第三章 发展心理学(Chapter iii development psychology)

第三章发展心理学（Chapter iii development psychology）Chapter iii development psychologySection 1 overview? The research object of unit 1 developmental psychology? Developmental psychology is a branch of psychology, which studies the psychological development of individuals from birth to death, and summarizes the laws of psychological development.? The five basic properties of psychological development: directional and sequential; Imbalance; Universality and difference; The dialectical unity of growth and decline; Unity of continuity and stage? Developmental psychology: the basic characteristics of mental development in all ages; To clarify the development process and characteristics of various psychological functions; To explore the inner mechanism of psychological development; Study the basic principle of psychological development? Unit 2. Brief history of development psychology? Published in 1882, the German physiologist and experimental psychologist, "children's mind" marked the birth of scientific child psychology? Development of child psychology: hall -- speech; Beta - intelligence test; Gesell - child development norm;? Theoretical faction: hall -- speech; Strumen -- the school of personality; Dewey -- functionalism, child center, behaviorism; Freud -- psychoanalytic theory; Watson -- behaviorism; Piaget -- epistemology; Vygotsky - culture - historical development view? The third unit development psychology research method? Cross sectional study? Definition: in a short time period, same group of subjects of different age groups at the same time the psychological development characteristics and development level, and the horizontal comparison, in order to understand psychological change between subjects with age group.? Advantages: large sample, big data, low cost. Disadvantages: it is difficult to obtain the individual psychological continuous change course; It is difficult to understand the causal relationship in psychological change; Intergroup differences may not be a factor in psychological development? Longitudinal study? Definition: in a longer time series, a regular systematic review of the subjects or groups of subjects is conducted to understand the continuous changes in the psychology over time. Longitudinal studies are also called tracking studies? Advantages: easy to understand the individual psychologicalcontinuous change process; It is easy to reveal quantitative and qualitative changes. Facilitate the discovery of a causal relationship in psychological change. Disadvantages: few samples and easy to lose; Long time, new variables are produced; Repeated measurements can lead to repeated effects; The high cost? Crossover study? Start with transection direction makes a cross-sectional study of different age groups and in a certain time interval, the same subjects in the required number of repeat survey, make it become a longitudinal study, so that the cross sectional study and longitudinal study together? The theory of unit 4 psychological development? Theory of psychological development of major factions: piaget's theory of cognitive development; Eriksson'seight-stage theory of personality development; Bandura's theory of social learning; Vygotsky's culture - historical development theory and psychological development view; Kolberg's theory of moral development? Piaget's theory of cognitive development? The basic factor influencing children's psychological development: maturity; Experience; Social environment; balance? The stage of mental development? Sensorimotor stage (0 ~ 2 years old) perceptual motor thinking level? Pre-operational stage (2 ~ 6, 7 years old)? The concrete operational stage (6, 7, 11, 12) depends on the level of logical thinking supported by specific experience? Formal operational stage (11, 12-14, 15) abstract logical thinking level? Three stages of moral cognitive development? The former moral judgment stage (4 ~ 5 years old) children cannot judge the consequences of direct action;? The moral judgment stage (4, 5 and 8, 9 years old) is governed by the value criteria other than the children themselves, according to the material consequences of their actions, regardless of the motive of the actor? The self-discipline moral judgment stage (8, 9 years old) is dominated by the children's own value standard, and the individual's conscience has the relative autonomy.?? Eriksson personality development eight stage theory 1? Pre-infant (0 ~ 2 years old) : the main development task ofthis stage is to gain trust and overcome skepticism. Good personality traits are the qualities of hope.? (2 ~ 4 years old) : the main development task of this stage is to gain autonomy and to overcome the sense of shame. Good personality traits are the qualities of the will.? Juvenile period (4 ~ 7 years old) : the main development task of this stage is to gain initiative feeling and overcome the guilt; Good personality traits are the quality of the target.? Childhood (7 ~ 12 years old) : the main development task at this stage is to gain diligence and overcome inferiority. Good personality traits are qualities of ability.? Adolescence (12 ~ 18 years old) : the main development task of this stage is to form character identity and prevent role chaos; A good personality is an honest quality.? Early adulthood (ages 18 to 25) : the main development task at this stage is to gain intimacy and avoid loneliness; Good personality traits are the qualities of love.? Mid-adulthood (25-50 years old) : the main development task at this stage is to gain a sense of reproduction and avoid stagnation; Good personality traits are the qualities of concern.? Adult later (after age 50) : the main development task of this stage is to gain a sense of perfection and avoid disappointment or disgust; Good personality is the quality of wisdom andwisdom.? Bandura's theory of social learning? Three - dollar interactive determinism: human internal factors, behavior, environmental impact? Observational learning: alternative reinforcement? The self-regulating function of the subject? Vygotsky's culture - historical development theory? Human psychology: lower mental function, advanced psychological function? The essence of psychology: the result of the continuous internalization of social history and culture through the intermediary of language symbols? Vygotsky's psychological outlook on development? Psychological development: a person's psychology is under the influence of environment and education, on the base oflow-level psychological function, gradually to advanced psychological function transformation process.? Signs: the voluntary function of mental activities; Abstract generalization function of mental activities; Forming a new mental structure; Personalization of mental activities? Kolberg's theory of moral development? Former customs level: (stage 1: moral orientation of obedience and punishment; phase ii: hedonistic orientation of relativism)? Customs level: (stage 3: good children orientation stage; stage 4: maintenance of authority and orientation of social order)? Post-custom level: (stage 5: social contract orientation;Stage 6: the orientation of universal moral principles?Section 2 psychological development of infancy? Unit 1: movement development in infancy? The age range of infancy - 0 ~ 3 years old? The meaning of infant action to psychological development: 1, the development of action is the source or premise of psychological development; 2. Baby action is the external manifestation of psychological development; 3. The development of baby action promotes the development of spatial cognition;4. The development of baby action promotes the development of social communication ability? The development of infant action: from the overall movementto the development of the differentiation; Never move to random movements; Has certain direction and sequence of the head and tail, nearly far, size (principles) baby the development of the main action: (a) hand grasping action: five fingers differentiation and hand-eye coordination, often appear during 5 ~ 6. (2) walk independently? Unit 2 cognitive development of unit 2? Sensory perception is the earliest and first mature psychological process in the development of individual cognition. It is the beginning of infant cognition.? The breakthrough of research methods: (1) habituation: habituation paradigm and dehabituation; (ii) priority fixation paradigm: target time? Development of vision: 3 weeks of infant focus: 26 cm; The development of hearing is soothing, alert and painful? Taste: the most developed feeling of the newborn; Sense of smell: born with the ability to discern different smells in a week; Skin: there is a temperature response at birth? Development of spatial perception (1) shape perception; (2) depth perception (iii) orientation perception? Memory development: six months of "recognition" phenomenon? The development characteristics of thinking: (1). (2) indirect and generality; (3) lack of foresight and planning forthe outcome of the operation; (4) narrowness of thinking; (5) thinking and language begin to connect? Acquired learning theory: (enhanced: operating conditioned reflex, enhanced. Skinner; social learning: selective imitation. Bandura)? Innate maturation theory: (general grammar, language acquisition device LAD. Chomsky; environment and subject interaction theory. Piaget)? The development of infant speech? 1. Development of phonetics: simple pronunciation: 0 ~ April; Polysyllabic April ~ September; Learn to sprout from September to December? 2. Development of vocabulary: 1 ~ 1.5 years old; 3 years old or so? 3. The development of syntax is not complete in 1 ~ 1.5 years of age (word, double, telegraphic sentence); 1.5 to 2 years old simple sentence; 3 years old complete sentence.? Unit 3. Social development in infancy? I. emotional development? (1) development of laughter: spontaneous smiles (0 ~ 5 weeks); Non-selective social smile (5 weeks ~ 4 months); Social smiles of choice (four months later)? (2) the development of crying: the cry of responsiveness; Operational crying (social)? (iii) the development of fear: the fear of instinct; The fear associated with perception and experience; Timid around strangers. Predictive fear? Temperament (Thomas and chase)? 