林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解
4.口译笔记
四．口译笔记一、理论学习：1. 口译笔记的必要性（为什么要做口译笔记）除了在少数场合做简短联络口译外，口译一般都需要做笔记。
口译中如果只凭大脑记忆，会有许多不足：记不全：记忆的容量有限，内容多的讲话会顾此失彼。
记不住：记忆的单位时间有限，时间久的内容会记后往前。
记不准：数字、专有名词等要求口译时要求准确无误，但脑记容易产生偏差。
因此为了保证口译的质量，就必须要使用口译笔记。
口译笔记主要起辅助作用，它是记忆的延伸和补充。
2. 口译笔记的功能1）对大脑记忆存储起辅助作用an aid to supplement memory2）对大脑记忆提取起提示作用clues for recalling3）有助于理清源语发言结构help to visualize the structure of source language speech4）有助于组织目标语结构help to organize target language reproduction3. 口译笔记的特点口译笔记不同于听写、课堂笔记、会议记录、速记等。
不同之处体现在：听写：目的是学习语言，要求完整准确到字词甚至标点。
课堂笔记：目的是课后复习，要记重要的知识点，可以随时补充和整理。
会议记录：为了存档以备查阅或分发，要求完整准确。
速记：short-handing，是一种特殊、封闭的记录系统，使用专门的符号，需要解码，可以做到一字不漏，但不好学也不必学。
口译笔记自身的特点：即时性：辅助短时记忆，译完就不用了，可以忘掉简短性：讲话速度一般在120-180字/分钟，而人的正常手写速度在20-30字/分钟，因此口译笔记要符合“最省力原则”（principle of least efforts），只能以最少的符号代表尽量完整的意义个性化：口译笔记只为自己服务，只要自己看懂就行，可以按个人符号系统和习惯记录4. 口译笔记的内容除了数字、专有名词等不需要理解的信息外，同脑记一样，口译笔记记的是已经经过听辨理解后的意思，是一种半成品，而不是记原材料。
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(文化专题-1)
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(文化专题-1)
1. 概述
- 本讲介绍了口译中文化专题的实战技巧和示范。
- 文化专题在口译中扮演着重要的角色，需要掌握相应的知识和技巧。
2. 文化背景知识
- 口译中，理解目标语言所代表的文化背景是至关重要的。
- 需要对两种语言文化有深入了解，以确保准确传达意思。
3. 文化差异
- 不同的文化背景可能导致口译中的困难和误解。
- 需要注意并处理文化差异，以避免误传信息或造成不必要的冲突。
4. 示例示范
- 示例1：介绍中国传统节日——春节
- 示例2：解释中国饮食俗——茶文化
- 示例3：讲解中国传统服饰——汉服
- 示例4：介绍中国传统音乐——古筝
5. 实战技巧
- 在口译中处理文化专题时，一定要保持简明扼要的表达方式。
- 避免使用容易引起法律纠纷或不能确认来源的内容。
6. 结论
- 文化专题是口译中不可忽视的重要部分。
- 通过深入了解和灵活应用文化知识，口译能更准确地传达信息，增强沟通效果。
以上是第7讲实战口译笔记示范(文化专题-1)的概述和要点。
在口译实践中，不断学习和掌握文化知识将帮助提升口译能力，为
口译工作的顺利进行提供保障。
实战口译 林超伦 教学参考
油气并举 Breaking up the monopoly 打破独家垄断 Extend our capabilities through partnership 扩展自己的能力 A network of 许多 Product reference 产品检索 The time to market 推出时间 Packaged application 成套应用 Along a value-added continuum 增加价值的持续过程 Customer call centers 顾客服务电话中心 On budget delivery 依照预算的送达 Disruptive technology 冲击现有成熟技术的新出现的低成本简单技术 Speed and well-planned progression 快速而又循序渐进的发展 Interactive sharing 互动共享 Frog-leaping 跨越式的 The core competitiveness 核心竞争力 An intrinsic part of …
有目共睹 Ecological and environmental damage 生态环境破坏 Blind development 盲目发展 Maintain the right balance3 掌握分寸 Reduce water shortage 缓解缺水局面 A corruption free government 廉洁政府 Some food for thought 供大家参考 Wholly owned 独资 Ride the wave 乘浪而行 Share ownership 股份制 3improve in their skill 提高自身素质 Knows themselves and their competitor equally well 知己知彼 Experiment 理论上还不清楚，需要进一步探测 Pilot 理论上已经知道怎么做，实际上还需要真的实践检验 Rationalize regulatory system 理顺监管体制 Chancellor of the Exchequer
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(科技专题-1)
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(科技专题-1)第7讲实战口译笔记示范 (科技专题-1)本文档是第7讲实战口译笔记示范的总结。
该讲座主题为科技专题-1。
以下是讲座内容的要点：1. 科技与社会——科技对社会的影响：科技的进步对社会的方方面面都产生了重大影响。
我们的生活方式，推动了经济发展，并塑造了整个社会结构。
2. 科技创新——推动社会的引擎：科技创新是推动社会进步的重要引擎。
通过不断推陈出新、开发新技术和发现新知识，科技创新为社会发展提供了巨大的动力。
3. 人工智能——下一代科技革命：人工智能是当前科技领域的热门话题之一。
它使计算机系统能够模拟人类智能并完成复杂的认知任务。
人工智能的发展将在各个行业产生深远的影响，包括医疗、交通、金融和教育等领域。
4. 基因编辑——医学的革命性突破：基因编辑技术的兴起为医学领域带来了革命性突破。
通过编辑人类基因，科学家们可以治愈一些遗传性疾病，并改善人类的生活质量。
然而，基因编辑也带来了伦理和道德方面的争议，需要严格的监管和审查。
5. 大数据——信息时代的挑战和机遇：大数据是信息时代的重要特征之一。
通过收集、分析和利用大量的数据，人们可以从中发现趋势和模式，并做出更明智的决策。
然而，大数据也带来了隐私和数据安全方面的问题，需要加强相关法律和政策的保护。
6. 云计算——现代化信息技术的核心：云计算是现代化信息技术的核心之一。
它通过将计算和存储资源从本地转移到云端，为用户提供了更高效和便利的服务。
云计算在各个行业都有广泛应用，包括企业管理、科学研究和娱乐等领域。
以上是第7讲实战口译笔记示范的要点。
科技专题-1内容涵盖了科技与社会的影响、科技创新、人工智能、基因编辑、大数据和云计算等领域。
这些科技领域的发展正在改变我们的生活，并为社会发展带来新的挑战和机遇。
Lecture 3 Note-taking Skills(1-1)
w-北大 Dr Gr & Mrs. I-代-wel Dr. & NZ° I-b 访 合-贡 d. 客→南 & 上 I: nice trip
• 2. 海关总署3月10日发布的最新统计表明， 今年1-2月，中国与主要贸易伙伴双边贸易实 现全面快速增长。前2个月中国与欧盟双边贸 易总额达296.4亿美元，增长29.2%，欧盟继 续保持中国第一大贸易伙伴地位。美国仍居中 国第二大贸易伙伴位置。前2个月，中美双边 贸易总额达266亿美元，增长21.5%。位居第 三的日本仍为中国第一大进口来源地，双边贸 易总额达245.7亿美元，增长10.6%。东盟首 次成为我国第四大贸易伙伴。前2个月，中国 与东盟双边贸易额166.3亿美元，增长23.6%。
Tools for Note-taking
• 2 pens (of push type) • 1 notebook (page up and down, one side only, hard cover)
Features of Note-taking
Note-taking simple, key words & signs ≠ Class Notes detailed, well-arranged Dictation exact words
• (3) concession→ tho, 虽 though, although, despite, in spite of • (4) transition→ but but, nevertheless, however, yet
• (5). condition→ if if, provided, provided that, as long as, on condition that, in case • (6). purpose→ to/→ so that, in order that, so as to, in order to • (7). time→ 当 when, while, at the time when, at the time of, as
林超伦讲解实战口译笔记要点精解
林超伦讲解实战口译笔记要点精解第一篇：林超伦讲解实战口译笔记要点精解林超伦讲解实战口译笔记要点笔记是高级口译的关键。
使用笔记，是为了补充大脑短期记忆和耐久力的不足，以保证译文的精确度，并保证其不受讲话人持续时间的影响。
如果完全依赖记忆，又没有异常的天赋，即使精力充沛的年青人，也不能胜任高级口译对精确度和耐久力的要求。
实际例子，我在工作中多次碰到过。
高级口译员没有不靠笔记的。
但是，高级口译使用的笔记与一般的概念，风马牛不相及。
请注意，每个人的记忆，思维，和反应都有各自的特点。
没有必要全部照搬我的方法。
最好用的笔记方式是你自己发展出来的，适合自己的系统。
我的介绍是为了给你开个头，起个指点方向，打开思路的作用。
比如，笔记越简单，记录就越迅速。
但笔记简单了，对短期记忆的要求就相对提高了。
所以，笔记多少为最佳，因人而易，需要摸索出适合于自己的平衡。
要点是：1.少写多划。
划线条比写文字快。
