专业硕士研究生英语Unit 11共46页文档
研究生公共英语 UNIT11：vocabulary and key sentences
6. independent of:
• free of; not influenced or controlled by • Examples: • They went camping, so as to be independent of inns and hotels. • Customs and habits can not exist independently of the culture.
8. clad:
• dressed • Examples: • He entered the casino and saw some thinly-clad ladies dancing. • He looked afar and saw the mountains clad in verdure.
• 截至目前，惯常的做法是将同一种颜色 在许多截然不同的国家或是相距甚远的 各个历史时期进ion, however, is whether or not the same system of symbols recurs in all civilizations.
7. attire:
• dress • Examples: • The children are attired in their Sunday best to go to church. • The government officials are well-attired for the important occasion.
14. cardinal points:
• the four chief points of the compass
15. lay a curse on:
• lay a punishment or destruction upon • Example: • It seemed his birth, had laid a curse on him as he was seriously deformed.
研究生英语阅读教程lesson11
1. Set goals for yourself and read with a purpose. If you are looking for specific information as you read, it will be easier to keep your attention focused on the material. So, before you begin to read a text in English, decide what you intend to accomplish during that session and about how much time it will take.
About the Author
On July 11th, 1942 Smith married Eloise Pickard of Durham, North Carolina. From Fort Benning Smith was assigned to the command of C Company, 10th Mountain Division. Wounded at Mount Belvedere in the last stages of the Italian Campaign, Smith resumed his education doing graduate work at Harvard and receiving his PhD in American History in 1951.
3. Write the procedures and allocate time for each step or task. Now, start reading. (When you feel bored, sleepy, or confused, note down the time you’ve been concentrating, and check what you have done. )
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks
Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
研究生综合英语unit11 text
subject(臣民) Byzantium (拜占庭) Ambassador 大使
kiss feet touch the ground with forehead
2. Prostrate 俯卧、 匍匐
在远古时期，臣民对统治者的膜拜表现在深深地鞠 躬、匍匐在地、不问不能开口以及绝不能背对王位 而行。
• “骑士精神”源自中世纪，构成了西欧民族中的“绅 士风度”，主要表现在对于个人身份和荣誉的注重， 对于风度、礼节和外表举止的讲究、崇尚精神理想 和尊重妇女等。
• 骑士精神规范的基本守则如下︰ 1、保护老弱妇孺。 2、为公义而战以对抗不平与邪恶。 3、热爱家园。 4、为防卫教会而冒死犯难。 骑士的八大美德：谦恭，正直，怜悯，英勇，公正， 牺牲，荣誉，灵魂。
1.etiquette: formal rules for correct behavior 礼节 、礼仪 convention: the rules and customs of acceptable behavior习俗、惯例
Etiquette 1. ____________is important on occasions such as weddings and funerals. convention 2. It is a matter of ______________that male business people usually wear suits.
事故的真正起因仍有争议。 The exact cause of the accident is still in dispute.
b). dispute V. 争论、辩论
They disputed at great length what they should do.
Unit11研究生英语,熟谙
• M.A. in German literature and Germanic linguistics, the University of Wisconsin
Paraphrase (2) －Para. 2
• The appeal to the Supreme Court followed a 6-to-5 ruling, in October of 1995, by a federal appeals court striking down the Arizona law. After a federal appeals court cancelled the Arizona law, following a 6-to-5 decision in October of 1995, the party concerned appealed to the Supreme Court.
Language Points(2) – Para. 2 appeal(to): n.&v. an earnest request or: attract(ion)
e.g. a) She made one last appeal to her father for permission to go to the party. b) The children appeal to their mother to know what to do on a rainy day. (v.) Or: a) Television has a great appeal for most young people. b) Blue and red appeal to me but I don't like grey or yellow. (v.)
研究生 英语阅读教程 第三版 课文 lesson 11
Lesson 11 Mind over machineCarl zimmerSome monkey business in a Duke University lab suggests we’ll soon be able to move artificial limbs, control robotic soldiers, and communicate across thousands of miles—using nothing but our thoughts.[1] Something incredible is happening in a lab at Duke University,s Center for Neuroengineering—though ,at first ,it is hard to see just what it is. A robot arm swings from side to side, eerily lifelike, as if it extends its mechanical hand. The hand clamp shuts and squeezes for a few seconds , then relaxes its grip and pulls back to shoot out again in a new direction. OK ,nothing particularly astonishing here—robot arms , after all , do everything from building our cars to sequencing our DNA . But those robot arms are operated by software ; the arm at Duke follows commands of s different sort. To see where those commands are coming from, you have to follow a tangled trail of the lab and down the hall to another, smaller room.[2] Inside this room sits a motionless macaque monkey.[3] The monkey is strapped in a chair ,staring at a computer screen . On the screen a black dot moves from side to side ; when it stops ,a circle widens around it. You would not know just from watching , but that dot represents the movement of the arm in the other room . The circle indicates the squeezing of its robotic grip ; as the force of the grip increase ,the circle widens . In other words , the dot an the circle are responding to the robot arm’s movements . And the arm ? It is being directed by monkey .[4] Did i mention the monkey is motionless?[5] Take another look at those cables : They snake into the back of the computer and then out again ,terminating in a cap on the monkey’s head ,where they receive signals from hundreds of electrodes buried in its brain. The monkey is directing the robot with its thoughts.[6] For decads scientist have pondered ,speculated on ，and pooh-poohed the possibility of a direct interface between a brain and a machine —only in the late 1990s did scientists start learning enough about the brain and signal-processing to offer glimmers of hope that this science-fiction vision could become reality . Since then ,insights into the working of the brain —how it encodes commands for the body , and how it learns to improve those commands over time —have piled up at an astonishing pace ,and the researchers at Duke studying the maceque and the robotic arm are at the leading edge of the technology .“This goes way beyond what’s been done before,”says neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis , co-director of the Center for Neurogengineering. Indeed , the performance of the center’s monkeys suggests that a mind-machine merger could become a reality in humans very soon .[7] Nicolelis and his team are confident that in five years they will be able to build a robot arm that can be controlled by a person with electrode implanted in his or her brain . Ther chief focus is medical —they aim to give people with paralyzed limbs a new tool to make everyday life easier. But the success they and other groups of scientists are achieving has triggered broader excitement in both the public and private sectors . The defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has already doled out $24 million to various brain-machine research efforts across the Unite d States , and Duke group among them . High on DARPA’a wish list : mind -controlled battle robots , and airplanes that can be flown with nothing more than thought . You were hoping for something a bit closer to home ? How about a mental telephone that you could use simply by thinking about talking .[8] The notion of decoding the brain’s commands can seem , on the face of it ,to be pure hubris. How could any computer eavesdrop on all the goings-on that take place in there every moment of ordinary life ?[9] Yet after a century of neurological breakthroughs ,scientists aren’t so intimidated by the brain ;they treat it as just another information processor , albeit the most complex one in the word .