修科目(optional course)三、在线课程(on-line course)利弊类解题举例1、父母应该帮助孩子做作业吗？2、学校应该给毕业生更多就业指导吗？3、花钱旅游还是为了未来存钱？4、高薪离家远还是低薪离家近？5、高中应该要求所有学生都学习经济学吗？事实类一、“万金由”二、拆分举例“万金由”解事实类举例1、住大城市比住农村能够更好地照顾家庭成员吗？2、孩子现在比过去更独立于父母吗？3、运动员收入过高吗？拆分举例一、对题目中已有的关键名词进行拆分二、合理拆分到具体类别分别讨论拆分举例解题示范1、住大城市比住农村能够更好地照顾家庭成员吗？2、运动员收入过高吗？3、20年后学生还会使用打印书籍吗？抽象题目的拆分举例1、观察动物能够了解人性吗？2、人们工作是为了钱还是为了社会地位？3、现在社会中最严重的问题会在我们有生之年解决吗？4、人们过分关注衣着和长相了吗？5、人们穿衣服是为了美观吗？利弊类与事实类的解题总结一、“万金由”与拆分举例都适用；二、“万金由”提示观点，拆分举例细化讨论范围；三、理清思路，避免跑题。
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
托福独立写作讲义2文章结构
一．开头段落——分析论题法& 引人入胜法二．主体段落1. 整体结构——三段式& 两段式Ⅰ主题句（topic sentence）根据下列主题写出主题句Topic:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Business should do anything they can to make a profit. →I disagree!The most important thing that business need to realize is that they have to give priority to the rights of the customers.Equally important, the benefits of the employees must be respected.Business ought to pay careful attention to the quality of nature environment.Ⅱ支持性细节★常规事例法：Topic1:Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year.Do you think they deserve that high salary?In the first place, famous entertainers or athletes are more talented than common people. Their high incomes are rewards for their talents. We may take Yao Ming, a Chinese NBA superstar, for example. It was reported that Yao made nearly 20 million dollars in 2006. Why could Yao get such a high salary?It is because Yao has huge talents. With a height of 2.26 meters, Yao is considered one of the most powerful centre forwards of the NBA. That is to say, he is the best player and he deserves the best salary.还想进一步拓展段落▲总结原因：Why + (问题) …The reason why…▲总结结果：Consequently, Therefore, As a result,Topic2：2008.2.24 同2006.10.29Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Renewable resources of energy (sun, wind, water) will soon replace resources of fossil fuels (gas, oil and coal).▲可再生能源能否在不久之后替代化石燃料？中心论点：同意：会替代！因为：替代，有利于人类生存和发展。
托福强化写作讲义
写作提高：1. 中文思维——看到题目有话可说；2. 英文表达——正确恰当把中文思维体现成英文细节，结构，语言细节：清晰恰当的举例或“说明”能力；并不是一定出现for example，论据：why, what, how 结构：正常的逻辑说话顺序不重视语言。
语言：讲究用简单的话陈述深刻的道理；不是用复杂的话陈述简单的道理审题：1. 问法：which one, A & D （10-30 sec.）2. 思考什么现象导致出此题目（30-60 sec.）思考方式：1.过去和今天对比；2.以自身为背景; 3. 细化主题词写作：A 开头部分题目背景：1.通过现象 2.引出话题3-5mins 50字主题句（开头）用肯定的语言概括文章将来结构（理由，例子）B 论证部分1 （1）key words和题目相同（尽量保持题目语序）（2）概括此段大意（尽量概括论据）（3）简单准确2 解释1句3 解释2句论据：why / what / how4 解释3句C 结尾部分主题句（结尾）清晰明确递进A & D（含有绝对词）第1段：BI(Back Information)第2段：去掉绝对词（或把绝对词变限定词）肯定第3段：加上绝对词否定第4段：TS (Thesis Statement) + 递进(取决于&不得不)“含绝对词立论文”出题形式A is the most important. & A is more important than B.2. A is important.3. However, B is the same important.4. I disagree that A is the “most” important.(1) It depends on …… whether A or B isthe most important.(2) B is more important than A in that ……A is the best.A is only way.A is better than B.常见绝对词：最高级，唯一性，比较级best —— goodworst —— badalways —— sometime, often, usuallynever —— sometime not消失——减少必然——可能必须——可以● Nowadays, the ability to cooperate is more important than past?（2007-3-4）2. It is undeniable that the ability to cooperate nowadays is extremely important and inevitable.3. However, it is also indisputable that the ability to cooperate in past is genuinelyimportant and imperative.4. Judging from above evidence offered, I can hardly agree that the ability to cooperate nowadays is “more”important than past. From my perspective, since the undeveloped science and technology, the ability to cooperate in past is more important than nowadays.● It is more important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge?（2007-3-10）2. It is undeniable that it is extremely important and inevitable to help students gain self-confidence.（错）2. It is undeniable that a teacher to help students gain self-confidence is great important.（错）2. Admittedly, it is magically important and inevitable for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence in order to encouragestudents to face the troubles of study and daily routine easily.3. Nevertheless, it is also typically important and imperative for a teacher to teach students specific knowledge for their extensive essential knowledge to lay the foundation for the favorable career prospect.4. Consequently, I can hardly agree that it is “more”important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge. From my perspective, it depends mostly on the study period and personality of the students whether the teacher helps students gain self-confidence or teaches specific knowledge.introvertedextroverted写文章框架的规律：1. 题目语序为“主谓宾”结构，使用it is undeniable / indisputable / unavoidable /incontrovertible that2. 题目语序是it be adj，段首句语序不变，加形容词或副词3. 概括论据：why: in that, for, on account of, for the sake of, in order towhat: , especially4. 递进常用取决于，不要忘了whether, 常见取决于：发展，爱好，年龄，经济，习惯，背景（个性）5. 当对比的A和B是人必经阶段时，用不得不,即程度加深。
托福写作讲义