线条形象，相当于翻译的“半成品”，有助译员眼看笔记，口出译文。
两种情况下应该尽量用线条：表示动作和动态的词句。
比如，以上升的斜线代表“发展”，“增加”，“进步”,“进一步”；以下降的斜线代表“减少”，“下降”，“恶化”等等。
表示因果或前后关系的词句。
比如，用一条线代表“因为/所以”，“…之后”，“在…之前”，以体现出上下前后之间的关联关系。
2.少字多意。
养成一个词的笔记不超过一个字的习惯。
中文里有大量的词汇是由两个，或两个以上的字组成。
只要看到其中一个，你的短期记忆就应该能够补齐其余的字。
不必多写。
比如，“中国”最多写个“中”。
“北京”最多写个“北”。
英文词也同理处理。
“politics” 最多写“poli”，“government”最多写“gov”，等等。
另外，需要培养以笔记与记忆互动；看到一个字能说出几个字，甚至一串词的能力。
在有上下文的情况下，这不难。
比如，谈中国的近况，听到“改革，开放”记一个“改”字，不难从短期记忆中说出原文。
林超伦实战口译笔记实例详
林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解时间:2008-10-06 16:02来源:实战口译网站作者:林超伦点击:8322次在这里，我将举实例介绍我的笔记方法，以及我如何以笔记与大脑短期记忆互动的方式保证译文的精确度。
由于口译条件的限制，其精确度不能以笔译的尺度衡量，也没有必要这样做。
口译的听众与笔译的读者，需求不同，预期也不同。
由于使用实例讲解，无法把口译要点分门别类地举例。
我将顺着例子讲下去。
讲完之后，各项要点也就都包括其中了。
人脑思维速度极快，一闪而过的念头，解说起来会显得繁杂。
不过，我希望你能在开始时，多一点耐心。
很快你就会发现，我的讲解读起来似乎繁杂，但背后的思路，也就是说一旦使用起来，要明快得多。
开始前，提醒一下，不要忘了笔记是必需和记忆互动的。
二者缺一不可。
以下的实例解说，均以此为基础。
讲话原文Following the 1997 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, the macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed.第一层次：一个箭头，加97，再加"选"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："1997年大选之后"。
第二层次：一个"工"加圆圈，提醒"工"字后面还有话。
另外，一条垂直线体现出第二层与第一层有关联。
此后一个箭头，再加"权"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："工党上台掌权"。
第三层次：一个"M"加圆圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。
从短期记忆中回顾出"宏观经济框架"。
接着，一条横线体现关联，线后一个"改"字，于是补齐译文："对宏观经济框架进行了改革"。
最后划圈，带横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
最新林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解
林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解在这里，我将举实例介绍我的笔记方法，以及我如何以笔记与大脑短期记忆互动的方式保证译文的精确度。
由于口译条件的限制，其精确度不能以笔译的尺度衡量，也没有必要这样做。
口译的听众与笔译的读者，需求不同，预期也不同。
由于使用实例讲解，无法把口译要点分门别类地举例。
我将顺着例子讲下去。
讲完之后，各项要点也就都包括其中了。
人脑思维速度极快，一闪而过的念头，解说起来会显得繁杂。
不过，我希望你能在开始时，多一点耐心。
很快你就会发现，我的讲解读起来似乎繁杂，但背后的思路，也就是说一旦使用起来，要明快得多。
开始前，提醒一下，不要忘了笔记是必需和记忆互动的。
二者缺一不可。
以下的实例解说，均以此为基础。
讲话原文Following the 1997 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, the macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed.第一层次：一个箭头，加97，再加"选"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："1997年大选之后"。
第二层次：一个"工"加圆圈，提醒"工"字后面还有话。
另外，一条垂直线体现出第二层与第一层有关联。
此后一个箭头，再加"权"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："工党上台掌权"。
第三层次：一个"M"加圆圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。
从短期记忆中回顾出 "宏观经济框架"。
接着，一条横线体现关联，线后一个"改"字，于是补齐译文："对宏观经济框架进行了改革"。
最后划圈，带横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
备注：使用的4个汉字都经过"理顺"。
其中2个是一笔成字。
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(医疗专题-1)
第7讲实战口译笔记示范(医疗专题-1)医疗场景词汇- 患者 - patient- 医生 - doctor- 护士 - nurse- 病房 - ward- 手术 - surgery- 诊所 - clinic- 体检 - medical n- 医疗费用 - medical expenses- 疾病 - disease- 治疗 - treatment- 药物 - n- 检查 - n- 镇痛 - pain relief- 输血 - blood n- 紧急情况 - emergency- 麻醉 - anesthesia常见病例对话对话一医生：您好，有什么不舒服的症状吗？患者：我最近老是头疼，而且晚上还会咳嗽。
医生：好的，请您稍等一下，我会给您做一次全面的身体检查。
对话二医生：您好，请问您是怎么受伤的？患者：我在走路的时候不小心摔了一跤，现在膝盖很疼。
医生：好的，请您先躺下，我会给您进行一次X光检查。
医生建议与患者回应医生：根据检查结果，您的情况并不严重，只是轻微扭伤，请注意休息，多做热敷。
患者：好的，谢谢医生。
医生：同时，我也给您开了一些消炎药和止痛药，请按照剂量服用。
患者：好的，我会按时服药的。
介绍医疗服务医生：我们诊所提供多种医疗服务，包括一般检查、手术和紧急情况处理等。
患者：那如果有手术需要，需要提前预约吗？医生：是的，手术通常需要提前预约，您可以提前到诊所咨询并安排手术时间。
医疗费用与结算方式医生：关于医疗费用，我们通常是在治疗结束后结算，请您带好社保卡和身份证。
患者：好的，我会提前准备好。
医生：如果有需要，我们也提供分期付款的方式进行结算。
患者：明白了，谢谢医生。
口译实战
目录
第一部分：理论学习
第1课：实战口译笔记
第2课：口译四大要领
第3课：三步法：问、补、扔
第4课：去繁就简
第5课：权衡英汉习惯
第6课：使用 第一人称
第7课：借用同传技能
第8课：三字决：顺、补、加
第9课：三方两面交流
第10课：声音与口才
第11课：如何处理讲稿
第12课：口译人际关系
第13课：接受口译任务
第14课：职业技能组合
第15课：如何准备简历
第16课：自由职业口译
作者简介
林超伦，自1995年以来，林超伦先生一直担任英国女王、首相和议会上下两院领导人与中国高层领导人的会谈口译。他曾于1998得主2003年两次陪同布莱尔首相访华，并且以英国政府译员的身份，参加接待了近年来所有访问英国的中国领导人。英国主要华组织英中贸易协会、英国文化委员会、英中友好协会以及英国著名的公司和组织也多次聘请他担任重大活动的口译。
汉译英
单元2 中英论坛讲话2
单元4中国经济介绍
单元6中国金融介绍
单元8 中国电讯行业
单元10中国农业介绍
单元12 中国能源行业1
单元14 中国能源行业2
单元16 中国信息行业1
单元18 中国信息行业2
单元20 中国法制改革1
单元22 中国法制改革2
单元24 北京开发区介绍
教材组成
《实战口译》由四大部分构成：
1.学习用书
口译中的声音与口
口译与口才
例： “我们大学设备先进，教师一流，学生优 秀。” “优越的地理位置，理想的投资环境，有力的 政府支持，是外商看好我们市的重要原因。” “现在就调整利率不利于英国出口经济，无助 于国民的收入增长，浪费了经济长期发展的一 个大好机会。”
口译与口才
我建议从现在开始，平常说话的时候都有意识 地说三点，很快就会尝到甜头。不仅能提高口 译能力，而且在母语中的说服力也将得到提高。
如何使用不同声音？
但是也不能走到另一个极端．拿腔拿调，让人 觉得你在演戏一般，需要掌握好平衡。如何掌 握平衡，一个是靠练习，另一个是向比较有经 验的译员学习，看他们怎么处理。这里提一个 建议，供大家参考。
如何使用不同声音？
拿一段讲稿，坐在桌前用很平静的口气轻声朗读 一遍。然后站到房间的一个角落，想象要向房间 对面角落的听众发表讲话，说一件自己高兴的事 情，照此大声再念一边。念完后，自己体会一下 有否差别？如果没有，站着再来一遍，再用劲一 些，再大声一些，直至自己觉得脸颊微微发热。
如何使用不同声音？
至此，你已经为自己找到了两种不同的表达方 式。坐在桌前的那种可以用于普通的会谈和一 般的发言。站在屋角说得脸颊微微发热的那种， 适合于招商宣传和宴会祝酒等场合。
口译与口才
另外，要想提高口译水平，一定要练习自己的 口才。不是说要练到口若悬河，但起码不能滴 水难出。首先，口译经常是在大庭广众之前的 表演。如果这辈子也没有在这样的场合下向这 么多人说过话，当然会心理压力巨大。两腿发 抖、满手是汗、口干舌燥都不足为奇。借用文 艺界的一句话，这叫怯场。
口译与口才
例： "We need to creat world-class ideas, breakthrough technologies and high value businesses.“ "Together, our creativity, our innovation, our courage have set the pace in world economic development for centuries.“ "Information and communication industries transforming the way we live, work and do business."