“We don’t see the brain as being a mysterious organ ,”says Gr aig Henriquez ,Nicolelis’s fellow co-director of the Center for Neuroengineering . “We see 1s and 0s popping out of the brain, and we’re decoding it .”[10] The source of all those 1s and 0s is ,of course ,the brain’s billons of neurons . When a neuron gets an incoming stimulus at one end —for example , photons strike the retina , which sends that visual information to a nearby neuron —an electric pulse travels the neuron’s length . Depending on the signals it receives ,a neuron can crackle with hundreds of these impulses every second . When each impulse reaches the far end of the neuron , it triggers the cell to dump neurotransmitters that can spark a new impulse in a neighboring neuron . In the way , the signal gets passed around the brain like a baton in a footrace . Ultimately , this rapid-fire code gives rise to electrical impulses that travel along nerves that lead out of the brain and spread through the body ,causing muscles to contract and relax in all sorts of different patterns ,letting us blink, speak ,walk ,or play the sousaphone .[11] in the 1930s ,neuroscientist began to record these impulses with implantable electrodes. Although each neuron is in an insulating sheath ,an impulse still creates a weak electric field outside the cell . Researchers studying rat and monkey brains found that by placing the sensitive tip of an electrode near a neuron they could pick up the sudden changes in the electric field that occurred through the cell .[12] The more scientists studied this neural code , the more they realized that it wasn’t all that different from the on-off digital code of computers . If scientist could decipher the code —to translate one signal as “lift hand ”and another as “lift hand ” and another as “look left ”,they could use the information to operate a machine . “this is not new ,” says John Chapin , a collaborator with the Duke researchers who works at the State University of New York Downstate Health Science Center in Brooklyn . “People have thought about it since the 1960s”[13] But most researchers assumed that each type of movement was governed by a specific handful of the brain’s billions of neurons —the need to monitor the whole brain in order to find those few would make the successful decoding a practical impossibility . “If you wanted to have a robot arm move left ,” Chapin explain , “you would have to find that small set of neurons that would carry the command to move to the left ”. But you don’t know where those cells are in advance .[14] Thus everything that was known at the time suggested that brain-machine interfaces were a fool’s errand .Everything , it turned out ,was wrong .(1,145 words)。
专业学位研究生英语阅读U11答案
专业学位研究生英语阅读U11答案Packaging is a very important form of advertising.A package can sometimes motivate people to buy products.For example,a little child might ask for a breakfast food contained in a box with a picture of a TV character.The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food.Pictures for children to color or cut out,games printed on a package,or a small gift inside a box also motivate many children to buy products-or to ask their parents to buy for them.Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing.Food products sold in reusable containers are examples of this.Although a similar product in plain container might cost less,people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish,because they believe the container is free.However,the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product.The size of a package also motivates a buyer.Maybe the package has“Economy Size”or“Family Size”printed on it.This suggests that the larger size has the most product for the least money.But that is not always true.To find it out,a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit.The information on the package should provide some answers.But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement.The words and pictures do not tell the whole story.Only the product inside can do that.1.“A buyer will get something for nothing”in paragraph2 may probably mean________.A)a buyer will not get what he pays forB)a buyer will get more than what he pays forC)a buyer will get something useful free of chargeD)a buyer will get more but pay less2.From the pasage we know the buyer pays more attention to________.A)the size of a containerB)a container with attractive pictureC)a well-designed containerD)a plain container with low cost3.What suggestion does the writer give in the passage?A)It's not good to buy the product which is sold in a glass or dish.B)The quality of a container has nothing to do with the quality of the product.C)The best choice for a buyer is to buy a product in a plainpackage.D)A buyer should buy what he needs most rather than a well-designed package.4.Which of the following sentences is NOT true according to the passage?A)In fact glasses or dishes used for packaging do not cost money at all.B)“Family Size”printed on the package means that it is rather economic.C)To a child,even to an adult,the form is far more important than the content.D)Words and pictures written on the package are thought to be an advertisement.5.What do you think is the best title for the passage?A)How to Package a Product.B)How to Make an Advertisement.C)How to Sell Product.D)How to Attract More Buyers.答案及精解1.【答案精解】A推理题。
考研英语阅读unit-11
Unit 11Work makes the workman.勤工出巧匠P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts between the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of PhDs. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22, 000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the PhD requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated “because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of PhD programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the PhD level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete t he PhD.“The results of our research ” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions”.1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 percent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass to the qualifying examination, uncompleted thesis and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their PhD program, lack of finances was marked by 19 percent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $20,000 and more annually while none of the PhD’s with that background reached this figure and 78% at the level of $7,500 to $15,000 against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where PhD’s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.1. The author states that many educators feel that[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.[B] the dropouts should return to a better school to continue their study.[C] the PhD holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.[D] the dropout rate is attributable to the lack of stimulation by faculty members.2. What has the research mentioned in the text shown?[A] Dropouts are substantially below PhD’s in financial attainment.[B] The motivating factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing PhD studies.[C] The PhD candidate is likely to change his specialization if he drops out.[D] About one-third of those who start PhD work do not finish the requirement.3.What does the author mean by “glum” (Line 2, Para.9)?[A] bright [B] gloomy [C] clear [D] uncertain4.According to the text, which of the following statements is true？[A] Meeting language requirements for the PhD is a more frequent reason for dropping out.[B] Meeting language requirements for the PhD is more difficult for the humanities candidate.[C] It is essential for the PhD to meet the language requirements of many PhD programs.[D] Foreign language requirements for the PhD vary in difficulty among universities.5.What can be inferred from the text?[A] The high rate of dropouts lies in the fact that the salary for PhD is too low.[B] So many PhD candidates drop out in that academic requirement is too high for them.[C] The high rate of dropouts is because of the reality that the salary for dropouts is higher.[D] 25% of the dropouts considering returning to school will go on with their present job.Text 2The promise of finding long-term technological solutions to the problems of world food shortages seems difficult to fulfill. Many innovations that were once heavily supported and publicized, such as fish-protein concentrate and protein from algae grown on petroleum substrates, have since fallen by the wayside. The proposals themselves were technically feasible, but they proved to be economically unavailable and to yield food products culturally unacceptable to their consumers. Recent innovations such as opaque-2 maize, Antarctic krill, and the wheatrye hybrid triticale seem more promising, but it is too early to predict their ultimate fate.One characteristic common to unsuccessful food innovations has been that, even with extensive government support, they often have not been technologically adapted or culturally acceptable to the people for whom they had been developed. A successful new technology, therefore, must fitthe entire socio-cultural system in which it is to find a place. Security of crop yield, practicality of storage, palatability, and costs are much more significant than had previously been realized by the advocates of new technologies. For example, the better protein quality in tortillas made from opaque-2 maize will be of only limited benefit to a family on the margin of subsistence if the new maize is not culturally acceptable or is more vulnerable to insects.The adoption of new food technologies depends on more than these technical and cultural considerations; economic factors and governmental policies also strongly influence the ultimate success of any innovation. Economists in the Anglo-American tradition have taken the lead in investigating the economics of technological innovation. Although they exaggerate in claiming that profitability is the key factor guiding technical change —they completely disregard the substantial effects of culture —they are correct in stressing the importance of profits. Most technological innovations in agriculture can be fully used only by large landowners and are only adopted if these profit-oriented business people believe that they increase their incomes. Thus, innovations that carry high rewards for big agribusiness groups will be adopted even if they harm segments of the population and reduce the availability of food in a country. Further, should a new technology promise to alter substantially the profits and losses associated with any production system, those with economic power will strive to maintain and improve their own positions. Since large segments of the populations of many developing countries are close to the subsistence margin and essentially powerless, they tend to be the losers in this system unless they are aided by a government policy that takes into account the needs of all sectors of the economy. Therefore, although technical advances in food production and processing will perhaps be needed to ensure food availability, meeting food needs will depend much more on equalizing economic power among the various segments of the populations within the developing countries themselves.6. According to the author ,what is /are important to the success of a new food ?[A] economic factors and governmental policies.[B] profitability and high rewards.[C] quality of the crop’s protein.[D] cultural acceptability of the crop.7. The successful application of technological innovations will be largely determined by[A] large segments of the populations of many developing countries.[B] large landowners and profit-oriented business people.[C] the production system of a country.[D] whether they are culturally acceptable to their consumers.8.We can infer from the text that[A] the Opaque-2 maize can be stored as easily as other varieties of maize.[B] the Opaque-2 maize is more popular than the wheat-rye hybrid.[C] the Opaque-2 maize is a more recent innovation than the use of fish-protein concentrate.[D] the Opaque-2 maize is more susceptible to insects than are other varieties of maize.9.In developing countries, the introduction of a food innovation needs governmental policies to[A] guarantee the financial success of the innovation.[B] ensure the spread of the benefits of the innovation.[C] convince landowners to try the innovation.[D] reduce the cost of the innovation.10.The purpose of the text is to[A] introduce means of assessing the extent of the world food shortage.[B] show difficulties of applying technological solutions to the food shortage.[C] discuss the costs of introducing a new food technology to a developing country.[D] analysis the nature of new technological innovations in the area of food production.Text 3In the relationship of education to business we observe today a fine state of paradox. On the one hand, the emphasis which most business places upon a college degree is so great that one can almost visualize the time when even the office boy will have his baccalaureate. On the other hand, we seem to preserve the belief that some deep intellectual chasm separates the businessman from other products of the university system. The notion that business people are quite the Philistines sounds absurd. For some reason, we tend to characterize vocations by stereotypes, none too flattering but nonetheless deeply imbedded in the national conscience. In the cast of characters the businessman comes on stage as a crass and uncouth person. It is not a pleasant conception and no more truthful or less unpleasant than our other stereotypes.Business is made up of people with all kinds of backgrounds, all kinds of motivations, and all kinds of tastes, just as in any other form of human endeavour. Businessmen are not ambulatory balance sheets and profit statements, but perfectly normal human beings, subject to whatever strengths, frailties, and limitations characterize man on the earth. They are people grouped together in organizations designed to complement the weakness of one with strength of another, tempering the exuberance of the young with the caution of the more mature, the poetic soaring of one mind with the counting house realism of another. Any disfigurement which society may suffer will come from man himself, not from the particular vocation to which he devotes his time.Any group of people necessarily represents an approach to a common denominator, and it is probably true that even individually they tend to conform somewhat to the general pattern. Many have pointed out the danger of engulfing our original thinkers in a tide of mediocrity. Conformity is not any more prevalent of any more exacting in the business field than it is in any other. It is a characteristic of all organizations of whatever nature. The fact is the large business unit provides greater opportunities for individuality and require less in the way of conformity than other institutions of comparable size—the government service, or the academic world, or certainly the military.11. The paradox in the relationship of education to business is[A] businessmen are both unmindful of history and sophisticated in it.