1. Easy type 40% 2. Difficult type 10% 3. Delayed type 15% 4. Mixed type 35%? Iii. Social attachment: attachment is an important sign of the emotional socialization of infants? (1) the developmental stage of infant attachment (bower) : the stage of social response without distinction; The stage of social response; Special emotional connection stage? (ii) type of infant attachment (esworth) : secure attachment; Avoidant attachment; Resistance attachment? Iv. Development of self-consciousness: subject my development (5 ~ 15 months); My development (15 ~ 24 months)?Section 3 psychological development of early childhood? Unit 1 games for children? The age range of children is 3 ~ 6 years old, and the game is the leading activity of children in early childhood? Theories of the game: the theory of energy, psychoanalysis, practice theory, reenactment, entertainment theory and cognitive theory? Baby game features: baby games within one year of age are adult - baby games; The 2 - year - old baby's game is a physical game; At the end of the baby, there are more imitative games.? The main characteristics of children's game: children's game is symbolic game.? The characteristics of symbolic games are as follows: to have a realistic substitute, there is some similarity between the substitute and physical shape; Activities and operations have similarities with the purposeful behavior of people; The motive of the game lies in the activity process, but not the result; Characterized by imagination, such as riding a bamboo pole; A general behavior that reflects a certain type of activity in a game.? The main features of childhood children's games: childhood games are regular games, the situations and characters of games are implicit, while the rules of the game are explicit.? Social development of games? 1. The main features of the baby play.? 2. Play games in early childhood.? Joint games are usually played in the middle and late stages of a child's life.? The cooperative game begins in the middle of early childhood.? The significance of games for children's psychological development: games are an important way to promote cognitive development of children. Games are a special form of children's participation in social life; By playing the game forself-worth, the ability to be creative; Cultivate a sound personality; Enhanced physique? The cognitive development of the second unit? Speech is the most complex symbol system in the development of children. Early childhood is a critical period for children's speech development.? The development of vocabulary: the increase of vocabulary; The richness and meaning of the word content deepened; Extension of word class? The development of grammatical structure: from simple to complex sentence; From the statement of the statement to various forms of children; Development from unmodified sentences to modifiers; From the short word to the long word.? The development of oral expression ability: from thedevelopment of discourse to monologue; Develop from situational to fluent? Early childhood is the critical period of oral speech development, and the development of monologue and coherence is an important symbol of the development of oral expression ability.? Development of memory: the development of children's memory capacity; Memory capacity: fast and slow? Development tendency of children's memory characteristics: (1) unconscious and intentional memory; (2) mechanical memory and meaningful memory; (iii) image memory and word memory.? Development of memory strategy: (1) no strategy: children before age 5; (ii) transition period, usually between 5 and 7 years old; (3) actively and consciously adopting the strategy,Memory strategy developed after age 10.? The memory strategy that children can use: visual rehearsal strategy; Feature positioning strategy; repeat? The development of thinking: the specific image thinking mainly; The abstract general idea of thinking is developed in a preliminary way.? The main features of the concrete image thinking: the concrete iconicity; Unclear sex and variability; Having symbolic function; There is a certain amount of planning andpredictability? Abstract logical thinking gained initial development? Children aged 5 to 6 begin to have some kind of reasoning ability, and the abstract logical thinking of children is in the bud? The social development of the third unit? Development of self-evaluation ability of children: adult - independent; External - internal; Simple - specific; Subjectivity - objectivity? There are four types of children's self-controlled activity areas: motor inhibition, emotional inhibition, cognitive activity inhibition and delayed gratification? Moral development includes moral cognitive development, moral emotional development and moral behavior development.? Pro-social behavior refers to positive behaviors and trends that are beneficial to others or to society.? Aggression is a hostile, harmful or destructive behavior of the pointer to others.? Tool attack: a child's scramble for an item, pushing and shoving.? Hostile type attack: people point to, use ridicule, swear towait for a speech duty, its fundamental purpose is to attack, harm others.? The development of peer relationships? Children's friendship is mostly based on geographical proximity; Enjoy common activities or have fun toys.? Children live in two worlds: one is the adult world, including parents and adults, and the other is the peer world.? The role of peer relationship: peer interaction promotes the development of social cognition and social communication skills of children; Peer interaction is beneficial to the formation of self-concept of children; Peers can meet the needs of children belonging and love and the need for respect; Peer interaction can foster a good personality.?Section 4 psychological development of childhood? Unit 1 study in childhoodThe age range of childhood is about 7 ~ 12 years old, is primary school? The general characteristics of student learning: learning indirect experience mainly; Must be carried out under the guidance of the teacher; There is a degree of passivity and coercion? The development of interest: (1) initially interested in the external activities of learning, and gradually interested in the content of learning; (2) the initial interest in learning is not differentiated, and it is only gradually developed that there is a different interest in the content of different subjects. (3) the game factor plays a certain role in the interest of children in the lower grade, which gradually decreases after the grade.? Unit 2 cognitive development in childhood? The development of memory: close to adult level, adult's short-term memory capacity is 7 + 2 information units.? The main features of memory development: intentional memorization of more than unintentional memory becomes the main mode of memory; Intentional memorization marks a qualitative change in child memory development; Meaningful memory plays a dominant role in memory activities. The development of abstract memory of words gradually exceeds the image memory? The developmental characteristics of childhood memory strategy: retelling; Organizations;Categorize: merge the material you want to remember to a certain standard or relationship to help you remember; Serialization: it is the method of organizing and rationalizing interconnected information to help memory.? Memory monitoring refers to the active monitoring, controland adjustment of the main body in the process of memory activities.? The development of thinking: the thinking in childhood is in the concrete operational stage? The basic characteristics of children's thinking in childhood: experience a process of qualitative change of thought development. Can't get rid of the logical thinking. The age of 10 is the transition period between image thinking and abstract logical thinking.? The development of the form of thought: the development of the generalization ability, the general level is the direct precondition of the concept of children. The development of reasoning ability is a form of thinking that comes from a judgment or a few judgements.? The formation of new thinking structure: grasp conservation; Thinking is reversible; Compensation relationship cognition? Mastery of logical inference rules: class systematization; serialization? Unit 3 social development of childhood? The development of self-consciousness? (1) self-concept: a person's image of himself, including his awareness of his own existence, and his understanding of his body, abilities, personality, interests, thoughts and so on.? (ii) characteristics of self-evaluation: the increasing independence of self-evaluation; There is a degree of critical improvement in self-assessment; The content of self-evaluation gradually expands and deepens; Self-evaluation is becoming more and more stable.? Self-evaluation in primary school: from the concrete to abstract transition, from the external explicit behavior evaluation to the internal psychological world evaluation development process.? The popular characteristics of children in peer interaction: popular children; Unpopular children; Neglected children? The basic factor influencing children's popularity among peers is their ability to interact socially? Formation of the children's partnership group: compliance; The relation period of parallel set; Integrative set of relationships? Five or six years is the peak of the partnership's compliance.? The development of children's understanding of friendship: short-term game partnership; One-way help relation; Bidirectional help relationship; Intimate and relatively durable Shared relationships? Gender difference between bullying and bullying: 1. Girls use more verbal and psychological bullying; Boys use physicalbullying more often.?Section 5 psychological development of adolescence? The contradiction between physical development and psychological development of unit 1? The age range is about 11, 12 ~ 15, 16, roughly equivalent to junior high school. Adolescence is a period of special time, also called difficult period, crisis period.? The contradictory characteristics of psychological development: the contradiction between the psychological adult feeling and the semi-mature status quo; The contradiction between psychological weaning and spiritual dependence; The contradiction between psychological atresia and openness; The alternation of feeling of accomplishment and frustration.? Unit 2 cognitive development of adolescence? Memory capacity: the memory capacity of junior high school students reached 11.04 + 0.4, which exceeded the short-term memory capacity of adults.? The main characteristics of memory: consciously use meaningful memory, but also use mechanical memory effectively.Multifaceted memory effects achieve the optimal period of individual memory. Use various memory strategies effectively.? The development of thinking: the ability to establish hypotheses and test hypotheses; Separation of thought form from thought content.? The social development of unit 3 adolescence? The development of self-consciousness (the main task of adolescence is to develop character identity and prevent role chaos.)? 