浅谈口译笔记记录基本原则
浅谈口译笔记记录基本原则摘要译出，这是最好的速记员也难以作到的。
（仲伟合，2006）下面用一段例子来阐述口译笔记技巧的记录基本原则，例子出自著名口译学者林超伦先生的《实战口译》（学生用书，第14 章第三段）从所引笔记可以总结出口译笔记的基本记录原则1 竖向记录，意群分行：(vertical arrangements)竖形的阶梯结构能形象地表示上下文的连贯语义结构，简化译员的思维过程，方便快速的说出译文。
笔记一般根据意群分行，这样能有效避免思路出现混乱，也便于在翻译过程中随时补足信息。
所给例子只有一段文字但总共两大意群，笔记共七行，前四行属于第一部分意群的内容，后三行属于第二意群，这种纵向的格式可以给译员提供清晰的思路。
2 快速书写，减笔连笔（principle of least effort)口译笔记只是给译员自己看的，而且只要当时能看懂就行。
笔记的书写必须尽量简化，尤其是汉字，比画往往很多，要养成在口译笔记中简笔，连笔书写的习惯，尽量做到一笔成字。
汉字是一种形象的表意文字，减笔连笔后并不影响识别。
从笔画的省力方面看，口译笔记宜多用英文书写，比如，上文中第一意群的最后一句“对能源的发展提出了新的更高要求”和第二意群中的第一句“实现能源的可持续性发展”这两句中的“能源”，林超伦先生笔记中都是用“E”代替。
同时笔记力求高度概括，每记下一个字，都要能代表一个词，一个意群乃至于一个句子的意思。
“实现能源的可持续性发展”这一句中，译员也只是写下“实 E- 可-”这几个字。
笔记一定要高度概括，所以在听到“社会保障体系”可以记录为“社保“，上海可以记录为“SH”，合资企业可以记录为“JV”，国民生产总值可以记录为“GNP”，澳门可以记录为“MCO”，不同意可以记录为“N”。
3 巧用符号，形象表意。
（Use abbreviations and symbols)口译笔记中巧用符号是职业译员的一大秘诀。
符号书写快，符号书写灵活，可以代表多种意思，而且形象符合口译记忆：视觉化“visual原ization”的要求，而且方便译员“眼看笔记、口出译文”。
听我的话就会瘦实例
听我的话就会瘦实例篇一:听我的话就会瘦一个月减掉_斤～～给需要瘦身的朋友～～除了拿身体当实验品以外我试过你听过的所有减肥法从国二到现在将瘦身成果全部加起来我已经总共瘦下了４０公斤以上（当然都有复胖啦）我也跟所有的减肥者一样１．很没有自制力２．很没有毅力３．很容易就〞啊算了明天再减〞所以你只要有自制力＋毅力就会瘦身成功--------------------------------------------- 我先打出知名的几项减肥法并且做个比较--------------------------------------------- １．断食法效率:轻松性:经济性:健康性:危险性:缺点:并且到达一定天数就会卡关瘦不下去最可怕的是只要你一吃东西马上复胖３公斤以上>> ２．无醣法效率:轻松性:经济性:健康性:危险性:缺点:就是不能吃醣类食物（饭类等淀粉以及奶类）肉类跟菜类则随便你吃多少刚开始会跟断食的速度差不多快但是一卡关就会不知道该怎麼办最大的问题是只要外食就会很难控制>>３．运动法效率:轻松性:经济性:健康性:危险性:缺点:要排出行程表运动,是非常难持之以恒的事情并且运动过后的饥饿感很大,常常会白费了努力一但卡关也会有极大挫折,觉得自己为了什麼而拼命运动运动法很健康,失败率也极高>>４．饮食控制法效率:轻松性:经济性:健康性:危险性:缺点:但其实这方法瘦得非常慢,你到底要多吃什麼少吃什麼,当食欲来了你都会忘光而且是容易造成慢性营养失调的!再来这个减肥法没有什麼系统,所以也常在不知不觉中就放弃最大的问题是,当美食当前,几乎所有人都会想〞下一餐再少吃〞而破坏了减肥中最重要的自制力,减一百年都会不瘦啦!>>５．药物法效率:不一定轻松性:不一定经济性:健康性:危险性:缺点:因为个人体质不同,也有不少人吃减肥药吃到死掉又有副作用,就算真的靠药瘦了,一停药后,复胖速度也不差>>--------------------好以上就是较多人用的减肥法至於什麼针灸洋菜的怪异方式我的经验觉得除非你去当医生设计什麼实验组对照组不然根本就不会知道有没有效果虽然减肥法有这麼多但是如果你只选择其中一种是瘦不下来的!胖一辈子吧你你的营养师跟长辈会告诉你控制饮食跟运动是减肥的不二法门也有不少人因为这样瘦下来但是要花多久?半年?一年?对於急性子又没毅力的大多数减肥者不可能!不然世界上就不会这麼多胖子了!!於是我多年研究出一种适合大部分减肥者的方法毅力跟自制力我会告诉你怎麼产生你需要的东西是〞动力〞就是〞___我想变正被搭讪!〞或是〞干!瘦下来他一定会自己来追我!〞之类的东西我可以告诉你这个减肥法１．会饿死你２．很快让你看到效果３．瘦２０公斤只要一个月我们开始吧＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿首先你在减肥的过程中会需要这些东西１．水或无醣茶（找你自己觉得好喝的我是使用每朝健康绿茶但是会胃不适请小心体质）２．几张脸不怎麼样身材却正到爆的模特儿照片 or喜欢的人的照片 or目标女生的照片３．有一点点紧或是差一点才穿得下的衣物４．优酪乳５．最好能找个伴一起减肥互相比较是大动力来源６．综合维他命如果你正心烦气躁,或是失恋的状态,那是更好不过了动不动就想想心烦的事情会消退食欲＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿接下来你需要以下_条认知:1．你需要充足的睡眠帮助身体去除脂肪晚睡的人除非你隔天可以睡超过_小时不然你别想瘦2．你的体重会在停止减肥后的一星期内依个人体质复胖2公斤以上所以你必须将你的目标体重再减去2～3公斤3．瘦下来的体重必须经过约5～7天才算数（看体质决定时间）也就是说你要一个星期后外观才会看得出来有瘦例如你第5天瘦了三公斤必须到第_天外型才会看得出来有瘦三公斤4．基本上入睡前跟睡醒各量一次体重劝你不要纪录记住自己减肥前的体重就好为什麼?因为一卡关你就会看著纪录表生气另外到后期你可能要两天～三天才量一次体重5．卡关是减肥失败的最大原因所以当你一发现体重停止下降就两天不要量体重!（其实卡关是身体正在调整你的外观追上瘦下的体重）6．当感到饥饿是因为正在瘦所以饥饿时要撑住不要想什麼好吃的东西去幻想自己瘦到目标体重的完美样子如果看到美食想吃,就想如果没吃可能又多瘦半公斤!7．依你的新陈代谢好坏,有些人一天可以瘦1公斤有些人0．5公斤如果你睡前的体重跟当天睡醒时的一样你隔天睡醒就又会瘦罗!8．超过8点不要吃东西!饿了就撑!不然就滚去睡或找点事情做!9．少坐在电视前,也不要做些会让两只手空著的事情让自己手很忙就会忘记吃东西了_．泡面比什麼都可怕＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿开始减肥前的前一天晚上称的体重就是你减肥前的体重记好这个数字隔天睡饱,就开始为自己的身材革命吧!＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿【第一周】－无醣?素食?第一个星期你必须先让身体暖身爱吃什麼就吃什麼的你你的胃不可能接受突然的节食必须规律吃三餐的人＞改成以往食量的2／3不须规律吃三餐的人＞少量多餐1．睡醒后你必须决定今天想吃饭还是想吃肉如果你想吃饭你今天必须吃素,不能碰肉蛋鱼（动物性蛋白质）吃素好像比较自由但我必须规定你一餐的白饭不可以超过半碗如果想吃肉就不能接触面or饭or面包（淀粉）,甜食物或饮料,奶类（乳醣）水果尽量不要除非他不太甜不然果糖会整你选择两者都可以吃的食物是:蔬菜篇二:林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解在这里,我将举实例介绍我的笔记方法,以及我如何以笔记与大脑短期记忆互动的方式保证译文的精确度.由于口译条件的限制,其精确度不能以笔译的尺度衡量,也没有必要这样做.口译的听众与笔译的读者,需求不同,预期也不同.由于使用实例讲解,无法把口译要点分门别类地举例.我将顺着例子讲下去.讲完之后,各项要点也就都包括其中了.人脑思维速度极快,一闪而过的念头,解说起来会显得繁杂.不过,我希望你能在开始时,多一点耐心.很快你就会发现,我的讲解读起来似乎繁杂,但背后的思路,也就是说一旦使用起来,要明快得多. 开始前,提醒一下,不要忘了笔记是必需和记忆互动的.二者缺一不可.以下的实例解说,均以此为基础.讲话原文Following the _97 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, themacroeconomic policy framework has been reformed.第一层次:一个箭头,加97,再加选 ,足以帮助短期记忆,说出译文: _97年大选之后 .第二层次:一个工加圆圈,提醒工字后面还有话.另外,一条垂直线体现出第二层与第一层有关联.此后一个箭头,再加权 ,足以帮助短期记忆,说出译文: 工党上台掌权 .第三层次:一个 M 加圆圈,提醒 M 字后面还有话.从短期记忆中回顾出宏观经济框架 .接着,一条横线体现关联,线后一个改字,于是补齐译文: 对宏观经济框架进行了改革 .最后划圈,带横杆,表示本段讲话到此结束.备注:使用的4个汉字都经过理顺 .