[B] businessmen show both contempt and respect for noble activities.[C] intellectuals engage in simple work that the uneducated can complete.[D] there are both noticeable similarities and differences between businessmen and intellectuals.12. According to the text, a typical businessman is usually considered to be[A] obstinate and hostile.[B] sociable and sympathetic.[C] ill-mannered and simple-minded.[D] shameless and ungraceful.13. There isn’t a stereotyped businessman because[A] they represent a cross section of society.[B] they are not ordinary people.[C] they are people with strong personal characters.[D] there is considerable mobility in the vocation.14. The distortion of the image of the businessmen is the result of[A] prevalent egoism among businessmen.[B] the fierce social competition.[C] racial discrimination.[D] sheer misunderstanding of other people.15. According to the text, which of the following is true?[A] People in all vocations are unwilling to conform to a general pattern.[B] Conformity is a special characteristic of business.[C] Businessmen are all original thinkers.[D] Businessmen are provided with greater opportunities than people in other profession.Text 4There can be fewer bodies as cursed by industry or as despised by an infuriated British public as the Health and Safety Commission. Barely a week passes without fresh examples of intrusive absurdities: vicars forbidden to change church light bulbs in case they fall off ladders, amateur clowning and school trips cancelled, Christmas decorations unaffordable because of a new ban on firemen using ladders for non-emergencies, and even, shockingly, a child left to drown in a lake because the police were forbidden to jump into the water without previous training.It is not simply the lawsuits involved with these endless new regulations that are so ridiculous; it is the risk-averse culture that has gripped every local council and every licensing authority and is not only destroying initiative and enterprise but turning Britain into a timid, killjoy society. “Health and Safety” seems now to be the universal excuse to ban anything that was once enjoyable.To most people, the relevant or irrelevant legislation seems to be an industrial version of political correctness gone mad. It has brought into disrepute the entire concept of the 1974 Act, which set up the Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The Act was intended to consolidate safe practices in industrial sectors where the accident record was poor. But as Britain has moved to a service economy, more and more responsibility for enforcing the regulations has fallen to local councils. And it is here that the excesses have multiplied as the relationship to reality has disappeared.All too often, councils have used the legislation as a way of protecting themselves against potential lawsuits. Britain’s increasingly lawsuit-prone culture, spurred by American example and sharp lawyers, has given insurers the excuse to refuse cover unless an activity can be guaranteed to be devoid of risk. Councils would rather close playground swings and ban hanging baskets than pit plain common sense against highly paid lawyers.The Health and Safety Executive claims to be frustrated that its name is taken in vain, but it has created an environment that is unhealthy and unsafe for common sense. The real danger is that regulators do not know when to stop. Industry is now so overburdened that businesses apparently spend at least two days a month on compliance, with smaller businesses less able to cope with the expense. Safety is about saving lives, not stopping people going about their daily lives.16. Why does the Health and Safety Commission cause so much resentment?[A] The public are cursed with its violence.[B] Its rules and regulations are irrational.[C] It interferes with church practice.[D] It adopts improper non-emergency policies.17. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] Lawsuits against the regulation are mostly ridiculous.[B] Health and Safety are being universally resisted.[C] Councils and licensing authorities are destructive.[D] The first concern in the public sectors is to avoid risks.18. By saying “an industrial version…gone mad” (Line 1, Para. 3), the author probably means that[A] local councils are taking the regulations to extremes.[B] industries have yet to improve their accident record.[C] economic change demands a shift of responsibility.[D] 1974 Act can not settle the political dispute as expected.19. Besides councils, which of the following also yields to the lawsuit prone culture?[A] lawyers [B] the public [C] insurers [D] entertainers20. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] Once bitten, twice shy[B] Things done cannot be[C] Take things as they come[D] Easier said than donePart BPart BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Columbine High School, April 20, 1999 was the scene of a massacre, but in wake of this massacre America experienced an epiphany. Tragically, this was not the last we would hear about crimes of a similar nature to this one. From 1996 to 2000 an unprecedented stew of violence occurred. There were twelve incidents which received national coverage and left many millions more questioning what happened, what went wrong, where did this come from. 21. ________________.Walking into a public high school three years after the epiphany and one will witness a very different approach towards the matter. Let us take into consideration the following scenario: Student A occupies the parking spot of Student B, an exchange of vulgar profanity takes place. Both parties leave and there is no fight but a growing animosity is left in the minds in each of the groups. Teacher X witnesses the incident, hence informs the dean about the altercation. In the middle of the day Student A and Student B are beckoned from their respective classrooms to attend a mandatory Peer Mediation discussion. Both students meet confined in a room and with a student and the dean present. They are told to narrate the events that took place. The intendedoutcome is acknowledgement of guilt by one side or clearing up misunderstandings. Peer Mediation is just one of many ways public schools throughout America are trying to prevent school violence.22. ____________________.Although peer mediation has found some success through the research of the University of Florida’s conflict resolution/peer mediation research project it is not the only method of prevention, says the center for prevention of school violence. 23. ________________________. This “think tank” that was started in 1993 believes that in order to create a safe environment in which students are worry free and are not in the constant anguish of looking over their shoulders, parents also need to get involved with their children. This gives the student a wholesome life style in which there are checks and balances from all aspects of daily life whether they are in family, school, or work.24. _____________________. Where they differ is where to draw the lines as to what is the most productive and effective tool. By examining this aspect we would know where to concentrate our effort and resources. The National Crime Prevention Council is a leading authority on this issue. What does work, works on three different levels, identifying problems in an individual, engaging awareness of the issue, and promoting physical prevention features such as metal detectors. 