医学专业英语38163
医科专业英语词汇
医科专业英语1. anatomy解剖学2. physiology生理学3. epithelial tissue上皮组织4. connective tissue结缔组织5. muscular tissue肌肉组织6. nervous tissue神经组织7. the integumentary system体被系统8. the skeletal system骨骼系统9. the muscular system肌肉系统10. the lymphatic system淋巴系统11. the respiratory system呼吸系统12. the digestive system消化系统13. the nervous system神经系统14. the endocrine system内分泌系统15. the cardiovascular system心血管系统16. the urinary system泌尿系统17. the reproductive system生殖系统18. the cranial cavity颅腔19. the spinal cavity脊髓腔20. the thoracic cavity胸腔21. the abdominopelvic cavity盆腹腔22. homeostasis内环境稳定23. metabolism新陈代谢1.morphology 形态学, 生态学2.etiology 病因学, 病原学3.pathogenesis 发病学, 发病机理4.intrauterine 子宫内的5.endoscopy 内窥镜检查6.biopsy 活组织检查7.pathogen病菌; 病原体8.inflammatory diseases炎性疾病9.degenerative diseases变性性疾病, 退行性疾病10.metabolic diseases代谢性疾病11.congenital and hereditary diseases先天性和遗传性疾病12.neoplastic diseases肿瘤性疾病13.prognosis预后14.clinical history临床史15.specific treatment特异疗法, 特效(药)疗法16.symptomatic treatment症状疗法, 对症治疗17.chromosome染色体18.noninvasive procedures无创检查19.recessive gene隐性基因20.dominant gene显性基因anic disease器质性疾病22.electrocardiogram 心电图1.carbohydrate 碳水化合物2.esophagus 食管3.duodenum十二指肠4.pepsin 胃蛋白酶5.peristalsis蠕动6.cardiac / pyloric sphincter贲门/幽门括约肌7.gastrointestinal track胃肠道8.hydrochloric acid盐酸9.amino acid氨基酸10.glycerol甘油; 丙三醇11.gallbladder胆囊12.ileocecal valve回盲瓣13.salivary glands 涎腺,唾液腺14.hard/soft palate硬/软腭15.epiglottis 会厌mon bile duct 胆总管17.rectum直肠18.villus绒毛19.digestive enzyme消化酶20.taste bud味蕾21.appendix 阑尾22.ascending /descending colon 升/降结肠23.sigmoid colon 乙状结肠24.bowel movement 大便25.chyme 食糜1.respiratory tract呼吸道2.pharynx咽3.trachea气管4.bronchiole细支气管5.epithelial cell上皮细胞6.macrophage巨噬细胞7.oxygen氧气8.carbon dioxide二氧化碳9.mucous membrane粘膜10. nasal passage鼻道11. allergy变态反应(症), 过敏症12. swallowing reflex吞咽反射13. lymphatic tissue淋巴组织14. ciliated cell纤毛细胞15. inhalation吸入,吸气16. exhalation呼出，呼气17. nostril鼻孔18. cartilage软骨19. larynx喉20. alveolus肺泡21. tonsil 扁桃体22. irreversible damage 不可逆性损伤1. cardiovascular system心血管系统2. circulatory system循环系统3. plasma血浆4. erythrocyte红细胞5. leukocyte白细胞6. platelet count血小板计数7. megakaryocyte巨核细胞8. hematocrit血细胞比容9. hemoglobin血红蛋白10. diffuse扩散，弥漫11. granulocyte粒细胞12. osmotic pressure渗透压13. phagocytosis吞噬作用14. interferon干扰素15. systemic circulation体循环16. pulmonary circulation肺循环17. deoxygenated blood去氧血18. tricuspid valve三尖瓣19. pulmonic valve肺动脉瓣20. aortic valve主动脉瓣21. tachycardia心动过速22. bradycardia心动过缓23. systole心缩期24. diastole心舒期1. atrium心房2. ventricle心室3. mitral / bicuspid valve二尖瓣4. semilunar valve半月瓣5. endocardium心内膜6. myocardium心肌7. epicardium心外膜8. pericardium心包(膜)9. pulmonary trunk肺动脉干10. stethoscope听诊器11. murmur (心脏)杂音,12. pacemaker cell P细胞(起搏细胞)13. sinus /sinoatrial node窦房结14. atrioventricular node房室结15. aorta主动脉16. common carotid artery颈总动脉17. artery动脉18. capillary毛细血管19. superior / inferior vena cava上腔静脉/下腔静脉。
医学专业英语词汇大全
医学专业英语词汇大全一、人体解剖学词汇1. 骨骼系统（Skeletal System）skull（颅骨）spine（脊柱）rib（肋骨）pelvis（骨盆）femur（股骨）tibia（胫骨）fibula（腓骨）2. 肌肉系统（Muscular System）biceps（二头肌）triceps（三头肌）deltoid（三角肌）quadriceps（四头肌）gluteus（臀大肌）rectus abdominis（腹直肌）3. 神经系统（Nervous System）brain（大脑）spinal cord（脊髓）neuron（神经元）synapse（突触）cerebellum（小脑）hypothalamus（下丘脑）4. 循环系统（Circulatory System） heart（心脏）artery（动脉）vein（静脉）capillary（毛细血管）blood（血液）plasma（血浆）5. 呼吸系统（Respiratory System） lung（肺）trachea（气管）bronchus（支气管）alveoli（肺泡）diaphragm（膈肌）二、临床医学词汇1. 疾病与症状diabetes（糖尿病）hypertension（高血压）asthma（哮喘）fever（发热）headache（头痛）nausea（恶心）2. 检查与诊断physical examination（体格检查）Xray（X光检查）CT scan（CT扫描）MRI（磁共振成像）biopsy（活检）diagnosis（诊断）3. 治疗与药物medication（药物治疗）surgery（手术治疗）vaccination（疫苗接种）antibiotic（抗生素）painkiller（止痛药）insulin（胰岛素）三、医学分支词汇1. 内科学（Internal Medicine） cardiology（心脏病学）gastroenterology（消化病学） nephrology（肾脏病学）endocrinology（内分泌学）hematology（血液病学）2. 外科学（Surgery）general surgery（普通外科） orthopedic surgery（骨科）neurosurgery（神经外科）plastic surgery（整形外科）cardiac surgery（心脏外科）3. 妇产科（Obstetrics and Gynecology）pregnancy（妊娠）childbirth（分娩）contraception（避孕）menopause（更年期）cervical cancer（宫颈癌）4. 儿科学（Pediatrics）immunization（免疫）growth chart（生长曲线）developmental milestones（发育里程碑）asthma in children（儿童哮喘）childhood obesity（儿童肥胖）本词汇大全旨在帮助医学专业人员和爱好者更好地掌握医学英语，提高专业英语水平。
English for Medical Professionals 医学专业英语
English for Medical Professionals医学专业英语ContentHuman body (1)Human disease (5)Medicine (9)Cardiovascular system (16)Respiratory system (19)Musculoskeletal system (22)Digestive System (25)Blood and Immunity (29)Urinary System (32)Nervous system (36)Endocrine System (40)Cancer (43)Apoptosis (48)DNA Cloning: an overview (51)Protein Targeting (55)Stem Cells (59)Development and Genetics (61)Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids (64)Human bodyorganism 生物体，有机体anatomy [ə`nætəmi] 解剖学physiology 生理学biology 生物学cytology 细胞学embryology 胚胎学histology 组织学endocrinology 内分泌学hematology 血液学immunology 免疫学psychology 心理学skeletal 骨骼的joint 关节cartilage 软骨skeleton 骨骼bone marrow 骨髓hinge joint 屈戌关节pivot joint 枢轴关节socket 臼槽rib 肋骨breastbone 胸骨muscular 肌肉的striated muscle 横纹肌All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex levels. Living matter is derived from simple chemicals. These chemicals are formed into the complex substances that make living cells - the basic units of all life. Specialized groups of cells form tissues, and tissues may function together as organs. Organs working together for the same general purpose make up the body systems. All of the systems work together to maintain the body as a whole organism.Studies of the normal structure and functions of the body are the basis for all medical sciences. It is only from understanding the normal that one can analyze what is going wrong in cases of disease. These studies give one an appreciation for the design and balance of the human body and for living organisms in general. Anatomy is the study of the body's structure; physiology is the study of the body's function. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made.A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear.The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated muscles can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as when bending a finger.Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control.smooth muscle 平滑肌intestine 肠circulatory 循环的nourishment 营养blood vessel 血管cardiovascular 心血管的antibody 抗体artery 动脉capillary 毛细血管vein 静脉lymphatic 淋巴的lymph 淋巴lymph node 淋巴结spleen 脾respiratory 呼吸的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳larynx 喉管trachea [trə`kiə] 气管exhale 呼出digestive 消化的anus 肛门saliva [sə'lаivə] 唾液esophagus 食管gastric juice 胃液chyme 食糜duodenum 十二指肠pancreas 胰腺enzyme 酶breakdown 分解nutrient 营养物质remainder 剩余物colon 结肠Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.The circulatory system All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the body's defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.Also functioning in circulation is the lymphatic system. Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels - the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood.The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, and trachea. The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood release carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Food enters through the mouth, where chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow. Next, the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach, where mechanical and chemical digestion continues, the muscular walls of the stomach contract vigorously to mix food with gastric juice, producing a mixture called chyme.The liquified food gradually passes into the small intestine. In the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of fat is aided by bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The small intestine of an adult is about 6.4 meters long, most of its length is devoted to absorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities.The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine, or colon, which isexpel 排除residue 残余物urinary 泌尿的sodium 钠potassium 钾kidney 肾urine 尿液ureter 输尿管bladder 膀胱void 使排空urethra 尿道endocrine 内分泌messenger 信使hormone 激素gland 腺体pituitary 脑垂体thyroid 甲状腺adrenal 肾上腺的nervous 神经的spinal cord 脊髓integrate 整合spinal column 脊柱reproductive 生殖的viable 能存活的sperm 精子ovum (pl. ova) 卵子ovary 卵巢about 3.7 meters long. It is more than twice as wide as the small intestine. In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.The fluid that leaves the kidneys, known as urine, travels through a tube called the ureter to the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.The endocrine system.The two systems that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system. The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs. Because some of the pituitary's hormones stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones, the pituitary called the master gland. Others endocrine glands are the thyroid, the pancreas and the adrenal glands.The nervous system. The brain, the spinal cord and the nerve - also controls body activities. The lower parts of the brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regions that direct voluntary muscular activities of the arms and legs. Performed here are the higher functions of integrating and processing information.The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord. The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord at each level of the body, traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk. These nerves bring information from the various sense organs, and the information is processed by the brain, then messages are carried back to muscles and glands through out the body.The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm. It also produces the male sex hormone, which regulates the development of bodily characteristics of the adult male.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova, eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and providing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child. The female reproductive system also produces the femaleevaporation 蒸发tactile 触觉的sex hormones, which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female.The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the body's organs. It keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation. The nerves in the skin provide tactile information. The skin also helps keep the body's temperature close to 37 °C, heat is conserved by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin.Human diseasepathology 病理学succumb to 屈从于，死于bacterium (pl. bacteria) 细菌virus 病毒symptom 症状sign 体征diagnose 诊断fever 发热bleeding 出血swollen 肿大的epidemic disease 流行病endemic disease 地方病acute 急性的subacute 亚急性的chronic 慢性的onset 发作rheumatic fever 风湿热infectious 传染性的airborne 空气传播的fungus (pl. fungi) 真菌worm 蠕虫asymptomatic 无症状的carrier 携带者malfunction 机能障碍degeneration 退化erratic 游走的，不稳定的faulty 错误的，缺陷的disturbance 功能紊乱deficiency 缺乏，不足lapse 衰退，障碍The brief survey of the human body has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute.Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body's defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.disability 残疾，功能障碍drug addiction 药物成瘾obesity 肥胖malnutrition 营养不良inheritable 可遗传的inborn errors 先天缺陷mental retardation 智力低下hereditary 遗传的germ 病菌，微生物pathogen 病原体Ward off 防止，逐退pneumonia [] 肺炎tuberculosis 肺结核venereal 性病的hepatitis 肝炎colitis 结肠炎utensil 器皿vector 载体taint 污染，变质mucus 粘液mucous 粘膜的，粘液的boil 疖子pimple 小脓疱vulnerable 易受伤害的cilium (pl. cilia) 纤毛eject 排出，喷射Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution- caused health problems.Furthermore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns. Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.How Germs Invade the BodyHumans live in a world where many other living things compete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs, that cause many diseases are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the body's defense system can ward off these invaders.Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some - such as these that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis - are breathed in. Others - such as those that cause venereal diseases - enter through sexual contact of human bodies. Still others - such as those that cause hepatitis and colitis - get in the body through contaminated food, water or utensils.Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector.How the Body Fights DiseaseAs a first line of defense, a healthy body has a number of physical barriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resistance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however, large areas of the body might become infected.Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mucus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line the breathing passages, wave gently and sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing. Unfortunately, repeated infection, smoking and other causes can damage the respiratory passageways and make them more susceptible to infection.Many potential invaders cannot stand body temperature (37°C). Even those that thrive at that temperature may be destroyed when the body assumes higher, fevercanal 管duct 管pus 脓abscess 脓肿drain 引流，排出streak 线(条)tender 触痛的armpit 腋窝bacteriemia 菌血症phagocyte 吞噬细胞bronchi 支气管shatter 打碎，破坏fend off 阻止immunity 免疫力antigen 抗原pollen 花粉immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白opsonization 调理作用engulf 吞噬intermediate 中间产物complement 补体manifestation (临床)表现syndrome 综合征temperatures.Wax in the outer ear canals and tears from eye ducts can slow the growth of some bacteria. And stomach acid can destroy certain swallowed germs.The body's second line of defense is in the blood and lymph. Certain white blood cells flock to infected areas and try to localize the infection by forming pus-filled abscesses. Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread. When this happens, the infection is first blocked by local lymph glands. For example, an infection in the hand travels up the arm, producing red streaks and swollen, tender lymph glands in the armpit. Unless the infection is brought under control, it will result in bacteriemia.Phagocytes are located at various sites to minimize infection. One type in the spleen and liver keeps the blood clean. Others in such high-risk areas as the walls of the bronchi and the intestines remove certain bacteria and shattered cells.We Become Immune to DiseaseThe body has a special way of handling infection. It has a system that fends off the first traces of an infectious substance and then, through a "memory," gives the body a long-lasting immunity against future attacks by the same kind of invader.Many substances could harm the body if they ever entered it. These substances, or antigens, range from bacteria and pollen to a transplanted organ (viewed by the body as an invader). To fight them the body makes special chemicals known as antibodies.Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins. When an antibody hooks up with an antigen, it often puts the antigen out of action by inactivating or covering a key portion of the harmful substance. In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies "butter" the surface of some antigens and make them "tastier" to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens. Sometimes an antibody hooks to a bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, or complement, to actually destroy the bacterium. As the antibody- antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex "fixes" complement to it. In turn, the complement causes powerful enzymes to eat through the bacterial cell wall and make the organism burst.Treatment of DiseaseTo treat a patient, a physician must first make a diagnosis, that is, reach a conclusion as to the nature of the illness. The physician must know the symptoms, which are the conditions of disease noted by the patient, and the signs, which are the evidence (objective manifestations) the physician or other healthcare professional can observe. Many diseases cause a variety of effects and involve more than one body system. A characteristic group of symptoms and signs that accompanies a disease is called a syndrome. Frequently, the physician uses laboratory tests to help establish thediagnosis 诊断prognosis 预后biopsy 活组织检查disorder 障碍，紊乱，疾病surgery 外科学radiation 放射counseling (心理)咨询diagnosis. Common methods used for diagnosis include imaging studies, blood tests, and study of tissues removed in biopsy. A prognosis is a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on the condition of the patient and the physician’s knowledge about the disease (from the Greek word gnosis meaning ―knowledge‖).Nurses and other healthcare professionals play an extremely valuable role in the diagnostic process by observing closely for signs, collecting and organizing information from the patient about his or her symptoms, and then reporting this inform ation to the physician. Once a patient’s disorder is known, the physician prescribes a course of treatment, known as therapy. Treatment may include drugs, surgery, radiation, counseling, physical therapy, and many others, alone or in combinations. Specific measures in a course of treatment include those carried out by the nurse and other healthcare providers under the physician’s orders.Medicinemedicine 医学(内科学)medication 药物治疗biomedical 生物医学的psychology 心理学complaint 主诉cardiopulmonary 心肺的Medicine is an area of human knowledge concerned with maintaining or restoring health. It is, in the broadest sense of the term, the science and practice of the prevention and curing of human diseases, and other ailments of the human body or mind.Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication, surgery, or some other form of therapy.The patient-physician relationshipThe practice of modern medicine combines both science as the evidence base and art in the application of this medical knowledge in combination with intuition and clinical judgment to determine the treatment plan for each individual patient. Central to medicine is the patient-physician relationship established when a person with a health concern seeks a physician's help.The ideal taught in medical school sees the core aspect as the physician learning the patient's symptoms, concerns and values. The physician examines the patient, interprets the symptoms, and formulates a diagnosis to explain the symptoms and their cause to the patient and then proposes a treatment. The job of a physician is similar to a human biologist: that is, to know the human frame and situation in terms of normality. Once the physician knows what is normal and can measure the patient against those norms, he or she can then determine the particular departure from the normal and the degree of departure. This is called the diagnosis.The four great corner stones of diagnostic medicine are anatomy, physiology, pathology (what goes wrong with the anatomy and physiology) and psychology (mind and behavior). In addition, the physician should consider the patient in their 'well' context rather than simply as a walking medical condition. This means the socio-political context of the patient (family, work, stress, beliefs) should be assessed as it often offers vital clues to the patient's condition and further management.A patient typically presents a set of complaints (the symptoms) to the physician, who then obtains further information about the patient's symptoms, previous state of health, living conditions, and so forth. The physician then makes a review of systems or systems inquiry, which is a set of ordered questions about each major body system in order: general, endocrine, cardiopulmonary, etc. Next comes the actual physical examination and often laboratory tests; the findings are recorded, leading to a list of possible diagnoses. These will be investigated in order of probability.The quality of the patient-physician relationship is important to both parties. The better the relationship in terms of mutual respect, knowledge, trust, shared values andmedical history 医疗史systems enquiry 全面问诊physical examination 体格检查chief complaint 主诉HPI 现病史PMH 既往病史Medications (Rx) 药物史OTC 非处方药remedy 药物，疗法SH 社会史FH 家族史ROS 系统回顾lump 块，团，肿块bump 肿块volunteer v. 主动建议(或告诉)inspection 望诊palpation 触诊perspectives about disease and life, and time available, the better will be the amount and quality of information about the patient's disease transferred in both directions, enhancing accuracy of diagnosis and increasing the patient's knowledge about the disease. Where such a relationship is poor the physician's ability to make a full assessment is compromised and the patient is more likely to distrust the diagnosis and proposed treatment. In these circumstances and also in cases where there is genuine divergence of medical opinions, a second opinion from another physician may be sought or the patient may choose to go to another doctor.Clinical skillsA complete medical evaluation includes a medical history, a systems enquiry, a physical examination, appropriate laboratory or imaging studies, analysis of data and medical decision making to obtain diagnoses, and a treatment plan. The components of the medical history are:∙Chief complaint (cc): the reason for the current medical visit. These are the 'symptoms'. They are in the patient's own words and are recorded along with the duration of each one. Also called 'presenting complaint'.∙History of present illness (HPI): the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom.∙Past medical history (PMH): concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations and operations, injuries, past infectious diseases and/or vaccinations, history of known allergies.∙Medications (Rx): what drugs the patient takes including prescribed, over- the- counter (OTC), and home remedies, as well as alternative and herbal medicines/ herbal remedies.∙Social history (SH): birthplace, residences, occupation, marital history, social and economic status, habits (including diet, medications, tobacco, alcohol).∙Family history (FH): listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient.A family tree is sometimes used.∙Review of systems (ROS) or systems inquiry: a set of additional questions to ask which may be missed on HPI: a general enquiry (have you noticed any weight loss, change in sleep quality, fevers, lumps and bumps? etc.), followed by questions on the body's main organ systems (heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract, etc.).The physical examination is the examination of the patient looking for signs of disease ('Symptoms' are what the patient volunteers, 'Signs' are what the healthcare provider detects by examination). The healthcare provider uses the senses of sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes smell (taste has been made redundant by the availability of modern lab tests). Four chief methods are used: inspection, palpation。