（一）综合写作All the more 尤其At best 充其量姑且Hold water （理论、计划等）证明正确合理，说得通，（容器）不漏水;言之有理综合写作（1+3）综合写作流1、Direction(1min)2、Reading(3min)——230-300 words academic articles3、Listening(2min)——the topic is same as reading4、Writing(20min)——200-220 words best综合写作要求：1、topic: academic2、不能写自己的观点3、写阅读和听力之间的联系（OPPOSE 三驳三）驳斥的种类：（1）优点被驳斥（2）缺点被驳斥（3）证据被驳斥应试攻略：（1）找例子：typically, suppose, for example, take..example, especially, actually, in fact （2）找原因：since, because, the reason why, due to, thank to, owing to（3）找结构性连词：a)“结果”: so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a resultb)“让步”和”转折”：in contrast, on the contrast, nevertheless, still, yet阅读要义读完一句，用简洁中英文或符号记下大意重点关注两类词：（1）文中反复出现的词（2）实义动词听力要义（1）阅读中出现过的词（2）听具有知己意义的词（实义动词、形容词）写作要义（1+3）1、开头段：写一段表明Reading 和Lecture 的联系（1）综合写作话题（2）阅读中心论点（3）听力中心论点2、主体部分：写三段（1）每段一对一的阐述（2）每段结构：过渡性连词（首先，其次，再次）句群1：阅读的分论点+阅读的细节句群2：听力的分论点+听力的细节开头段框架:The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions about……The writers believe that ………...which is contradicted by the following lecture.（1）Conflict——>debate/argument/discussion/dispute/controversy（2）About——>concerning/regarding/as to/with regards to/pertaining to（3）Believe——>consider/deem/advocate/insist（4）Contradicted——>disagree/oppose/refute/retort每段框架表达句（1）The reading states that…….On the contrary, the lecture points out that….（2）Although it is said in the passage that…..The lecture holds the view point that…..（3）The passage maintains that…..However, professor offers a different idea about….（4）The writer contends that……..while the speaker views this issue from an oppo site angle.According to her/him…..（5）The author asserts that….Nevertheless, the speaker oppose this claim by saying that……（6）The passage argues that…..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view does not hold water.综合写作框架：The reading and listening materials have a debate of opinions concerning that……The writers support that ………...which is opposed by the following lecture.First of all, the reading maintains that………However, the lecture points out that……Secondly, although it is said in the passage that ………., the speaker holds the view that……. Finally, the author asserts that ………..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view does not hold water.综合写作注意点：1、阅读材料的论点和细节的关键信息都要写！2、重点写听力的内容（越多越好）3、要更加注意整体篇章的把握，不要过于注重细小的错误。
TOEFL写作讲义
TOEFL写作讲义（主讲：戴云）第一章总体介绍一、我的赏与罚封赏与晋升：普通教徒---罗汉---金刚---护法---菩萨---佛---高级佛---教主助理---副教主---常务副教主课堂可以获得最高功名为护法考试95及以上为菩萨，100分以上佛，105分以上高级佛，110分以上教主助理，115 分以上副教主，118分以上常务副教主，121分以上教主。
批评与惩戒：Curse---赠送白绫---开除出教二、托福写作圣经要多记笔记：1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。
1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。
托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。
写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。
举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。
作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。
举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？同意的理由：1、how to behave myself；2、value system；3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。
写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。
举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovelyY ou are extremely smart. extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。
把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分clarity高于variety，variety高于complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。
逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。
托福写作讲义
托福写作一万能开头段1.铺垫式：There is a general discussion today about whether children should be allowed to watch Television.Those who criticize parents who let their children watch Television argue that watching Television does more harm to children than good. They believe that watching Television not only harms children’s vision, but also prevent them from doing outdoor exercises.二常用谚语.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。
A friend is never known till a man has need.需要之时方知友。
A friend without faults will never be found.没有十全十美的朋友。
to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧plough the sand 白费力气A lazy youth, a lousy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲三根据阅读文章，可以预测听力内容：2.听力内容由于是教授授课内容的模拟，一开始一定会出现观点（what you’ve just read really is too optimistic. It’s rather easy to poke holes in the reasoning.”)或者先列出阅读内容的要点，然后再提到自己的态度{比如：There’s no doubt that (阅读观点）there are good reasons to think(听力观点））}。
(3)托福写作讲义
TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。
2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮〔首段+中间三段+尾段〕✓论点论证充分〔不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好〕✓句式、词汇变换丰富〔长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用〕✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较比照类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或害处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或害处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型〔黄金规则四〕✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句〔question〕✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气〔if〕✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：〔黄金规则四〕✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、比照、比喻✓定义✓✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述〔如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等〕是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点〔3-5篇〕✓真实模考〔5-10篇〕7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…〔中〕✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。