25. _______________________.[A] In order to understand the policy of public schools prevention and measure them we must seehow these methods are implemented, what is that works in the prevention tactics.[B] So what works is a balance of teachers, students, principles, parents, Law enforcement, andthe community engaging in the three levels mentioned previously. According to NCPC there isa direct correlation between in community involvement in crime prevention and reported teencrimes.[C] The solution does depend on the problem and identifying is very critical. At the same time youcan not just for all the psychologists to submit their research and studies before something is done.[D] Whether the events that were mentioned above are the social ramifications（of Media orFamily is not the immediate concern. The immediate concern is what is it that we do now in the faith of common sense to immediately battle back.[E] As far as this issue is concerned the solution to the problem will be identifying the root of theproblem. Some people are quick to blame the media, while some blame parents, and others blame the schools themselves.[F] It is their belief that schools need to incorporate a much larger concept of school safety. Theyneed to design a plan for every area of the school from restrooms and locker rooms to the councilor’s office and the principal’s office.[G] These were just some of the techniques and plans that have been drawn up. Many of them aresimilar.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.26)It is not altogether easy to decide what is the root cause of the love of excitement, but I incline to think that our mental make-up is adapted to the stage when men lived by hunting. When a man spent a long day with very primitive weapons in stalking a deer with the hope of dinner andwhen, at the end of the day, he dragged the carcass triumphantly to his cave, he sank down in contented weariness, while his wife dressed and cooked the meat. He was sleepy, and his bones ached, and the smell of cooking filled every corner of his consciousness. At last after eating, he sank into deep sleep. In such a life there was neither time nor energy for boredom. 27)But when he took to agriculture, and made his wife do all the heavy work in the fields, he had time to reflect upon the vanity of human life, to invent mythologies and systems of philosophy, and to dream of the life hereafter in which he would perpetually hunt the wild animals.Our mental make-up is suited to a life of very severe physical labor. I used, when I was younger, to take my holidays walking. 28)I would cover 25 miles a day, and when the evening came I had no need of anything to keep me from boredom, since the delight of sitting amply sufficed. But modern life cannot be conducted on these physically strenuous principles. A great deal of work is sedentary and most manual work exercises only a few specialized muscles. When London crowds assemble in Trafalgar Square to cheer to echo an announcement that the government has decided to have them killed, they would not do so if they had walked 25 miles that day. 29)This cure for aggressiveness is, however, impracticable, and if the human race is to survive — a thing which is, perhaps, undesirable — other means must be found for securing an innocent outlet for the unused physical energy that produces love of excitement.What is serious about excitement is that so many of its forms are destructive. It is destructive in those who cannot resist excess in alcohol or gambling. It is destructive when it takes the form of mob violence. And above all it is destructive when it leads to war. 30)It is so deep a need that it will find harmful outlets of this kind unless innocent outlets are available. There are such innocent outlets at present in sport, and in politics so long as it is kept in constitutional bounds. But these are not sufficient, especially as the kind of politics that is most exciting is also the kind that does most harm.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.well-rounded a.面面俱到的，经过周密计划的；具有多方面兴趣的2.questionnaire n（作统计或调查用的）问卷，征求意见表3.enroll vt.入学，登记，招收4.doctorate n.博士学位5.faculty n.（大学的）全体教员；院，系；才能, 能力6.drain n.用尽，枯竭；排水沟vt.排泄；放干；使耗尽7. consistent a一贯的，始终如一的；和…一致的（with）8. humanity n.人文科学g behind 滞后，落后于10.glum a.暗淡的难句突破1. [Discussing the study last week], Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently（expressed by graduate faculties and administrators）{that some of theindividuals (who dropped out of PhD programs) were capable of completing the requirement for the degree}【分析】复合句。
专业硕士研究生英语Unit 11
5. strip somebody of something to take something important, such as a title, away from someone as a punishment剥夺 E.g.
1. derive from to come from something来源于……
E.g. 1）We derive knowledge from books 我们从书中获得知识 2) Many English words are derived from Latin. 许多英语词汇源于拉丁文。
7. exert
to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力v.发挥, 竭尽 全力
E.g. 1) For college students to do a part-time job will exert a profound influence on their personality and life. 2)打工对大学生的个性培养和今后生活都具有深远的影响。 3)That council member has been exerting a lot f pressure on the company to accept the raw material of low quality. "那个市议员一直在对这个公司施加很大的压力,要他们接受 这批劣质原料。"
3. impact a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person影响
研究生英语EST_Chapter11
Chapter Eleven Adverbial Clause1. Adverbial Clauses of Time1)Electric charges work when they move.2)Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.3) As the sphere becomes larger, the waves become weaker.4) The earth turns round its axis as it travels around the sun.2 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose1) We keep the battery in a dry place so that electricity may not leak away.2) Usually the capacitor is made up of plates of large area so that large electrical charges may be stored.3 Adverbial Clauses of Place1) Where there are magnetic forces, there are poles.2)Where the volt is too large a unit, we use the millivolt or microvolt.4 Adverbial Clauses of Cause1)Since transistors are extremely small in size and require only small amount of energy, they can make previously large equipment much smaller.2)It might rain last night, for the ground is wet.5 Adverbial Clauses of Condition1)If something has the ability to adjust itself to the environment, we say it has intelligence.2) Should there be urgent situations, press this red button to switch off the electricity.6Adverbial Clauses of Concession1)Although its form can be changed, energy can neither be created nor destroyed.2)Complicated as a modern machine is, it is essentially a combination of simple machines.7）Adverbial Clauses of ResultElectricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldn't develop without it.AssignmentTranslate the following sentences into Chinese1.Current stops flowing as soon as we open the circuit.2.Much work has been done in order that data can be transmitted by television and read off an ordinary TV screen.3.It is hoped that solar energy will find wide application wherever it becomes available.4.Electronic computers work so fast that they can solve a very difficult problem in a few seconds.。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版Lesson11精品PPT课件
11
have taught him he reaches championship heights in his sport and in his personal life. (When asked if the story was true, David Naster replied, “I intended for it to just be a great heart – warming fiction story – which it is.” You will find wonderful lessons on which to reflect.)
