数字集成电路设计版图设计Digital Integrated Circuit Layout Design Lecture 1 3-12-86
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Pentium® II Pentium® Pro Pentium® i486 i386 80286
10
1 1975
8086
1980
1985 1990
1995
2000
Source: Intel
2005 2010
Projected
IUST: Digital IC Design
16/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Frequency (Mhz)
10000 1000
Doubles every 2 years
100 10 8085
P6
Pentium ® proc 486 8086 286 386
1
8080
8008 0.1 4004
1970
1980
1990 Year
2000
2010
LLeeaadd MMiiccrroopprroocceessssoorrss ffrreeqquueennccyy ddoouubblleess eevveerryy 22 yyeeaarrss
Chip 4004 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium® Pentium® Pro Mobile PII Pentium® 4 Pentium® 4 (N)
L 10µm 6µm 3µm 1.5µm 1.5µm 0.8µm 0.8µm 0.6µm 0.25µm 0.18µm 0.13µm
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Previous Processors
Pentium® III
28M transistors / 733MHz-1GHz / 13-26W L=0.25µm shrunk to L=0.18µm
PowerPC 7400 (G4)
6.5M transistors / 450MHz / 8-10W L=0.15µm
6/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Moore’s Law
} In 1965, Gordon Moore (Co-Founder of Intel) predicted that
transistors would continue to shrink, (number of transistors
IUST: Digital IC Design
2/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The First Computer
IUST: Digital IC Design
The Babbage Difference Engine (1832)
25,000 parts cost: £17,470
Size (Mb)
IUST: Digital IC Design
17/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Evolution in Complexity
IUST: Digital IC Design
18/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
7/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation L=10µm
IUST: Digital IC Design
8/43
LECTURE 1 : History
IUST: Digital IC Design
14/43
LECTURE 1 : History
transistors 2.3K 6.0K 29K 134K 275K 1.2M 3.1M 15.5M 27.4 42M 55M
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Moore’s law in Microprocessors
0.1 1971
1974
1978 1985 Year
1992
2000
LLeeaadd MMiiccrroopprroocceessssoorrss ppoowweerr ccoonnttiinnuueess ttoo iinnccrreeaassee
IUST: Digital IC Design
21/43
DDiiee ssiizzee ggrroowwss bbyy 1144%% ttoo ssaattiissffyy MMoooorree’’ss LLaaww
IUST: Digital IC Design
19/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Frequency
per chip would grow exponentially) allowing :
} Doubled transistor density every 18-24 months } Doubled performance every 18-24 months
I’mBsUmTil,ing nobeexcapuosneenItial
wIsafsorriegvhetr!!
} History has proven Moore right
} But, is the end is in sight?
} Physical limitations
} Economic limitations
IUST: Digital IC Design
Gordon Moore Intel Co-Founder and Chairmain Emeritus
IUST: Digital IC Design
9/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Previous Processors
Pentium® 4
42M transistors / 1.3-1.8GHz / 49-55W L=0.18µm
Pentium® 4 “Northwood”
1000 100
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors (MT)
10 1
0.1 0.01 0.001
P6 486 Pentium® proc
386 286
8085 8086 8080
40048008
1970
1980
1990 Year
2000
Courtesy, Intel
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Power will be a major problem
Power (Watts)
100000 10000
18KW 5KW
3/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The Invention of Transistor
} John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley invented “The first transistor” in 1947
2010
IUST: Digital IC Design
15/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Transistor Counts
K 1,000,000
1 Billion Transistors
100,000 10,000 1,000 100
Pentium® III
Die Size Growth
100
Die size (mm)
10
486 PenPti6um ® proc 386
8080
286
8086 8085
~7% growth per year
8008 4004
~2X growth in 10 years
1 1970
1980
1990 Year
2000
2010
IUST: Digital IC Design
20/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Power Dissipation
Power (Watts)
100
P6 Pentium ® proc
10
8086 286
486
386
8085
1
8080
8008
4004
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
DRAM Memory Trends (Log Scale)
1000 100 10 1 0.1
Source: Textbook, Industry Reports
16 4 1 0.25 0.0625
512 256 128 64
0.01 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
IUST: Digital IC Design
13/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Microprocessor Trends (Intel)
Year 1971 1974 1976 1982 1985 1989 1993 1995 1999 2000 2002
Bipolar logic 1960’s
IUST: Digital IC Design
5/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The First Electronic (Vacuum Tube) Computer (1946)
IUST: DigiБайду номын сангаасal IC Design
PowerPC® 940 (G5)
58M transistors / 2GHz / 97W L=0.13µm Area=118mm2
IUST: Digital IC Design
11/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Graphics Processors
First transistor Bell Labs, 1948
IUST: Digital IC Design
4/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The Invention of Integrated Circuit
} Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce invented “The Integrated Circuit” in 1958
Digital Integrated Circuit Design
Lecture 1 - History
Adib Abrishamifar EE Department IUST
Outline
} History and the road map } Moore’s Law } Physical design fundamentals } Performance issues
IUST: Digital IC Design
nVidia GeForce4
57M transistors / 300MHz / L=0.15µm
12/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Current Processors
} Penrym
} 45nm Intel® Core™2 quad-core processors will have 820 million transistors. Thanks to high-k metal transistor invention, think of 820 million more power efficient light bulbs going on and off at light-speeds. The dual-core version has a die size of 107mm2, which is 25 percent smaller than Intel's current 65nm products
55M transistors / 2-2.5GHz L=0.13µm
IUST: Digital IC Design
10/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Previous Processors
Intel Itanium® 2