(完整版)医学专业英语
cardiovascular diseases;脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary;泌尿道urinary tract;分子molecule;动脉artery;内分泌学endocrinology;呼吸困难dyspnea;唾液saliva;组织学histology;血液循环blood circulation;血液学hematology;生理学physiology;解剖学anatomy;女性生殖系统femal reproductive system;神经细胞nerve cell;免疫学immunology;消化不良dyspepsia;随意肌voluntary muscle;胚胎学embryology;心理学psychology;细胞学cytology;原生质protoplasm;细胞膜cell membrane;细胞核nucleus;细胞质(浆)cytoplasm;脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid;能半渗透的semipermeable;分子生物学molecular biology;碳水化合物carbohydrate;有区别性的differentially;使…完整intact;根据according to;遗传特性hereditary trait;渗滤diffusion;转换transaction;蓝图blueprint;染色体chromosome;色素pigment;排出废液excrete waste fluid;散开disperse;脉冲信号impulse;核糖核酸ribonucleic acid;损害正常功能impair the normal function;污染环境pollute environment;功能失调malfunction;致病因子causative agents;易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups;局部化的感染localized infection;花柳病venereal disease;抗原与抗体antigen&antibody;肌电图electromyogram;多发性硬化multiple sclerosis;心电图electrocardiograph;疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease;光纤技术fiber optic technology;造血系统hematopoietic system;致命的疾病fatal disease;体液body fluid;无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment;无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance;葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test;乐观的预后optimistic prognosis;超声波检测法ultrasonography;病史medical history;随访活动follow-up visit;营养不良nutritional deficiency;使细节显著highlight detail;脑电图electroencephalogram;缺血的组织blood-starved tissue;肌纤维muscle fiber;随意肌voluntary muscle;消化道alimentary canal;肌腹fleshy belly of muscle;横纹肌striated muscle;肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle;肌肉收缩muscle contraction;肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle;肌肉放松relaxation of muscle;动脉出血arterial hemorrhage;止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor;蛋白分子protein molecule;纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue;伸肌extensor;意志力willpower;横切面transverse section;起搏器pacemaker;肌萎缩muscle atrophy;重症肌无力myasthenia gravis;弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia;常染色体隐性autosomal recessive;全身性感染systemic infection;受累的肌肉muscle involved;显著相关性significant correlation;神经末梢nerve terminal;自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction;神经支配innervation;肌营养不良muscular dystrophy;慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition;先天性肌病congenital myopathy;预期寿命life expectancy;免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant;发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset;胸腺肿瘤thymoma;呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic;去神经支配denervation;矿物质吸收mineral absorption;机械应力mechanical stress;骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty;蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme;破骨细胞osteoclast;松质骨spongy bone;骨折fracture;不规则骨irregular bone;骨骼系统skeletal system;维生素吸收vitamin absorption;骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone;生长激素growth hormone;骺软骨epiphyseal cartilage;镁缺乏magnesium deficiency;成骨细胞osteoblast;密质骨compact bone;骨髓腔marrow cavity;红骨髓red marrow;软骨内骨化endochondral ossification;矫形学orthopedics;闭合性骨折closed fracture;骨代谢疾病metabolic bone disease;雌激素替代疗法estrogen replacement therapy; 肾上腺皮质adrenal cortex;佝偻病rickets;骨肉瘤osteosarcoma;软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma;止痛relieve pain;类风湿关节炎rheumatoid arthritis;骨髓炎osteomyelitis;开放性骨折open fracture;骨质疏松症osteoporosis;营养缺乏nutritional deficiency;骨软化症osteomalocia;听力丧失hearing lose;恶性肿瘤malignant tumor;关节炎arthritis;抗炎剂anti-inflammatory drugs;痛风gout;牙周组织periodontium;唾液腺salivary glands;口腔oral cavity;升结肠ascending colon;贲门括约肌cardiac sphincter;乳化作用emulsification;消化道alimentary tract;脾弯曲splenic flexure;锥形的突起cone-shaped papillae;似袋状的器官pouch-like organ;会厌epiglottis;十二指肠duodenum;乙状结肠sigmoid colon;幽门括约肌pyloric sphincter;舌下腺sublingual gland;蠕动peristalsis;下颌下腺submandibular gland;解毒作用detoxification;回盲瓣ileocecal valve;胰岛素insulin;穿孔perforation;溃疡性结肠炎ulcerative colitis;纤维变性fibrosis;阑尾炎appendicitis;胃十二指肠吻合术gastroduodenostomy;直肠镜proctoscope;裂孔疝hiatal hernia;造影剂contrast medium;代偿失调decompensation;胆石病choletithiasis;内窥镜检查endoscopy;胆囊切除术cholecystectomy;憩室炎diverticulitis;麻痹性肠梗阻paralytic ileus; 胆绞痛biliary colic;一个系列的 a spectrum of;副鼻窦paranasal sinus;口咽oropharynx;脊椎动物verterbrate animal;肺泡alveolus;二氧化碳carbon dioxide;肺换气不足hypoventilation;横膈膜神经phrenic nerve;双重折叠的double folded;威慑物deterrent;润滑液lubricating fluid;滞痰stagnant sputum;食管esophagus;纵隔mediastinum;哺乳动物mammal;碱中毒alkalosis;迷宫labyrinth;污染物质pollutant;脑干brainstem;上皮,上皮细胞epithelium;刺激物irritant;利尿剂duretics;大叶性肺炎lobar pneumonia;疾病的鉴别differentiation of disease;破坏性的损坏destructive damage;痰性咳嗽productive cough;共存coexist;医学文献medical literatures;咯血nemoptysis;渗出物,渗出液exudate;痰液phlegm;气促,气短breathless;无症状的asymptomatic;吸烟者晨咳morning cigarette cough;肺弹性回缩elastic recoil;反复发作recurrent episodes;有毒刺激物质nonxious agents;连续三年successive 3 years;交叉重复crossover;互相排除的mutually exclusive;小气道闭塞obliteration of small airway;主动脉弓aortic arch;胸主动脉thoracic aorta;舒张压diastolic pressure;腹主动脉abdominal aorta;收缩压systolic pressure;脊柱vertebral colum;毫米汞柱mmHg;半月形的semilunar;最里层的innermost;升主动脉ascending aorta;二尖瓣bicuspid valve;体循环systemic circuit;上腔静脉superior vena cava下腔静脉inferior vena cava;心肌myocardium;心内膜endocadium;细分;分支subdivision;心外膜epicardium;小动脉arteriole;心包pericardium;全血细胞减少pancytopenia;网织红细胞reticulocyte;自身免疫的autoimmune;危及生命的life-threatening;凝结cougulation;血小板减少thrombocytopenia;免疫缺陷immunodeficiency;功能紊乱dysfunction;活疫苗live vaccine;移植物对宿主的反应graft-versus-host reaction;血友病hemophilia;素质diathesis;巨成红细胞megaloblast;自发病,特发病idiopathic;弥散性血管内凝血disseminated intravascular coagulation;instrinsic;appendic/o>appendix阑尾炎2bil/i/rubin bil/i>bile胆红素3chondr/o/sarc/oma chrondr/o >cartilage ; sarc/o >flesh 软骨肉瘤4chol/sterol chol/e > bile, gall胆固醇5bucc/al bucc/o > bucca口腔的；颊的6crani/al crani/o > skull颅的，颅侧的7colon/o/scope colon/o > colon结肠镜8sigmoid/o/scope sigmoid/o > sigmoid colon乙状结肠镜9inter/cost/al cost/o > rib肋间的10dent/in dent/o > teeth牙质11epi/gastr/ic gastr/o > stomach胃上部的，腹上部的12enter/itis enter/o > small intestine肠炎13arthr/itis arthr/i > joint关节炎14bronch/o/genic bronch/o > bronchus支气管原的15cec/um cec/o > cecum盲肠16sub/lingu/al lingu/o > tongue舌下的17gingiv/itis gingiv/o > gum牙龈炎18nas/o/gastr/ic gas/o > nose gastr/o > stomach鼻饲的19hypo/pharyng/eal pharyng/o > pharynx下咽的20diverticul/osis diverticul/o > diverticulum憩室病21ile/o/stomy ile/o > ileum回肠造口术22chol/e/cyst/ectomy chol/e > bile; cyst/o > sac胆囊切除术23abdomin/al abdomin/o > abdomen腹部的24pneumon/ia pneumon/o > lung肺炎25thorac/ic thorac/o > pleural cavity ,chestcavity 胸腔的26duoden/um deoden/o > duodenum十二指肠27laryng/o/pharynx larygn/o > larynx pharyng/o >pharynx 咽喉28vertebr/ate vertebr/o > back bone脊椎动物29oste/o/myel/itis oste/o > bone;myel/o > bonemarrow 骨髓炎30pancreat/ic pancreat/o>pancreas胰腺炎31angi/o/plasty angio>vessels血管成形术32extra/o/cular extra>outside细胞外的33tendon/ous ten>tendon肌腱的34mamm/o/graphy mamm>breast乳房X线检查术35electr/o/my/o/gram electr>electricity,my>muscle肌电图36erythr/o/cyte eryth>red红细胞37hem/o/globin globin>protein血红蛋白38prot/o/plasm prot>first原生质39urin/ary ary>pertaining to泌尿道的40neur/o/pathy neur>nerve神经疾病41lymph/atic lymph>lymph淋巴的42my/o/fiber my>muscle肌纤维43pelv/ic pelv>pelvic bone盆骨44hepat/itis itis>inflammation肝炎45fibr/ous fibr>fiber纤维的46embry/o/logy embry>embryo胚胎学47leuk/emia emia>blood condition白血病48electr/o/cardi/o/graph graph>instrument ofrecording 心电图仪49dermat/o/my/o/sitis dermat>skin皮肤炎50thym/ectomy ectomy>surgical exasion orremoval of 胸腺切除术51cyt/o/plasm cyt>cell细胞浆52isch/emia isch> to hold back局部缺血53steth/o/scope stech> the chest 听诊器54pulmon/ary pulmon>lung 肺的55sarc/o/plasm plasm>formation growth or substance of formation 肌浆56chrom/o/some some>body 染色体57vascul/ar vascul>blood vessel5岁小男孩。
(完整版)医学专业英语词汇
(完整版)医学专业英语词汇医学专业英语词汇1. 基础词汇- Medicine - 医学- Clinic - 诊所- Doctor - 医生- Patient - 患者- Hospital - 医院- Health - 健康- Disease - 疾病- Treatment - 治疗- Symptom - 症状- Diagnosis - 诊断- Prescription - 处方- Surgery - 手术- Laboratory - 实验室- Research - 研究- University - 大学- Medical - 医疗的- Nurse - 护士- Pharmacist - 药剂师- Therapist - 治疗师- Vaccine - 疫苗- X-ray - X光片- HIV - 人类免疫缺陷病毒- Cancer - 癌症- Diabetes - 糖尿病- Heart - 心脏- Kidney - 肾脏- Liver - 肝脏2. 解剖学词汇- Anatomy - 解剖学- Skeleton - 骨骼- Muscle - 肌肉- Nervous system - 神经系统- Digestive system - 消化系统- Respiratory system - 呼吸系统- Circulatory system - 循环系统- Skeletal system - 骨骼系统- Muscular system - 肌肉系统- Nervous tissue - 神经组织- Respiratory tract - 呼吸道- Circulatory system - 循环系统- Digestive tract - 消化道- Central nervous system - 中枢神经系统- Peripheral nervous system - 外周神经系统- Endocrine system - 内分泌系统- Urinary system - 泌尿系统3. 疾病词汇- Infection - 感染- Allergy - 过敏- Fever - 发烧- Inflammation - 炎症- Pain - 疼痛- Cough - 咳嗽- Headache - 头痛- Fatigue - 疲劳- Depression - 抑郁症- High blood pressure - 高血压- Arthritis - 关节炎- Asthma - 哮喘- Alzheimer's disease - 阿尔茨海默病- Stroke - 中风- Multiple sclerosis - 多发性硬化症- Pneumonia - 肺炎- Cancer - 癌症- Diabetes - 糖尿病- Heart disease - 心脏病- Kidney disease - 肾脏疾病- Liver disease - 肝脏疾病- Sexually transmitted disease - 性传播疾病4. 检查和测试词汇- Blood test - 血液检查- Urine test - 尿液检查- X-ray - X光检查- Ultrasound - 超声波- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - 磁共振成像- ECG (Electrocardiogram) - 心电图- PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) - 正电子发射断层扫描- Colonoscopy - 结肠镜检查- Pap smear - 涂片检查- Biopsy - 活检- Lymph node biopsy - 淋巴结活检- Bone marrow biopsy - 骨髓活检5. 药物相关词汇- Medication - 药物- Drug - 药品- Prescription - 处方药- Over-the-counter (OTC) - 非处方药- Antibiotics - 抗生素- Analgesics - 镇痛药- Antidepressants - 抗抑郁药- Antipyretics - 退热药- Antihistamines - 抗组织胺药- Anticoagulants - 抗凝药- Opioids - 麻醉药- Diuretics - 利尿药- Antivirals - 抗病毒药- Anti-inflammatory - 抗炎药- Beta blockers - 贝塔受体阻滞剂- Statins - 他汀类药物- Vaccines - 疫苗- Insulin - 胰岛素- Cholesterol-lowering drugs - 降低胆固醇药物以上是医学专业英语词汇的一部分，希望对您的学习和工作有所帮助。
医学学科英语词汇
医学学科英语词汇医学学科英语词汇以下是小编带来的医学学科英语词汇，一起来看看吧。