其中2个是一笔成字. The aim of this reform is to help provide a framework for improved macroeconomic stability and economic growth.承上启下:一划从上段的改字左斜拉下来,接着往右一拐弯.足以从短期记忆中回顾出: 改革的目的 .第一层次:写一个框字.从短期记忆中顺着上文,不难说出: 是为了提供一个框架 .届此,听到 improved ,随之划一条上行箭头,再补一个 M 加圈, 提醒 M 字后面还有话.这样就不难说出: 以改善宏观经济稳定 .若担心 M 不够,则可以加稳字,或一条水平横线代表之.第二层次:此时,已听到 and economic growth ,于是在 M 之下写经字,或E 外带上弧线.这就不难说出: 促进经济增长 .最后划个圈,顺手一横杆,表示本段讲话到此结束.备注:采用了同传里的断句和变通技巧,在框架后断句, improved 翻做改善 ;加经济增长前加促进两字完句. I would like to e_plain the key features of the UK economic policy framework, identify the key institutions, their leaders and their main responsibilities. There are three main institutions.第一层次:首先写一个理顺过的我字,一横杆代表所做之事,写一个特字加圈, 提醒字后有话.至此不难说出: 我想解释一下 .第二层次:谁的特点呢,正好是下一层的意思,于是,划垂直线表示关联,写 U 加圈代表英国,接着写 E ,如感不够,再加 P .既然前面已经写过框字,回手一条斜线代表之. 至此已不难说出: 英国经济政策框架的特点 .第三层次:此时听到identify the key… ,警觉到这是与上文排比,立刻从我划下斜线,线尾接着写机加圈, 提醒字后有话.据此不难说出: 指出主要机构 .此时听到 their leaders ,顺手一横杆,写领字.此时听到 their main responsibilities ,顺手又一横杆,写责字. 至此不难说出: 他们的领导人,他们的主要职责 .此时听到 there are three main institutions ,顺手划下斜线,写 3 . 据此不难说出: 一共有三个主要机构 .最后划个圈,顺手一横杆,表示本段讲话到此结束.讲话原文 The first is HM Treasury which is responsible for the overall economic framework and for fiscal policy in particular. It is lead by the Chancellor, Gordon Brown who is an elected politician. He is supported by 4 junior ministers.第一层次:顺手一个 1 带圈(不带圈容易误解).写财带圈表示财政部. 至此不难说出: 第一个是财政部 .第二层次:顺手划垂直线表示关联,写全字加圈,提醒字后有话.此时听到and… ,知道是并排关系,一条下斜线,写 P 加圈,提醒字后有话.此时又听到 in particular ,在右下角重划两道,表示强调.至此不难说出: 财政部负责整体经济框架,尤其是财政政策 .第三层次:听到 it i s lead by… ,顺手一条左斜线,右拐弯,写大加圈,写GB ,接着划下斜线联写选字. 就此不难说出: 财政部由布朗大臣领导.他是当选的政界人士 .第四层次:听到 he ,还是他,顺手从 GB 下端再划一条下斜线,表示支持关系,接着写 4 ,如不放心再加部 . 据此不难说出: 他由4位次长支持工作 .最后划个圈,顺手一横杆,表示本段讲话到此结束.举例讲解,告一段落.我的笔记,及其使用方法说简单,也就这么简单.但难在于能够熟练应用.而熟练应用来自于大量练习.篇三:案例一小学班级管理案例分析案例一现我班有个学生叫胡胜龙.三年前我刚任这个班的班主任时,他可谓是班级中最邋遢的孩子,白皙的小脸上总是挂着两行鼻涕,校服早已看不出原来的颜色,身上时常还发出异味,致使班里的学生都渐渐远离他,学习上更不用提了,上课无精打采,搞小动作,影响别人学习,提不起一点学习的兴趣;作业也不认真完成,字体真是〝龙飞凤舞〞.下课追逐打闹,喜欢动手动脚;经常有任课老师和学生向我告状.于是,我找他谈话,希望他能遵守学校的各项规章制度,以学习为重,按时完成作业,知错就改,争取进步.他开始是一副爱理不理的样子,后来口头上答应了.可他又一如既往,毫无长进,真是〝承认错误,坚决不改〞.此时我的心都快冷了,算了吧,或许他是根〝不可雕的朽木〞.但又觉得身为班主任,不能因一点困难就退缩,不能因一个后进生无法转化而影响整个班集体,必须面对现实!不要失去信心,只要坚持不懈,就终会有成果的他无进步,或许是他并没有真正认识自己的错误,没有真正要做个他人喜欢的人的念头.为了有针对性地做工作,我决定先让他认识自己的错误,树立做个受人喜欢的人的思想.于是我再次找他谈话,谈话中,我了解到其实他的父母经常忙于自家生意没时间管理他的学习及生活,甚至有时午饭都没着落,自制力较弱的他经常流连与放学的路上,回家就与动画片为伴,常常忘记学习.因此致使学习成绩很差,久而久之父母认为他不是学习的料,常常责备他的考试成绩,对学习失落的他变得更加懒散认为自己一事无成百不堪.自暴自弃的他开始放任自己.所以才有先前介绍的模样.为了能帮助他走出内心的阴霾区,我经常给他鼓励,在作业上写下评语〝今天的作业进步很大,希望继续前进〞;〝今天看到你回答问题的样子很可爱,我喜欢这样的你〞;〝这次考试有进步,你离成功又近了一步??〞为了提高他的学习成绩,除了在思想上教育他,感化他,我特意安排一个责任心强.学习成绩好.乐于助人.耐心细致的女同学跟他坐,目的是发挥同桌的力量.事前,我先对这个女同学进行了一番谈话:为了班集体,不要歧视他,要尽你自己最大的努力,耐心地帮助他,使其进步.此同学满口答应,并充分利用课余时间或课堂时间帮助他,教育他.有时,这个同学也会产生一些厌烦情绪,说他不太听话,不太乐学??此时,我就跟她说:要有耐心,慢慢来.后来,他取得进步时,除了表扬他,我还鼓励他们说,这也离不开同学们的帮助,特别是某某同学的帮助.在同学们的帮助下,他自己的努力下,他各方面都取得了不小进步.他学习上更努力了,纪律上更遵守了,我还特意安排班级事务给他去做,因为他是位爱劳动的孩子所以我选他为室内劳动委员,不负众望的他表现非常优秀,以实际行动获得同学们的一致好评.改变中的他还自信满满的参加了校合唱队,看到他如此知上进我很欣慰,并找到音乐老师要求给他一份队长的工作,从那以后,他的变化更大了,脸上干净了,校服整洁了,身上的异味消失了,学习虽算不上优异可在蒸蒸日上.说起话来也铿锵有力.他的进步使他的父母颇为吃惊,借着家访的机会把他的改变向.他的父母说了一遍,并要求每次都要看孩子的各项演出.如今的他很快乐,再不是那个惹是生非的孩子了.他也逐渐明白了做人的道理,明确了学习的目的,端正了学习态度.案例分析:〝一把钥匙开一把锁〞.每一个后进生的实际情况是不同的,必然要求班主任深入了解弄清学生的行为,习惯,爱好及其后进的原因,从而确定行之有效的对策,因材施教,正确引导.实施教育必须尊重学生的各异差异,这就需要教师在教学实践中因材施教;开展素质教育需要教师具备人际沟通和交往能力,这也要求教师在教育教学中做到循循善诱,实施素质教育,在日常工作中能够诲人不倦,且有恒心和耐心. 家庭教育具有其独特的优势,学校教育不可能替代家庭教育.因此,在于家长相互关系中,教师应视家长为教育者,是自己一个战壕的〝战友〞,尊重家长,重视家长的教育作用,要积极.主动地与家长联系沟通,全面地了解学生的校内外的表现.了解学生的成长背景.心理状况,使家校之间密切配合,采取因地制宜的驾驭策略,形成驾校的教育合力,共同促进学生健康和谐地成长和发展.在更新教育观念的今天,教师的职业需要睿智.机智.理智.德治.作为一个热爱学生的教师,有责任让学生树立信心进而达到育人的目的.我的感言:每一个后进生的实际情况是不同的,必然要求班主任深入了解弄清学生的行为,习惯,爱好及其后进的原因,从而确定行之有效的对策,因材施教,正确引导.案例二低年级小学生喜欢打人案例分析今年班中又有一个学生,是新来的,开学没几天就有人频频来报告:〝老师某某人（这位新来的）打我.〞问他们被打原因,好像没有什么大事,就是玩玩之中就被打了,于是我就找他教育了一番,可是接下来天天都是这样,难道是他就是有这个爱好?喜欢打人?怎么办呢?于是我和班主任找来了他的父母,了解一些情况令我惊讶的是,他父母告诉我:〝老师,孩子不乖,你打好了,他就是这样,我们没有办法,只能打.〞看着他们,我想孩子喜好打人的毛病要改掉,除了老师的引导教育外,还要连同他的父母的这种错误的教育方法一起改掉.这个孩子不笨,脑子还挺聪明的,就是喜欢打人.于是我的心里就暗下决心,一定要帮助孩子改掉这坏毛病.案例分析:从这个案例我们可以看出,这位小同学有喜好打人的坏习惯,表现为他一有空,他就会找理由,想办法,随时随地去捉弄人,骂人甚至打人,我想:或许他还有一点认识上的无知,不过他的心理里应该带有一种所谓攻击性的心理,攻击性心理就是指因为欲望得不到满足,采取有害于他人.毁坏物品的行为.儿童攻击性心理常表现为:（一）好胜心强,喜欢与人争执,好捉弄人.这类孩子见不得别人比自己强,更见不得别人疏远自己.事事好与人争第一,一旦同学在某个方面超过自己或者疏远自己他就会表现出反常行为,与人争执.