410M transistors / 1.3GHz / 130W L=0.13µm Area=374mm2
10
1 1975
8086
1980
1985 1990
1995
2000
Source: Intel
2005 2010
Projected
IUST: Digital IC Design
16/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Frequency (Mhz)
10000 1000
Doubles every 2 years
100 10 8085
P6
Pentium ® proc 486 8086 286 386
1
8080
8008 0.1 4004
1970
1980
1990 Year
2000
2010
LLeeaadd MMiiccrroopprroocceessssoorrss ffrreeqquueennccyy ddoouubblleess eevveerryy 22 yyeeaarrss
Chip 4004 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium® Pentium® Pro Mobile PII Pentium® 4 Pentium® 4 (N)
L 10µm 6µm 3µm 1.5µm 1.5µm 0.8µm 0.8µm 0.6µm 0.25µm 0.18µm 0.13µm
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Previous Processors
Pentium® III
28M transistors / 733MHz-1GHz / 13-26W L=0.25µm shrunk to L=0.18µm
PowerPC 7400 (G4)
6.5M transistors / 450MHz / 8-10W L=0.15µm
6/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Moore’s Law
} In 1965, Gordon Moore (Co-Founder of Intel) predicted that
transistors would continue to shrink, (number of transistors
IUST: Digital IC Design
2/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The First Computer
IUST: Digital IC Design
The Babbage Difference Engine (1832)
25,000 parts cost: £17,470
Size (Mb)
IUST: Digital IC Design
17/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Evolution in Complexity
IUST: Digital IC Design
18/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
7/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
1971 1000 transistors 1 MHz operation L=10µm
IUST: Digital IC Design
8/43
LECTURE 1 : History
IUST: Digital IC Design
14/43
LECTURE 1 : History
transistors 2.3K 6.0K 29K 134K 275K 1.2M 3.1M 15.5M 27.4 42M 55M
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Moore’s law in Microprocessors
0.1 1971
1974
1978 1985 Year
1992
2000
LLeeaadd MMiiccrroopprroocceessssoorrss ppoowweerr ccoonnttiinnuueess ttoo iinnccrreeaassee
IUST: Digital IC Design
21/43
DDiiee ssiizzee ggrroowwss bbyy 1144%% ttoo ssaattiissffyy MMoooorree’’ss LLaaww
IUST: Digital IC Design
19/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Frequency
per chip would grow exponentially) allowing :
} Doubled transistor density every 18-24 months } Doubled performance every 18-24 months
I’mBsUmTil,ing nobeexcapuosneenItial
wIsafsorriegvhetr!!
} History has proven Moore right
} But, is the end is in sight?
} Physical limitations
} Economic limitations
IUST: Digital IC Design
Gordon Moore Intel Co-Founder and Chairmain Emeritus
IUST: Digital IC Design
9/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Previous Processors
Pentium® 4
42M transistors / 1.3-1.8GHz / 49-55W L=0.18µm
Pentium® 4 “Northwood”
1000 100
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors (MT)
10 1
0.1 0.01 0.001
P6 486 Pentium® proc
386 286
8085 8086 8080
40048008
1970
1980
1990 Year
2000
Courtesy, Intel
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Power will be a major problem
Power (Watts)
100000 10000
18KW 5KW
3/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The Invention of Transistor
} John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley invented “The first transistor” in 1947
2010
IUST: Digital IC Design
15/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Transistor Counts
K 1,000,000
1 Billion Transistors
100,000 10,000 1,000 100
Pentium® III
Die Size Growth
100
Die size (mm)
10
486 PenPti6um ® proc 386
8080
286
8086 8085
~7% growth per year
8008 4004
~2X growth in 10 years
1 1970
1980
1990 Year
2000
2010
IUST: Digital IC Design
20/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Power Dissipation
Power (Watts)
100
P6 Pentium ® proc
10
8086 286
486
386
8085
1
8080
8008
4004
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
DRAM Memory Trends (Log Scale)
1000 100 10 1 0.1
Source: Textbook, Industry Reports
16 4 1 0.25 0.0625
512 256 128 64
0.01 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
IUST: Digital IC Design
13/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Microprocessor Trends (Intel)
Year 1971 1974 1976 1982 1985 1989 1993 1995 1999 2000 2002
Bipolar logic 1960’s
IUST: Digital IC Design
5/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The First Electronic (Vacuum Tube) Computer (1946)
IUST: DigiБайду номын сангаасal IC Design
PowerPC® 940 (G5)
58M transistors / 2GHz / 97W L=0.13µm Area=118mm2
IUST: Digital IC Design
11/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Graphics Processors
First transistor Bell Labs, 1948
IUST: Digital IC Design
4/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
The Invention of Integrated Circuit
} Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce invented “The Integrated Circuit” in 1958
Digital Integrated Circuit Design
Lecture 1 - History
Adib Abrishamifar EE Department IUST
Outline
} History and the road map } Moore’s Law } Physical design fundamentals } Performance issues
IUST: Digital IC Design
nVidia GeForce4
57M transistors / 300MHz / L=0.15µm
12/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Current Processors
} Penrym
} 45nm Intel® Core™2 quad-core processors will have 820 million transistors. Thanks to high-k metal transistor invention, think of 820 million more power efficient light bulbs going on and off at light-speeds. The dual-core version has a die size of 107mm2, which is 25 percent smaller than Intel's current 65nm products
55M transistors / 2-2.5GHz L=0.13µm
IUST: Digital IC Design
10/43
LECTURE 1 : History
Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Previous Processors
Intel Itanium® 2
410M transistors / 1.3GHz / 130W L=0.13µm Area=374mm2