简述动词的时体态式
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Verbal tense, aspect, voice and mood
动词的时、体、态、式
What is tense?
In grammar, an inflected form of a verb indicating the time of a narrated event in relation to the time at which the narrator is speaking. –Encyclopedia Britannica 语法中用以说明一叙述事件发生事件与叙述者说话时 间的相对关系的词性变化形式。－－《大不列颠百科 全书》
meaning ❖ There are many ways to express Subj-mood,
but usually there are two which are important: ❖ Were-subjunctive ❖ Be-subjunctive
Finite and infinite
used as the operator, while BE- can. He was wounded in the accident. → Was he wounded in the accident？ He got wounded in the accident. → Got he wounded in the accident？*** ❖ GET-passive is usually used for action verbs and expressing unexpectedness.
❖ 语法中用以表示动词动作与时间相关的分析手段。
❖ [Grammar] A category of the verb designating primarily the relation of the action to the passage of time, especially in reference to completion, duration, or repetition. (AHD)
Pseudo-passive
❖ You look tired. ❖ They got completely amused. ❖ I feel more and more annoyed at their
being late for class.
Mood
❖ [Grammar] A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. (AHD)
Attitudinal past I wondered if you could help me post the letter hypothetical past If I were you, I would choose to leave at once. ❖ Simple past for future if it rained tomorrow, we’d have to stay at home.
❖ Perfective aspect They have/had finished that work.
❖ Aspects can be combined to form complex aspects:
❖ We have been studying English for 6 years.
Different combinations of Tenses and Aspects
How many Tenses in English?
❖ Simple Present The earth is round. Light travels faster than sound.
❖ Simple Past WWII ended in 1945. We entered college in 2004.
❖ Momentary and instantaneous present
(1) declarations
(2)commentaries
(3)demonstration
Use of simple present
❖Simple present referring to the future(esp in independent clause)
differences between tenses and time
❖ Time is a concept universally existent and tense may be a grammatical device or vocabulary device specific to a language.
❖ 【语法】 语气：用来强调说话人对表达的行为或条件 的真实性或可能性所持有态度的一系列动词形态或变 化形式。
Types of moods
❖ Indicative mood: factual statement or question
❖ Imperative mood: command ❖ Subjunctive mood: hypothetical/non-factual
❖ 【语法】 语态，语声：动词或一系列动词屈折变化 的形式，表示物体和动词所表达的动作之间的关系.
❖ In English, active voice is the norm and unmarked verb form, which means it needs no markers, while passive is expressed by markers, or change of verbs. But not all passive voices are changed from active voice.
❖ Tenses are mutually exclusive.
ASPECT
❖ In Grammar, aspect is an analytical device used to reflect the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.(Quirk et.al)
tenses(→P177) ❖ Passive voice in non-finite verb
forms(→p177)
GET-passive
❖ GET-passive (pseudo-auxiliary) ❖ GET is pseudo-auxiliary is in that it can’t be
❖ Present perfective progressive ❖ She has been playing the piano for a long time. ❖ Past perfective progressive ❖ By 10 o’clock she had been playing the piano
❖ Tense usually points to temporal locations and aspect generally marks the state of an action— whether it is completed or not.
How many aspects?
❖ Progressive aspect He is/was reading a book.
❖ Present existence or state:
❖ Habitual present (regular recurrence/ dynamic verbs) (often/ sometimes/ occasionally etc)
❖ Character/ ability present
she loves music. He doesn’t speak French
Passive voice and active voice
❖ Marked and unmarked The Dodgers beat the Yankees. The Yankees were beaten by the Dodgers.
❖ Active sentences and passive sentences ❖ Passive voice in different aspects and
Different combinations of
Tense and aspects
❖ Present perfective she has played the piano fro half an hour.
❖ Past perfective By lunchtime, she had played the piano for an hour.
❖ Finite verb ❖ Non-finite verb ❖ →P171 ❖ Finite verb phrase ❖ Non-finite verb phrase ❖ →P180
Use of simple present
❖ Timeless present (timeless statement or eternal truth)
❖ Tense is inflectional and aspect analytical. Tense refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are loosely related to time, while aspect is usually expressed through the use of certain vocabulary devices.
e.g I enjoy English. (present) I enjoyed English. (past) I will enjoy English. (future??) I’m going to enjoy English (future??)
❖ A particular tense form can express different temporal notions in different concepts.
❖Simple present referring to the past (communication verbs such as hear, tell, says, ect) and historic present
Use of simple pastቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
❖ Past event ❖ past habit ❖ Past state ❖ Simple past for present:
❖ Simple present: She plays the piano very well.
❖ Simple past: She play the piano very well.
❖ Present progressive She is playing the piano now.
❖ Past progressive she was playing the piano this time yesterday.
for two hours.
What is voice?
❖ [Grammar] A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. (AHD)
❖ 【语法】 （动词的）体：一种动词范畴，主要指动作 与时间之间的关系，尤指完成、延续或重复等状态
❖ 语言有两种基本类型：分析语（analytical language） 和屈折语（inflectional language）
Differences between tense and aspect
动词的时、体、态、式
What is tense?