打斗,发泄内心的不满．(二)爱惹事,自控力差.这类孩子平时管不住自己的手脚,言行举止不分时间.场合,课堂上坐不住,爱惹是生非,影响其他同学,课间常因自控力差而与同学发生摩擦,导致出现攻击性行为.(三)情绪不稳定,好冲动,时常乱发脾气.这类孩子往往在家中娇生惯养,家长拿他没办法,稍有不顺,便耍性子,自我中心意识强,容不得别人的批评.综上所述该生行为不算攻击性强的行为 ,也要算爱打闹的不良行为,如果没有加以控制和教育,将来就可能走上歧途.案例三郭某是一位我们班的学生,她是个很腼腆的小女生,性格内向,平时不愿意跟同学们打交道,也不爱说话.在人面前不拘言笑,上课从不主动举手发言,老师提问时总是低头回答,声音小得几乎像蚊子声.面对激烈的竞争,同学们的嘲笑她觉得自己这儿也不行,那儿也不如别人,缺乏竞争勇气和承受能力,导致自信心的缺乏.在班里是一个学习困难的学生,一提考试就没精神.如何帮助她增强自信心,走出这个阴影呢?案例分析:1.个人因素:通过一段时间的观察,我发现她性格内向,在人面前不拘言笑,学习习惯不是很好,上课听讲不太认真,容易走神,老师课后布置的预习和复习工作不能有序进行,课外作业也不能及时.认真地完成.长此以往,学习成绩便越来越不理想,每一次考试都很紧张,很担忧,考试对她来说,一次比一次害怕,一次比一次考得差,经历的挫折多了,失败也就多了,便产生了严重的自卑感,过重的心理负担使他不能正确评价自己的能力,一直怀疑自己的优点.即使在成功面前也很难体验到成功的喜悦,从而陷入失败的恶性循环之中.这样严重影响她的身心健康发展.2.家庭因素:鲁某某的父母文化水平较低,对她的学习不能有力地指导,孩子过重的压力在未能达到父母期望时,便使孩子形成自卑心理,怀疑自己,否定自己,不安.孤独.离群等情感障碍也会随之而来.3.教师因素:在学校里,如果教师对一些同学尤其是内向学生不够了解,关注不多,就容易造成对这些同学的评价偏低.一旦如此,几个月或者几个学期以后,这些同学便逐渐产生失落感,在老师那儿他们得不到适时的表扬和赞美,又会受到同学们的奚落和家长的不满.长此以往便否定了自己的一些行为和想法,慢慢不相信自己的能力与水平,也越来越不自信,此时自卑感就慢慢占了上风. 案例（四-六）小学生适应困难教育案例一. 封闭型我在班上发现了一个特别的女孩,样子十分的瘦弱,一双怯怯的眼睛让人生怜,当我无意中抽她起来回答问题时,发现无论我费多少工夫,都没法让她说出一个字.在课后的了解中,我知道了她在所有的课堂上都如此,与同学的交流也几乎没有.她是不能说话还是不想说话?通过与家长的沟通,我很快弄清了她不说话的原因:孩子从小由外公外婆带大,外公外婆寡言少语,而且特别怕事,认为外面的世界很可怕很危险,因此平时几乎不让孩子出门与人交往.而且,孩子在幼儿园曾听到老师恐吓学生,要是不听话,就关黑屋子等,因此孩子表现出特别胆小怕事,尤其是在学校这样的公众场合,尤其是面对老师,她的戒备心特别强烈.她在家里说话很正常,只是声音很小.在了解了孩子不说话的原因,我心里有了底,过去的教育让这个孩子在公众场合极度缺乏安全感,要让这个孩子在课堂上说话,老师必须给孩子营造一个十分温暖的学习氛围.于是,我先告诉孩子我了解了她的情况,没有关系的,我们慢慢来.我在很长一段时间,没有给她任何的压力,只是不时以不经意的眼神.手势.语言.微笑等鼓励她的每一个优点.比如她听得非常认真,字写得特别棒等等,我还经常当着她的面把她的优点讲给妈妈听,慢慢地孩子对我的距离明显缩短了许多.终于有一天,我在我的课堂上,看到她怯怯地举起了手,很快又犹豫地放下我赶紧抓住这个机会,请她起来读我手上的词条.我走到她身边,第一次听到了她说话的声音,虽然她的声音比蚊子声音还细,但我确实听清楚了,她读得很正确,我赶紧大大地表扬了她,并把词卡奖励给了她.放学的时候,她在第一时间把这这好消息告诉了她的妈妈,她妈妈激动地跑来向我求证,我很肯定地再次表扬了她今天的进步,孩子十分高兴.在以后的课堂上,孩子虽然发言的次数还是很少,但是发言的记录总是在慢慢增加,她的笑容也在一点点增加.案例分析:这个女孩是一个典型的缺乏心理安全感的新生,从小的家庭教育让她对陌生的环境充满了戒备,而幼儿园教师的语言恐吓更加重了她的这种不安全感,因此她的沉默愈加严重,最后发展到只字不吐.特殊的行为又影响到她的人际交往,同伴的负面评价更加重了孩子对陌生环境的不认同,也进一步影响了孩子的自信,给新环境的适应带来更大的困难.主要辅导思路就是通过老师的语言.表情.动作等细节给孩子营造一个非常安全温暖的心理环境,并引导孩子的家长和同伴共同参与这个心理环境的营造,宽容的接纳她,热情的鼓励她,让大家的爱和关怀能慢慢增加孩子对老师.学校的信任感和归属感,让她自己慢慢卸掉自己。
英语口译教学中的记忆与笔记的训练
常记忆时对内容的直接复制——存储，而是提炼、转换之后 的存储。“根据现代心理学家和翻译学家的研究成果，口译 记忆不是简单的使用大脑的长时或短时记忆，而是两种记忆 的有机结合，勒代雷教授称之为‘中期记忆一ｂＪ。此外，译员 记忆的另外一些工作方式——尤其是数字、专有名词等信息 的记忆工作方式，被称之为“工作记忆”。这种记忆指人脑在 一定的任务压力下，于短时间内或较短时问内对某些信息的
然而，“口译教学理论和方法的研究相对滞后，日译教学 在不少方面．如开设口译课的时间、口译教学原则、内容和训 练方法等，都存在不尽人意的地方，值得进一步的探讨和改 进”…。众所周知，记忆与笔记是口译的关键，记忆与笔记训 练的效果如何是口译教学能否取得成功的关键。那么，口译
的记忆与笔记的训练是否有一定的规律可循，它的基本原则
实际发生的口译过程。
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ａｒｏｕｎｄ ｙｏｕｒ ｏｏｍｐａｎｙ
ｐｌｑ硎６ ａｎｄ ｍｅｅｔ
ｍｙ Ｃｈｌｎｅｓｅ ｃｏｌｌｅａｇｕｅｓ ａｎｄ ｌａｂ ａｓｓｌｓｔａｌｌｔｓ ｔｏｎａｏｎｏｗ．
在仿真练习中，教师可穿插讲解并示范前文提到的口译 笔记六点基本方法，笔记常用的符号、略语和记录格式。
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２．笔记技能训练方法
笔记技能形成的关键环节是模拟临场训练。笔记的课
堂教学应避免大段的理论讲解，而应强调模拟临场，让学生
在课堂教学的有限时间里多做仿真练习。练习时，受训的学
万 方数据
第２２卷第３期
柳州师专学报
ｔ
２００７年９月
ｔｏｕｒ
生站在讲台上，面对全班，提供口译现场的仿真环境，并模拟
为：一是划线条、标记比写字快，二是线条、标记形象，有助于 译员快速理解笔记，口出译文。例如，用“十”代表上升、增加
第9讲实战口译笔记示范(能源专题)
第9讲实战口译笔记示范(能源专题)Note: The passage had no clearly problematic paragraphs, so none were ___.Although new ___ nal sources, the n of natural gas will also increase. However, coal and oil still play an essential role in the current energy mix.It is projected that the global energy demand will increase by 49% in the next 25 years, with 87% of this ___ past, developed countries used five times more energy per capita than developing countries, but this gap is now ___ increase, both in terms of total volume and per capita volume, it puts great pressure on global energy supply, particularly given the large and growing n of developing countries.Overall, natural gas is a ___ that need to balance their economic growth with environmental n. Its ced carbon xide ns and stable energy supply make it an attractive n for countries that are looking to ce their carbon footprint while still growing theireconomies. While new energy sources will eventually replace natural gas, it is ___.Overall, China's ___ improving efficiency, cing ns, ___.其次，中国应该发展可再生能源。
英语口译技巧之笔记法
•improve concentration • facilitate analysis of the
speech •activate memory • improve the accuracy of
reproduction.