吴俭托福写作讲义3.10
托福写作讲义Teaching Plan (10)第一次课⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排第二次课⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习第三次课⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法第四次课⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)第五次课⏹Supporting Ideas的写法第六次课⏹解题思路的扩展与总结⏹佳句赏析第七次课⏹让步式的写法⏹How to develop sentence (2)第八次课⏹结尾段的写法⏹写作流程总结及思路培养第九次课⏹综合写作综述⏹综合写作阅读及听力技巧⏹综合写作文章结构⏹综合写作模板使用第十次课⏹综合写作练习⏹托福写作最新考题分析⏹新托福考场备考策略及全攻略第一次课课程安排⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排◆托福作文考试简介50分钟/2篇作文（综合写作、独立写作）☐综合写作（150字）5种关系（_____________________________________）☐独立写作（350字）3种出题方式3种基本话题◆作文理论Briefing作文考试目标☐☐☐☐1._____________________________________________✓✓✓✓✓✓2.______________________________________________✓说明文（两段式）✓议论文（三种传统理论）☐传统段☐对称式☐让步式本课堂的学习内容1、2、3、4、第二次课课程安排⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习雅思四大话题－30组经典词组和句子1.action/activityThe police took immediate _______when they realized the situation was getting out of hand. Economic________ stagnated as the recession took hold.2.advice/adviseCan you________ me on the best course of action to take?He offered me some excellent ____________3.affect/effectCuts in spending will have a serious_______ on the National Health Service.The strikes will seriously_______ train services.4.appreciable/appreciativeThere is an_______ difference between slaughter and murder.She was very_______ of our efforts to help.5.assumption/presumptionThey raised taxes on the_______ that it would help control spending.It’s sheer_____ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power.6.avoid/preventRapid government reforms managed to_______ a revolution taking place.He’s always trying to_______ taking a decision if he can help it.7.besides/besideThe office is just_______ the railway station._______ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening.8.briefly/shortly_______ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border post.The minister spoke _______ about the need for political reform.9.channel/canalThe television________ received a formal complaint about the program.The Suez________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.10.conscientious/conscious_________ workers always take their work seriously.Most people are__________ of the need to protect the environment.11.continual/continuousA_________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.The computer has given us___________ problems ever since we installed it.12.control/inspectEnvironmental health officers regularly________ kitchens and other food preparation areas. The government plans to_________ the price of meat to make sure it doesn’t go up too much.13.criticism/objectionsThey didn’t raise any_________ when we insisted on inspecting the figures.The government’s plan was met wi th severe _________.14.damage/injury/harmIt was a severe __________ which needed immediate hospital treatment.A lot of____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm.There is no _________ in working out the details right now.15.during/for/whileShops were closed _________ the duration of the conflict.______the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes. The bomb went off_________ the president was making his speech.16.however/moreoverThe plan was good in theory. ________, in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. The plan was excellent. ____, it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success.17.inconsiderate/inconsiderableAn ______________ amount of money was wasted._________ behavior makes life unpleasant for everybody.18.intolerable/intolerantI consider his behavior to be quite ______________The government is _____________ of other political parties.19.job/workEverybody has the right to a decent __________________ with good pay.Following the recession, many people are still looking for _________________y(s)/lie(s)The city of Guito ___________ near the equator.The manager made it clear he intended to _____________ down some strict rules.21.look at /watchWe must ___the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violence flares again. We need to ____________ the problem carefully and if there is anything we can do about it. 22.permission/permitI’m afraid can’t__________ photography in here.They received _________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn’t interrupt.23.possibility/chanceThere is always the ___________ that the government will reverse its decision.If we act now, we have a good _____________ of finding a cure for the disease.24.practice / practiceIt’s important to _____________your English whenever possible.You need more ___________ before you take the exam.25.priceless/worthless_______ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. At inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became___________26.principal/principleThe____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker.The country’s ________________ products are paper and wood.Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics.27.process/processionThe________ made its way down the avenue.Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating______________28.raise/riseAs prices ___________ , demand usually drops.In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to _____________ their fares.29.respectable/respectfulThe delegates listened in________ silence as the chairman spoke.They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be ____________30.treat/cureHospitals are so understaffed that they find it impossible to ___ patients with minor injures. They were unable to_____________ the disease, and hundreds died as a result.1. There be结构错误表达：There have many people believe that computers are useful.正确表达：2. 情态动词（情态动词必须加一个动词原形）错误表达：We should be take some effective measures.正确表达：3. 不一致不一致包括主谓不一致，也包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等错误表达：When one have money, he can do what he want to.正确表达：4. 时态问题错误表达：Some people argued that women should join the army.正确表达：5. 语态问题错误表达：Some people think that old buildings should preserve.正确表达：6. 悬垂修饰语错误表达：To solve this problem, proper measures should be taken.正确表达：错误表达：Serving in the army, self-respect and confidence can be cultivated.正确表达：7. 词性使用错误表达：Nobody can negative the importance of education.正确表达：8. 介词短语加了句号错误表达：With the development of society. People begin to realize the importance of education.正确表达：9. 句子不完整错误表达：The question whether the internet is a blessing or a curse.正确表达：10. 固定词组的搭配错误表达：There is a great deal of violence shown in media to the purpose of making people relaxed.正确表达：11. 指代不清指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致错误表达：However, the internet also has their disadvantages.正确表达：12. such as和for example的区别错误表达：Computers enjoy a host of merits for example high speed, easy accessibility and great efficiency.正确表达：错误表达：Studying with teachers is beneficial. Such as, we can acquire both useful knowledge and practical skills.正确表达：13. 逗号隔开了两个完整的句子错误表达：The human race has entered a marvelous age, the world is developing at an amazing rate.正确表达：14. 用词不当是指在特定的句子中如何适当的选用词语的问题，我们在作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是错误表达：The use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also gives rise to pollution.正确表达：15. 不连贯不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不通顺错误表达：As I see it, water shortage, it is the most pressing problem of the earth.正确表达：16. 名词单复数使用错误错误表达：Living in this information-explosion society, we can obtain an increasing number of informations. 正确表达：17. 正式原则一般不能出现缩写形式错误表达：As is known to all, we can’t do without advertisement.正确表达：特例：18. 大小写的错误每句开头第一个字母都得大写错误表达：as we all know, life is hope and hope is life.正确表达：19. 从句引导词错误错误表达：As is widely-accepted, that there are many people which fail to take into account the fact that the diversity of species is the greatest charm in the world.正确表达：20. 介词使用不当错误表达：There is no yet absolute agreement in the question whether schools are of no use in the Computer Age.正确表达：错误表达：On a nutshell, we can conclude that media will still exert positive impacts on the societal development.正确表达：Correction Exercises1.The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2.Don’t put hand in pocket.3.Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.st night was too cold.5.By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap.6.Some people claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.7.Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the TOEFL test.8.I finished homework and went out of dormitory for a drink.9.Though the Internet has many benefits, but it also has some drawbacks.10.If you are convenient, please give me a hand.11.In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could hardly afford it.12.I forgot my watch at home.13.Smoking is harmful to your body.14.Under his help, we past the IELTS test.15.The two types of designs exist difference.16.The true fact is he never offers help to others.17.There are many people plan to study abroad.18.Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.19.If let alone at home, many old people are very dangerous.20.The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease; however, theyseldom do so.21.Today is very hot, I stay home.22.When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.23.He gave the rose to the lovely lady that he had bought for his wife.parison with the performance of Linda, Kent’s performance is far from perfect.25.The big noise makes me can’t sleep well.26.My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse.27.The price of milk is more expensive than rice.28.The amount of bikes will declines in ten years.29.Smoking is harmful to one’s body. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it canincrease the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.30.The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient and colorful.31.People think develop space research will spend a huge number of money.32.Now people go abroad becomes very easy.puter is a useful tool for student to learn English.34.Raising pets are good for old people and child.35.Pet like dog and cat accompany them.36.Keep pet in big city is not allowed.37.There are many medical reports reveal that keeping pet can prevent heart disease and help patient to feelcomfortably.38.Keep a pet would affect familial relationship.39.It arises a public debate as to whether we humans should carry out experiments on animals.40.Pursuit of fashion spends much money and waste much time.41.However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite beneficial.42.Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.43.On the whole, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyonehas to admit that its disadvantages far overweight it’s advantages.44.I find myself difficult to work and study there due to my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.45.I am very difficult to write essays in English.46.When one is over 70 years old, he is very dangerous if left alone at home.47.I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case.st year saw a rapid raise in the volume of output.49.A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen last night.50.I would like a single room to live and study.51.I am sorry for my abrupt departure that day, for I received a telephone that day asking me to return backhome immediately.52.I and my sister like pets very much. Therefore we are strongly against the ban on pet-raising.53.They maybe very busy so that they can not spare some time for their aged parents.54.The curve rose upward sharply in the past few days.55.After three days’ meeting, we draw a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.第三次课课程安排⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法Beginning Paragraph三大要素：（__________________________________________）Sample 1: When asked about the ongoing uproar involving the increasing divorce rate, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard this as a side effect of the drop of social moral standards. I personally think the latter can hold water. The explanation for this problem involves interrelated factors, such as family and social instability, lack of proper guidance as well as juvenile delinquency.Sample 2: When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in the cities, some people think that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. As for me, there is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles. My argument stems from the fact that our living environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, that the global warming is becoming a serious threat to the human beings, and that the pollution is creating a side effect on the economy.Sample 3: There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction.Question 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.Question 2: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or toimprove the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.（5分范例）It might not be very difficult to discover an obvious phenomenon that more and more college graduates encounter difficulties in finalizing a job nowadays, which, one way or another, brings forth certain doubts as well as discussions over the issue, giving rise to different points of views from distinctive levels of people. As far as I am concerned, the knowledge that has been acquired in schools can’t very well match the r equirements of this fast-developing and competitive world. (78)家庭作业：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.A好坏宏观宏观微观微观第四次课课程安排⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)Topic Sentences主题句写作5步走：1、2、3、4、5、三个过程：今天的重点是:Sample 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.1、确认关键词2、思维两分三种不同出题方式的思维两分图形。
托福写作讲义--修改
写作讲义●八大功能段落：一，对立观点引出段When it refers to..., people’s opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue. The overwhelming majority would support that…, others, however, take the negative attitude.[多用情态动词] [多用插入语]二，个人观点表达→From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.→To choose A or choose B is something of a dilemma to the public, because they always confused by the seemingly good qualities of A and neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.三，原因概述→Among countless factors which influence…, there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.→There are numerous reasons why I advocate…, and I would explore only a few of the most essential ones here.四，原因列举→At the risk of something too simplistic, it seems to me that the main proposition for… can be summarized in one saying that…→Another equally essential / crucial factor why I advocate accounting for my propensity to … is that…→Beyond all these obvious reasons / causes, however, lies a deeper one.五，利弊However, … serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the inferiorities of … coexist its superiority.