●警察用手握住手枪柄。 The policeman p of his pistol.
●那把刀的刀柄与众不同。 The knife has a very unusual grip.
16
2) firm hold ●他紧紧抓住绳子，把箱子拉上来了。 He took a grip of the rope and hauled the box up.
to have \hold sb in the palm of sb's hand: to have a strong influence on someone, so that they do what you want them to do
●他已经完全控制了整个委员会。 He has got the committee in the palm of his hand.
研究生英语听说Unit11
Unit 11Task 3Listening: you will bear two people comparing French and American customs. They are talking about the things people do when visiting someone’s home in the two countries. Listen to the recording and tick the points they make. You also need to discuss the points and compare them with the Chinese situation with a partner.Wayne: So, Monique, is this your first visit to the United States?Monique: Yes, it is. It’s all a bit confusing .Some friends invited me to their home for dinner next week. What should I take as gift?Wayne: Well, it’s... it’s probably best to take some flowers—or maybe a small gift, like something typical from your country.Monique: Yes, in France, flowers are a good idea, too. Or some really good chocolates. And in France, it’s polite to arrive a little early. Is it the same here?Wayne: in the US, uh… we don’t arrive exactly on time, uh… but you should arrive no more than fifteen minutes late. And if you’re later, they’ll think you’ve gotten lost—or…or forgotten to come.Monique: I wouldn’t want that!Wayne:In France, how do you greet your host or hostess when you arrive?Monique: Well, when you arrive, it’s normal to kiss your hostess on both cheeks. If you’re a man, you shake hands with the host—you don’t kiss him.Wayne: OK, well, here we... we sometimes kiss our hostess on one cheek, not both. Generally, we don’t kiss our host. It kind of depends on how well you know your host and hostess.Monique: Oh, anther thing—in France, you shake hands with all the other guests. Uh... If you don’t, it’s not polite. What about here?Wayne: Well, here it’s usually OK just to say hello, it’s also important to look people in the eye when you talk to teem. People may think you’re unfriendly if you don’t. And use their first names. Monique: In the past, people were formal—they didn’t use first names. Now we generally use first names as well. You know, if some one is close enough to you and...Task 5Listening: You will listen to someone giving advice to a group of job-seekers. What are some of the important “do’s”and “don’ts”for a job interview? Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you bear.So, let’s go over the key points again. First of all, clothes. A week or so before the interview go to the place of work and look carefully at how they dress. You want to make sure that you look as though you belong to the‖tribe‖, you know, wear the right kind of ―uniform‖. Select the clothes from your wardrobe that match the look you want. If you need to buy some new clothes then get used to wearing them so that you don’t feel too awkward and self-conscious. Now, the right clothes are important, but think of your facial appearance too. Get rid of things like earrings and pony tails if you’re a man, and shave off the beard—mentioning no names, Richard—cos if there’sone thing lots of interviewers hate, it’s beards. Don’t eat onions, garlic, or curry for at least two days before an interview; you don’t want to kill them with your breath, do you?Right, now for the interview. Remember that you probably win or lose that job in the first thirty seconds. You never get a second chance to make a good first impression! Walk in confidently and look as though you’re really looking forward to the experience. Try not to look miserable or scared, and – if it’s offered—shake the interviewer’s hand firmly. If there’s a row of interviewers behind a table, look everyone in the eye to show that you’re confident. When you sit down, sit up straight, and don’t lie back in the chair, or even worse have your hands behind your head. Keep both feet on the ground, and keep your hands open and relaxed on your lap, whatever you do, don’t play with your hair or keys. Don’t cross your arms or legs. Why? Yes, that’s right; no negative body language! As for the questions, try to be honest. If you try to sound too perfect they’ll know you’re lying!Interviewers love to ask about your negative points or what the problem was with your last job. Never, never criticize your last job. Never, never criticize your past employers or boss, it’s the kiss of death. If someone asks you an awkward question, try not to look daggers at them. Try and turn a negative point into something positive, like ―Well, I think I was a bit too enthusiastic in my last job; I see now that I got on my colleagues’ nerves a little‖, and so on. It’ll show that you have matured and are ready to learn..Task 6Listening: Miss Manners is a newspaper columnist. She gives advice about manners and relationships. Listen to the recording and complete the chart below with what you hear. The first one has been done for you as an example.Number 1: HonestyFirst man: So, how do you like my new suit?Second man: Uh...Well, urn…OK, I’ve got to tell you, john, that color really doesn’t look so good on you. I mean, purple? Some people look good in purple, but, sorry, you just don’t and the style? Well, it’s kind of …Ok, I’ll tell you straight. It makes you look fat.First man: ThanksSecond man: Hey, what did I say? You ask me what I think, I tell you. What’s the matter? You don’t want me to be honest? What are friends for (Pause)?Commentator: Whoever said, ―honesty is the best policy‖ did not mean hurting other people’s feelings and then, when they feel bad, hurting them again by saying they don’t believe in honesty.Number 2: HelpfulnessFirst man: (on phone) I really can’t believe you’re dating Norman. Why, he’s fifteen years older than you are. Now, I’m only saying this because I care about you, but I really don’t think It’s a good idea for you to date someone that much older. Your interests—they’ll be so different.Second Man: Year, well, thanks for your concern about my life. (Pause)Commentator: Of course it’s nice to be helpful-but not when it means telling people how they should lives. Minding your own business is fine, but minding someone else’s just isn’t.Number 3: Health-consciousness(Sounds of restaurant)Waiter:Are you ready to order?Woman: I’ll have the tofu salad-no salad dressing-and a bottle of mineral water.Man: And I’ll have the steak, a baked potato, and let’s see…chocolate ice cream for dessert. Women: Steak? Baked potato? Ice cream? Think about your health. You know red meat isn’t good for you. It has too much fat and cholesterol. And potatoes-all carbohydrates. You need vitamins. And ice cream? Why, that meal is a heart attack on a plate. It will kill you.Man:Um…well…Waiter:Perhaps you’d like more time to look at the menu.Man: Year, I guess I would.