Note –taking
• It is accepted that notes are helpful to the interpretation, but its help is only secondary. In fact, the whole message
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≤
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大于 >
小于 <
小于或等于 ≤
大于或等于 ≥
等于、意味着 =
不等于 ≠
约等于 ≈
遗憾、悲哀 ;
高兴、荣兴 (
错误、否、不、否
定×
正确、对、好、肯
定√
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•
导致、结果 →
对立、冲突 ><
波折 <<
会议、会面 ⊙
进入 ∩
接触、交往 ∞
分歧 ⊥
非常、十分重要 **
• 不同意 N 同意 Y
automobile industry.
口译记录(Note-taking)
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记录格式
林超伦实战口译FieldInterpretation
unit1 (1)Unit3 (2)Unit5 (3)UNIT 7 (4)Unit 9 (5)Unit 11 (6)Unit 13 (7)Unit 15 (9)Unit 17 (10)Unit 19 (11)Unit 21 (12)Unit 23 (13)Unit 25 (14)Unit 27 (15)Unit 29 (16)UNIT 31 (17)Unit 33 (18)Unit 35 (19)unit11.It is a real pleasure to be here to open the third meeting of our forum and to bewelcoming such a distinguished and influential group of people from both our countries, many of whom are now old friends . The forum aims to represent the strength of the relationship between our two countries outside the political relationship and looking round today it is clear that the relationship is very strong indeed.2.It is s sign for me that the forum goes from strength to strength and I believe it is playing akey role in the relations between our two countries as confirmed by the Prime Minister in our call on him this morning. This year, we have taken the theme “the challenge of Globalization” our meetings and discussions. This theme has a particular resonance for me.3.On 11 September, I, along with a number of world statemen, was in Beijing to discuss chinaand the world in the 21st century. None of us could possibly have known as we debated economic development, environmental change and security issues what was going to happen that day. But many of the speakers warned of the fragility of the world order. It made me realize more clearly than at any other time just how very important “understanding” between the nations of the world is.4.Our forum, and the discussions we will have in the next day and a half, is part of this vitalprocess of understanding. Globalization is a challenge for all of us, both developed and developing countries and we have a lot to share and learn. As globalization increases and asall our countries come to terms with the global reach of many industries, we can, as different nations, work together to understand the issues and effects these developments bring.5.People can only grasp these opportunities. People talking, travelling, exchanging ideas andexperiences. And that is what we are here today to do. Our discussions here will centre around a number of very interesting issues: trade and the environment in the globalisation of the economy , chinese culture facing the world, e-learning and e-commerce, balancing public purposes and commercial interests in the media, and China after WTO to name but a few.6.As far as I can see, joining the WTO presents ha huge chanllenge for China. The requirementsof joining WTO for corporate governance, for transparency and for reliable and enforceable laws. Whilst producing some pain in short term, will no doubt be part of the way in which economic growth can be encouraged and sustained. I personally am much looking forward to my own involvement in the discussions on small and medium sized enterprises.7.China’s decision to embrace t he dynamism of the private sector brings up the role smallfirms can play in achieving rapid growth and innovation. They are, and can be, a significant engine for economic development. Therefore, we have much work to do in our forum. We want to show our Chinese friends how much of a partner the UK can be but also that as a sign of a mature and true relationship, we can afford to be frank and open in our discussions with one another.8.This will be particularly true in the sessions on issues of competitiveness and corporategovernance that will be held tomorrow. We ate building on discussions and relationships that are already well founded and I believe that this forum will take the special role that our meeting plays in the relations between our two countries further forward.Unit31.In the space of a single generation, relations between the UK and the People’s Republic ofChina have been transformed. Government-to-government and business-to-business links are closer and more varied than ever before. But the most exciting changes have been in the links between the British and Chinese peoples. Chinese communities have long existed as a respected and cherished presence in British cities.2.But today , more and more British people are visiting China to see for themselves the newdynamism of great cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. We are re-discovering China’s incomparably rich cultural heritage, as well as its immense economic potential. The Chinese are re-discovering Britain, too. We are delighted to welcome more Chinese visitors to our country each year. Many more Chinese are finding out about Britain through modern media like television and the internet.3.Indeed , there are more Chinese people learning the English language than there are nativespeakers of English in the world today. This growing relationship is measurable, too, in financial terms. British firms now have a huge presence in China, a sign of their confidence in the country and its future. The UK is the largest European investor, and a British company, BP, is investing more capital in China than any other foreign firm. The largest foreign manufacturing investment in Western China is also British.4.The UK is China’s second largest European trading partner. British exports to China last year,at $3.72 billion were up 17% on the year 2000. China’s exports to Britain are at an all-time high. Many Chinese enterprises now regard Britain ‘s flexible and open economy has an ideal launching pad into the wider European market. All this is a far cry from 1972, when the UK and the PRC first exchanged Ambassadors. Then, there were virtually no Chinese student in Britain. Today, there are over 20,000 –one of the largest overseas communities at our universities.5.Then , there were no direct air services between Beijing and London . this year , more than aquarter of a million British tourists will travel to China, then , no serving British Prime Minister or Foreign Secretary had ever visited chan. last year , there were visits from eleven British ministers. The changing nature of international relations requires governments to work ever more closely together for their mutual benefit. In the globalised world economy, the security and prosperity of individual countries often depends on events beyond our borders.6.We are interdependent as well as independent. Challenges such as fighting environmentaldamage ,ensuring global human rights are properly observed, removing barriers to trade and investment , and reducing poverty , have become truly global issues. They loom larger on the agendas of multilateral organizations like the UN, the WTO and ASEM. In the 21st century , bilateral relations between countries will depend on progress on issues like these.7.As two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, our government worktogether on a daily basis on problems affecting every corner of the world. Another change in the relationship between Britain and China has been developments in Hong Kong. I am delighted that Hong Kong has prospered since 1997, and that “one country , two systems”is proving such an effective approach.8.As a signatory of the joint declaration, he UK has an abiding interest in the continuedwell-being of the Special Administration Region. But this is only a part of our wider commitment to China, we are increasing the resources we allocate through our department for international development to poverty reduction in China from 25m this year to 60m by 2004.Unit51.Good morning everybody. And welcome to the launch of our new L50, and to thispresentation . In a way, launch is no longer the correct word. Many of you have already hada chance to get to know the new car in your test drive this morning. So , i will not dwell onthe technical capabilities of this car. What i would like to do is to share with you the thoughts that have gone into developing this new model so that you’ll have a better idea of why it’s such an exciting car to drive.2.I will also talk a bit about what has been happening in our company –the direction we areheading, our strategy, and our ambitions. After that, I’ll talk about some of the major stages in our design and development of this model. After this presentation , We’ll have lunch, which is served in the main conference hall. Our chef has promised a few surpri ses. I ‘m curious as you are about what these might be , but , back to the presentation.3.Our new L50 is the first in a family of new car to be launched this year and in the nextcouples of years. It’s the result of the most ambitious investment in our company’s history-125m, in design and development, in production capabilities, in sales network and in our own people. The investment is base on our understanding of the market and our goal for the future. so what are they then?4.We want to sell 800,000 cars a year for the next 5 years . so far this year, we’ve already sold560,000,and congratulations to those of you that have contributed to this success. This represent nearly 20 % increase over the previous year at a time when the market had declined by nearly 10% .much of the increase sales have come from the commitment and dedication of our dealers and our staff . thank you and well done.5.The launch of this L50 will mark the beginning of a series of launches, giving us a fullrange of new cars, 3-door,5-door, estate, diesel, and from 1 liter all the way up to our luxury2 liter saloon. A convertible and a 4-wheel drive are also in the final design stage. With thisnew family, we’ll be able to compete robustly with any competitor in US, and will be able to take on the EU market too. But products alone are not enough.6.We’ve put substantial amount of money and effort into upgrading our retail operation ,into our dealer network and into our own sales forces. This is built on our in-depth knowledge of our customers, what they want and what they need. It is base on the strength of our brand. If you visit one of our re-branded showrooms, you’ll get a strong impression of our brand and what we stand for. We are taking market shares from our competitors. .we are on target to take even more.7.We believe that the most effective way of getting more customers and growing our businessis by new cars. Not just any new