六，例证(例子为什么支持自己的论点)History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point. A notable case in point relates to … in the realm of…七，影响分析Undoubtedly, … will give rise to a multitude of {profound / significant / positive} effects on …{debasing / negative / harmful }foreseeable future八，结论→Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we may predict that…→From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that...●写作词汇1．事件现象Occurrence, event, incident, issue, phenomenon2．面临，见证Confront, encounter, witness3．热头，流行，普遍Pressing, pervasive, prevalent, burning, rampant4．棘手的Involved, intractable, troublesome, tough, stubborn5．解决方案Scheme, solution, approach, recipe6．迅速有效Potent, effectual, efficacious, valid7．Harmonious, promising, rewarding, cheerful, encouraging8．I THINKAssume, I suppose, I insist, conceive, I acknowledge, I maintain that…9．SHOWReveal, indicate, convey, reflect, confirm, demonstrate, imply10．IMPORTANTCrucial, striking, significant, profound, vital, essential, play a key role11．大多数Widely, commonly, generally, universally, the vast majority of the considerable proportion 12．越来越多A growing trend of, be on the rise, … in increasing numbers, increasingly四大句型一，1.表最高级（重要、意义、必要）Nothing is + adj.-er + than to …2.也不We cannot emphasize … too much (再怎么讲也不为过)3．It pays to … in the long run.二，不言自明/ 众所周知1. It is disputable that…It is universally acknowledged that…It is conceivable that…2. There is no denying that…No one can deny the fact that…It is no doubt that…三，影响、感受1．…leave much to be desired2. …pose a great threat to…3. …lead to a significant influence on…4. …be closely related to one another四，措施1.spare no efforts to… = do one’s utmost to do…2.… pour more investment into…3.bring home to sb. sth.4.on no account can we ignore the value of …●TWE写作常用论证方法1.举例子（可编造）（1）One telling historical example involves... in the field of ...While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. A case in point relates to ...(2) 个人例子This incident is not unique in the society because it has loomed up wide public concern.2.（1）引用名言According to a well-known scientist...( and I paraphrase) “......” which is to say...(2) 引用数据According to a recent survey, we can estimate that......A recent study will make this point clear and acceptable3. 引申法4．反证法●开头段（任何开头应包括）1．陈述命题背景2.自己立场A ORB 题型When it refers to ..., the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole, has come into vogue during the last decade. It is commonly accepted that..., others, however, take the negative attitude. In my view, I prefer... rather than ... as my inclination.AGREE OR DISAGREE 题型The statement declares that.... I partly agree with this claim and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my viewTo be specific.../what amazed us most is that.... Among countless factors which directly and indirectly influence... there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.●正文(讨论口气)1．The main reason for my propensity to ... is that ...Moving on to wide themes, I agree with the statement that..(扩展1)... without the reservation for the reason that ...Naturally,..扩展2.Let’sbring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. It can be given a concreteexample that...2．Another equally essential factor why I advocate... involves the realm of ... No one can deny that..扩展1...Obviously, it is imperative that ...扩展2... Meanwhile, a recent survey will make this pointclear and acceptable.3．However, we should concede that despite the merits of ...mentioned above, overextended... will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable andprofound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on ...; for the society, it may promote atendency toward ...●结尾Weighing the pros and cons of ...,I strongly commit to the notion that..., not only because... but also because...●例文Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the presentWhen it comes to the value of history, the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that “learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.” I disagree with the ...there is a thing you have to know.The main reason for my propensity to the importance of history is that in the business world, there is a saying that you have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going...Furthermore, I agree that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance without reservations since each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Naturally, they learn from the past mistakes which prepare them for the future.Let’s bring our discussion to a more present and practical context. It can be given an example that Microsoft usually has regular views of its past performance, usually in the form of quarterly or annual review.Another equally essential aspect accounting for why I advocate the value of learning about the past involves the realm of politics and society. No one can deny that in the international arena, one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries. Obviously, it is imperative that the politicians should learn from the past political mistakes. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point that the world community learned the great lesson from WWII that there must not be another world war thus we entered into 40 plus years of the cold war.However, we should concede that despite the merits of learning about the past, over extended referring to the past will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on people’s originality; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward mechanism ossification.In sum, the advantages of referring to the past outweigh the disadvantages, but it is imperative to point out that whether historical information can actively affect our present life depends on whether we could take rational cognizance of the past and whether we could try to make breakthrough and whether we could learn from the past failures and success, especially from the failures.●综合写作（规范。
托福综合写作讲义-202X年学习资料
托福综合写作讲义-202X年学习资料TOEFL Integrated Writing Lecture Notes - Study Materials for 202XIntroduction:- Welcome to the TOEFL Integrated Writing Lecture. Today, we will discuss the key strategies and techniques to improve your performance in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section.- The Integrated Writing section requires you to read a passage and listen to a lecture on a particular topic. You will then need to write an essay summarizing the main points from both sources and provide your opinion.- This section assesses your ability to read, listen, and writein English, as well as your critical thinking and analytical skills.Understanding the Prompt:- Before you start writing, it is crucial to understand the prompt fully. Read the passage and listen to the lecture carefully.- Identify the main topic or issue discussed in both the passage and the lecture. Highlight the key points and arguments presented in each source.- Pay attention to any contrasting or supporting ideas between the passage and the lecture. Take notes to help you structure your essay.Organizing Your Essay:第1页/共4页- Start your essay with an introduction that briefly summarizes the topic and introduces your opinion. State whether you agree or disagree with the main ideas presented.- In the body paragraphs, discuss the main points from the passage and the lecture. Use specific examples and references from both sources to support your arguments.- Present contrasting or supporting ideas in separate paragraphs. Clearly indicate which source supports or opposes a particular point.- Use transitional phrases to guide your reader through the essay and make it easy to follow your ideas.- Finally, end your essay with a conclusion that restates your opinion and summarizes the main points from the passage and the lecture.Writing Style and Grammar:- In the TOEFL Integrated Writing section, it is essential to demonstrate your English language skills. Pay attention to your writing style, grammar, and vocabulary.- Avoid simple or repetitive sentences. Use a variety of sentence structures to showcase your language proficiency.- Ensure that your grammar is accurate. Avoid spelling mistakes and punctuation errors.- Use academic vocabulary and phrases to express your ideas effectively. This will enhance the overall quality of your essay.Time Management:- Time management is crucial in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section. Plan your time wisely to allocate sufficient time for reading, listening, and writing.- Use the available time to read the passage carefully and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture attentively and compare it with the main points from the passage.- Allocate enough time to outline your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and ensure a coherent structure.- Reserve ample time to write your essay. This includes drafting, revising, and editing.- Remember to leave a few minutes at the end to review your essay for any grammar or spelling mistakes.Practice and Feedback:- Practice is key to improving your performance in the TOEFL Integrated Writing section. Familiarize yourself with various topics, practice reading and listening skills, and write timed essays regularly.- Seek feedback on your essays from English teachers or native English speakers. They can provide valuable insights and suggestions for improvement.- Review sample essays and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each. This will help you understand the scoring criteria and identify areas for improvement.- Focus on improving your ability to effectively summarize the main points from both the passage and the lecture, as well as providing clear and logical arguments in your essay.Conclusion:- The TOEFL Integrated Writing section may seem challenging at first, but with practice and the right strategies, you can improve your performance significantly.第3页/共4页- Remember to understand the prompt, organize your essay effectively, use proper grammar and vocabulary, manage your time wisely, and seek feedback to continually improve.- Good luck with your TOEFL Integrated Writing preparation, and remember to practice and stay confident!。