应用生物学 Applied Biology医学技术 Medical Technology细胞生物学 Cell Biology医学 Medicine生物学 Biology护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology口腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋生物学 Marine Biology口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences微生物学 Microbiology骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine分子生物学 Molecular Biology耳科学 Otology医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology理疗学 Physical Therapy口腔生物学 Oral Biology足病医学 Podiatric Medicine寄生物学 Parasutology眼科学 Ophthalmology植物生物学 Plant Physiology预防医学 Preventive Medicine心理生物学 Psychobiology放射学 Radiology放射生物学 Radiation Biology康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing野生生物学 Wildlife Biology外科护理学 Surgical Nursing环境生物学 Environmental Biology治疗学 Therapeutics运动生物学 Exercise Physiology畸形学 Teratology有机体生物学 Organismal Biology兽医学 Veterinary Sciences生物统计学 Biometrics牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences生物物理学 Biophysics牙科科学 Dentistry生物心理学 Biopsychology皮肤学 Dermatology生物统计学 Biostatistics内分泌学 Endocrinology生物工艺学 Biotechnology遗传学 Genetics生物化学 Biological Chemistry解剖学 Anatomy生物工程学 Biological Engineering麻醉学 Anesthesia生物数学 Biomathematics临床科学 Clinical Science生物医学科学 Biomedical Science临床心理学 Clinical Psychology细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology。
医学用英语怎么说
医学用英语怎么说医学，是通过科学或技术的手段处理人体的各种疾病或病变。
它是生物学的应用学科，分基础医学、临床医学。
那么你知道医学用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
医学的英语说法1：medicine医学的英语说法2：medical science医学的相关短语：临床医学 Clinical Medicine ; clinical medical ; MBBS ; Clinical 医学微生物学 Medical microbiology ; Microbiology医学的 medical ; medicinal ; MED ; iatrical放射医学Radiation Medicine ; radiological medicine ; Radiology ; Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging医学模式 medical model ; medical pattern ; bio-psycho-social medical model ; nature philosophical medical model 航空医学aviation medicine ; aeromedicine ; air medicine ; Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine内科医学 Internal Medicine ; Medical Sciences骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine ; Osteopathic Medicine/Osteopathy ; Microbiology医学学士 Bachelor of Medicine ; Bachelor of Medical Science ; MB ; MBBS医学的英语例句：1. Traditionally young Asians in Britain have gravitated towards medicine, law and engineering.英国的亚裔年轻人通常被吸引到医学、法律及工程专业。
医学专业英语课件15
医学专业英语课件15 2023-11-12•医学专业英语概述•医学专业英语核心词汇•医学专业英语阅读理解•医学专业英语口语表达•医学专业英语写作技巧•医学专业英语综合案例分析01医学专业英语概述定义特点定义与特点临床实践在临床实践中，医生需要使用医学专业英语与患者进行沟通，同时还需要阅读和理解相关的医学文献，因此医学专业英语是医生必备的技能之一。
学术交流医学专业英语是国际间学术交流的重要工具，特别是在进行医学研究和临床实践时，需要使用医学专业英语进行文献查阅、论文撰写和会议交流等。
科研医学专业英语对于科研工作也至关重要，因为医学研究需要不断跟踪国际前沿，而医学专业英语是获取这些信息的重要途径。
医学专业英语的重要性医学专业英语的历史与发展历史发展02医学专业英语核心词汇医学词汇的起源与演变来自拉丁语和希腊语的医学词汇许多医学词汇都源于拉丁语和希腊语，这些词汇通常具有丰富的含义和历史背景。
例如，拉丁语中的"pneuma"（灵气）和希腊语中的"phlegma"（黏液）都与医学有关。
在医学术语中，许多法语词汇也被广泛使用。
例如，"symptôme"（症状）和"circulation"（循环）都是来自法语的医学词汇。
随着医学领域的发展，许多英语词汇也被引入到医学术语中。
例如，"gene"（基因）和"protein"（蛋白质）都是来自英语的医学词汇。
来自法语的医学词汇来自英语的医学词汇010203解剖学词汇生理学词汇病理学词汇采用各种记忆技巧，如联想、图像化和语音化等方法，来帮助记忆医学词汇。
例如，将词汇与已知的事物联系起来，或者将其转化为图像或语音，以增强记忆效果。
创造学习环境在学习医学英语词汇时，创造一个良好的学习环境也是非常重要的。
例如，在安静、舒适的地方学习，或者使用学习工具和应用程序来帮助记忆和理解医学英语词汇的含义和应用。
医学专业英语课件
记忆医学专业英语词汇需要一些技巧和方法，例如使用记忆技巧、反复复习、联想记忆等。
反复复习也是记忆医学专业英语词汇的关键，可以通过阅读英文文献、参加英语培训班、使用学习软件等方式进行复习。
联想记忆可以通过将新词汇与已知词汇联系起来，例如将相似的单词放在一起记忆，或将新词汇与相关场景联系起来进行记忆。
一些常见的记忆技巧包括：使用缩写和首字母缩写词、使用图像和联想记忆法、使用语音和拼写规则等。
医学专业英语词汇记忆方法
医学专业英语阅读理解
03
03
段落总结
在阅读每个段落时，尝试总结段落的主要内容，这样可以更好地理解文章的整体结构。
医学专业英语阅读技巧
01
关键词识别
在阅读文章时，注意识别关键词汇，这些关键词汇往往能够提供文章的主要信息。
长期规划
制定定期复习计划，回顾和巩固之前学过的内容，有助于加深理解和记忆。
定期复习
医学专业英语学习规划
合理分配时间
根据学习内容和难度，合理分配每天的学习时间，确保足够的时间用于医学专业英语的学习。
医学专业英语学习时间管理
利用碎片时间
在日常工作和生活中，利用碎片时间进行学习，例如在坐车、排队或休息时进行阅读或听力的练习。
理解原文
翻译时要注意选词准确，避免歧义和误解，同时保持语言的流畅性和准确性。
准确翻译
在翻译过程中，要遵循目标语言的语法、句型和表达习惯，使译文更易于读者理解。
符合目标语言习惯
医学专业英语翻译技巧
医学专业英语论文写作规范
选择合适期刊
在撰写医学论文之前，要选择合适的期刊，了解期刊的投稿要求和审稿标准。
03
阅读医学文献是提高医学专业英语水平的有效途径，可以选择相关的英文期刊、论文和报告进行阅读。
医学专业英语
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
corneosclera limbus 角巩膜缘 refractive power 折光力 bowman’s Iayer 前弹力层 stromaI layer 基质层 descemet’s Iayer 后弹力层 refractive index 折射率 hyaluronic acid 透明质酸 cornea-aqueous barrier 角膜-房水屏障 aqueous humor 房水 tears film 泪膜 dura mate 硬脑膜 chamber angle 房角 tenon capsule 眼球筋膜鞘 schlemm canal 巩膜静脉窦（施勒姆管） collect tube 集合管 intrasclera venous network 深层巩膜静脉从 episclera venous network 浅层巩膜静脉从
• • • • • •
nourishment [‘nʌriʃmənt] sheath [ʃi:θ] sponge-like sieve [siv] drainage [’dreinidʒ] pinocytosis [,painəusai‘təusis]
n.营养 n.鞘，套 adj.海绵状的 n.筛 n.排水，放水 n.胞饮(作用),吞lmology is a speciaI medical science，a branch of clinical medicine， which deals with research for development, treatment and prevention of the disorders of visuaI organas (including eyeball and its accessory apparatus， visual pathway as weIl as visual centre)
医学专业英语
Chapter 1 Basic word structureI. Objectives in Studying the Medical LanguageThere are three objectives to keep in mind as you study medical terminology:1.Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Your goal is to learn the tools of wordanalysis that will make understanding complex terminology easier. Do not simply memorize terms; think about dividing terms into component parts. This text will show you how to separate both complicated and simple terms into understandable word elements. Medical terms are very much like individual jigsaw puzzles. They are constructed of small pieces that make each word unique, but the pieces can be used in different combinations in order words as well. As you become familiar with word parts and learn what each means, you will be able to recognize those word parts in totally new combinations in other terms.2.Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Memorization ofterms, although essential to retention of the language, should not become the primary objective of your study. A major focus of this text is to explain terms in the context of how the body works in healthy and disease. Medical terms explained in their proper context will also be easier to remember. Thus, the term hepatitis, meaning inflammation (-itis) of the liver (hepat), is better understood when you know where the liver is and how it functions. No previous knowledge of biology, anatomy, or physiology is needed for this study. Explanations in the text are straightforward and basic.3. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Some medical terms are pronounced alike but are spelled differently, which accounts for their different meanings. For example, ilium and ileum have identical pronunciations, but the first term, ilium means a part of the pelvis (hip bone), whereas the second term, ileum, means a part of the small intestine. Even when terms are spelled correctly, they can be misunderstood because of incorrect pronunciation. For example, the urethra [jʊə'ri:θrə] is the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body, whereas a ureter ['juəri:tə] is one of two tubes each leading from a single kidney and inserting into the urinary bladder. Figure 1-1 illustrates the difference between the urethra and the ureters.II. Word AnalysisStudying medical terminology is very similar to learning a new language. At first, the words sound strange and complicated, although they may stand for commonly known English terms. For example, the term otalgia means ―ear ache,‖ and an ophthalmologist is an ―eye doctor.‖Your first job in learning the language is to understand how to divide words into their component parts. Logically, most terms, whether complex or simple, can be broken down into basic parts and then understood. For example, consider the following term:HEMATOLOGY HEMA T/O/LOGYRoot suffixcombining vowelThe root is the foundation of the word. All medical terms have one or more roots. For example, the root hemat means blood.The suffix is the word ending. All medical terms have a suffix. The suffix-logy means study of. The combining vowel (usually o) links the root to the suffix or the root to another root. A combining vowel has no meaning of its own; it only joins one word part to another.It is useful to read the meaning of medical terms starting from the suffix and moving back to the beginning of the term. Thus, the term hematology means study of blood.Here is another familiar medical term:ELECTROCARDIOGRAMELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAMroot root suffixcombining vowel The root electr means electricity.The root cardi means heart.The suffix-gram means rocord.The entire word means record of the electricity in the heart.Notice that there are two combining vowels in this term. They link the two roots (electr and cardi) as well as the root (cardi) and suffix (-gram).Try another term:GASTRITIS CASTR/IT ISroot suffixThe root gastr means stomach.The suffix –it is means inflammation.The entire word, reading from the end of the term (suffix) to the beginning, means inflammation of the stomach.Note that the combining vowel,o,is missing in this term. This is because the suffix, -it is, begins with a vowel. The combining vowel is dropped before a suffix that begins with a vowel. It is retained, however, between two roots, even if the second root begins with a vowel. Consider the following term:GASTROENTEROLOGY GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGYroot root suffixcombining vowelThe root gastr means stomach.The root enter means intestines.The suffix –logy means study of.The entire term means study of the stomach and intestines.Notice that the combining vowel is used between gastr and enter, even though the second root, enter, begins with a vowel. When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, anatomical position often determines which root goes before the other. For example, the stomach reveives food first, before the small intestine, thus gastroenteritis, not enterogastritis.In summary, remember three general rules:1.Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term andacross.2.Drop the combining bowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis notgastroitis3.Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology.In addition to the root, suffix, and combining vowel, two other word parts are commonly found in medical terms. These are the combining form and prefix. The combining form is simply the root plus the combining vowel. For example, you are already familiar with following combining forms and their meaning:HEMAT/O means bloodroot+combining vowel=COMBINING FORMGASTR/O means stomachroot+combining vowel=COMBINING FORMCARDI/O means heartion.root+combining vowel=COMBINING FORMCombining forms are used with many different suffixs. Remembering the exact meaning of a combining form will help you understand different medical terms.The prefix is a small part that is attached to the beginning of a term. Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but the prefix can have an important influence on meaning. Consider the following examples:SUB/GASTR/IC means pertaining to under the stomachPrefix root suffix(under) (stomach) (pertaining to)EPI/GASTR/IC means pertaining to above the stomachPrefix root suffix(above) (stomach) (pertaining to)In summary, the important elements of medical terms are the following:Root + combining vowel = combining form. Suffix, prefix.Root: foundation of the term.Suffix: word ending.Prefix: word beginningCombining wovel: vowel (ususally o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root. Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel.III. Combining Forms, Suffix, and PrefixesIn previous examples you are been introduced to the combining forms gastr/o (stomach), hemat/o (blood), and cardi/o (heart). The following list contains new combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes with examples of medical words using those word parts. Your job is to write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided. As you do this, you may wish to divide the term its component parts by using slashes (e.g.,aden/oma).If you have a question about the correct pronunciation of a term, consult the Pronunciation of Terms section at the end of each chapter. In addition, the CD-ROM that accompanies this text contains the pronunciations of most terms on the Pronuncition of Terms lists. Although most medical terms can be divided into component parts and understood, others defy simple explanation. This text provides additional information when those terms are introduced, but you may wish to consult a medical dictionary as well.To test your understanding of word parts and terminology in this chapter, complete the exercises on pages 14 to 22 and check your answers on page 23 to 25. Then, as a final review, give the meanings for the combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes on the Review Sheet, pages 29 and 30. Write the manings of the medical terms that follow in the spaces provided. The notes in italics below the terms will help you define them. Simple definitions are best. The first one has been filled in as an example.Combining FormsCombining form meaning terminology meaningaden/o gland adenoma tumor of a glandThe suffix –oma tumor or massadenitis ____________________The suffix –itis means inflammationarthr/o joint arthritis_____________________bi/o life biology____________________biopsy______________________The suffix –opsy means process of viewing.Living tissue is removed from the body andviewed under a microscope.carcin/o cancerous, cancer carcinoma ______________________A carinoma is a cancerous tumor. Carcinomasgrowfrom epithelial cells that cover the outside ofthe body and line organs, cavities, and tubeswithin the bodycardi/o heart cardiology__________________________ cephal/o head cephlic _________________________Tue suffix –ic means pertaining to. If an infant isborn with its head delivered first, it is a cephalicpresentationcerebr/o cerebrum cerebral _________________________The suffix –al means pertaining to. Acerebrovascular accident occurs when damage toblood vessels in the cerebrum causes injury tonerve cells of the brain. This condition is alsocalled a strokecis/o to cut incision_____________________________The prefix in- means into and the suffix –ionmeans processexcision ________________________The prefix ex- means outcrin/o secrete endocrine glands____________________The prefix endo- means within; endocrineglands secrete hormones directly within thebloodstream. Other glands, called exocrineglands, secrete chemicals through tubes to theoutside of the body.cyst/o urinary bladdr; a sac or a cyst cystoscopy _______________________The suffix –scopy means process of visualexaminationcyt/o cell cytology_________________________ derm/o skin dermatitis ____________________ dermat/ohypodermic _____________________The prefix hypo- means under, below electr/o electricity electrocardiogram __________________The suffix –gram means record.Abbreviations are ECG or EKGencephal/o brain electroencephalogram ________________Also called an EEGenter/o intestines enteritis ________________________The small intestine is narrower but muchlonger that the large intestineerythr/o red erythrocyte __________________________The suffix –cyte means cell. Erythrocy tescarry oxygen in the bloodgastr/o stomach gastrectomy__________________________The suffix –ectomy means excision orremovalgastrotomy _________________________The suffix –tomy means incision or cuttingintognos/o knowledge diagnosis _______________________The prefix dia- means complete. The suffix–sis means state of. A diagnosis is madeafter sufficient information has beenobtained about the patient’s condition.Literally, it is a ―state of completeknowledge.‖prognosis ____________________The prefix pro- means before. Literally,―knowledge before,‖ a prognosis is aprediction about the outcome of an illness, butit is always given after the diagnosis has beendeterminedgynec/o woman, female gynecology _______________________ hemat/o blood hematology ______________________ hem/ohematoma _______________________In this term, -oma means a mass orcollection of blood, rather that a growth ofcells. A hematoma occurs when blood escapesfrom blood vessels and collects as a clot in acavity, organ, or under the skin.hemoglobin _________________________The suffix –globin means protein. Hemoglobinhelps carry oxygen in red blood cellshepat/o liver hepatitis _________________________ iatr/o treatment iatrogenic _______________________The suffix –genic means pretaining toproducing, producing, produced by, orproduced in. Iatrogenic conditions are adverseside effects that result from treatment orintervention by a physicianleuk/o white leukocyte _______________________This blood cells helps the body fight disease nephr/o kidney nephritis ______________________nephrology ______________________neur/o nerve neurology __________________________ onc/o tumor oncology __________________________oncologist _________________________The suffix –ist means one who specializes ina field of medicineophthalm/o eye ophthalmoscope ____________________The suffix –scope means an instrument forvisual examinationoste/o bone osteritis ___________________________osteoarthritis ____________________This condition is actually a degeneration ofbones and joints that occurs with aging. It isoften accompanied by inflammation.path/o disease pathology______________________pathologist ________________________A pathologist examine biopsy samplesmicroscopically and examines a dead body todetermine the cause of deathped/o child pediatric _________________________Originally, orthopedists were doctors whostraightened children’s bones and correcteddeformities. Nowadays, orthopedistsspecialize in disorders of bones and musclesof people of all agespsych/o mind psychology _________________________psychiatrist _________________________ radi/o x-rays radiology ___________________________ ren/o kidney renal _____________________________Ren/o and nephr/o both mean kidney. Ren/ois used with –al to discribe the kidney,whereas nephr.o is used with other suffixessuch as –osis, itis, and –ectomy to describeabnormal conditions and operqtiveprocedures.rhin/o nose rhinitis _____________________________ sarc/o flesh sarcoma ___________________________This is a cancerous tumor. A sarcomagrows from cells of ―fleshy‖connectivetissue such as muscle, bone, and fat, whereasa carcinoma grows from epithelial eclls thatline the outside of the body or the inside oforgans in the body.sect/o to cut resection ___________________________The prefix re- means back. A resection is acutting back in the sense of cutting out orremoval. A gastric resection is a gastrectomy,or excision of the stomachthromb/o clot, clotting thrombocyte ________________________Also known as platelets, these cells helpclot blood. A thrombus in the actual clot thatforms, and thrombosis is the condition ofclot formation.ur/o urinary tract, urine urology ___________________________A urologist is a surgeon who operates onthe organs of the urinary tract and the organsof the male reproductive system.SuffixesSuffix Meaning Terminology Meaning-ac pertaining to cardiac ____________________________-al pertaining to neural ____________________________-algia pain arthralgia ________________________neuralgia ________________________-cyte cell erythrocyte _____________________-ectomy excision, removal nephrectomy ______________________-emia blood condition leukemia __________________________Literally, this term means ― a blood conditionof white .‖ Actually, it is a condition of bloodin which cancerous white blood cellsproliferate.-genic pertaining to, producing carcinogenic _______________________produced by, produced in Cigarette smoke is carcinogenicpathogenic ______________________A virus or a bacterium is a pathogenicorganismiatrogenic __________________________An this term, -genic means produced by-gram record electroencephalogram_________________ -ic, -ical pertaining to gastric ___________________________neurological ______________________-ion process excision __________________________ -ist specialist gynecologist _______________________ -itis inflammation cystitis __________________________ -logy study of endocrinology ____________________ -oma tumor, mass, swelling hepatoma _________________________A hepatoma is a malignant tumor of theliver-opsy viewing with a microscope biopsy ___________________________ -osis condition, usuallt abnormal nephrosis _________________________leukocytosis _______________________This condition, a slight increase in normalwhire blood cells, occurs as white bloodcells multiply to fight an infecction-pathy disease condition enteropathy ____________________adenopathy _____________________-scope instrument to visually examine endoscope_________________________ -sis state of prognosis _______________________-tomy process of cutting, incision osteotomy _______________________-y process, condition gastroenterology ___________________ PrefixesPrefix Meaning Terminology Meaninga-, an- no, not, without anemia_________________________Anemia is a decreased number oferythrocytes or an abnormality of thehemoglobin with the red blood cells. Thisresults in decreased delivery of oxygen tocells of the body. Originally, anemicpatients looked so pale that they werethought to be ―without blood‖.auto- self autopsy _________________________This term literally means ―to view byone’s self.