cars. It had to be new cars that re-enforce our brand value.Having test driven the L50, I am sure you will all agree with me that the new L50 is exactly that-an embodiment of performance, safety, and functionality. These are the core elements of our brand value. These are features that have caught the attention of media across Europe. These will be repeated in each and every new member of the family.8.That’s all I’d like to say at this stage. My colleagues will now take you through some of thehighlights in the design and development. This is a short video we produced just before this launch. It is meant to answer some questions, what is the thinking behind this development?How do we translate concepts into a new model? How does our core value influence the thinking of people on the factory floor and in showrooms? Ladies and gentlemen, the new L50.UNIT 71.Traditionally HM Treasury , along with the bank of England ,has been responsible fordeciding all aspects of the UK’S economic and financial policy. Following the 1997 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, the macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed. The aim of this reform is to help provide a framework for improved macroeconomic stability and economic growth.2.I would like to explain the key features of the UK economic policy framework, identify thekey institutions, their leaders and main responsibilities. There are three main institutions.The first is HM Treasury which is responsible for the overall economic framework and forfiscal policy in particular. It is led by the Chancellor, Gordon Brown who is an elected politician.3.He is supported by 4 junior minister with specific responsibilities, who are also electedpolitician . the ministers receive advice from three main source: civil servants, political advisers. And for some specific projects, business leaders also prepare advice. Fiscal policy is decided through two main processes: the budget and the spending review process.4.The budget is presented each spring to parliament. It sets out tax policy for the year. Since1997 there has also been a pre-budget report. This explains progress and suggests some ideas for discussion. Later in the spring budget s decision is made. Spending policy is decided every three years. There are two main elements of spending policy. Both are decided at the same time.5.One , the amount of money which each department receives and two, using this money,targets each department will achieve. For example for the education department a target for how many children pass exams. The second main institution is the bank of England . it is led by someone non-political, at the moment, Eddie George. In 1997 it was given full independent to set interest rates. A committee , which includes a Treasury civil servant , makes the decision.6.The level of interest rates is set in order to achieve a certain rate of inflation. This target isdecided by the chancellor. Therefore although the bank can decide the level of interest rates without any interference, the macroeconomic position is guided by an elected politician who is responsible to the country. The bank also deals in the foreign exchange market.7.Finally, the financial services authority is responsible for monitoring and regulating thefinancial services industry. It has four main aims. One, maintaining confidence in the UK financial system. They supervise stock exchanges . two ,promoting public understanding of the financial system. They help consumers to become informed consumers, so that they can manage their financial affairs more effectively.8.Three , securing the right degree of protection for consumers. They monitor how firms andindividuals are meeting standards. Where serious problems arise they investigate and, if appropriate, discipline or prosecute those that have violated rules, four, helping to reduce financial crime. Their work focuses on three main types of financial crime: money laundrying, fraud, and criminal market misconduct such as insider dealingsUnit 91.Your Excellencies, distinguished guests, my lords, ladies and gentlemen, it is with greatpleasure that I welcome you tonight to this magnificent castle. We warmly welcome you and your distinguished delegation to Wales. Wales is small country compared with China, however , the welsh people have made a significant contribution to the development of the UK and to the part the UK has played throughout the world.2.Welsh companies make an important contribution to the UK economy. Some arerepresented here this evening. Many already trade with China. Mangy more would like to do so. This is one aspect of the growing relationship between our two country. China is a focal point for trade and investment form Wales. Wales’s exports to China are valued at over 25million. It’s good, but not good enough. I would encourage welsh companies to do better.3.I would like also ask you, Mr. chairman, to help increase the awareness of Wales amongChinese companies , particularly among Chinese companies that are considering their first move into Europe. For many years, Wales has been on e of the most popular destinations for foreign investment in Europe , Investors in Wales have brought over 12 billion into the country and contribute to reinvest once established.4.Investors are not limited to US and Europe . many companies from the far east have chosento establish their European operations here. Our welsh development agency has set up an office in China, it demonstrates our commitment to your country. Meanwhile , welsh companies are increasingly focused on outward investment and establishing joint venture with partners in China. China’s accession to the world trade organization will p resent new opportunities for both our economies.5.Developing special relationships with China is something to which we attach greatimportance, not only through trade but in other areas such as science , education, and justice, recently , the welsh science mission visited China, the visit raised Wales’s profile with the Chinese scientific community, it also established an exchange scheme in which welsh scientists will benefit.6.The warm reception the delegation received in China was a clear signal of the highlyproductive relationship which Wales and China have developed. During the visit, we signeda memorandum of understanding with our Chinese counterparts in the scientific community.This will encourage and facilitate greater scientific cooperation between China and Wales. I understand that tomorrow morning , there will be several working group meetings to explore other areas of common interest. I look forward to receiving their report in due course.7.Mr. chairman , as you are aware, there has been contact at ministerial level. Not long ago,we were delighted to receive a visit from his Excellancy Mr. Wen Jiabao. as you know already, his visit was a great success. In return our deputy first minister has just accepted a generous invitation to lead a delegation to China later this year. They will be visiting Beijing ,shanghai , and Guangzhou. They are looking forward to this visit.8.These visitors are clear signals of the highly productive relationship which Wales and Chinahave developed. Judging by the crowd that have gathered here tonight. I am very confident that the relationship will continue to grow. Thank you for taking the time to include a visit to Wales in your busy and demanding program. We are honored by your presence here this evening and would ask you to take back with you the warmest good wishes from the people of Wales and the UK , may I now propose a toast.Unit 111.Welcome to Pfizer- the world’s largest , ,most valuable and fastest –growing pharmaceuticalcompany. Ours is a noble purpose: to he lp realize humanity’s quest for longer , healthier, happier lives. Our mission is to become the world’s most valued company in serving patients, customers, colleagues ,investors, business partners and the communities where we work and live. We now employ 90,000 people worldwide, turning well over 30 billion a year.Spending more than 5 billion a year on research and development. Our products are available in more than 150 countries.2.It all start back in 1849, when Charles Pfizer & company opened as a fine-chemicals business.It was a modest red-brick building in the Williansburg section of Brooklyn , New York. it served as office , laboratory, factory, and ware house .the company’s first product was santonin-a palatable antiparasitic which was an immediate success., for the past 154 years.pfizer has been discovering , developing , manufacturing, and marketing leading prescription medicines for humans and animals and many of the world’s best –known consumer brands.3.Pfizer is built on three pillars: a broad portfolio of human pharmaceuticals meeting essentialmedical needs; a wide range of consumer products aimed at self-care and well-being ; and health products for livestock and companion animals. research and development is the lifeblood of our business. To c ontinue our heritage of innovation , we support the world’s largest privately funded biomedical research organization ,engaging 12.000 scientists and other research colleagues worldwide.4.We currently have nearly 100 new medicines in various stages of development, and areworking on dozens of new uses for our current medicines. Our targets include many of humanity’s most feared illness, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer ’s ,cancer ,HIV/AIDS ,depression and schizophrenia.(精神分裂) pfizer is also a leader In contributing to the development of communities where we live and work.5.We have pioneered numerous initiatives to improve access to medicines including theinternational Trachoma Initiative, (沙眼) aimed at the world ‘s greatest cause of prev entable blindness，and the Diflucan partnership , aimed at HIV/AIDS patients in developing nations.Through the pfizer foundation, we are building with our partners an advanced infectious disease treatment and medical education center in Kampala, Uganda.6.In the US , we sponsor the pfizer for living share card. A program that provide eligible,low-income medicine recipient without prescription drug coverage the opportunity to purchase a 30 –day supply of Pfizer medicine for 15 per prescription. A career with Pfizer is one of the most rewarding choices you can make. Pfizer has been recognized as one of the nation’s best employers and most admired company. We seek talented people from a broad array of disciplines and prize diversity of thought and experience.7.Our company is thoroughly grounded In our values. They begin with a prized personal andorganizational quality-integrity-and end with a shared concern for community. Our values include leadership, innovation, performance, teamwork, customer focus, and request for people. These values guide every decision we make, everywhere we make them, as you can sense by now, these are exciting times for our company.8.We demand of ourselves and others the highest ethical standards, and our products andprocesses will be of the highest quality. We are deeply committed to meeting the needs of our customers. And we constantly focus on customer satisfaction. We play an active role in making every country and community in which we operate a better place to live and work. I hope you will enjoy your visit for the rest of the day, thank you.Unit 131.Standard Chartered is the world’s leading emerging market bank. It employs 29,000 peoplein over 500 offices in more than 50 countries in the Asia pacific Region, south Asia, the middle east, Africa, united kingdom and the Americas. Our global headquarters is in London.The bank serves both consumer and wholesale banking customers. The consumer bank provides credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposit taking activity and wealth management services to individuals and medium- sized business.2.The wholesale bank provides services to multinational, regional, and domestic corporate andinstitutional clients in trade finance, cash management, custody , lending, foreign exchange, interest rate management and debt capital markets. Like all companies we are operating in a climate of massive change. We are therefore developing new strategies to ensure that our business keeps abreast of the moves to apply the principles of corporate social responsibility.3.Standard Chartered recognizes its responsibilities to its staff and to the communities inwhich it operates. We believe that with appropriate policies and practices in place we can bea legitimate influence for good by promoting the best standards of socially responsiblebusiness in the developing world. By doing so we hope to stimulate positive change and greater engagement. Standard Charted strives to operate in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical , legal, commercial, and public expectations of society.4.Our objective is to benefit all of our stakeholders including our shareholders, customers,staff and the communities in which we operate. We strongly support the trend towards delivering shareholder value in a socially, ethically and environmentally responsible manner.We also believe that improved transparency through reporting and improved engagement through dialogue offers clear benefit, not only for society, but also for standard Chartered.5. A responsible organization will be better able to attract and retain its customers, employees,shareholders and suppliers. It will operate with greater cohesion and clearer focus. It will be better able to listen and respond rapidly to changing needs and markets. Responsibility, dialogue ,action and reporting are the key elements in a virtuous circle through which everyone benefits. We are proud to promote our support for corporate social responsibility.6.Standard Chartered offers personal financial solutions relevant to you as an individual . someof these include priority banking, credit care, insurance, personal investment as well as retail services. We treasure building a relationship with you, developing an understanding of your changing financial needs at different stage of your life. Our long heritage of nearly 150 years had enabled us to change with time. Offering quality products by means that are convenient to you.7.Business financial services offer one of the widest range of banking products and services inthe market today. Managing a growing business demands most of you time and energy. That is why working with the right bank can help your business sail more smoothly. Corporate & Institutional banking provides cash management, custody and trade finance services. We offer a one stop risk management solution to our customers-the local corporate, multinational companies, investment and financial institutions, and central banks.8.Corporate & Institutional banking provides cash management , custody and trade financeservices through our strong market networks in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. we provide a bridge to these markets for clients form the US and Europe. With 150 years in the emerging markets the bank has unmatched knowledge and understanding of its customers in its markets.Unit 151.Prudential was founded in 1848. As the prudential mutual assurance, the investment andloan association in London. The company grew from a small life assurance company, with a customer base limited to the well-off middle classes, to Britain’s la rgest life company by number of policy-holders. In 1854 prudential opened its industrial department and began to sell ”penny policies” that could be afforded by poorer people.2.The department really began to expand in 1856 when the company pioneered infantileinsurance, allowing parents to insure the lives of children under the age of ten. By keeping statistical records about policy-holders, prudential was able to calculate accurate premium rates and improve the benefits payable on policies. By the turn of the century one third of the population was insured with “ the pru“ .by the mid 1970s, the company started to employ lady clerks and use “ modern “calculator and typewriters.3.By 1900 there were nearly 15,000 agents collecting prudential premiums. Until 1915prudential sold life assurance only. In 1915 the range of business was extended with the opening of the general branch, through which fire, accident, marine and other form of insurance were sold from 1919 onwards. During the 1920s prudential began go expand overseas and agencies were set up all over the world to sell prudential policies.4.In Britain, new policies were introduced for women, family protection and long term savingopportunities. In the post war period the range of prudential’s products change d towards an emphasis on savings, annuities, pensions and family income protection. In the 1970s a number of acquisitions were made and in 1978 prudential corporation was set up as the holding company for the group. The focus on adopting new sales and marketing techniques to promote products dominated the 1980s.5.The sales force was restructured to deal better with customer needs and new channels ofcommunication were opened through telephone sales and independent financial advisers. In 1986, prudential was launch as the new image for prudential corporation, the traditional values of the company presented in a modern forward-looking way, the 1990s saw further diversification of products and methods of communication.6.Sales by telephone and through IFAs have gradually reduced the role of direct sales incustomer’s home. In 1997 Scottish amicable was acquired, strengthening prudential’s position in the IFA sector. The launch of egg in 1998 saw prudential use a new distribution channel, targeting the internet generation. The acquisition of M&G, the fund managers, in 1999 strengthened the Group’s investment portfolio. In recent years prudential has expanded in key markets, principally the US and Asia.7.Prudential corporation Asia has operational business in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,Indonesia, China , Vietnam, and the Philippines. New business ventures have been established in Japan and Korea in the last year. In the US, Prudential’s subsidiary, Jackson National Life is represented in all states and distributes products through independent agents as well as financial institutions and broker-dealer. The next of the importance of international business can be seen by the fact that over 50% of the group’s sales are international.8.Prudential’s history has been about change and innovation . throughout its history。
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林超伦实战口译笔记实例详解
在这里，我将举实例介绍我的笔记方法，以及我如何以笔记与大脑短期记忆互动的方式保证译文的精确度。
由于口译条件的限制，其精确度不能以笔译的尺度衡量，也没有必要这样做。
口译的听众与笔译的读者，需求不同，预期也不同。
由于使用实例讲解，无法把口译要点分门别类地举例。
我将顺着例子讲下去。
讲完之后，各项要点也就都包括其中了。
人脑思维速度极快，一闪而过的念头，解说起来会显得繁杂。
不过，我希望你能在开始时，多一点耐心。
很快你就会发现，我的讲解读起来似乎繁杂，但背后的
思路，也就是说一旦使用起来，要明快得多。
开始前，提醒一下，不要忘了笔记是必需和记忆互动的。
二者缺一不可。
以下的实例解说，均以此为基础。
讲话原文
Following the 1997 election, in which the Labour Party came to power, the
macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed.
第一层次：一个箭头，加97，再加"选"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："1997年大选之后"。
第二层次：一个"工"加圆圈，提醒"工"字后面还有话。
另外，一条垂直线体现出第二层与第一层有关联。
此后一个箭头，再加"权"，足以帮助短期记忆，说出译文："工党上台掌权"。
第三层次：一个"M"加圆圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。
从短期记忆中回顾出"宏观经济框架"。
接着，一条横线体现关联，线后一个"改"字，于是补齐译文："对宏观经济框架进行了改革"。
最后划圈，带横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
备注：使用的4个汉字都经过"理顺"。
其中2个是一笔成字。
The aim of this reform is to help provide a framework for improved macroeconomic stability and economic growth.
承上启下：一划从上段的"改"字左斜拉下来，接着往右一拐弯。
足以从短期记忆中回顾出："改革的目的"。
第一层次：写一个"框"字。
从短期记忆中顺着上文，不难说出："是为了提供一个框架"。
届此，听到"improved"，随之划一条上行箭头，再补一个"M"加圈，提醒"M"字后面还有话。
这样就不难说出："以改善宏观经济稳定"。
若担心"M"不够，则可以加"稳"字，或一条水平横线代表之。
第二层次：此时，已听到"and economic growth"，于是在"M"之下写"经"字，或"E"外带上弧线。
这就不难说出："促进经济增长"。
最后划个圈，顺手一横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
备注：采用了同传里的断句和变通技巧，在"框架"后断句，"improved"翻做"改善"；加"经济增长"前加"促进"两字完句。
I would like to explain the key features of the UK economic policy
framework, identify the key institutions, their leaders and their main
responsibilities. There are three main institutions.
第一层次：首先写一个理顺过的"我"字，一横杆代表所做之事，
写一个"特"字加圈，提醒字后有话。
至此不难说出："我想解释一
下"。
第二层次：谁的特点呢，正好是下一层的意思，于是，划垂直
线表示关联，写"U" 加圈代表英国，接着写"E"，如感不够，再加"P"。
既然前面已经写过"框"字，回手一条斜线代表之。
至此已不难说出："英国经济政策框架的特点"。
第三层次：此时听到"identify the key…"，警觉到这是与上文排比，立刻从"我"划下斜线，线尾接着写"机"加圈，提醒字后有话。
据此不难说出："指出主要机构"。
此时听到"their leaders"，顺手一横杆，写"领"字。
此时听到"their main responsibilities"，顺手又一横杆，写"责"字。
至此不难说出："他们的领导人，他们的主要职责"。
此时听到"there are three main institutions"，顺手划下斜线，写"3"。
据此不难说出："一共有三个主要机构"。
最后划个圈，顺手一横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
讲话原文
The first is HM Treasury which is responsible for the overall economic framework and for fiscal policy in particular. It is lead by the Chancellor, Gordon Brown who is an elected politician. He is supported by 4 junior ministers.
第一层次：顺手一个"1"带圈(不带圈容易误解)。
写"财"带圈表示财政部。
至此不难说出："第一个是财政部"。
第二层次：顺手划垂直线表示关联，写"全"字加圈，提醒字后有话。
此时听到"and…"，知道是并排关系，一条下斜线，写"P" 加圈，提醒字后有话。
此时又听到"in particular"，在右下角重划两道，表示强调。
至此不难说出："财政部负责整体经济框架，尤其是财政政策"。
第三层次：听到"it is le ad by…"，顺手一条左斜线，右拐弯，写"大"加圈，写"GB"，接着划下斜线联写"选"字。
就此不难说出："财政部由布朗大臣领导。
他是当选的政界人士"。
第四层次：听到"he"，还是他，顺手从"GB"下端再划一条下斜线，表示支持关系，接着写"4"，如不放心再加"部"。
据此不难说出："他由4位次长支持工作"。
最后划个圈，顺手一横杆，表示本段讲话到此结束。
举例讲解，告一段落。
我的笔记，及其使用方法说简单，也就这么简单。
但难在于能够熟练应用。
而熟练应用来自于大量练习。