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写作讲义梁坚实新东方梁坚实I、xdf/liangjianshi一、Introduction综合写作:客观题——情景再现听听力时努力记笔记,听懂且能记下来,否则不得分字数要求:Integrated Writing :200-300Independent Writing:求>400,越多越好,一般写够500以上都就是good 如果只写够最低值,得不了高分打字速度:30min400字以上格式:如何分段:缩行式空行式不要又缩又空标点符号后要空格,前面不空如何用TPO作文:综合写作:33道题——全部复习材料(1-10,22-27,其余模考),练能力独立写作:33道题一道不要做,做机经。
讲得30道题必须会写。
二、综合写作（1）听力永远反驳阅读(2)阅读与听力得文章结构(一总三分)阅读听力总观点总观点分论点一分论点一解释例子+细节细节分论点二分论点二分论点三分论点三Tips:对应性反驳,三三对应,逐条反驳分论点=要点(4)综合写作行文构架(共四段):阅读主要说。
(阅读总观点)。
听力主要说。
(听力总观点)。
听力反驳了阅读; 阅读认为。
(阅读分论点一)。
听力认为。
(听力分论点一)。
那就是因为。
(听力分论点一后得细节)。
听力反驳了阅读;阅读认为。
(阅读分论点二)。
听力认为。
(听力分论点二)。
那就是因为。
(听力分论点二后得细节)。
听力反驳了阅读;阅读认为。
(阅读分论点三)。
听力认为。
(听力分论点三)。
那就是因为。
(听力分论点三后得细节)。
听力反驳了阅读;综合写作不需要标题,不要写结尾补充:[1]阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。
[2]阅读中论点为主观想法时,可以直接加not反推听力论点;阅读中论点为客观事实时,听力认为阅读中论点不充分。
[3]阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时,论点常为主观想法,直接+not[4]当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时,至少有一种论证方式为主观想法,听力只反驳主观想法[5]听完后先不要动笔写,回忆一下听得与读得就是否能对得上关于行文框架得几点说明:A、综合写作2,3,4段每段必须包含3部分:阅读材料要点;听力材料得要点与细节;两者关系——反驳B、阅读得细节不重要,可以不写,一般不写。
如果写阅读细节得话,则需要归纳改写阅读得核心细节,最忌讳大段照抄阅读原文C、阅读分论点得位置:段首或者段尾(占80%);不明确(能归纳)。
如出现在段首或者段尾,同义改写:分论点比较短得,同义词稍稍改写个别词即可;分论点比较长得,归纳一下。
有三种改写方式:同义词改写(everyday=daily),同根词改写(necessary=necessity),全新表达方式D、听力材料无论就是分论点还就是细节用原词原句最准确,不需要改写,把原文都记下来就是一个理想状态,如果达不到得话自己去归纳,归纳必须遵照听力原文,不允许发挥。
E、核心思想就是“替换”,表现用词用语得多样性,避免重复Reading material,the author, the writer、F、得分得不就是模板,就是填得空综合写作重要句型:1.The lecture discusses、、、, which differs from the main idea in the reading that、、、2.The professor makes the point that、、、、 The reading, in contrast, holdsa different view that、、、3.An important point shown in the reading material is that、、、, but the listening presents a conflicting idea that、、、4. The professor states that、、、, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that、、、5.The professor discusses that problem of、、、 , and the reading views ina contrary (different) angle that、、、6.The professor makes the point that、、、On the contrary (in contrast), the writer demonstrates an idea that、、、模板:The reading material discusses、、、, which differs from the main idea in the listening that、、、An important point shown in the reading material is that、、、, but the listening presents a conflicting idea that、、、The writer makes the point that、、、、 The lecture, in contrast, holds a different view that、、、The author states that、、、, which challenges the standpoint made by the professor who says that、、、综合写作笔记要点:笔记不求完美,符号记笔记,中英文结合,首字母缩写。
笔记就是练出来得,形成个性化笔记。
每个听力段落至少听10遍,练习记笔记。
记完笔记后练习复述。
独立写作一、写作流程2分钟审题题型分类(9种,价值判断、现象证明及其她)解题方法(万金油、拆分举例)文章结构论证方法开头主体段落(主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论)结尾2分钟检查二、托福作文观点得要求由于托福作文题目都就是可争论性得话题,所以同意或者反对,选A或者选B都就是可以得;观点得选取不需要完美得逻辑,只要自圆其说即可;观点也不需要思想深度,也不需要创新;---------------------------永远写好写得,自己能写得。
尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题。
三、文章结构四或者五段都可。
开头结尾独立成段,中间可以写2-3段都可以。
字数分配开头 50词结尾 30词即开头+结尾大约100词中间写3段,每段100词,100词不容易出现语言重复,所以五段比四段(每段150词)好时间分配开头 3分钟结尾2分钟中间每段100词 7分钟每段150词 10分钟四、论证结构绝对论证:所有得观点指向一个方向五段:A A+ A+ A+/B- A四段:A A+ A+ A让步论证:一定要写五段;让一小步五段:A A+ A+ A- A五、开头(观点明确)1、三部分内容:引言(重要性/影响/趋势)论题(同义改写题目)观点2、句型(1)第一句话重要性 Importance、、、play an essential role in、、、、、、be of equal importance to、、、、、、be considered to be important means/role to、、、影响 Influence、、、had a widespread/positive/negative impact on、、、趋势 PrevalenceThere is a general trend that、、、There is a mon practice that、、、(2)第二句话论题(同义改写题目:同义词;同根词;全新表达方式)、、、 Is a controversial topic、、、、is under fierce discussion、However, people have conflicting/differing opinions about whether、、、(3)第三句话:观点Eg:1.Agree or disagree: Technology makes people’s lives more plicated、Technology has had tremendous impact on every aspect of modern life、However, whether technology made our lives more plex or not is a controversial topic、 From my perspective, I believe technology has made our lives more convenient、2、Many people have a close relationship with their pets、 These people treat their birds, cats, o r other animals as members of their family、 In your opinion, are such relationships good?Pets are an integral/ess ential part of the modern life、 However, people are having differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them、I believe such a relationship brings benefits to people in various ways despite some potential harms、(典型让步) 3.People should not pay for public transportation、试写:Public transportation plays an essential role in our modern daily life、 However, whether people should pay for using public transportation or not is a controversial topic、 From my perspective, people should not pay for public transportation、范例:There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious、 Wether public transportation should be made free is under fierce discussion、 I believe the plan should be implemented、六、中间段落得写法结构:主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论1.主题句:前置于段首,陈述句。