‖Hence, an autopsy is theexamination of a dead body with one’sown eyes to determine the cause of deathand nature of diseasedia- theough, complete diagnosis_________________________endo- within endocrinologist _______________________ epi- above, upon epigastric __________________________epidermis ___________________________This outermost layer of skin lies above themiddle layer of skin, known as the dermis ex- out excision ______________________________ exo- out exocrine glands ________________________ hyper- excessive, above, more than normal hyperglycemia _______________________The term glyc/o means sugarhypo- dificient, below, under, less than normal hypogastric ________________________When hypo- is used with a part of the body,it means belowhypoglycemia ______________________In this term, hypo- means deficientin- into, in incision ___________________________ peri- surrounding, around pericardium ________________________The suffix –um means a structure.The pericardium is the membrane thatsurrounds the heartpro- before, forward prognosis ________________________ re- back, backward, again resection _______________________This is an operation in which an organ is―cut back‖ or removedretro- behind retrocardiac ________________________ sub- below, under subhepatic _______________________ trans- across, through transhepatic ____________________IV. practical ApplicationsThis is an opportunity for you to use your skill in understanding medical terms and to increase your knowledge of new terms. Be sure to check your answers with the Answers to Practical Applications on page 24. Your should find helpful explanations there.SpecialistsMatch the abnormal condition in Column I with the physician (specialist) who treats it in Column IICulumn I culumn II1. heart attack A. gastroenterologist2. ovarian cysts --ovum, spermatovum B. hematologist3. bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder C. nephrologist4. breast adenocarcinoma D. cardiologist5. iron-deficiency anemia E. oncologist6. retinopathy F.gynecologist7. cerebrovascular accident G. urologist8. renal failure H. Ophthalmologist9. inflammatory bowel disease I. neurologist10. cystitis J. psychiatristV. ExercisesThe exercises that follow are designed to help youulearn the terms presented in the chapter. Writing terms over and over again is a good way to remember this new language. You will find answers to each exercise in Section VI. This makes it easy to check your work. As you check each answer, you will not only reinforce your understanding of a term, but often gain additional information from the answer. Each exercise is designed not as a test, but rather as an opportunity for you to learn the materialA. complete the following sentences1. word beginnings are called _________2. would endings are called ___________3. the foundation of a word is known as the ____________4. a letter linkings a sufix and a root, or linking two roots, in a term is the _________5. the combination of a root and a combining vowel is known as the _________B. Give the meanings of the following combining forms:1. cardi/o2. aden/o3. bi/o4. cerebr/o5. cephal/o6. arthr/o7. carcin/o8. cyst/o9. cyt/o10. derm/o11. encephal/o12. electr/oC. give the meanings of the following suffixes1. –oma2. – all3. – it is4. – logy5. – scopy6. – ic7. – gram8. – opsyD. Using slashes, divide the follwing terms into parts and give the meaning of the entire term.1. cerebral2. biopsy3. adenitis4. cephalic5. carcinoma6. cystoscopy7. electrocardiogram8. cardiology9. electroencephalogram10. dermatitis11. arthroscopy12. cytologyE. give the meanings of the following combining forms.1. erythr/o2. enter/o3. gastr/o4. gnos/o5. hemat/o6. cis/o7. nephr/o8. leuk/o9. iatr/o10. hepat/o11. neur/o12. gynec/oF. Complete the medical term based on its meaning, as provided.1. white blood cell: ____________________________ cyte2. inflammation of the stomach: gastr __________________3. pertaining to being produced by treatment: ______________ genic4. study of kineys: ____________________ logy5. red blood cell: _________________ cyte6. mass of blood: _____________ oma7. view of living tissue: bi ___________8. pain of nerves: neur _______________9. process of viewing the eye: _______________________ scopy10. inflammation of the small intestine: _______________ it isG. Match the English term in column I with its combining form in column II. Column I -- English term column II – cobining form1. kidney onc/o2. disease ophthalm/o3. eye oste/o4. to cut path/o5. nose psych/o6. flesh radi/o7. mind ren/o8. urinary tract rhin/o9. bone sarc/o10. x-ray sect/o11. cloting thromb/o12. tumor ur/oH. underline the suffix in each term and give the meaning of the entire term.1. ophthalmoscopy2. ophthalmoscope3. oncology4. osteitis5. psychosis6. thrombocyte7. renal8. nephrectomy9. osteotomy10. resection11. carcinogenic12. sarcomaI. match the suffix in column I with its meaning in column II. Write the meaning in the space provided.Colum I --- suffix cloumn II ---meaning1. –algia abnormal condition2. –ion blood condition3. – emia cell4. –gram disease condition5. –scope incision, process of cutting into6. –osis inflammation7. –ectomy instrument to visually examine8. –genic pain9. –pathy pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in10. –tomy process11. –itis record12. –cyte removal, excision, resectionJ. select from the following terms to complete the sentences below.Arthralgia carcinogenic cystitis endocrine enteropathy exocrinehematoma hepatoma iatrogenic leukemia leukocytosis neuralgia1.When Paul smoked cegarettes, he inhaled a _____________ substance with each pugg.2.sally’s sore throat, fever, and chills made her doctor order a white blood cell count. Results,indicating infection, showed a slight increase in normal cells, a condition called ____________3.Mr. Smith’s liver enlarged, giving him abdominal pain and fullness in his RUQ. Hisradiological tests and biopsy revealed a malignant tumor or _____________4.Mrs. Rosse complained of pain in her hip joints, knees, and shoulders each morning. She wastold that she had painful joints or ________________5.Dr. Black was trained to treat disorders of the pancreas, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, andpituitary gland. Thus, he was an expert in the ______________________ glands.6.Ms. Walsh told her doctor she had pain when urinating, after tests, the doctor’s diagnosis wasinflammation of the urinary bladder, or7.Elizabeth’s overhead tennis shot hit David in the thigh and produced a large ____________.His skin looked bruised and was tender.8.Mr. Bell’s white blood cell count is 10 times higher than normal. Examinationof his bloodshows cancerous white blood cells. His diagnosis is __________________9.Mr. Kay was resuscitated (revised from potential or apparent death) in the emergency roomafter experiencing a heart attack. Unfortunately, he suffered a broken rib as a result of the physician’s chest compressions. This is an example of a (an) ___________________ fracture.10.after coming back from a trip during which he had eaten strange foods, Mr. Cameron haddisease of his intestines called ___________________K. give the meaning of the following prefixes.1. dia-2. pro-3. auto-4. a-, an-5. hyper-6. hypo-7. epi-8. endo-9. retro-10. trans-11. peri-12. ex-13. ex-14. re-L. underline the prefix in the following terms and give the meaning of the entire term.1. diagnosis2. prognosis3. subhepatic4. pericardium5. hyperglycemia6. hypodermic7. epigastric8. resection9. hypoglycemia10. anemiaM. complete the following terms (describing areas of medicine) based on their meanings as given below.1. study of urinary tract: __________________________ logy2. study of women and women’s diseases: ________________ logy3. study of bood: _____________________ logy4. study of tumors: __________________ logy5. study of kidneys:__________________ logy6. study of nerves: _________________ logy7. treatment of children __________________ iatrics8. study of x-rays: _____________________ logy9. study of the eyes: ________________ logy10. study of the stomach and intestines: _________________ logy11. study of glands that secrete hormanes: ________________ logy12. treatment of the mind: ______________________ iatry13. study of disease: _________________________ logy14. study of the heart _______________________ logyN. give the meaning of the underlined word part and then define the term.1. cerebraovascular accident2. encephalitis3. cystoscope4. transhepatic5. iatrogenic6. hypogactric7. endocrine glands8. nephrectomy9. exocrine glands10. neuralgiaO. select from the following terms to complete the sentences below.Anemia oncogenic psychiatrist biopsy oncologist psychologist diagnosis osteoarthritis thrombocyte nephrologist pathogenic thrombosis nephrologistprognosis urologist neuropathy1.seventy-two-year-old Ms. Crick suffers from a degenerative joint disease that is caused bywearing away of tissue around her joints. This condition, which literally menas ―inflammation of bones and joinsts,‖ is _______________________________.2.the ________________ sample was removed during surgery and sent to a pathologist to beexamined under a microscope for a proper diagnosis.3. a (an) ________________ performed surgery to remove Mr. Simon’s cancerous kidney.4.Ms. Rose has suffered from hyperglycemia (diabetes) for many years. This condition can leadto long-term complications, sus as the disease of nerves called diabetic _______________5. A virus or a bacterium produces diseasd and is therefore a (an) _______________ organism.6.Jordan has a disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin in his erythrocytes. The erythrocyteschange shape, collapsing to form sickle-shaped cells that can become clots and stop the flow of blood. His condition is cickle-cell ______________________________.7.Dr. Shelby is a physician who treats carcinomas and sarcomas. He is a (an)_________________.8.Bill had difficulty stopping the bleeding from a cut on his face while shaving. He knew hismedication cased him to have decreased platelets or a low ________________ count and that was probably the reason his blood was not clotting very well.9.Dr. Susan Parker told Paul that his condition would improve with treatment in a few weeks.She said his ___________________________ is excellent and he can expect total recovery. 10.After fleeing the World Trade Center on September 11,2001, Mrs. Jones had many problemswith her job, her boyfriend, and her family relationships. She called a _______________ who prescribed drugs to treat her depression.。
医学专业英语课件
通过与其他医学专业人士或学生扮演不同角色， 来练习医学英语口语表达的技巧和应对不同情况 的能力。
听力训练
通过听医学录音、观看医学影片或参加医学会议 等，来提高医学英语口语的听力水平和实践能力 。
06
医学专业英语综合应用能 力培养
医学英语综合应用能力的定义与重要性
定义
医学英语综合应用能力是指学生在医学领域运用英语进行听、说、读、写、译等 交流和解决实际问题的能力。
语言结构复杂
医学英语文章中经常使用长句、复合句和从句等复杂的语言结构， 需要读者具备较高的英语语法和句法分析能力。
词汇量大且难以记忆
医学英语词汇量大，拼写复杂，而且很多词汇具有特定的医学含义， 难以记忆。
医学英语阅读理解的技巧
积累专业词汇
通过学习专业词汇表、阅读专业书籍 和文章等方式，积累常用的医学英语 词汇。
实践教学
通过医学英语实验、临床实习、参加医学会议等活动，让 学生在实际场景中运用医学英语，提高其听、说、读、写 、译等综合应用能力。
自主学习
鼓励学生自主学习医学英语资料，如阅读英文医学文献、 听英语医学讲座等，提高其医学英语水平和自主学习能力 。
医学英语综合应用能力培养的实践与案例分析
实践
某医学院校开展了医学专业英语课程，采用小班授课，注重师生互动和合作学习，通过任务导向的学习方式培养 学生的英语思维能力和口语表达能力。同时，学校还开展了医学英语实验、临床实习等活动，让学生在实践中运 用医学英语，提高其听、说、读、写、译等综合应用能力。
案例分析
某医学院校一名学生在参加医学会议时，能够流利地与国外专家进行英语交流，准确回答问题并提问，赢得了专 家的赞扬。该学生的成功案例说明，通过培养医学英语综合应用能力，学生能够在医学领域进行有效的交流和解 决问题。
医学专业必备英语词汇.doc