1. Pay great attention to your appearance and signs; 2. Deeply value their learning ability and academic achievements; 3. I am very concerned about my personality and emotional characteristics? Characteristics of emotional change: uncontrollable mood swings; Adolescent restlessness? The independence and autonomy of the first resistance period mainly lies in the autonomy and autonomy of self-assertion and activity and action. The second resistance period shows the independence of personality, performance: hard resistance; Soft resistance; The migration of resistance. The causes of second resistance period: physiological, psychological and social factors? Peer relationship: after puberty, the range of communication begins to narrow, and the relationship between male and female students also changes, showing the behavior pattern of estrangement and later approach.? The changing characteristics of the relationship with parents: the dependence on parents decreases, while the anti-resistance mood increases.? The change of the relationship with the teacher: begin to judge the teacher.?Section 6 psychological development of adolescence? The general characteristics of the first unit of adolescence? The age range of the youth is 17, 18 ~ 35 years old. Spagger described the youth period as "the second birth" for the first time to survive, and the second was born for life? Unit 2 cognitive development of adolescence? Cartel: the formation of intelligence consists of fluid intelligence and crystal intelligence.? Fluid intelligence increases with the maturity of the nervous system; Crystal intelligence refers to the intelligence acquired through the mastery of social and cultural experience.? In the adult stage, fluid intelligence tends to decline slowly, while crystal intelligence has remained relatively stable and has been increasing with experience and knowledge accumulation.? The development of thinking in youth can be divided into three stages: the first stage: the dualist stage. Phase two: phase of relativity. Stage 3: the qualitative stage.? The social development of the third unit of youth? The most important characteristic of the development of self-consciousness in youth is that young people begin to focus their attention on discovering themselves and caring for their existence.? The correction of self-consciousness is based on two aspects: one is the accumulated experience in life, especially the experience of success and failure; Second, evaluation from others.? The factors that affect the formation and development of life and values of life and development: restricted by the factors of individual maturity; Influenced by social factors; Personal factors.? According to eriksson, the main task of youth is to build intimacy.? There are four factors affecting young people's job or career choice: family factors; Education and intelligence levels; Sex; personality? Personality change: between 20 and 40 years old, a person's self-confidence, self-esteem, independence and achievementorientation all have an upward trend.?Section 7 psychological development of middle age? The physiological changes of the first phase of middle age? Middle age usually refers to 35 or 40 years old to 60 or 65.Middle age is the transition from youth to old age.? Menopause refers to the period in which the changes of physiological and mental state of the individual during the transition from middle age to old age. Female menopause occurs between 45 and 55 years of age, usually lasting 8 to 12 years? Unit 2 cognitive development of middle age? After the age of 40, visual acuity and visual perception gradually decrease, and the hearing threshold increases with age? In the process of memory processing, middle-aged people pay less attention to simple details and more attention to the conclusive information about the nature of things? The development of creativity: the creation of natural science and mathematics at the peak of youth; The peak of human science is in middle age and even in old age.? The social development of middle age? The personality traits of middle-aged people are relatively stable? The career development of middle-aged people is: job satisfaction; Job performance.? Change in relationships: relationships with colleagues and leaders are a competitive and cooperative relationship?Section 8 psychological development of the old age? The concept of mental change in the first unit? The old age usually refers to the life stage after the age of 60.? Loss of old age: the loss of mental health, economic foundation, social role and value of life? The lifelong view of development: 1. Psychological development runs through life; 2. Differences in morphology and rate of development of different mental functions; 3. Psychological development is always combined by the two aspects of growth and decline; 4. Psychological development has great individual plasticity? The cognitive changes of the second unit? The degenerative changes of perception are obvious? Explanation of mechanism of decline in memory in old age:? One view holds that memory processing slows down the root causes of memory loss in older age.? Another view is that smaller working memory capacity is the root cause of memory loss in older people.? The aging of the mind shows more wisdom? The social changes in unit 3 aging? The process of adjusting to retirement is divided into four periods:.1. Expectations period 2. Retirement period 3. Adjustment period 4. Steady? Change of interpersonal relationship: (1) marital relationship; (2) there is no relationship between the relationship between children and their children and their subjective well-being; (3) the number of friends with friends decreases? Change of personality: insecurity; Loneliness; Poor adaptability; The formality of formality, the rate of decline; Conservative; Remember the past? The death process (kubler-ross) : denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance。