并列结构

并列结构

并列(COORDINATION)与从属(suBoRDINATION)是两种重要的表态手段，它们能够把两个或两个以上的信息连接起来表示出它们之间的相互关系，是同等的重要．还是有主次之分。比如这里有两句活：

Tom was doing his homework．

Jim was sleeping．

如果说话人认为这两句话所传递的信息在重要性上差不多是相等的，就可以把它们一前一后地排列起来，或者用并列连词把它们连接起来：

Tom was doing his homework． Jim was deeping

Tom was doing his homework，and Jim was sIeeping

如果在说话人看来，这两句话并非向等重要，便可以通过从属手段位次要的信息川现在从威分句中，而使主要的信息小现在主句中：

While Tom was doing his homework，Jim was sIeeping．

或者：

while Jim was sleeping，Tom was doing his homework．

在上述第一个复杂句巾，说话人把jim was sleeping放在主导的地位，而在第二个复杂句中，则是把Tom was doing his homework

放在主导的地位。这样一来，原来的两句句话在语义上便有主次之分了。由此可见，并列与从属是在表意中权衡轻重，调节说话口气的语法手段之一。

1 并列结构的语法特征

并列结构可以是词和词的并列，可以是的组和词组的并列，也可以是分句和分句的并列。就并列项目的多少米说，并列结构既可以是双项

并列，也可以是多项并列。

I) 双项并列

双项并列指两个词、两个词组或者两个分句的并列，"的并列结构形式。例如：

He is an intelligent and hardworking young man.

That was an exciting but dangerous trip.

Both the parents and their children want to live in the country

(住在乡下)．

My father is old,but he is still in good health.

He won't live in the city,nor will his wife.

The man was with a wife but without children.

由上述诸例可以看出，并列结构通常都带有并列连词(cooRDLNAToR),并列连词所连接的两个项目通常是词类相同或者结构相同，句法功能也相同。在上述第一例中出and连接的两个项目都是形容词，而且都是作young man的前置修饰话，这就是说并列项目都是在同一语法层次上。反之，如果两个项目的词类不同(比如一个是形容词，一个是名词)，或者句法功能不向(比如一个是作名词修饰语，一个是作补语)，那就不可能构成并列关系。如果词类相问，句法功能也相同，可是语法层次不同，那也不可能并列起来。例如；

a hrdworking young man

a well-known medical school

在上述第一例中hardworking和youn 虽然都是形容词作名词的前置修饰语，但youg 修饰man，而hafdworking则修饰yougman，因此hardworking和young不在同一层次上，从而不是并列关系。同样地，在

上述第二例中medical修饰schoo1，而well-known则是修饰础medical school，因此也不是并列关系。2)多项并列多项并列指由三个或三个以上项目构成的并列结构。在多项并列结构中，通常是在前面的每个并列项目之后用逗号，在最后一个并列项目之前用连词。例如：

Tbere is a bed, a wardrobe, a desk, and several chairs in the rom Among the guests were the Hwiers,the Browns, Professor Lee,

and some relatives of hers.

在多项并列结构中，为了达到一定的修辞目的也可以统统用逗号，不用连词；或者统统用连词，不用逗号。例如：

our tain qujckIy passed Suzhow,Wuxi，Zhangzhou,

and arrived at Nanjing about noon time.

在上述一例中，多项并列结构统统用逗号，给人以节奏明快的感觉。

语法结构 英语的并列连词就结构形式来说分为单词并列连词(SINGLE-WORD C00RDINATOR)，如and，or but：nor yet so；关联并列连词(CORRELATIVE C00RDINATOR)，如both…and，not only…but(also)，eiher...or，neither…nor，not…but等。此外还有连词for是介乎并列连河和从属连词之间的，本书把它也放在并列连词中处理。

从语义上划分，英语的并列连词义可分为表示语义增进的并列表示因果的并列连词。

I．表示语义增进的并列连词

表示语义增进的并列连词以and为代表，not only．．but(aIso)，nor，neither．．nor等。

语义增进是连词and所表示的主要意义。

He bought a table and two chairs．

I am interested jn chemitry(化学)and in mathematics(数学)。 John did the work,and he did it wel (约翰做了这件事．而且做得好。)

You doubt his capacity,and with reson (你怀疑他的能力，而且有理由怀疑、)

表示语义增进，and有时还可出现了句首，这主要用于非正式语体。

例如：

Well he doesn't have a fever .And his pulse is fine.

"Just a litt[e cold，Chartie，"say the doctor"Better stay inside

today, Charlie．And take it easy．"

"Did you serve in either or my last two campaigns?"

除表尔语义增进，连词and还可用于其他意义。比如表示对比和转折：He was city-bred(在城里长大的)，and she was country-bred(在乡间氏大的)-She was rough(粗鲁)，and he was gentle(文雅)．He is Jack of a11 trades and masterr of none．(他样样刽5会，门门不箱。)

There is all talk and no action. (尽是空谈，没有行动.)

He is so rich and lives like a beggar (他北常富有，而生活却象乞丐一般。)

又例如麦不条件：

Tell him anything，and he just looks at you blankly

(=If you tell him anything，he just looks at you bIankly．)