医学专业必备英语词汇医学专业必备英语词汇一：医学生物学Medical Biology医学遗传学Medical Genetics系统解剖学Systematic Anatomy组织学与胚胎学Histology and Embryology 人体生理学Human Physiology生物化学Biochemistry药理学Pharmacology病理生理学Pathophysiology病理学Pathology医学免疫学Medical Immunology医学微生物学Microbiology人体寄生虫学Human Parasitology流行病学Epidemiology卫生学Hygiene局部解剖学Regional Anatomy法医学Forensic Medicine实验诊断学Laboratory Diagnosis诊断学Diagnostics内科学Internal Medicine外科学Surgery妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology儿科学Pediatrics神经病学Neurology精神病学Psychiatry康复医学Rehabilitation Medicine中医学Chinese Traditional Medicine皮肤与性病学Dermatology and Venerology传染病学Infectious Diseases核医学Atomic Medicine口腔解剖生理学Oral Anatomy and Physiology 口腔组织病理学Oral Histology and Pathology 口腔粘膜病学Diseases of the Oral Mucosa牙体牙髓病学Cariology And Endodontics牙周病学Periodontics口腔正畸学Orthodontics口腔修复学Prosthodontics口腔颌面外科学Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery 口腔预防医学及儿童口腔医学PDPD麻醉解剖学Anesthesia Anatomy麻醉物理学Anaesthetic Physics临床麻醉学Clinical Anaesthesiology重症监护Intensive Care Therapy疼痛诊疗学Diagnosis and Treatment of Pain麻醉设备学Anesthesia Equipment医学影像学Medical Imaging影像物理学Physics of Medicine Imaging医学专业必备英语词汇二：生物药剂学与药物动力学Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics生药学Pharmacognosy天然药物化学Natural Medicine Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics药事管理学The Science of Pharmacy Administration护理学基础Fundamental Nursing儿科护理学Paediatric nursing内科护理学Medical Nursing外科护理学Surgical Nursing护理管理学Science of Nursing Management护理心理学Nursing Psychology急诊护理学Emergency Nursing医用物理学Medical Physics数学Mathematics体育Physical Education计算机Computer Science毛泽东思想概论Essentials of Mao Zedong Thought 邓小平理论Deng Xiao Ping Theory政治经济学Political Economy马克思主义哲学Marxism Philosophy法律基础Basis of Law医学伦理学Medicine Ethics医学心理学Medical Psychology市场营销Marketing会计学Accounting影像设备学Medical Imaging Equipment医用电子学Medical Electronics超声诊断Ultrasonic Diagnosis眼科学Ophthalmology基础眼科学Fundamental Ophthalmology临床眼科学Clinical Ophthalmology眼科手术学Ophthalmic Operative Surgery眼科诊断学Ophthalmologic Diagnostics耳鼻咽喉科学Otorhinolaryngology 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry仪器分析Instrumental Analysis药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药物分析Pharmaceutical Analysis。
医学专业英语单词
Chaper 1 psychoanalysis n.精神分析intestine n,肠endoscope ^内镜psychology n」心理学enteritis ^肠炎muscle n,肌肉abdomen n.腹（部）surgeon n.夕卜科医生malignant a.恶性的tissue n.组织urine 0尿液vertebra ^椎骨cortex n.皮质，皮层thorax n.月匈pharynx ^咽inflammation ^炎症pancreas ^胰腺electrocardiogram n/心电图tumor ^肿瘤organ n.器官organism n,有机体，生物体surgery n.外科（学）immune ^免疫molecule n.分子，微小颗粒stool n.大便，粪便formula ^处方appendix ^阑尾larynx n,喉Chapter 2kidney n.肾脏chromosome n.染色体gene ^基因receptor n.感受器，受体embryo ^胚胎catabolism n.分解代谢brain n,脑anabolism n.合成代谢puncture ^穿刺spine ^脊柱cartilage ^软骨gallbladder n.胆囊urinary a.泌尿的uterus n.子宫pelvic cavity 盆腔esophagus ^食管aorta n.主动脉pleura （复，pleurae）壮胸膜rectum n.直肠umbilicus n.脐inferior a.下面的skeletal muscle 骨骼肌Chapter 3capillary n.毛细血管chamber n.腔，小室ventricle n.室，脑室，心室mitral a.僧帽状的，二尖瓣的infection 0感染fat n.脂肪exocrine a.外分泌的spleen n.脾脏digestive system 消化系统respiratory a.呼吸的skull n.头颅，头骨trachea ^气管bronchial tube 支气管diaphragm n.横膈膜urinary bladder 膀胱cartilage ^软骨ovary n.卵巢superior a.上面的striated muscle 横纹肌artery ^动脉atrium n」心房valve n.瓣膜breastbone 0胸骨venae cavae 腔静脉 pulmonary valve 肺动脉瓣 mitral valve 二尖瓣 visceral a.内脏的，脏层的 impulse n.冲动 ischemia ^缺血arrhythmia n 」心律失常，心律不齐pulmonary artery 肺动脉 heart murmurs 心脏杂音 thrombus ^血栓 coronary artery 冠状动脉 peripheral a.夕卜周的 congenital a.先天的fibrillation n.颤动 premature ventricular and premature atrial contractions 室性和房性期 前收缩cardiac arrest 心脏停搏 angina pectoris 心绞痛myocardial infarction 心肌梗死 hypercholesterolemia n.高胆固醇症diabetes mellitus 糖尿病 lipoproteins n.脂蛋白tricuspid valve 三尖瓣 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 myocardium n/心肌层 pericardial 心包腔 systole n.收缩期 infarction ^梗死 auscultation n.听诊 diastole n.舒张期 vein n.静脉immune response 免疫反应 bacterium (复,bacteria ) ^细菌 coronary artery disease 冠状动脉疾病angiography n.血管造影inhibitor n.抑制剂hypertensive a.高血压性的plasma n.血浆pylorus n.幽门secretion n.分泌，分泌物nasopharynx ^鼻咽bilirubin n.胆红素hepatocyte n.肝细胞 hyperbilirubinemia n.高胆红素血症mucosa ^粘膜 ingestion 摄入 defecation 排便 diarrhea n.腹泻 helicobacter pylori幽门螺旋杆菌dysentery ^痢疾 sample n.样本，标本hypoalbuminemia n.低蛋白血症 magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像esophagogastroduodenoscopy s 食管，胃，十二指肠镜检查ultrasound ^超声 pulmonary edema 肺水肿 transplantation ^移植heart failure心力衰竭defibrillation n.除颤Chapter 4colon n.结肠 digestive tract消化道 salivary gland 唾液腺 peristalsis n.蠕动common bile duct 月旦总管 hemoglobin n.血红素 insulin n.胰岛素 nutrient 营养物质 fatty acid 脂肪酸therapeutic a.治疗性 peptic ulcer消化性溃疡Chapter 5nephron n.肾单位，肾元 urination ^排尿 vertebral column 脊柱 renal corpuscle 肾小体，肾小球renin ^肾素reabsorption n.重吸收 afferent and efferent arteriole 入球和出球小动脉 acid/base balance 酸碱平衡homeostasisexhale^呼出angiotensin kidney failure 肾衰竭glomerulus n.肾小球 rib n.肋骨 medulla 髓质 renal tubule 肾小管 filtration n.过滤 electrolyte n,电解质门.内环境稳定acute a.急性的upper respiratory infection 上呼吸道感染antigen ^抗原scarlet fever 猩红热antibody ^抗体chronic a.慢性的hyperuricemia n.高尿酸血症nephrosis ^肾病susceptibility n.易感性noncontagious 2.非接触传染的hemodialysis n.血液透析Chapter 8lower respiratory tract 下呼吸道alveolus （复，alveoli） n,肺泡thyroid n,甲状腺resonant note 清音 tuberculosis n.结核病bronchiectasis n.支气管扩张chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢性阻塞性肺疾病 productive cough 咳嗽有痰，排痰性咳嗽 cor pulmonale肺源性心脏病 lobar pneumonia大叶性肺炎bronchopneumonia n.支气管肺炎 respiratory insufficiency 呼吸功能不全 hemoptysis n.咳血，咯血 bronchoscopy n.支气管镜检查 myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力sleep apnea睡眠呼吸暂停 rale n.啰音，水泡音 wheeze n.哮鸣音percussion n.叩诊dull sound 浊音 sputum n,痰。
完整版医学专业英语
完整版医学专业英语医学是一门重要的学科，涵盖了生物学、化学、生理学、解剖学、药理学、微生物学、传染病学、心理学等众多知识领域。
医学专业英语是非常重要的一部分，因为现代医学研究和治疗正在国际化，需要医学从业者掌握英语语言技能，以便与来自不同国家和地区的患者、医生、研究人员和制药公司进行有效的沟通。
医学专业英语主要包括医学术语、医疗机构、临床操作、诊断和治疗方案等方面的内容。
在本文中，我们将讨论医学专业英语的以下几个方面。
一、医学术语医学术语是医学专业英语中最重要的组成部分之一。
医学术语的使用会难倒很多人，甚至是英语母语人士。
以下是一些常见的医学词汇和概念：1. Anesthesia-麻醉2. Biopsy-活体组织取样3. Cataract-白内障4. Dermatology-皮肤科学5. Electrocardiogram-心电图6. Flu-流感7. Gastroenterology-胃肠病学8. Hematology-血液学9. Immunology-免疫学10. Laparoscopy-腹腔镜检查11. Neurology-神经学12. Ophthalmology-眼科学13. Pathology-病理学14. Radiology-放射学15. Surgery-外科学16. Ultrasound-超声波二、医疗机构在医学专业英语中，必须掌握医院、诊所和实验室等医疗机构的用语。
以下是医疗机构的一些英文表达：1. Ambulance-救护车2. Clinic-门诊3. Emergency Room-急诊室4. Hospital-医院5. Intensive Care Unit-重症监护室6. Laboratory-实验室7. Pharmacy-药房8. Radiology Department-放射科9. Surgery Department-手术科10. Ward-病房三、临床操作医学专业英语还包括与临床操作相关的内容。
(完整版)医学专业英语
汉译英心血管疾病cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the fun ctio n of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract;分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学en docri no logy; 呼吸困难dyspnea;唾液saliva;组织学histology;血液循环blood circulation;血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学an atomy;女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell;免疫学immuno logy; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology;原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus;细胞质（浆）cytoplasm;脱氧核糖核酸deoxyrib onu cleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differe ntially; 使…完整in tact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment;排出废液excrete waste fluid;散开disperse;脉冲信号impulse;核糖核酸rib onu cleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the n ormal fun cti on; 污染环境pollute en vir onment;功能失调malf unction;致病因子causative agents;易受侵害的人群vuln erable groups; 局部化的感染localized in fecti on; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体an tige n&an tibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic tech no logy; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid;无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatme nt; 无侵犯的实验检查non-i nvasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance;葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolera nee test; 乐观的预后optimistic prog no sis; 超声波检测法ultras ono graphy;病史medical history;随访活动follow-up visit;营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber;随意肌voluntary muscle;消化道alime ntary can al; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle;横纹肌striated muscle;肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle;肌肉收缩muscle contraction;肌肉附着点attachme nt of the muscle;肌肉放松relaxation of muscle;动脉出血arterial hemorrhage;止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor;蛋白分子protein molecule;纤维结缔组织fibrous conn ective tissue;伸肌exte nsor; 意志力willpower;横切面transverse section;起搏器pacemaker;肌萎缩muscle atrophy;重症肌无力myasthe nia gravis;弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic in fectio n;受累的肌肉muscle in volved; 显著相关性sig nifica nt correlati on;神经末梢nerve term in al;自体免疫反应autoim mune reactio n;神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congen ital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊舌L immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of on set;胸腺肿瘤thymoma;呼吸肌受累the in volveme nt of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎in flammatory myositic;去神经支配den ervati on;矿物质吸收mi neral absorpti on;机械应力mechanical stress;骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty;蛋白溶解酶prote in-digesti ng en zyme;破骨细胞osteoclast;松质骨spongy bone;骨折fracture; 不规贝V骨irregular bone;骨骼系统skeletal system;维生素吸收vitamin absorpti on;骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone;生长激素growth hormone;胆绞痛 biliary colic; 一个系列的 a spectrum of; 副鼻窦 paranasal sinus; 口咽 oropharynx;脊椎动物 verterbrate animal; 肺泡 alveolus;二氧化碳 carbon dioxide; 肺换气不足 hypoventilation; 横膈膜神经 phrenic nerve; 双重折叠的 double folded; 威慑物 deterrent;润滑液 lubricating fluid; 滞痰 stagnant sputum; 食管 esophagus; 纵隔 mediastinum; 哺乳动物 mammal;碱中毒 alkalosis; 迷宫 labyrinth; 污染物质 pollutant; 脑干 brainstem; 上皮 ,上皮细胞 epithelium; 刺激物 irritant;利尿剂 duretics; 大叶性肺炎 lobar pneumonia; 疾病的鉴别 differentiation of disease; 破坏性的损坏 destructive damage; 痰性咳嗽 productive cough; 共存 coexist;医学文献 medical literatures; 咯血 nemoptysis; 渗出物 ,渗出液 exudate; 痰液 phlegm;气促 ,气短 breathless; 无症状的 asymptomatic; 吸烟者晨咳 morning cigarette cough; 肺弹性回缩 elastic recoil; 反复发作 recurrent episodes; 有毒刺激物质 nonxious agents; 连续三年 successive 3 years; 交叉重复 crossover; 互相排除的 mutually exclusive; 小气道闭塞 obliteration of small airway; 主动脉弓 aortic arch; 胸主动脉 thoracic aorta; 舒张压 diastolic pressure; 腹主动脉 abdominal aorta; 收缩压 systolic pressure;脊柱 vertebral colum; 毫米汞柱 mmHg; 半月形的 semilunar; 最里层的 innermost; 升主动脉 ascending aorta; 二尖瓣 bicuspid valve; 体循环 systemic circuit;上腔静脉 superior vena cava 下腔静脉 inferior vena cava; 心肌 myocardium; 心内膜 endocadium; 细分 ;分支 subdivision; 心外膜 epicardium; 小动脉 arteriole;骺软骨 epiphyseal cartilage; 镁缺乏 magnesium deficiency;成骨细胞 osteoblast; 密质骨 compact bone; 骨髓腔 marrow cavity; 红骨髓 red marrow;软骨内骨化 endochondral ossification; 矫形学 orthopedics;闭合性骨折 closed fracture; 骨代谢疾病 metabolic bone disease; 雌激素替代疗法 estrogen replacement therapy; 肾上腺皮质 adrenal cortex; 佝偻病 rickets;骨肉瘤 osteosarcoma;软骨肉瘤 chondrosarcoma; 止痛 relieve pain; 类风湿关节炎 rheumatoid arthritis; 骨髓炎 osteomyelitis;开放性骨折 open fracture;骨质疏松症 osteoporosis; 营养缺乏 nutritional deficiency; 骨软化症 osteomalocia; 听力丧失 hearing lose; 恶性肿瘤 malignant