(Pause)Commentator: It’s good to think about your own health, but that’s no reason to spoil other people’s dinner by telling them that they’re eating position.Number 4: Idealism(Sounds of elevator door closing)Women: Twelfth floor, please.(Sounds of dog barking)Women: Shhhh, Prince. We’ll be home in a minute.Man: Excuse me, ma’am. I know it’s none of my business, but do you really keep a dog in the apartment building?Woman:Yes. Pets are allowed.Man: I’m not talking about the rules, ma’am. I’m thinking about nature. Animals need to be outside. They need to run and play. They need and freedom. I can’t believe you keep an animal locked inside an apartment all day. It’s really cruel.(Sounds of elevator door opening: dog growling)Women:I don’t think Prince agrees. (Pause)Commentator:But I agree…with the first thing the man said: It is none of his business. His ideas-what he believes-are fine, for him. But he has no reason to criticize someone for that is neither unusual nor his concern.Number 5: Being true to your own feelings(Telephone rings: Picks up)Jan: Hello?Rick:Hi, Jan. How are you doing?Jan:Ok.Rick:I’m really looking forward to going to the theater tonight. They say it’s a really good play. Anyway, I was just calling to check on the time we should meet.Jan:Gee, Rick, I meant to call you. I was planning on going to the play with you, but…you know, I’m really tired today.Rick:Oh, no. I bought these tickers two months ago. You know how hard it was to get them. Jan:Year, I know, but…I just don’t feel like it. I wouldn’t be very good company. Maybe-I don’t know-I'm sure one of your other friends would love to go.Rick:Year, I guess so. (Pause)Commentator: Some things-like doing what we’ve promised, even if we don’t feel like it at the moment-just need to be done. It’s part of being ―a civilized person.‖Task 8Listening: You will hear someone giving the correct answers for the above statements. Listen to the recording. First write True or False for each statement. Then note the sky information about what you hear.Number: 1First Women:Ok, here’s a question for you. True or false? Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.Man:You’re kidding.Number 2Man: Ok. Here’s a good one. Bulls hate the color red.Second Woman: I think that’s right.Man: Not really. You see, bulls are colorblind. All colors look the same to them.Second Woman: But in bullfights-like in Spain or Mexico-the bullfighter has a red cape.Man: It says here that what the bulls hate is the motion. In a bullfight, the matador moves the cape. It’s the movement that makes the bull run at the matador, not the color.Number 3Second Woman: My turn. Um…Big Ben is a clock.First Woman:That has to be true.Second Woman: Sorry, but it isn’t. And Big Ben isn’t the tower either. Big Ben is the bell-the bell in the clock tower.First Woman: I’m not sure I like this game.Number4First Woman: The next question: Brown eggs are healthier than white eggs.Man:I’ve always heard that. But everything else I’ve heard has been wrong, so I’m going to say, ―False.‖First Woman: You’re right! A lot of people think so, but—no—color doesn’t have anything to do with how healthy an egg is. There just isn’t any difference.Man: What I can’t believe is that I actually got a point.Number 5Man:Ready? The fastest animal in the world is the cheetah.Second Woman: Yeah, Everyone knows that.Man:Let’s see…well, it looks like everyone is wrong. The cheetah is the fastest land animal, but it’s not the fastest animal. The fastest animal is a bird: the Peregrine falcon. It’s like a hawk. It can fly 350 kilometers an hour—that’s over 200 miles an hour—when it’s finding food. The cheetah is fast—about 100 kilometers (60 miles) an hour –but not as fast as the falcon.Number6Second Woman: OK, let’s see. True or false: Hot water freezes faster than cold water.First Woman: That’s got to be false.Second Woman: Actually, this one is true. Hot water does freeze than cold water.First Woman: That’s crazy. How could tot water freeze faster? It’s got to cool off.Second Woman: It sys here that there’s a reason. Hot water evaporates—bits of stream go into the air. They carry heat them. So hot water cool faster, and it freezes faster.First Woman: That’s hard to believe.Second Woman: Try it. They say it’s true.First Woman: Amazing!Number 7First Woman: Here’s next question: Mosquitoes are more dangerous than tigers.Man: Again, I’m going to guess against common sense, I’ll say, ―True.‖First Woman: You’re right. Tigers kill only about a hundred people a year. Mosquitoes kill more than a million and a half every year. That’s because they carry diseases like malaria. Mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals on earth.Man:Still, would you rather go camping in a place with mosquitoes or with tigers?First Woman: Neither thanks.Number8Man: This is a literature question. Frankenstein, the monster, was invented by a crazy doctor. Second Woman: Yeah. I saw the movie.Man:I guess the movie was wrong. There are two mistakes here. First of all, in Mary Shelley’s book, Frankenstein is not the name of the monster. Frankenstein is the inventor: Baron von Frankenstein. And Frankenstein wasn’t a doctor. He was a student. He studied science and math.Second Woman: This game is a monster.。
工程硕士unit11
costly
=expensive 未来的石油供应代价会很高昂，这不仅体现在价格方 面，更体现在其对环境的影响上。
11
❖ It makes sense to dream of a world that is far, far less dependent on oil than it is now. (Para. 3 L1)