In grammar, an inflected form of a verb indicating the time of a narrated event in relation to the time at which the narrator is speaking. –Encyclopedia Britannica 语法中用以说明一叙述事件发生事件与叙述者说话时 间的相对关系的词性变化形式。－－《大不列颠百科 全书》
meaning ❖ There are many ways to express Subj-mood,
but usually there are two which are important: ❖ Were-subjunctive ❖ Be-subjunctive
Finite and infinite
used as the operator, while BE- can. He was wounded in the accident. → Was he wounded in the accident？ He got wounded in the accident. → Got he wounded in the accident？*** ❖ GET-passive is usually used for action verbs and expressing unexpectedness.
❖ 语法中用以表示动词动作与时间相关的分析手段。
❖ [Grammar] A category of the verb designating primarily the relation of the action to the passage of time, especially in reference to completion, duration, or repetition. (AHD)
Pseudo-passive
❖ You look tired. ❖ They got completely amused. ❖ I feel more and more annoyed at their
being late for class.
Mood
❖ [Grammar] A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. (AHD)
Attitudinal past I wondered if you could help me post the letter hypothetical past If I were you, I would choose to leave at once. ❖ Simple past for future if it rained tomorrow, we’d have to stay at home.
❖ Perfective aspect They have/had finished that work.
❖ Aspects can be combined to form complex aspects:
❖ We have been studying English for 6 years.
Different combinations of Tenses and Aspects
How many Tenses in English?
❖ Simple Present The earth is round. Light travels faster than sound.
❖ Simple Past WWII ended in 1945. We entered college in 2004.
❖ Momentary and instantaneous present
(1) declarations
(2)commentaries
(3)demonstration
Use of simple present
❖Simple present referring to the future(esp in independent clause)
differences between tenses and time
❖ Time is a concept universally existent and tense may be a grammatical device or vocabulary device specific to a language.
❖ 【语法】 语气：用来强调说话人对表达的行为或条件 的真实性或可能性所持有态度的一系列动词形态或变 化形式。
Types of moods
❖ Indicative mood: factual statement or question
❖ Imperative mood: command ❖ Subjunctive mood: hypothetical/non-factual
❖ 【语法】 语态，语声：动词或一系列动词屈折变化 的形式，表示物体和动词所表达的动作之间的关系.
❖ In English, active voice is the norm and unmarked verb form, which means it needs no markers, while passive is expressed by markers, or change of verbs. But not all passive voices are changed from active voice.
❖ Tenses are mutually exclusive.
ASPECT
❖ In Grammar, aspect is an analytical device used to reflect the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.(Quirk et.al)
tenses(→P177) ❖ Passive voice in non-finite verb
forms(→p177)
GET-passive
❖ GET-passive (pseudo-auxiliary) ❖ GET is pseudo-auxiliary is in that it can’t be
❖ Present perfective progressive ❖ She has been playing the piano for a long time. ❖ Past perfective progressive ❖ By 10 o’clock she had been playing the piano
❖ Tense usually points to temporal locations and aspect generally marks the state of an action— whether it is completed or not.
How many aspects?
❖ Progressive aspect He is/was reading a book.
❖ Present existence or state:
❖ Habitual present (regular recurrence/ dynamic verbs) (often/ sometimes/ occasionally etc)
❖ Character/ ability present
she loves music. He doesn’t speak French
Passive voice and active voice
❖ Marked and unmarked The Dodgers beat the Yankees. The Yankees were beaten by the Dodgers.
❖ Active sentences and passive sentences ❖ Passive voice in different aspects and
Different combinations of
Tense and aspects
❖ Present perfective she has played the piano fro half an hour.
❖ Past perfective By lunchtime, she had played the piano for an hour.
❖ Finite verb ❖ Non-finite verb ❖ →P171 ❖ Finite verb phrase ❖ Non-finite verb phrase ❖ →P180
Use of simple present
❖ Timeless present (timeless statement or eternal truth)
❖ Tense is inflectional and aspect analytical. Tense refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are loosely related to time, while aspect is usually expressed through the use of certain vocabulary devices.
e.g I enjoy English. (present) I enjoyed English. (past) I will enjoy English. (future??) I’m going to enjoy English (future??)
❖ A particular tense form can express different temporal notions in different concepts.
❖Simple present referring to the past (communication verbs such as hear, tell, says, ect) and historic present
Use of simple pastቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
❖ Past event ❖ past habit ❖ Past state ❖ Simple past for present:
❖ Simple present: She plays the piano very well.
❖ Simple past: She play the piano very well.
❖ Present progressive She is playing the piano now.
❖ Past progressive she was playing the piano this time yesterday.
for two hours.
What is voice?
❖ [Grammar] A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. (AHD)
❖ 【语法】 （动词的）体：一种动词范畴，主要指动作 与时间之间的关系，尤指完成、延续或重复等状态
❖ 语言有两种基本类型：分析语（analytical language） 和屈折语（inflectional language）
Differences between tense and aspect