tumor; 关节炎 arthritis;抗炎剂 anti-inflammatory drugs; 痛风 gout; 牙周组织 periodontium;唾液腺 salivary glands; 口腔 oral cavity; 升结肠 ascending colon;贲门括约肌 cardiac sphincter; 乳化作用emulsification; 消化道 alimentary tract; 脾弯曲 splenic flexure;锥形的突起 cone-shaped papillae; 似袋状的器官 pouch-like organ; 会厌 epiglottis;十二指肠 duodenum; 乙状结肠 sigmoid colon; 幽门括约肌 pyloric sphincter; 舌下腺 sublingual gland; 蠕动 peristalsis;下颌下腺 submandibular gland; 解毒作用 detoxification; 回盲瓣 ileocecal valve;胰岛素 insulin; 穿孔 perforation; 溃疡性结肠炎 ulcerative colitis; 纤维变性 fibrosis; 阑尾炎 appendicitis;胃十二指肠吻合术 gastroduodenostomy; 直肠镜 proctoscope; 裂孔疝 hiatal hernia; 造影剂 contrast medium; 代偿失调 decompensation;胆石病 choletithiasis; 内窥镜检查 endoscopy; 胆囊切除术 cholecystectomy; 憩室炎 diverticulitis; 麻痹性肠梗阻 paralytic ileus;心包pericardium; 全血细胞减少pan cytope nia; 网织红细胞reticulocyte; 自身免疫的autoim mune; 危及生命的life-threatening; 凝结cougulation;血小板减少thrombocytopenia;免疫缺陷immuno deficie ncy;功能紊舌L dysfunction;活疫苗live vaccine;移植物对宿主的反应graft-versus-host reactio n;血友病hemophilia;素质diathesis;巨成红细胞megaloblast;自发病，特发病idiopathic;弥散性血管内凝血disseminated intravascular coagulati on; 内在的，内源性的instrinsic;词汇分析1ape ndic/itis appe ndic/o>appe ndix 阑尾炎2bil/i/rub in bil/i>bile 胆红素3ch on dr/o/sarc/oma chrondr/o >cartilage ; sarc/o > flesh 软骨肉瘤4chol/sterol chol/e > bile, gall 胆固醇5bucc/al bucc/o > bucca 口腔的；颊的6cra ni/al cran i/o > skull 颅的，颅侧的7co Ion/o/scope colon/o > colon 结肠镜8sigmoid/o/scope sigmoid/o > sigmoid colon 乙状结肠镜9in ter/cost/al cost/o > rib 肋间的10de nt/in dent/o > teeth 牙质11epi/gastr/ic gastr/o > stomach 胃上部的，腹上部的12en ter/itis enter/o > small intestine 肠炎13arthr/itis arthr/i > joint 关节炎14br on ch/o/ge nic bron ch/o > bron chus 支气管原的15cec/um cec/o > cecum 盲肠16sub/li ngu/al lin gu/o > ton gue 舌下的17gi ngiv/itis gin giv/o > gum 牙龈炎18n as/o/gastr/ic gas/o > nose gastr/o > stomach 鼻饲的19hypo/phar yn g/eal phary ng/o > phary nx 下咽的20diverticul/osis diverticul/o > diverticulum 憩室病21ile/o/stomy ile/o > ileum 回肠造口术22chol/e/cyst/ectomy胆囊切除术chol/e > bile; cyst/o > sac 23abdomi n/al abdomin/o > abdomen 腹部的24p neum on/ia pn eum on/o > lung 肺炎25thorac/ic thorac/o > pleural cavity ,chest cavity 胸腔的26duode n/um deode n/o > duode num 十二指肠27lar yn g/o/phar ynx larygn/o > larynx pharyng/o > phary nx 咽喉28vertebr/ate vertebr/o > back bone 脊椎动物29oste/o/myel/itis oste/o > bone;myel/o > bone marrow 骨髓炎30pa ncreat/ic pan creat/o>pa ncreas 胰腺炎31a ngi/o/plasty an gio>vessels 血管成形术32extra/o/cular extra>outside 细胞外的33te ndon/ous ten>tendon 肌腱的34mamm/o/graphy mamm>breast 乳房X线检查术35electr/o/my/o/gram electr>electricity,my>muscle 肌电图36erythr/o/cyte eryth>red 红细胞37hem/o/glob in glob in> protein 血红蛋白38prot/o/plasm prot>first 原生质39uri n/ary ary>perta ining to 泌尿道的40n eur/o/pathy n eur >n erve 神经疾病41lymph/atic lymph>lymph 淋巴的42my/o/fiber my>muscle 肌纤维43pelv/ic pelv>pelvic bone 盆骨44hepat/itis itis> in flammati on 肝炎45fibr/ous fibr>fiber 纤维的46embry/o/logy embry>embryo 胚胎学47leuk/emia emia>blood condition 白血病48electr/o/cardi/o/graphgraph> in strume nt of record ing 心电图仪49dermat/o/my/o/sitis dermat>sk in 皮肤炎50thym/ectomy ectomy>surgical exasion or removal of 胸腺切除术51cyt/o/plasm cyt>cell 细胞浆52isch/emia isch> to hold back 局部缺血53steth/o/scope stech> the chest 听诊器54pul mon/ary pul mon>lung肺的55sarc/o/plasm plasm>formation growth or substaneeof formati on 肌浆56chrom/o/some some>body 染色体57vascul/ar vascul>blood vessel 血管的病历翻译1•病人是一个被妈妈带来的5岁小男孩。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary;泌尿道urinary tract;分子molecule;动脉artery;内分泌学endocrinology;呼吸困难dyspnea;唾液saliva;组织学histology;血液循环blood circulation;血液学hematology;生理学physiology;解剖学anatomy;女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell;免疫学immunology;消化不良dyspepsia;随意肌voluntary muscle;胚胎学embryology;心理学psychology;细胞学cytology;原生质protoplasm;细胞膜cell membrane;细胞核nucleus;细胞质(浆)cytoplasm;脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid;能半渗透的semipermeable;分子生物学molecular biology;碳水化合物carbohydrate;有区别性的differentially;使…完整intact;根据according to;遗传特性hereditary trait;渗滤diffusion;转换transaction;蓝图blueprint;染色体chromosome;色素pigment;排出废液excrete waste fluid;散开disperse;脉冲信号impulse;核糖核酸ribonucleic acid;损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment;功能失调malfunction;致病因子causative agents;易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups;局部化的感染localized infection;花柳病venereal disease;抗原与抗体antigen&antibody;肌电图electromyogram;多发性硬化multiple sclerosis;心电图electrocardiograph;疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease;光纤技术fiber optic technology;造血系统hematopoietic system;致命的疾病fatal disease; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance;葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test;乐观的预后optimistic prognosis;超声波检测法ultrasonography;病史medical history;随访活动follow-up visit;营养不良nutritional deficiency;使细节显著highlight detail;脑电图electroencephalogram;缺血的组织blood-starved tissue;肌纤维muscle fiber;随意肌voluntary muscle;消化道alimentary canal;肌腹fleshy belly of muscle;横纹肌striated muscle;肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle;肌肉收缩muscle contraction;肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle;肌肉放松relaxation of muscle;动脉出血arterial hemorrhage;止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor;蛋白分子protein molecule;纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue;伸肌extensor;意志力willpower;横切面transverse section;起搏器pacemaker;肌萎缩muscle atrophy;重症肌无力myasthenia gravis;弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia;常染色体隐性autosomal recessive;全身性感染systemic infection;受累的肌肉muscle involved;显著相关性significant correlation;神经末梢nerve terminal;自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction;神经支配innervation;肌营养不良muscular dystrophy;慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition;先天性肌病congenital myopathy;预期寿命life expectancy;免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant;发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset;胸腺肿瘤thymoma;呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic;去神经支配denervation;矿物质吸收mineral absorption;机械应力mechanical stress;骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty;蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme;破骨细胞osteoclast;松质骨spongy bone;骨折fracture;不规则骨irregular bone;骨骼系统skeletal system;维生素吸收vitamin absorption;骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone;生长激素growth hormone;骺软骨epiphyseal cartilage;镁缺乏magnesium deficiency;成骨细胞osteoblast;密质骨compact bone;骨髓腔marrow cavity;红骨髓red marrow;软骨内骨化endochondral ossification;矫形学orthopedics;闭合性骨折closed fracture;骨代谢疾病metabolic bone disease;雌激素替代疗法estrogen replacement therapy; 肾上腺皮质adrenal cortex;佝偻病rickets;骨肉瘤osteosarcoma;软骨肉瘤chondrosarcoma;止痛relieve pain;类风湿关节炎rheumatoid arthritis;骨髓炎osteomyelitis;开放性骨折open fracture;骨质疏松症osteoporosis;营养缺乏nutritional deficiency;骨软化症osteomalocia;听力丧失hearing lose;恶性肿瘤malignant tumor;关节炎arthritis;抗炎剂anti-inflammatory drugs;痛风gout;牙周组织periodontium;唾液腺salivary glands;口腔oral cavity;升结肠ascending colon;贲门括约肌cardiac sphincter;乳化作用emulsification;消化道alimentary tract;脾弯曲splenic flexure;锥形的突起cone-shaped papillae;似袋状的器官pouch-like organ;会厌epiglottis;十二指肠duodenum;乙状结肠sigmoid colon;幽门括约肌pyloric sphincter;舌下腺sublingual gland;蠕动peristalsis;下颌下腺submandibular gland;解毒作用detoxification;回盲瓣ileocecal valve;胰岛素insulin;穿孔perforation;溃疡性结肠炎ulcerative colitis;纤维变性fibrosis;阑尾炎appendicitis;胃十二指肠吻合术gastroduodenostomy; 直肠镜proctoscope;裂孔疝hiatal hernia;造影剂contrast medium;代偿失调decompensation;胆石病choletithiasis;内窥镜检查endoscopy;胆囊切除术cholecystectomy;憩室炎diverticulitis;麻痹性肠梗阻paralytic ileus;胆绞痛biliary colic;一个系列的 a spectrum of;副鼻窦paranasal sinus;口咽oropharynx;脊椎动物verterbrate animal;肺泡alveolus;二氧化碳carbon dioxide;肺换气不足hypoventilation;横膈膜神经phrenic nerve;双重折叠的double folded;威慑物deterrent;润滑液lubricating fluid;滞痰stagnant sputum;食管esophagus;纵隔mediastinum;哺乳动物mammal;碱中毒alkalosis;迷宫labyrinth;污染物质pollutant;脑干brainstem;上皮,上皮细胞epithelium;刺激物irritant;利尿剂duretics;大叶性肺炎lobar pneumonia;疾病的鉴别differentiation of disease;破坏性的损坏destructive damage;痰性咳嗽productive cough;共存coexist;医学文献medical literatures;咯血nemoptysis;渗出物,渗出液exudate;痰液phlegm;气促,气短breathless;无症状的asymptomatic;吸烟者晨咳morning cigarette cough;肺弹性回缩elastic recoil;反复发作recurrent episodes;有毒刺激物质nonxious agents;连续三年successive 3 years;交叉重复crossover;互相排除的mutually exclusive;小气道闭塞obliteration of small airway; 主动脉弓aortic arch;胸主动脉thoracic aorta;舒张压diastolic pressure;腹主动脉abdominal aorta;收缩压systolic pressure;脊柱vertebral colum;毫米汞柱mmHg;半月形的semilunar;最里层的innermost;升主动脉ascending aorta;二尖瓣bicuspid valve;体循环systemic circuit;上腔静脉superior vena cava下腔静脉inferior vena cava;心肌myocardium;心内膜endocadium;细分;分支subdivision;心外膜epicardium;小动脉arteriole;心包pericardium;全血细胞减少pancytopenia;网织红细胞reticulocyte;自身免疫的autoimmune;危及生命的life-threatening;凝结cougulation;血小板减少thrombocytopenia;免疫缺陷immunodeficiency;功能紊乱dysfunction;活疫苗live vaccine;移植物对宿主的反应graft-versus-host reaction;血友病hemophilia;素质diathesis;巨成红细胞megaloblast;自发病,特发病idiopathic;弥散性血管内凝血disseminated intravascular coagulation;instrinsic;appendic/o>appendix阑尾炎2bil/i/rubin bil/i>bile胆红素3chondr/o/sarc/oma chrondr/o >cartilage ; sarc/o >flesh 软骨肉瘤4chol/sterol chol/e > bile, gall胆固醇5bucc/al bucc/o > bucca口腔的；颊的6crani/al crani/o > skull颅的，颅侧的7colon/o/scope colon/o > colon结肠镜8sigmoid/o/scope sigmoid/o > sigmoid colon乙状结肠镜9inter/cost/al cost/o > rib肋间的10dent/in dent/o > teeth牙质11epi/gastr/ic gastr/o > stomach胃上部的，腹上部的12enter/itis enter/o > small intestine肠炎13arthr/itis arthr/i > joint关节炎14bronch/o/genic bronch/o > bronchus支气管原的15cec/um cec/o > cecum盲肠16sub/lingu/al lingu/o > tongue舌下的17gingiv/itis gingiv/o > gum牙龈炎18nas/o/gastr/ic gas/o > nose gastr/o > stomach鼻饲的19hypo/pharyng/eal pharyng/o > pharynx下咽的20diverticul/osis diverticul/o > diverticulum憩室病21ile/o/stomy ile/o > ileum回肠造口术22chol/e/cyst/ectomy chol/e > bile; cyst/o > sac胆囊切除术23abdomin/al abdomin/o > abdomen腹部的24pneumon/ia pneumon/o > lung肺炎25thorac/ic thorac/o > pleural cavity ,chestcavity 胸腔的26duoden/um deoden/o > duodenum十二指肠27laryng/o/pharynx larygn/o > larynx pharyng/o >pharynx 咽喉28vertebr/ate vertebr/o > back bone脊椎动物29oste/o/myel/itis oste/o > bone;myel/o > bonemarrow 骨髓炎30pancreat/ic pancreat/o>pancreas胰腺炎31angi/o/plasty angio>vessels血管成形术32extra/o/cular extra>outside细胞外的33tendon/ous ten>tendon肌腱的34mamm/o/graphy mamm>breast乳房X线检查术35electr/o/my/o/gram electr>electricity,my>muscle肌电图36erythr/o/cyte eryth>red红细胞37hem/o/globin globin>protein血红蛋白38prot/o/plasm prot>first原生质39urin/ary ary>pertaining to泌尿道的40neur/o/pathy neur>nerve神经疾病41lymph/atic lymph>lymph淋巴的42my/o/fiber my>muscle肌纤维43pelv/ic pelv>pelvic bone盆骨44hepat/itis itis>inflammation 肝炎45fibr/ous fibr>fiber 纤维的46embry/o/logy embry>embryo 胚胎学47leuk/emia emia>blood condition 白血病48electr/o/cardi/o/graph graph>instrument of recording 心电图仪49dermat/o/my/o/sitis dermat>skin 皮肤炎50thym/ectomy ectomy>surgical exasion or removal of 胸腺切除术51cyt/o/plasm cyt>cell 细胞浆52isch/emia isch> to hold back 局部缺血53steth/o/scope stech> the chest 听诊器54pulmon/ary pulmon>lung 肺的55sarc/o/plasm plasm>formation growth or substance of formation 肌浆56chrom/o/some some>body 染色体57vascul/ar vascul>blood vessel5岁小男孩。