1
Table of Contents
❖ Warm-up ❖ Text ❖ Vocabulary ❖ Exercise
2
Think about it
1. List the different means of transportation in modern society
2. Which one of the them do you like most? Why?
15
❖ The Japanese car industry, Lovins said to me last week, has “inhibited visionary leaders inhibited visionary leaders in a country which has no oil and is acutely aware of its oil dependence”. (Para. 5 L2) industry: 行业
analysis: 主语： His aim 表语： to promote… 时间状语：before moving to a hydrogen-based 定语从句：theacto…nomwyould save half the oil the U.S. uses
that dispenses with oil altogether 13
研究生英语第11单元课件
研究生英语第11单元课件Unit 11: The Power of PersuasionIn the world of academia, the ability to persuade is a skill as essential as it is powerful. This unit delves into the art of persuasion, exploring how it is employed in various academic and professional contexts.Persuasion is not merely about convincing others to see things your way; it is about presenting your ideas in a manner that is compelling, logical, and respectful of the audience's viewpoints. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter, as well as the ability to anticipate and address potential objections.One of the key elements of persuasion is the use of evidence. In academic writing, this means citing reliable sources and presenting data in a clear and concise manner. It is important to remember that the goal is not to overwhelm the reader with information, but to provide just enough evidence to support your argument effectively.Another crucial aspect is the structure of the argument.A persuasive essay or presentation should follow a logical flow, starting with an introduction that grabs the audience's attention, followed by a body that presents the main points, and concluding with a summary that reinforces the argument.The language used in persuasive writing should becarefully chosen. It is important to avoid jargon and overly complex sentences, as these can alienate the audience. Instead, clear, concise language that is easily understood is most effective.Moreover, the use of rhetorical devices such as metaphors, analogies, and repetition can enhance the persuasive power of your writing. These devices can help to make abstractconcepts more tangible and memorable, thus increasing the likelihood that the audience will be swayed by your argument.In addition to the written word, non-verbal communication plays a significant role in persuasion. Body language, toneof voice, and eye contact can all convey confidence and sincerity, which are critical in winning over an audience.This unit also covers the ethical considerations of persuasion. It is important to distinguish between persuasion and manipulation. While persuasion is about presenting awell-reasoned argument, manipulation involves using deceptive tactics to influence others' decisions.In conclusion, the power of persuasion is a vital toolfor any graduate student. Whether you are writing a thesis, presenting research findings, or advocating for a particular viewpoint, the ability to persuade can open doors and advance your academic and professional goals. By mastering the art of persuasion, you can ensure that your voice is heard and your ideas are given the consideration they deserve.。
研究生英语阅读教程Unit11
Part of the integral pleasure of a joke is getting the point.
But if the sexual or aggressive element of the joke is too
thinly disguised, as in “sick” humor, the joke will leave us
used to fear. The feeling of achievement, or lack of it, remains a crucial factor. Giving a first dinner party is an anxious event for newlyweds. Will the food be good? Will the guests get along? Will they be good hosts? All goes well; the party is over. Now they laugh freely. Their pleasure from having proved their success is the foundation for their pleasure in recalling the evening’s activities. They couldn’t enjoy the second pleasure without the first, more important one—their mastery of anxiety.
In his book Beyond Laughter, psychiatrist Martin Grotjahn says that the earlier infants begin to smile and laugh, the more advanced is their development. Studies revealed that children who did not develop these responses (because they lacked an intimate, loving relationship) “developed a schizophrenic psychosis in later life, or simply gave up and died.”
医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写(第二版)UNIT 11
Background information to Text A
2) Related background information The term "drug abuse" does not exclude dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar manner in nonmedical contexts. The terms have a huge range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. All of these definitions imply a negative judgment of the drug use in question (compare with the term responsible drug use for alternative views).
Outline
Background information to Text A Analysis of the text Global analysis of the text Summary of the text Reference answers to the exercises
医学院校硕士研究生英语 读与写 （第二版）
首都医科大学应用语言学系
English for Master Students in Medical Universities
Department of Applied Linguistics Capital Medical University
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Background Information
Cultural vales
Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity and sex, drugs and rock and roll. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect.
Word Analysis
2. Pervasive present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place 普遍的，随处见的
E.g. 1. Everyone can feel the pervasive influence of Television.
E.g. 1) impact of modern science upon society as a whole is great.
现代科学对整个社会的影响 2) How will the war impact on such a poet? 战争对这样一个诗人会产生什么影响?
Word Analysis
1. A great man can dominate others by force of character. 伟人能以人格的力量支配他人。
2. The whole valley is dominated by this mountain. 这座山俯临着整个山谷。 3. The millionaire dominates a factory economically 这位百万富翁在经济上控制一个工厂
Background Information
Culture and Value
Personal values developed very early in life may be resistant to change. They may be derived from those of particular groups or systems, such as culture, religion, and political party. However, personal values are not universal; one's family, nation, generation and historical environment help determine one's personal values.
Values
The Traditional Chinese Values
Background Information Text Analysis
Translating Activities Grammar Activities
Background Information
Culture and Value
Text Analysis
Word Analysis Phrase Analysis Sentence Analysis Text Translation Keys to Exercises
Text Analysis
Word Analysis
Word Analysis
1.e roost 凌驾, 主宰
人人都能感到电视无所不在的影响. 2. One of the most pervasive problems is pollution. 最带
有普遍性问题之一就是污染.
Word Analysis
3. impact a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person影响